1 3627 131 INACTIVATION OF LARS2, LOCATED AT THE COMMONLY DELETED REGION 3P21.3, BY BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC MECHANISMS IN NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA. ALLELIC LOSS OF CHROMOSOME 3P, INCLUDING THE 3P21.3 REGION, IS FOUND IN 95-100% OF PRIMARY NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA (NPC) BIOPSIES, SUGGESTING THAT THIS REGION SHOULD HARBOR SOME TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) CLOSELY RELATED TO NPC DEVELOPMENT. SEVERAL TSGS LOCATED AT 3P21.3, SUCH AS RASSF1A, LTF AND BLU, HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE INVOLVED IN NPC DEVELOPMENT. LARS2 (LEUCYL-TRNA SYNTHETASE 2, MITOCHONDRIAL) IS ANOTHER GENE LOCATED IN THE CHROMOSOME 3 COMMON ELIMINATED REGION-1 (C3CER1) AT 3P21.3. IN THIS STUDY, WE FOCUSSED ON THE EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS OF LARS2 IN NPC. THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF LARS2 WAS DETECTED IN 36 NPC AND 8 CHRONIC NASOPHARYNGITIS (NP) TISSUES BY SEMI-QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-PCR) AND REAL-TIME RT-PCR. SUBSEQUENTLY, THE MUTATION, ALLELIC LOSS, AND METHYLATION STATUS OF LARS2 WERE ANALYSED BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION-SINGLE-STRAND CONFORMATION POLYMORPHISM (PCR-SSCP), HOMOZYGOUS DELETION (HD) ANALYSIS AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION IN PRIMARY NPC TISSUES. NO EXPRESSION OR DOWNREGULATION OF LARS2 WAS OBSERVED IN 78% OF PRIMARY NPC TISSUES. NO MUTATIONS, ASSESSED BY PCR-SSCP AND DNA SEQUENCING, WERE FOUND IN THE PROMOTER REGION AND EXON 1 OF LARS2 IN NPC TISSUES, WHEREAS HD WAS DETECTED IN 28% OF NPC SPECIMENS AT THE LARS2 LOCUS. IN ADDITION, HYPERMETHYLATION OF LARS2 WAS FOUND IN 64% OF NPC SAMPLES BUT ONLY IN 12.5% OF NP BIOPSIES. OUR DATA INDICATE THAT INACTIVATION OF LARS2 BY BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE A COMMON AND IMPORTANT EVENT IN THE CARCINOGENESIS OF NPC.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2 6816  47 [EXPRESSION, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF LTF GENE IN NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA CELL LINES]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE EXPRESSION OF LTF MRNA IN SEVERAL NASOPHARYNGEAL CANCER (NPC) CELL LINES, AND ANALYZE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND EXPRESSION OF LTF GENE. METHODS: THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF LTF WAS DETECTED IN NPC CELL LINES HNE1, HNE2, HNE3, CNE1, CNE2, 5-8F, 6-10B CELLS AND TISSUES OF 15 CASES OF CHRONIC NASOPHARYNGITIS BY RT-PCR. THE LTF PROTEIN LEVEL WAS ANALYZED BY WESTERN BLOTTING IN 6-10B CELLS. THEN LOH, MUTATION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF LTF WAS EXAMINED BY MICROSATELLITES ANALYSIS, PCR-SSCP, MSP AND BISULFITE GENOMIC SEQUENCING, RESPECTIVELY. RESULTS: 15 CHRONIC NASOPHARYNGITIS TISSUES SHOWED STABLE LTF EXPRESSION, WHILE THERE WERE WEAK EXPRESSION IN 6-10B CELLS AND ABSENT EXPRESSION IN REMAINING DETECTED NPC CELL LINES. THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER LTF EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC NASOPHARYNGITIS TISSUES (Z = -3.738, P = 0.000). NO LTF PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED IN 6-10B CELLS. LOH ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED THAT ALLELE LOSS OF LTF WASN'T FOUND IN NPC CELL LINES. LTF MUTATION WAS NOTED IN 14.3% (1/7) OF NPC CELL LINES. DNA SEQUENCING CONFIRMED THE MUTATION POINT IN THE PROMOTER REGION (-305 BP TO -50 BP) WAS AT -218 BP (DEL T) OF LTF GENE IN THE HNE1 CELL LINE. METHYLATION OF LTF GENE WAS NOT FOUND IN CHRONIC NASOPHARYNGITIS. HOWEVER, METHYLATION OF LTF PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN ALL NPC CELL LINES. LTF MRNA EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED IN 5-8F AND 6-10B CELL LINES AFTER TREATMENT WITH 5-AZA-2-DEOXYCYTIDINE. CONCLUSION: THERE IS AN INACTIVATION OF EXPRESSION OF LTF GENE IN THE NPC CELL LINES. ITS MOLECULAR MECHANISM MAY BE RELATED WITH METHYLATION OF PROMOTER REGION AND DELETION MUTATION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3 1996  54 EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS OF THE EDNRB GENE IN NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND: LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY (LOH) AT 13Q22 IS A COMMON EVENT IN NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA (NPC). EDNRB GENE LOCATED AT 13Q22 HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE HYPERMETHYLATED IN SOME KINDS OF TUMORS. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE FOCUSED ON THE EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS OF EDNRB IN NPC. METHODS: THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF EDNRB WAS DETECTED BY SEMIQUANTITATIVE RT-PCR AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR IN 49 NPC AND 12 CHRONIC NASOPHARYNGITIS BIOPSIES. THE METHYLATION AND LOH STATUS OF EDNRB WERE EXAMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, MICROSATELLITE PCR AND SEQUENCING. WE ALSO EXAMINED THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF EDNRB IN FOUR NPC CELL LINES AFTER 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE TREATMENT. RESULTS: EDNRB WAS DOWNREGULATED IN PRIMARY NPC TISSUES AND NPC CELL LINES, AND A RELATIVELY HIGHER METHYLATION LEVEL OF EDNRB WAS FOUND IN NPC BIOPSIES (84%) COMPARED TO THAT IN CHRONIC NASOPHARYNGITIS BIOPSIES (42%). TREATMENT OF NPC CELL LINES WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE ACTIVATED EDNRB EXPRESSION. LOH OF EDNRB GENE WAS ALSO FOUND AT TWO MICROSATELLITE SITES WITH RATIOS OF 6.25 AND 16.67% IN NPC. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT EDNRB EXPRESSION MAY BE AFFECTED BY ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE DELETION AND MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NPC.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  145  40 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION STATUS AND MRNA EXPRESSION LEVEL OF SMG1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY. OOBJECTIVE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE MALIGNANCY WITH DIFFERENT STAGES. ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED AS A SIGNATURE FOR DIVERSE CANCERS WHICH ALSO PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN CML PATHOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT. SUPPRESSOR WITH MORPHOGENETIC EFFECT ON GENITALIA (SMG1) GENE RECENTLY HAS BEEN BROUGHT TO THE SPOTLIGHT AS A POTENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE THAT CAN BE SUPPRESSED BY TUMORS FOR FURTHER PROGRESS. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMS TO INVESTIGATE SMG1 STATUS IN CML PATIENTS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IN THIS CASE-CONTROL STUDY, PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM 30 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML [NEW CASE (N)=10, COMPLETE MOLECULAR REMISSION (CMR)=10, BLASTIC PHASE (BP)=10] AND 10 HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE COLLECTED. METHYLATION STATUS AND EXPRESSION LEVEL OF SMG1 GENE PROMOTER WAS ASSESSED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) AND QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION PCR, RESPECTIVELY. RESULTS: MSP RESULTS OF SMG1 GENE PROMOTOR IN THE NEW CASE GROUP WERE METHYLATED (60% METHYLATED, 30% HEMIMETHYLATED AND 10% UNMETHYLATED). ALL CMR AND CONTROL GROUP PATIENTS WERE UNMETHYLATED IN THE SMG1 GENE PROMOTER. IN THE BP GROUP, METHYLATED SMG1 PROMOTER WAS SEEN (50% OF PATIENTS HAD A METHYLATED STATUS AND 50% HAD HEMIMETHYLATED STATUS). IN COMPARISON WITH THE HEALTHY SUBJECTS, EXPRESSION LEVEL OF SMG1 IN THE NEW CASE GROUP WAS DECREASED (P<0.01); IN THE CMR GROUP AND BP-CML GROUPS, IT WAS INCREASED (P<0.05). NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN PATIENTS' HEMATOLOGICAL FEATURES AND SMG1 METHYLATION WAS SEEN. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF SMG1 OCCURRED IN CML PATIENTS AND IT HAD A SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WITH SMG1 EXPRESSION. SMG1 GENE PROMOTER SHOWED DIVERSE METHYLATED STATUS AND SUBSEQUENT EXPRESSION LEVELS IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML. THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED POSSIBLE PARTICIPATION OF SMG1 SUPPRESSION IN THE CML PATHOGENESIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5 4221  35 METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE RECEPTOR TYPE O IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: PREVIOUS STUDIES IN OUR LABORATORY HAVE SHOWN THE PROGRESSIVE METHYLATION AND SUPPRESSION OF THE GENE ENCODING PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE, PTPRO, IN THE LIVERS OF RATS FED A METHYL-DEFICIENT DIET THAT INDUCES HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE OBSERVED THE METHYLATION OF PTPRO IN PRIMARY HUMAN LUNG TUMORS AND ALSO SHOWED ITS POTENTIAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THE TRUNCATED FORM OF PTPRO (PTPROT), SPECIFICALLY EXPRESSED IN NAIVE B LYMPHOCYTES, WAS ALSO METHYLATED AND SUPPRESSED IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), A DISEASE GENERALLY AFFECTING B LYMPHOCYTES. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS: INITIAL SCREENING SHOWED THAT 60% OF THE 52 CLL SAMPLES ANALYZED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR ASSAY WERE METHYLATED COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, WHICH WERE NOT METHYLATED. THE EXPRESSION OF PTPROT, AS MEASURED BY SEMIQUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR, INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH METHYLATION IN THE FEW SAMPLES TESTED. ANALYSIS OF ADDITIONAL SAMPLES (N = 50) BY COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE PTPRO CPG ISLAND WAS METHYLATED IN 82% OF PATIENTS WITH CLL COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. FURTHERMORE, OVERALL EXPRESSION OF PTPRO WAS REDUCED IN CLL RELATIVE TO NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES. THE PTPRO GENE WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED BY METHYLATION IN THE CLL CELL LINE WAC3CD5, WHERE IT COULD BE REACTIVATED UPON TREATMENT WITH THE DNA HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZAC. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF PTPROT IN A NONEXPRESSING CELL LINE INCREASED GROWTH INHIBITION WITH FLUDARABINE TREATMENT, A THERAPY COMMONLY USED FOR CLL. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY REVEALS THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PTPRO METHYLATION AND SILENCING IN CLL TUMORIGENESIS AND ALSO PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR TARGET IN THE EPIGENETIC THERAPY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  494  31 ASSESSMENT OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IDENTIFIES PTCH AS A PUTATIVE TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE IN HUMAN CLL. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY A CLONAL ACCUMULATION OF NEOPLASTIC LYMPHOCYTES, INDICATING DISRUPTION OF APOPTOSIS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION HYBRIDIZATION ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGET GENES SILENCED BY CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CLL. RESULTS: PATCHED (PTCH), A TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE, WAS FOUND TO BE FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN CLL SAMPLES COMPARED TO SAMPLES DERIVED FROM HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. DE NOVO METHYLATION OF A CPG ISLAND REGION LOCATED UPSTREAM OF PTCH EXON 1 WAS CONFIRMED BY PYROSEQUENCING IN 17/37 (46%) OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CLL, BUT IN NONE ISOLATED FROM SEVEN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. NO ASSOCIATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN PTCH HYPERMETHYLATION AND CURRENTLY USED PROGNOSTIC CLL FACTORS. CONCLUSION: OUR INVESTIGATION SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF PTCH IS A MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO CLL TUMORIGENESIS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7 3168  36 GTPASE REGULATOR ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOCAL ADHESION KINASE (GRAF) TRANSCRIPT WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. BACKGROUND: GTPASE REGULATOR ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOCAL ADHESION KINASE (GRAF), A PUTATIVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE, IS FOUND INACTIVATED IN HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES BY EITHER GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. HOWEVER, THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF GRAF GENE HAS NOT YET BEEN STUDIED IN LEUKEMIA. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF GRAF GENE IN THOSE PATIENTS WITH MYELOID MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). METHODS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF GRAF TRANSCRIPT WERE DETERMINED IN 94 PATIENTS USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (RQ-PCR). CLINICAL AND LABORATORY DATA OF THESE PATIENTS WERE COLLECTED AND ANALYZED. RESULTS: THE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED LEVEL OF GRAF TRANSCRIPT WAS OBSERVED IN THREE MYELOID MALIGNANCIES COMPARED TO CONTROLS. WITHIN AML, THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN THE LEVEL OF GRAF TRANSCRIPT AMONG DIFFERENT FAB SUBTYPES (P > 0.05). DIFFERENCE WAS NOT OBSERVED IN THE AMOUNT OF GRAF MRNA BETWEEN CML AT CHRONIC PHASE AND CONTROLS. AS CML PROGRESSED, GRAF TRANSCRIPT SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED. IN MDS, THREE CASES WITH 5Q DELETION HAD LOWER GRAF TRANSCRIPT THAN FOUR WITHOUT 5Q DELETION (MEDIAN 0.76 VS 2.99) (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE GRAF TRANSCRIPT IS DECREASED IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8 6248  37 THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER IN CHINESE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS A COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION AND AN IMPORTANT FEATURE IN HUMAN CANCERS. THE DEAD BOX POLYPEPTIDE 43 (DDX43) HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE OVEREXPRESSED IN VARIOUS SOLID TUMORS AND SOME HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER IN 87 CHINESE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND EXAMINED THE DDX43 TRANSCRIPT IN 35 PATIENTS USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. DDX43 PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN 22 (25.3%) CML PATIENTS. NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER WITH THE AGE, SEX, WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS, HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION, PLATELET COUNTS, AND CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES OF CML PATIENTS (P>0.05). THE FREQUENCY OF DDX43 HYPOMETHYLATION IN PATIENTS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, IN THE ACCELERATED PHASE, AND IN BLAST CRISIS WAS 23.4% (15/64), 25.0% (2/8), AND 33.3% (5/15), RESPECTIVELY (P>0.05). THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN DDX43 HYPOMETHYLATION AND DDX43 TRANSCRIPT (R=0.469, P=0.004). OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER MAY BE AN EARLY AND FREQUENT MOLECULAR EVENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CML IN CHINESE PATIENTS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9 3439  41 HYPERMETHYLATION AND LOSS OF EXPRESSION OF GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE-3 IN BARRETT'S TUMORIGENESIS. CHRONIC GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE IS A KNOWN RISK FACTOR FOR BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS (BE), WHICH INDUCES OXIDATIVE MUCOSAL DAMAGE. GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE-3 (GPX3) IS A SECRETORY PROTEIN WITH POTENT EXTRACELLULAR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE INVESTIGATED THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF GPX3, AND EXPLORED PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM FOR GPX3 GENE INACTIVATION DURING BARRETT'S CARCINOGENESIS. QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ON 42 BARRETT'S ADENOCARCINOMAS (BAS) REVEALED CONSISTENTLY REDUCED LEVELS OF GPX3 MRNA IN 91% OF TUMOR SAMPLES. GPX3 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 62% OF BARRETT'S METAPLASIA, 82% OF DYSPLASIA, AND 88% OF BA SAMPLES. HYPERMETHYLATION OF BOTH ALLELES OF GPX3 WAS MOST FREQUENTLY SEEN IN BAS (P = .001). IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING OF GPX3 IN MATCHING TISSUE SECTIONS (NORMAL, BE, BARRETT'S DYSPLASIA, AND BA) REVEALED STRONG IMMUNOSTAINING FOR GPX3 IN NORMAL ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC TISSUES. HOWEVER, WEAK TO ABSENT GPX3 STAINING WAS OBSERVED IN BARRETT'S DYSPLASIA AND ADENOCARCINOMA SAMPLES WHERE THE PROMOTER WAS HYPERMETHYLATED. THE DEGREE OF LOSS OF IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY CORRELATED WITH THE HYPERMETHYLATION PATTERN (MONOALLELIC VERSUS BIALLELIC). THE OBSERVED HIGH FREQUENCY OF PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF GPX3 EXPRESSION IN BA AND ITS ASSOCIATED LESIONS, TOGETHER WITH ITS KNOWN FUNCTION AS A POTENT ANTIOXIDANT, SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION AND REGULATION OF GLUTATHIONE PATHWAY MAY BE CRITICAL IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF BE.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10  388  40 AN INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF SOCS1 DOWN-REGULATION IN HBV INFECTION-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION TOGETHER WITH GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION-RELATED HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ALTERATIONS OF THE SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING (SOCS) FAMILY GENES IN HBV-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). A TOTAL OF 116 PATIENTS WITH HCC WERE ENROLLED IN THIS STUDY. THE METHYLATION STATUSES OF SOCS1-7 AND CISH GENES WERE QUANTITATIVELY MEASURED AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCS1 METHYLATION WAS STATISTICALLY ANALYSED. THE GENE COPY NUMBER VARIATION WAS ASSAYED BY ACGH. LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY AND WESTERN BLOT WERE USED TO DETECT THE INVOLVEMENT OF SOCS1 IN P53 SIGNALLING. WE FOUND HIGH FREQUENCIES OF SOCS1 GENE HYPERMETHYLATION IN BOTH TUMOUR (56.03%) AND ADJACENT NONTUMOUR TISSUES (54.31%), BUT TUMOUR TISSUES EXHIBITED INCREASED METHYLATION INTENSITY (24.01% VS 13.11%, P < 0.0001), PARTICULARLY IN PATIENTS WITH LARGER TUMOUR SIZE OR CIRRHOSIS BACKGROUND (P < 0.0001). IN ADDITION, THE FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF SOCS1 HYPERMETHYLATION IN TUMOUR TISSUES WERE BOTH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THOSE IN NONTUMOUR TISSUES IN MALE GENDER PATIENTS AND IN PATIENTS >/=45 YEARS OLD (P = 0.0214 AND P < 0.0001, P = 0.0232 AND P < 0.0001, RESPECTIVELY). SOCS1 GENE DELETION WAS FOUND IN 8 OF 25 ACGH ASSAYED TUMOUR SPECIMENS, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER SOCS1 MRNA EXPRESSION (P = 0.0448). FURTHERMORE, ECTOPIC SOCS1 OVEREXPRESSION COULD ACTIVATE THE P53 SIGNALLING PATHWAY IN HCC CELL LINES. HYPERMETHYLATION OF SOCS2-7 AND CISH GENES WAS SELDOM FOUND IN HCC. OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT THE GENE LOSS AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SOCS1 WERE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH HBV-RELATED HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11 2327  38 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HUMAN CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGEN GENE, HAGE, IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CANCER TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTA) PROVIDE ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR CANCER-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY. ALTHOUGH CTA GENES ARE EXPRESSED IN SOME NORMAL TISSUES, SUCH AS THE TESTIS, THIS IMMUNOLOGICALLY PROTECTED SITE LACKS MHC I EXPRESSION AND AS SUCH, DOES NOT PRESENT SELF ANTIGENS TO T CELLS. TO DATE, CTA GENES HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE EXPRESSED IN A RANGE OF SOLID TUMORS VIA DEMETHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTER CPG ISLANDS, BUT RARELY IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) OR OTHER HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. DESIGN AND METHODS: IN THIS STUDY, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE HAGE CTA GENE PROMOTER WAS ANALYZED BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) AND SEQUENCING IN FOUR PHILADELPHIA-POSITIVE CELL LINES (TCC-S, K562, KU812 AND KYO-1) AND IN CML SAMPLES TAKEN FROM PATIENTS IN CHRONIC PHASE (CP N=215) OR BLAST CRISIS (BC N=47). HAGE EXPRESSION WAS ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: THE TCC-S CELL LINE SHOWED DEMETHYLATION OF HAGE THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH OVER-EXPRESSION OF THIS GENE. HAGE HYPOMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE FREQUENT IN BC (46%) THAN IN CP (22%) (P=0.01) AND WAS CORRELATED WITH HIGH EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HAGE TRANSCRIPTS (P<0.0001). OF NOTE, IN CP-CML, EXTENSIVE HAGE HYPOMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE TO INTERFERON (P=0.01) OR IMATINIB (P=0.01), MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB (P=0.003) AND PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL (P=0.05). INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSION: THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE HAGE PROMOTER DIRECTLY CORRELATES WITH ITS EXPRESSION IN BOTH CML CELL LINES AND PATIENTS AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE AND POOR OUTCOME.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12 2128  38 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF PLCD1 IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PHOSPHOLIPASE C DELTA1 (PLCD1), IS LOCATED AT THE IMPORTANT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR LOCUS 3P22. IT ENCODES AN ENZYME THAT MEDIATES REGULATORY SIGNALING OF ENERGY METABOLISM, CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS AND INTRACELLULAR MOVEMENTS. PLCD1 HAS BEEN STUDIED IN SOME HUMAN SOLID TUMORS RELATING TO THE CPG ISLAND METHYLATION OF THE GENE PROMOTER AS A FUNCTIONAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR. HOWEVER, NO SUCH INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED PLCD1 EXPRESSION IN THE CML K562 CELL LINE (0/1) AND 15% (2/13) OF BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS WITH CML BY USING SEMI-QUANTITATIVE PCR. THE CPG ISLAND (CGI) METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PLCD1 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN K562 (0/1) AND 56% (23/41) OF CML PATIENTS BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR (MSP), BUT NOT IN THE NORMAL ADULT BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS. FURTHERMORE, THE DNA DEMETHYLATION AGENT 5'-AZA-2'DEOXYCYTIDINE RESTORED THE EXPRESSION OF PLCD1 IN K562 CELLS. FUNCTIONAL STUDIES SHOWED THAT ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF PLCD1 IN K562 CELLS WAS ABLE TO DRAMATICALLY INHIBIT THEIR COLONY FORMATION AND INDUCE CELL CYCLE G1 ARREST, SUGGESTING THAT PLCD1 ACTS AS A FUNCTIONAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR AND MAY SERVE AS A BIOMARKER FOR POSSIBLE EARLY DETECTION AND PROGNOSIS OF CML.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13 2453  30 EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF THE IMMUNOREGULATOR MZB1 IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MALIGNANT PHENOTYPE OF GASTRIC CANCER. PREDICTION OF TUMOR RECURRENCE AFTER CURATIVE RESECTION IS CRITICAL FOR DETERMINING THE PROGNOSIS OF PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC CANCER (GC). THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF GC ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INAPPROPRIATE IMMUNE RESPONSES CAUSED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE GASTRIC MUCOSA. TO IDENTIFY IMMUNOREGULATORY MOLECULES INVOLVED IN GC PROGRESSION, GC CELL LINES AND 200 PAIRS OF TUMOR AND NORMAL TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITH GC WERE ANALYZED FOR GENE EXPRESSION, AMPLIFICATION AND METHYLATION AS WELL AS FUNCTION OF A DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENE. THE TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT MARGINAL ZONE B AND B1 CELL SPECIFIC PROTEIN (MZB1) WAS EXPRESSED AT SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED LEVELS IN PRIMARY GC TISSUES WHEN COMPARED WITH THE CORRESPONDING NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA. PCR ARRAY ANALYSIS EXPLORING GENES EXPRESSED COOPERATIVELY WITH MZB1 REVEALED THAT DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF MZB1 MRNA IN GC CELL LINES CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH THE LEVELS OF THE MRNAS ENCODING ESTROGEN RECEPTOR 1 AND DESUMOYLATING ISOPEPTIDASE 1. HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE MZB1 PROMOTER WAS FREQUENT IN CELL LINES WITH DECREASED LEVELS OF MZB1 MRNA. SIRNA-MEDIATED KNOCKDOWN OF MZB1 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED PROLIFERATION, INVASION AND MIGRATION OF GC CELL LINES. LOW MZB1 EXPRESSION WAS AN INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC FACTOR FOR RECURRENCE AFTER CURATIVE GASTRECTOMY AND WAS ASSOCIATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH INCREASED HEMATOGENOUS RECURRENCE. MZB1 ACTS AS A SUPPRESSOR OF GC. LOW MZB1 EXPRESSION IN THE PRIMARY GC TISSUE IS PREDICTIVE OF RECURRENCE AFTER CURATIVE RESECTION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14 2304  29 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CATHEPSIN L EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. THE EXPRESSION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CATHEPSIN L (CTSL) HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED IN SOLID TUMOURS. HOWEVER NO SUCH INFORMATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) WAS AVAILABLE. WE INVESTIGATED THE ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF THIS PROTEASE IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) OF 47 ADULT CML PATIENTS. THIRTY ADULTS SUFFERING FROM SYSTEMIC DISEASES AND 50 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS SERVED AS CONTROLS. THE MRNA LEVELS OF CTSL, ITS SPECIFIC ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR CYSTATIN C AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL UP-REGULATOR VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) WERE QUANTITATED BY REAL-TIME QPCR. CTSL PROTEASE ACTIVITY AND ITS MRNA EXPRESSION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN CML CHRONIC PHASE (CP) PATIENTS COMPARED TO CML ACCELERATED PHASE/BLAST CRISIS (AP/BC) PATIENTS AND CONTROLS (P</= 0.001). VEGF WHOSE EXPRESSION WAS MOST PRONOUNCED IN CP AND DECLINED (P</= 0.001) IN THE ADVANCED PHASES OF THE MALIGNANCY EXHIBITED A STRONG POSITIVE CORRELATION WITH CTSL EXPRESSION (R= 0.97; P</= 0.001). CYSTATIN C EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER (P</= 0.001) IN CML AND DISPLAYED INVERSE CORRELATION WITH CTSL (R=-0.713; P</= 0.001) ACTIVITY. CTSL PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HYPOMETHYLATED IN CML CP COMPARED TO CML AP/BC PATIENTS AS WELL AS CONTROLS. K562, A BC CML CELL LINE DISPLAYED CTSL ACTIVITY, EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF CTSL PROMOTER THAT WAS COMPARABLE TO CML AP/BC PATIENTS. TREATMENT OF THESE CELLS OR PBMCS ISOLATED FROM CML AP/BC PATIENTS WITH 5'-AZA-CYTIDINE RESULTED IN A DRAMATIC INCREASE IN CSTL ACTIVITY AND/OR EXPRESSION THEREBY DEMONSTRATING THE ROLE OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE STAGE SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF CTSL IN CML. DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF CTSL IN CML AT VARIOUS STAGES OF MALIGNANCY MAY PROVE USEFUL IN IDENTIFICATION OF THE HIGH-RISK PATIENTS THEREBY FACILITATING BETTER MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15  878  38 CHRONIC CADMIUM EXPOSURE AGGRAVATES MALIGNANT PHENOTYPES OF NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA BY ACTIVATING THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING PATHWAY VIA HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE CASEIN KINASE 1ALPHA PROMOTER. BACKGROUND: OUR PREVIOUS STUDY HAS SHOWN THAT CADMIUM (CD) EXPOSURE IS NOT ONLY A RISK FACTOR FOR NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA (NPC), BUT ALSO CORRELATED WITH THE CLINICAL STAGE AND LYMPH NODE METASTASIS. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR EVENTS OF CD INVOLVED IN NPC PROGRESSION REMAIN TO BE ELUCIDATED. PURPOSE: THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DECIPHER HOW CD IMPACTS THE MALIGNANT PHENOTYPES OF NPC CELLS. METHODS: NPC CELL LINES CNE-1 AND CNE-2 WERE CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED WITH 1 MUM CD CHLORIDE FOR 10 WEEKS, DESIGNATING AS CHRONIC CD TREATED NPC CELLS (CCT-NPC). MTT ASSAY, COLONY FORMATION ASSAY AND XENOGRAFT TUMOR GROWTH WERE USED TO ASSESS CELL VIABILITY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. TRANSWELL ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO DETECT CELL INVASION AND MIGRATION. THE PROTEIN LEVELS OF E-CADHERIN, N-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN AS WELL AS BETA-CATENIN AND CASEIN KINASE 1ALPHA(CK1ALPHA) WERE MEASURED BY WESTERN BLOT. IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STAINING WAS USED TO OBSERVE THE DISTRIBUTION OF FILAMENT ACTIN (F-ACTIN), BETA-CATENIN AND CK1ALPHA. THE MRNA LEVELS OF DOWNSTREAM TARGET GENES OF BETA-CATENIN WERE DETECTED BY RT-PCR. WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING ACTIVITY WAS ASSESSED BY TOPFLASH/FOPFLASH DUAL LUCIFERASE REPORT SYSTEM. MS-PCR WAS USED TO DETECT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CK1ALPHA. FINALLY, THE ACTIVATION OF WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY AND CELL BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES WERE EXAMINED FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF CCT-NPC CELLS WITH 5-AZA-2-DEOXY-CYTIDINE(5-AZA-CDR). RESULTS: CCT-NPC CELLS SHOWED AN INCREASE IN CELL PROLIFERATION, COLONY FORMATION, INVASION AND MIGRATION COMPARED TO THE PARENTAL CELLS. CD ALSO INDUCED CYTOSKELETON REORGANIZATION AND EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION. UPREGULATION AND NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF BETA-CATENIN AND INCREASED LUCIFERASE ACTIVITY ACCOMPANIED WITH TRANSCRIPTION OF DOWNSTREAM TARGET GENES WERE FOUND IN CCT-NPC CELLS. TREATMENT OF CCT-CNE1 CELLS WITH 5-AZA-CDR COULD REVERSE THE HYPERMETHYLATION OF CK1ALPHA AND ATTENUATE THE CELL MALIGNANCY. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SUPPORT A ROLE FOR CHRONIC CD EXPOSURE AS A DRIVING FORCE FOR THE MALIGNANT PROGRESSION OF NPC VIA EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY.	2019	

16  155  27 ABERRANT METHYLATION OF POLO-LIKE KINASE CPG ISLANDS IN PLK4 HETEROZYGOUS MICE. BACKGROUND: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CANCERS WORLD-WIDE OCCURS TWICE AS OFTEN IN MEN COMPARED TO WOMEN. PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS SUCH AS ALCOHOLISM, CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS, AFLATOXIN B1 INGESTION, AND CIRRHOSIS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. METHODS: WE USED A COMBINATION OF METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING, QREAL-TIME PCR (QPCR), AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS TO EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CHANGES FOR THE POLO-LIKE KINASES (PLKS) DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IN PLK4 HETEROZYGOUS MICE AND MURINE EMBRYONIC FIBROBLASTS (MEFS). RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT THAT THE PROMOTER METHYLATION OF PLK4 CPG ISLANDS INCREASES WITH AGE, WAS MORE PREVALENT IN MALES AND THAT PLK4 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND SUBSEQUENT DOWNREGULATION OF EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC IN PLK4 MUTANT MICE. INTERESTINGLY, THE OPPOSITE OCCURS WITH ANOTHER PLK FAMILY MEMBER, PLK1 WHICH WAS TYPICALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NORMAL LIVER TISSUE BUT BECAME HYPOMETHYLATED AND UPREGULATED IN LIVER TUMOURS. FURTHERMORE, UPON ALCOHOL EXPOSURE MURINE EMBRYONIC FIBROBLASTS EXHIBITED INCREASED PLK4 HYPERMETHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION ALONG WITH INCREASED CENTROSOME NUMBERS AND MULTINUCLEATION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT PLK METHYLATION IS CORRELATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC IN MICE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17 2088  44 EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS COMPLEMENTS THE JAK2V617F-MUTATION. BACKGROUND: SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS) ARE ANTAGONISTS OF THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY, WHICH PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN STEM CELL MAINTENANCE AND DIFFERENTIATION OF STEM CELLS AND HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS. EPIGENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF SFRPS BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION HAS BEEN DESCRIBED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. THERE IS AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ABERRANT WNT SIGNALING AND THE ESTABLISHED CANCER STEM CELL CONCEPT. IN CONTRAST TO BCR-ABL1-POSITIVE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CML, BCR-ABL1-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (PH-MPN) ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE FREQUENT OCCURRENCE OF AN AUTOACTIVATING MUTATION IN THE JAK2 TYROSINE KINASE (JAK2V617F) OR OTHER MUTATIONS IN THE JAK-STAT PATHWAY. HOWEVER, PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF JAK2 MUTATED OR UNMUTATED PH-MPN REMAIN NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. WE DETERMINED THE PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS OF SFRP-1, -2, -4, AND -5 IN 57 MPN PATIENT SAMPLES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) (MSP). JAK2V617F WAS ASSESSED BY ALLELE-SPECIFIC PCR. RESULTS: ABERRANT METHYLATION AMONG PRIMARY MPN SAMPLES WAS 4% FOR SFRP-1, 25% FOR SFRP-2, 2% FOR SFRP-4, AND 0% FOR SFRP-5. HYPERMETHYLATION OF SFRP-2, WHICH WAS THE MOST FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED GENE IN OUR STUDY, COULD NOT BE CORRELATED TO ANY SPECIFIC MPN SUBTYPE. HOWEVER, WE DETECTED A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN SFRP-2 METHYLATION AND PRESENCE OF A JAK2V617F MUTATION (P = 0.008). NONE OF THE 10 CML SAMPLES SHOWED ANY SFRP-METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY IS A COMMON EVENT IN MPN WITH ABERRANT METHYLATION OF AT LEAST ONE SFRP BEING DETECTED IN 25% OF THE PRIMARY PATIENT SAMPLES AND IN 30% IF ONLY ACCOUNTING FOR PH-MPN. A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN SFRP-2 METHYLATION AND PRESENCE OF JAK2V617F IN OUR DATA SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION MAY BE A COMPLEMENTARY MECHANISM TO GENETIC ABERRATIONS. ABERRANT METHYLATION OF CRUCIAL STEM CELL MAINTENANCE GENES SEEMS TO CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS IN PH-MPN.	2012	
                                                                                                                                   
18 3114  37 GERMLINE ALLELE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF DAPK1 IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED A RARE GERMLINE VARIANT (C.1-6531) THAT RESULTED IN ALLELE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION (ASE) OF DEATH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 (DAPK1) AND PREDISPOSITION TO CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). WE INVESTIGATED A COHORT OF CLL PATIENTS LACKING THIS MUTATION FOR THE PRESENCE OF ASE OF DAPK1. WE DEVELOPED A NOVEL STRATEGY THAT COMBINES SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE PRIMER EXTENSION (SNUPE) WITH MALDI-TOF MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND DETECTED GERMLINE DAPK1 ASE IN 17 OUT OF 120 (14.2%) CLL PATIENTS ASSOCIATED WITH A TREND TOWARDS YOUNGER AGE AT DIAGNOSIS. ASE WAS ABSENT IN 63 HEALTHY CONTROLS. GERMLINE CELLS OF CLL PATIENTS WITH ASE SHOWED INCREASED LEVELS OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION, HOWEVER, NEITHER GENETIC NOR FURTHER EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS COULD BE IDENTIFIED IN THE DAPK1 5' UPSTREAM REGULATORY REGION, WITHIN DISTINCT EXONS OR IN THE 3'-UTR. WE IDENTIFIED B-LYMPHOID MALIGNANCY RELATED CELL LINE MODELS HARBORING ALLELIC IMBALANCE AND FOUND THAT ALLELE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION IN DAPK1 IS ASSOCIATED WITH ASE. OUR DATA INDICATE THAT ASE AT THE DAPK1 GENE LOCUS IS A RECURRENT EVENT, MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND POTENTIALLY PREDISPOSING TO CLL.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19 2761  33 EXPRESSION OF TESTIS-SPECIFIC GENES, TEX101 AND ODF4, IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND EVALUATION OF TEX101 IMMUNOGENICITY. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CANCER-TESTIS (CT) ANTIGENS ARE A GROUP OF ANTIGENS WITH A RESTRICTED EXPRESSION IN NORMAL TISSUES, EXCEPT TESTIS, AND THEY HAVE ABERRANT EXPRESSION IN DIFFERENT TUMORS. THIS PATTERN OF EXPRESSION HAS MADE THEM PROMISING TARGETS FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY AND CANCER DETECTION. OUR AIM WAS TO FIND NEW MEMBERS OF THIS GROUP THAT MIGHT BE USEFUL AS MARKERS IN THE DETECTION OF CANCER AND IMMUNOTHERAPY. DESIGN AND SETTING: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY CONDUCTED IN REFERRAL CENTERS OF TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE FROM JANUARY 2008 TO JANUARY 2009. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE ANALYZED THE EXPRESSION OF TWO TESTIS-SPECIFIC GENES NAMED ODF4 (OUTER DENSE FIBER OF SPERM TAILS 4) AND TEX101 (TESTIS EXPRESSED 101) IN 20 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) AND 20 NORMAL SAMPLES BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND SEQUENCING. IMMUNOGENICITY OF TEX101 WAS EVALUATED BY MEANS OF ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. RESULTS: THESE TWO GENES WERE EXPRESSED IN 30% OF CML PATIENTS BUT NOT IN ANY OF THE HEALTHY DONORS. HUMORAL RESPONSE AGAINST TEX101 WAS NOT DETECTED IN ANY SAMPLES. CONCLUSIONS: TEX101 AND ODF4 ARE CT GENES USEFUL FOR DETECTION OF CML. UNLIKE MANY CT GENES, OVEREXPRESSION OF TEX101 WAS NOT SHOWN TO INDUCE IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSES IN THESE SAMPLES. ACCORDING TO THE PREVIOUS STUDIES, OVEREXPRESSION OF TEX101 LEADS TO SUPPRESSION OF CANCER INVASION AND METASTASIS; THUS, THE INDUCTION OF THE EXPRESSION OF TEX101 IN CANCER BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE A TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  136  35 ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION PATTERNS LEAD TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN UVB-EXPOSED SKIN AND UVB-INDUCED SKIN TUMORS OF MICE. OVEREXPOSURE OF THE HUMAN SKIN TO SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET (UV) RADIATION IS THE MAJOR ETIOLOGIC FACTOR FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SKIN CANCERS. HERE, WE REPORT THE RESULTS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN UV-EXPOSED SKIN AND SKIN TUMORS IN A SYSTEMATIC MANNER. THE SKIN AND TUMOR SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AFTER CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF THE SKIN OF SKH-1 HAIRLESS MICE TO UVB RADIATION USING A WELL-ESTABLISHED PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS PROTOCOL. WE FOUND A DISTINCT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION PATTERN IN THE UVB-EXPOSED EPIDERMAL SKIN AND UVB-INDUCED SKIN TUMORS THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ELEVATED EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) 1, DNMT3A AND DNMT3B. TO EXPLORE THE ROLE OF HYPERMETHYLATION IN SKIN PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS, WE FOCUSED ON THE P16(INK4A) AND RASSF1A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, WHICH ARE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY SILENCED ON METHYLATION. WE ESTABLISHED THAT THE SILENCING OF THESE GENES IN UVB-EXPOSED EPIDERMIS AND UVB-INDUCED SKIN TUMORS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A NETWORK OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING HYPOACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AND H4 AND INCREASED HISTONE DEACETYLATION, AS WELL AS RECRUITMENT OF METHYL-BINDING PROTEINS, INCLUDING MECP2 AND MBD1, TO THE METHYLATED CPGS. HIGHER LEVELS OF DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY IN HUMAN SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA SPECIMENS THAN IN NORMAL HUMAN SKIN SUGGEST THAT THE DATA ARE RELEVANT CLINICALLY. OUR DATA INDICATE FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT UVB-INDUCED DNA HYPERMETHYLATION, ENHANCED DNMT ACTIVITY AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS OCCUR IN UVB-EXPOSED SKIN AND UVB-INDUCED SKIN TUMORS AND SUGGEST THAT THESE EVENTS ARE INVOLVED IN THE SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND IN SKIN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT.	2011