1 3502 211 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DIABETES: PROTOCOL FOR A CROSS-SECTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY. BACKGROUND: THE IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING PEOPLE WITH DIABETES AND PROGRESSIVE KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION RELATES TO THE EXCESS MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF THIS GROUP. RATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ARE MUCH HIGHER IN PEOPLE WITH BOTH DIABETES AND KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION THAN IN THOSE WITH ONLY ONE OF THESE CONDITIONS. BY THE TIME THESE PEOPLE ARE IDENTIFIED IN CURRENT CLINICAL PRACTICE, PROTEINURIA AND RENAL DYSFUNCTION ARE ALREADY ESTABLISHED, LIMITING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF AN EPIGENETIC OR BLOOD METABOLITE SIGNATURE OR GUT MICROBIOME PROFILE MAY IDENTIFY THOSE WITH DIABETES AT RISK OF PROGRESSIVE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, IN TURN PROVIDING TARGETED INTERVENTION TO IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOMES. OBJECTIVE: THIS STUDY AIMS TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS IN PEOPLE WITH DIABETES AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSIVE RENAL INJURY AND TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN STAGES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. THREE SOURCES OF BIOMARKERS WILL BE EXPLORED, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES, THE METABOLOMIC PROFILE OF BLOOD-DERIVED PLASMA AND URINE, AND THE GUT MICROBIOME. METHODS: THE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY RECRUITED 121 PEOPLE WITH DIABETES AND VARYING STAGES (STAGES 1-5) OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. SINGLE-POINT DATA COLLECTION INCLUDED BLOOD, URINE, AND FECAL SAMPLES IN ADDITION TO CLINICAL DATA SUCH AS ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM MEDICAL RECORDS INCLUDED PATIENT DEMOGRAPHICS, MEDICAL COMORBIDITIES, AND MEDICATIONS. RESULTS: DATA COLLECTION COMMENCED IN JANUARY 2018 AND WAS COMPLETED IN JUNE 2018. AT THE TIME OF SUBMISSION, 121 PATIENTS HAD BEEN RECRUITED, AND 119 SAMPLES REMAINED AFTER QUALITY CONTROL. THERE WERE 83 PARTICIPANTS IN THE EARLY DIABETES-ASSOCIATED CKD GROUP WITH A MEAN ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (EGFR) OF 61.2 ML/MIN/1.73 M2 (EARLY CKD GROUP CONSISTING OF STAGE 1, 2, AND 3A CKD), AND 36 PARTICIPANTS IN THE LATE DIABETIC CKD GROUP WITH A MEAN EGFR OF 23.9 ML/MIN/1.73 M2 (LATE CKD GROUP, CONSISTING OF STAGE 3B, 4, AND 5), P<.001. WE HAVE SUCCESSFULLY OBTAINED DNA FOR METHYLATION AND MICROBIOME ANALYSES USING THE BIOSPECIMENS COLLECTED VIA THIS PROTOCOL AND ARE CURRENTLY ANALYZING THESE RESULTS TOGETHER WITH THE METABOLOME OF THIS COHORT OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DIABETIC CKD. CONCLUSIONS: RECENT ADVANCES HAVE IMPROVED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENOME, METABOLOMICS, AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE GUT MICROBIOME ON THE INCIDENCE OF DISEASES SUCH AS CANCERS, PARTICULARLY THOSE RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. HOWEVER, THERE IS A PAUCITY OF LITERATURE SURROUNDING THESE INFLUENCERS IN RENAL DISEASE. THIS STUDY WILL PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO THE FUNDAMENTAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CKD IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DIABETES, ESPECIALLY IN NOVEL AREAS SUCH AS EPIGENETICS, METABOLOMICS, AND THE KIDNEY-GUT AXIS. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/16277.	2020	

2 3095  60 GENOMIC APPROACHES IN THE SEARCH FOR MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS RECOGNISED AS A GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM, MORE PREVALENT IN OLDER PERSONS AND ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE CO-MORBIDITIES. DIABETES MELLITUS AND HYPERTENSION ARE COMMON AETIOLOGIES FOR CKD, BUT IGA GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, LUPUS NEPHRITIS AND AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE ARE ALSO COMMON CAUSES OF CKD. MAIN BODY: CONVENTIONAL BIOMARKERS FOR CKD INVOLVING THE USE OF ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (EGFR) DERIVED FROM FOUR VARIABLES (SERUM CREATININE, AGE, GENDER AND ETHNICITY) ARE RECOMMENDED BY CLINICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE EVALUATION, CLASSIFICATION, AND STRATIFICATION OF CKD. HOWEVER, THESE CLINICAL BIOMARKERS PRESENT SOME LIMITATIONS, ESPECIALLY FOR EARLY STAGES OF CKD, ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS, EXTREME BODY MASS INDEX VALUES (SERUM CREATININE), OR ARE INFLUENCED BY INFLAMMATION, STEROID TREATMENT AND THYROID DYSFUNCTION (SERUM CYSTATIN C). THERE IS THEREFORE A NEED TO IDENTIFY ADDITIONAL NON-INVASIVE BIOMARKERS THAT ARE USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE TO HELP IMPROVE CKD DIAGNOSIS, INFORM PROGNOSIS AND GUIDE THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT. CONCLUSION: CKD IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE WITH ASSOCIATED GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS. HENCE, MANY STUDIES HAVE EMPLOYED GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC APPROACHES TO IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS FOR KIDNEY DISEASE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HAVE SUMMARISED THE MOST IMPORTANT STUDIES IN HUMANS INVESTIGATING GENOMIC BIOMARKERS FOR CKD IN THE LAST DECADE. SEVERAL GENES, INCLUDING UMOD, SHROOM3 AND ELMO1 HAVE BEEN STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL DISEASES, AND SOME OF THEIR TRAITS, SUCH AS EGFR AND SERUM CREATININE. THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC BIOMARKERS IN CKD AND RELATED DISEASES IS STILL UNCLEAR. THE COMBINATION OF MULTIPLE BIOMARKERS INTO CLASSIFIERS, INCLUDING GENOMIC, AND/OR EPIGENOMIC, MAY GIVE A MORE COMPLETE PICTURE OF KIDNEY DISEASES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3 1516  43 DNA METHYLATION AS A BIOMARKER OF AGING IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES. CANCER IS LARGELY AN AGING DISEASE. ACCELERATED BIOLOGICAL AGING MAY BE THE STRONGEST PREDICTOR OF CANCER AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASE RISKS. IN THE ABSENCE OF RELIABLE AND QUANTIFIABLE BIOMARKERS OF AGING TO DATE, IT HAS LONG BEEN OBSERVED THAT TUMORIGENESIS SHARES DISTINCT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS WITH THE AGING PROCESS. RECENTLY, EPIGENETIC AGE ESTIMATES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED BASED ON THE AVAILABILITY OF GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES, BY APPLYING IN THE PREDICTION FORMULA THE METHYLATION LEVEL AT A SUBSET OF HIGHLY PREDICTIVE METHYLATION SITES, CALLED EPIGENETIC CLOCK. THESE DNA METHYLATION AGE ESTIMATES HAVE PRODUCED REMARKABLY STRONG CORRELATIONS WITH CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, WITH A SMALL DEVIATION AND HIGH REPRODUCIBILITY ACROSS DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS AND STUDY POPULATIONS. MOREOVER, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED AN INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATION OF DNA METHYLATION AGE OR THE EXTENT OF ACCELERATION WITH MORTALITY AND VARIOUS AGING-RELATED CONDITIONS, EVEN AFTER ACCOUNTING FOR DIFFERENCES IN CHRONOLOGICAL AGE AND OTHER RISK FACTORS. ALTHOUGH EPIGENETIC PROFILES ARE KNOWN TO BE TISSUE-SPECIFIC, BOTH TARGET TISSUE- AND MULTIPLE TISSUE-DERIVED ESTIMATES APPEAR TO PERFORM WELL TO CAPTURE WHAT IS THOUGHT TO BE THE CUMULATIVE EPIGENETIC DRIFT THAT REPRESENTS A MULTIFACTORIAL DEGENERATIVE PROCESS ACROSS TISSUES AND ORGANISMS. FURTHER REFINEMENT OF THE EPIGENETIC AGE ESTIMATES IS ANTICIPATED OVER TIME TO ACCOMMODATE A BETTER TECHNOLOGICAL COVERAGE OF THE METHYLOME AND A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE BIOLOGY UNDERLYING PREDICTIVE REGIONS. EPIDEMIOLOGIC PRINCIPLES WILL REMAIN CRITICAL FOR THE EVALUATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS INVOLVING, FOR EXAMPLE, DIFFERENT STUDY POPULATIONS, DESIGN, FOLLOW-UP TIME, AND QUALITY OF COVARIATE DATA. OVERALL, THE EPIGENETIC AGE ESTIMATES ARE AN EXCITING DEVELOPMENT WITH USEFUL IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH OF HEALTHY AGING AND DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
4 5846  54 STUDY PROTOCOL: RATIONALE AND DESIGN OF THE COMMUNITY-BASED PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY OF KIDNEY FUNCTION AND DIABETES IN RURAL NEW MEXICO, THE COMPASS STUDY. BACKGROUND: RURAL AREAS IN THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO HAVE BEEN THE "GROUND-ZERO" FOR THE EPIDEMIC OF DIABETIC CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IN THE UNITED STATES. HOWEVER, THERE IS LIMITED RESEARCH ABOUT RISK FACTORS OF DIABETIC CKD IN THIS AREA AND SCARCE DATA REGARDING THE PERFORMANCE OF EMERGING MARKERS OF RENAL FILTRATION AND EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS OF RENAL FUNCTION AND DIABETES IN THIS AREA WITH ITS UNIQUE ETHNIC/RACIAL POPULATION. WE DESIGNED THE COMPASS STUDY AS A COMMUNITY-BASED PROGRAM IN RURAL NEW MEXICO AIMING TO SCREEN FOR CKD AND TO DISCOVER CKD-RELATED TRANSLATIONAL BIOMARKERS. METHODS/DESIGN: THE STUDY INVOLVES A PROSPECTIVE, LONGITUDINAL COHORT DESIGN INVOLVING INDIVIDUALS LIVING IN RURAL NEW MEXICO. PARTICIPANTS UNDERGO A SCREENING FOR KIDNEY DISEASE USING MARKERS OF ABNORMAL RENAL FILTRATION (IMPAIRED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE) OR DAMAGE (ALBUMINURIA). THOSE FOUND TO HAVE CKD ON THE BASIS OF THESE TESTS OR THOSE AT RISK FOR CKD ARE ENROLLED IN A PROSPECTIVE LONGITUDINAL COHORT. WE MEASURE MARKERS OF RENAL FUNCTION, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND EPIGENETICS (MICRORNAS) ON PATIENTS. INDIVIDUALS ARE INVITED TO PARTICIPATE IN INTERVIEWS AND FOCUS GROUPS IN ORDER TO CHARACTERIZE THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARDS RESEARCH AND BARRIERS OR FACILITATORS TO PARTICIPATION IN FUTURE RESEARCH STUDIES ABOUT KIDNEY DISEASE. DISCUSSION: THIS STUDY WILL PROVIDE IMPORTANT DATA ABOUT THE LOCAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF KIDNEY DISEASE IN A HIGH-RISK RURAL SETTING AND THE UTILITY OF EMERGING RENAL FILTRATION MARKERS (BETA 2 MICROGLOBULIN AND CYSTATIN C), WHILE GENERATING DATA AND METHODS FOR THE ANALYSES OF MICRORNA BIOMARKERS. THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH SUBPROJECT WILL IDENTIFY FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED WILLINGNESS TO PARTICIPATE IN FUTURE TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECTS. WITH ITS GEOGRAPHICAL FOCUS, THIS STUDY WILL ADDRESS A CRITICAL DISPARITY IN KIDNEY DISEASE RESEARCH, WHILE GENERATING NOVEL EPIGENETIC DATA THAT ARE RELEVANT FOR FUTURE STUDIES IN THE GENERAL POPULATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5 2148  55 EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF RENAL FUNCTION IN AFRICAN AMERICANS. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS AN INCREASING CONCERN IN THE UNITED STATES DUE TO ITS RAPIDLY RISING PREVALENCE, PARTICULARLY AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS. EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION MARKERS ARE BECOMING IMPORTANT BIOMARKERS OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS CKD. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW THESE METHYLATION MARKERS PLAY A ROLE IN KIDNEY FUNCTION, WE MEASURED 26,428 DNA METHYLATION SITES IN 972 AFRICAN AMERICANS FROM THE GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY NETWORK OF ARTERIOPATHY (GENOA) STUDY. WE THEN EVALUATED (1) WHETHER EPIGENETIC MARKERS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (EGFR), (2) WHETHER THE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED MARKERS ARE ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS AND/OR NOVEL BIOMARKERS FOR EGFR, AND (3) HOW MUCH ADDITIONAL VARIATION IN EGFR IS EXPLAINED BY EPIGENETIC MARKERS BEYOND ESTABLISHED RISK FACTORS AND BIOMARKERS. THE MAJORITY OF METHYLATION MARKERS MOST SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH EGFR (24 OUT OF THE TOP 30) APPEARED TO FUNCTION, AT LEAST IN PART, THROUGH PATHWAYS RELATED TO AGING, INFLAMMATION, OR CHOLESTEROL. HOWEVER, SIX EPIGENETIC MARKERS WERE STILL ABLE TO SIGNIFICANTLY PREDICT EGFR AFTER ADJUSTMENT FOR OTHER RISK FACTORS. THIS WORK SHOWS THAT EPIGENETIC MARKERS MAY OFFER VALUABLE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE COMPLEX PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CKD IN AFRICAN AMERICANS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6 1585  44 DNA METHYLATION PROFILING IDENTIFIES EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIABETES PATIENTS WITH ESRD AND DIABETES PATIENTS WITHOUT NEPHROPATHY. WE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PROGRESSION BY COMPARING SITE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN MORE THAN 14,000 GENES BETWEEN AFRICAN AMERICAN AND HISPANIC DIABETES PATIENTS WITH END STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) AND DIABETES PATIENTS WITHOUT NEPHROPATHY. WE IDENTIFIED 187 GENES THAT ARE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS ON AT LEAST TWO CPG SITES IN EACH GENE IN DNA EXTRACTED FROM SALIVA. OF THE 187 GENES WHOSE MEAN METHYLATION LEVELS DIFFERED BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS, 39 GENES, OR CLOSELY RELATED GENE FAMILY MEMBERS, HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO BE INVOLVED IN KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT OR DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY, PER SE, OR HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DIALYSIS-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS. THE FACT THAT SUCH A SUBSTANTIAL FRACTION (21%) OF THE 187 CANDIDATE GENES HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED PREVIOUSLY THROUGH GENOME ASSOCIATION OR TRANSCRIPTION PROFILING STUDIES SUGGESTS STRONGLY THAT THE DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES WE OBSERVE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PREDISPOSITION AND/OR TREATMENT. THE FACT THAT THESE NEPHROPATHY AND/OR DIALYSIS-ASSOCIATED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PATIENTS WERE IDENTIFIED IN DNA EXTRACTED FROM SALIVA OFFERS PROOF-OF-PRINCIPLE THAT INTER-INDIVIDUAL EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES MAY PROVE USEFUL AS PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7 6013  57 THE APPLICATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION AS A BIOMARKER IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION IMPROVES PATIENT SURVIVAL AND QUALITY OF LIFE, LONG-TERM RESULTS ARE HAMPERED BY BOTH IMMUNE- AND NON-IMMUNE-MEDIATED COMPLICATIONS. CURRENT BIOMARKERS OF POST-TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS, SUCH AS ALLOGRAFT REJECTION, CHRONIC RENAL ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTION, AND CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, HAVE A SUBOPTIMAL PREDICTIVE VALUE. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT DIRECTLY AFFECTS GENE EXPRESSION AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PROCESSES SUCH AS ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY, FIBROSIS, AND ALLOREACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE. NOVEL TECHNIQUES CAN QUICKLY ASSESS THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF MULTIPLE LOCI IN DIFFERENT CELL TYPES, ALLOWING A DEEP AND INTERESTING STUDY OF CELLS' ACTIVITY AND FUNCTION. THEREFORE, DNA METHYLATION HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BECOME AN IMPORTANT BIOMARKER FOR PREDICTION AND MONITORING IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER OF GRAFT SURVIVAL AND COMPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF SEVERAL DATABASES HAS BEEN CONDUCTED. THE NEWCASTLE-OTTAWA SCALE AND THE JADAD SCALE HAVE BEEN USED TO ASSESS THE RISK OF BIAS FOR OBSERVATIONAL AND RANDOMIZED STUDIES, RESPECTIVELY. RESULTS: TWENTY ARTICLES REPORTING ON DNA METHYLATION AS A BIOMARKER FOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION WERE INCLUDED, ALL USING DNA METHYLATION FOR PREDICTION AND MONITORING. DNA METHYLATION PATTERN ALTERATIONS IN CELLS ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT TISSUES, SUCH AS KIDNEY BIOPSIES, URINE, AND BLOOD, HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY AND CHRONIC RENAL ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTION. THESE ALTERATIONS OCCURRED IN DIFFERENT AND SPECIFIC LOCI. DNA METHYLATION STATUS HAS ALSO PROVED TO BE IMPORTANT FOR IMMUNE RESPONSE MODULATION, HAVING A CRUCIAL ROLE IN REGULATORY T CELL DEFINITION AND ACTIVITY. RESEARCH ALSO FOCUSED ON A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF THIS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ASSESSMENT FOR REGULATORY T CELLS ISOLATION AND EXPANSION FOR FUTURE TOLERANCE INDUCTION-ORIENTED THERAPIES. CONCLUSIONS: STUDIES INCLUDED IN THIS REVIEW ARE HETEROGENEOUS IN STUDY DESIGN, BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES, AND OUTCOME. MORE COORDINATED INVESTIGATIONS ARE NEEDED TO AFFIRM DNA METHYLATION AS A CLINICALLY RELEVANT BIOMARKER IMPORTANT FOR PREVENTION, MONITORING, AND INTERVENTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8 2982  50 GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN PEDIATRIC CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IN CHILDREN IS AN IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS THAT, IN SOME CASES, MAY LEAD TO END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE. THE MAJORITY OF CHILDREN WITH CKD HAVE A CONGENITAL DISORDER OF THE KIDNEY OR UROLOGICAL TRACT ARISING FROM BIRTH. THERE IS STRONG EVIDENCE FOR BOTH A GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC COMPONENT TO PROGRESSION OF CKD. UTILIZATION OF GENE-MAPPING STRATEGIES, RANGING FROM GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES TO SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS, SERVES TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL GENETIC VARIANTS THAT MAY LEND TO DISEASE VARIATION. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES EVALUATING POPULATION-BASED DATA HAVE IDENTIFIED DIFFERENT LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH CKD PROGRESSION. ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS ON AN INDIVIDUAL LEVEL SUGGESTS THAT SECONDARY SYSTEMIC SEQUELAE OF CKD ARE CLOSELY RELATED TO DYSFUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR-INFLAMMATORY AXIS AND MAY LEAD TO ADVANCED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE THROUGH ABNORMAL VASCULAR CALCIFICATION AND ACTIVATION OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. SIMILARLY, GENETIC VARIANTS AFFECTING CYTOKINE CONTROL, FIBROSIS, AND PARENCHYMAL DEVELOPMENT MAY MODULATE CKD THROUGH DEVELOPMENT AND ACCELERATION OF RENAL INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS. EPIGENETIC STUDIES EVALUATE MODIFICATION OF THE GENOME THROUGH DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, OR RNA INTERFERENCE, WHICH MAY BE DIRECTLY INFLUENCED BY EXTERNAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DIRECTING GENOMIC EXPRESSION. LASTLY, IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO CKD PROGRESSION MAY ALLOW PROVIDERS TO IDENTIFY A POPULATION AT ACCELERATED RISK FOR DISEASE PROGRESSION AND APPLY NOVEL THERAPIES TARGETED AT THE GENETIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9 1583  42 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF BLOOD CELLS ARE DISTINCT BETWEEN EARLY-ONSET OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS. OBESITY IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT, CHRONIC DISORDER THAT HAS BEEN INCREASING IN INCIDENCE IN YOUNG PATIENTS. BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ABERRATIONS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY. THEREFORE, IN-DEPTH EPIGENOMIC AND GENOMIC ANALYSES WILL ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DETAILED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING OBESITY AND AID IN THE SELECTION OF POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR OBESITY IN YOUTH. HERE, WE PERFORMED MICROARRAY-BASED DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF PERIPHERAL WHITE BLOOD CELLS OBTAINED FROM SIX YOUNG, OBESE INDIVIDUALS AND SIX HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE OBSERVED THAT THE HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING OF DNA METHYLATION, BUT NOT GENE EXPRESSION, CLEARLY SEGREGATES THE OBESE INDIVIDUALS FROM THE CONTROLS, SUGGESTING THAT THE METABOLIC DISTURBANCE THAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF OBESITY AT A YOUNG AGE MAY AFFECT THE DNA METHYLATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS WITHOUT ACCOMPANYING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES. TO EXAMINE THE GENOME-WIDE DIFFERENCES IN THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF YOUNG OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS, WE IDENTIFIED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES AND INVESTIGATED THEIR GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC CONTEXTS. THE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS CAN BE SUMMARIZED AS RELATIVE GAINS AND LOSSES OF DNA METHYLATION IN GENE PROMOTERS AND GENE BODIES, RESPECTIVELY. WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT THE CPG ISLANDS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DNA METHYLATION COMPARED TO CONTROLS. OUR PILOT STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE GENOME-WIDE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS MAY ADVANCE NOT ONLY OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENOMIC PATHOGENESIS BUT ALSO EARLY SCREENING OF OBESITY IN YOUTH.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10 1599  40 DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE OF CHILDHOOD CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN T CELLS OF BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. BACKGROUND: HIGH FREQUENCY OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IS THE CENTRAL FEATURE OF SEVERE CONDUCT DISORDER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE RANGE OF SOCIAL, MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH PROBLEMS. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES IN PERIPHERAL T CELLS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY IN MALES. DESPITE THE FACT THAT SEX DIFFERENCES APPEAR TO PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE DEVELOPMENT, MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF AGGRESSION, MOST OF PREVIOUS STUDIES FOCUSED ON MALES, SO LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT FEMALE CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION. WE THEREFORE TESTED HERE WHETHER OR NOT THERE IS A SIGNATURE OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN FEMALE DNA METHYLATION AND, IF THERE IS, HOW IT RELATES TO THE SIGNATURE OBSERVED IN MALES. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: METHYLATION PROFILES WERE CREATED USING THE METHOD OF METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP) FOLLOWED BY MICROARRAY HYBRIDIZATION AND STATISTICAL AND BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSES ON T CELL DNA OBTAINED FROM ADULT WOMEN WHO WERE FOUND TO BE ON A CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY (CPA) BETWEEN 6 AND 12 YEARS OF AGE COMPARED TO WOMEN WHO FOLLOWED A NORMAL PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY. WE CONFIRMED THE EXISTENCE OF A WELL-DEFINED, GENOME-WIDE SIGNATURE OF DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN THE PERIPHERAL T CELLS OF ADULT FEMALES THAT INCLUDES MANY OF THE GENES SIMILARLY ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN THE SAME CELL TYPES OF ADULT MALES. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IN A SMALL NUMBER OF WOMEN PRESENTS PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR A GENOME-WIDE VARIATION IN PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION THAT ASSOCIATES WITH CPA IN WOMEN THAT WARRANT LARGER STUDIES FOR FURTHER VERIFICATION. A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS WERE PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED IN MEN WITH CPA SUPPORTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF EARLY LIFE AGGRESSION IN FEMALES IS COMPOSED OF A COMPONENT SPECIFIC TO FEMALES AND ANOTHER COMMON TO BOTH MALES AND FEMALES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  822  42 CHARACTERIZATION OF BLOOD SURROGATE IMMUNE-METHYLATION BIOMARKERS FOR IMMUNE CELL INFILTRATION IN CHRONIC INFLAMMAGING DISORDERS. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS ARE BOTH CHRONIC AGE- AND INFLAMMATION-DEPENDENT DISEASES. IN ADDITION, ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN AD PATIENTS INDICATING COMMON INVOLVEMENT OF VASCULAR COMPONENTS IN BOTH DISEASE ETIOLOGIES. RECENTLY, EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, AND IN PARTICULARLY DNA METHYLATION CHANGES FOR BOTH DISORDERS. WE HYPOTHESIZED THE EXISTENCE OF A COMMON DNA METHYLATION PROFILE IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND AD WHICH MAY BE VALUABLE AS A BLOOD-BASED DNA METHYLATION INFLAMMAGING BIOMARKER. USING PUBLICLY AVAILABLE 450K ILLUMINA METHYLATION DATASETS, WE IDENTIFIED A CO-METHYLATION NETWORK ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND AD IN WHOLE BLOOD SAMPLES. THIS METHYLATION PROFILE APPEARED TO INDICATE SHIFTS IN BLOOD IMMUNE CELL TYPE DISTRIBUTION. REMARKABLY, SIMILAR METHYLATION CHANGES WERE ALSO DETECTED IN DISEASE TISSUES, INCLUDING AD BRAIN TISSUES, ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES, AND TUMORS AND WERE FOUND TO CORRELATE WITH IMMUNE CELL INFILTRATION. IN ADDITION, THIS IMMUNE-RELATED METHYLATION PROFILE COULD ALSO BE DETECTED IN OTHER INFLAMMAGING DISEASES, INCLUDING PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND OBESITY, BUT NOT IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, SCHIZOPHRENIA, AND OSTEOPOROSIS. IN CONCLUSION, WE IDENTIFIED A BLOOD-BASED IMMUNE-RELATED DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE IN MULTIPLE INFLAMMAGING DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN BLOOD IMMUNE CELL COUNTS AND PREDICTIVE FOR IMMUNE CELL INFILTRATION IN DISEASED TISSUES. IN ADDITION TO EPIGENETIC CLOCK MEASUREMENTS, THIS IMMUNE-METHYLATION SIGNATURE MAY BECOME A VALUABLE BLOOD-BASED BIOMARKER TO PREVENT CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE DEVELOPMENT OR MONITOR LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION STRATEGIES WHICH PROMOTE HEALTHY AGING.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12  311  45 ALCOHOL AND THE METHYLOME: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS CONSIDERATIONS FOR RESEARCH USING HUMAN SAMPLES. BACKGROUND: A GROWING NUMBER OF STUDIES IN HUMAN SAMPLES HAVE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS (AUDS) MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC FACTORS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION. WE REVIEW THE EXTANT LITERATURE IN LIGHT OF SOME OF THE CHALLENGES THAT CURRENTLY AFFECT THE DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF EPIGENETIC RESEARCH IN HUMAN SAMPLES. METHOD: A LITERATURE SEARCH WAS USED TO IDENTIFY STUDIES THAT HAVE EXAMINED DNA METHYLATION IN RELATION TO ALCOHOL USE OR AUDS IN HUMAN SAMPLES (THROUGH JULY 2013). A TOTAL OF 22 STUDIES WERE IDENTIFIED. RESULTS: ASSOCIATIONS WITH QUANTITATIVE OR DIAGNOSTIC PHENOTYPES OF ALCOHOL USE OR AUDS HAVE BEEN REPORTED FOR SEVERAL GENES. HOWEVER, ALL STUDIES TO DATE HAVE RELIED ON RELATIVELY SMALL SAMPLES AND CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY DESIGNS. ADDITIONALLY, ATTEMPTS TO REPLICATE RESULTS HAVE BEEN RARE. MORE GENERALLY, RESEARCH PROGRESS IS HAMPERED BY SEVERAL ISSUES, INCLUDING LIMITATIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGIES USED TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION, TISSUE- AND CELL-SPECIFICITY OF METHYLATION PATTERNS, THE DIFFICULTIES OF RELATING OBSERVED METHYLATION DIFFERENCES AT A GIVEN LOCUS TO A FUNCTIONAL EFFECT, AND LIMITED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON DNA METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: ALTHOUGH WE SHARE THE OPTIMISM THAT EPIGENETICS MAY LEAD TO NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AUDS, THE METHODOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH CONDUCTING METHYLOMIC RESEARCH IN HUMAN SAMPLES NEED TO BE CAREFULLY CONSIDERED WHEN DESIGNING AND EVALUATING SUCH STUDIES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13  287  34 AGING AND CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE CAUSE DISTINCT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN SKIN. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE WIDELY CONSIDERED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN AGING, BUT EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS HYPOTHESIS HAS BEEN SCARCE. WE HAVE USED ARRAY-BASED ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE GENOME-SCALE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS FROM HUMAN SKIN SAMPLES AND TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF AGING, CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE, AND TISSUE VARIATION. OUR RESULTS REVEAL A HIGH DEGREE OF TISSUE SPECIFICITY IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS AND ALSO SHOWED VERY LITTLE INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIATION WITHIN TISSUES. DATA STRATIFICATION BY AGE REVEALED THAT DNA FROM OLDER INDIVIDUALS WAS CHARACTERIZED BY A SPECIFIC HYPERMETHYLATION PATTERN AFFECTING LESS THAN 1% OF THE MARKERS ANALYZED. INTERESTINGLY, STRATIFICATION BY SUN EXPOSURE PRODUCED A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT PATTERN WITH A SIGNIFICANT TREND TOWARDS HYPOMETHYLATION. OUR RESULTS THUS IDENTIFY DEFINED AGE-RELATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND SUGGEST THAT THESE ALTERATIONS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN AGING.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14  250  39 ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGES): BIOCHEMISTRY, SIGNALING, ANALYTICAL METHODS, AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. THE ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGES) ARE ORGANIC MOLECULES FORMED IN ANY LIVING ORGANISMS WITH A GREAT VARIETY OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES. THEY ARE CONSIDERED ORGANIC MARKERS OF THE GLYCATION PROCESS. DUE TO THEIR GREAT HETEROGENEITY, THERE IS NO SPECIFIC TEST FOR THEIR OPERATIONAL MEASUREMENT. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HAVE UPDATED THE MOST COMMON CHROMATOGRAPHIC, COLORIMETRIC, SPECTROSCOPIC, MASS SPECTROMETRIC, AND SEROLOGICAL METHODS, TYPICALLY USED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF AGES IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES. WE HAVE DESCRIBED THEIR SIGNALING AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS AND CELL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. ALTHOUGH MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS IS NOT WIDESPREAD IN THE DETECTION OF AGES AT THE CLINICAL LEVEL, THIS TECHNIQUE IS HIGHLY PROMISING FOR THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTICS OF DISEASES CAUSED BY AGES. PROTOCOLS ARE AVAILABLE FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY OF GLYCATED PROTEINS ALTHOUGH THEY ARE CHARACTERIZED BY COMPLEX MACHINE MANAGEMENT. SIMPLER PROCEDURES ARE AVAILABLE ALTHOUGH MUCH LESS PRECISE THAN MASS SPECTROMETRY. AMONG THEM, IMMUNOCHEMICAL TESTS ARE VERY COMMON SINCE THEY ARE ABLE TO DETECT AGES IN A SIMPLE AND IMMEDIATE WAY. IN THESE YEARS, NEW METHODOLOGIES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED USING AN IN VIVO NOVEL AND NONINVASIVE SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS. THESE METHODS ARE BASED ON THE MEASUREMENT OF AUTOFLUORESCENCE OF AGES. ANOTHER METHOD CONSISTS OF DETECTING AGES IN THE HUMAN SKIN TO DETECT CHRONIC EXPOSURE, WITHOUT THE INCONVENIENCE OF INVASIVE METHODS. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO COMPARE THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF MEASURING AGES AT A CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE DUE TO THEIR STRICT ASSOCIATION WITH OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15 2093  42 EPIGENETIC EFFECTS FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXERCISE IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. INTRODUCTION: ACUTE EXERCISE AND EXERCISE TRAINING MAY CONFER EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS. EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AFTER EXERCISE HAVE BEEN SHOWED IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. THE AIM OF THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WAS TO SUMMARIZE THE EVIDENCE FROM AVAILABLE CLINICAL TRIALS THAT STUDY EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS AFTER EXERCISE IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. METHODS: THE SEARCH STRATEGY WAS PERFORMED IN PUBMED AND CENTRAL DATABASES ON ARTICLES PUBLISHED UNTIL SEPTEMBER 2020. STUDIES WITH TITLES AND ABSTRACTS RELEVANT TO EXERCISE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION APPLIED TO CARDIOVASCULAR PATIENTS WERE FULLY EXAMINED. INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA WERE UTILIZED FOR STUDIES SCREENING. QUALITY ASSESSMENT WITH PEDRO SCALE AND EVALUATION BY TWO INDEPENDENT REVIEWERS WAS PERFORMED. RESULTS: OF THE 1714 ARTICLES RETRIEVED, 88 ARTICLES WERE ASSESSED FOR ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND 8 ARTICLES MATCHED OUR SEARCH CRITERIA AND FINALLY INCLUDED IN THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS. THE ACUTE EXERCISE EPIGENETIC (MIRNAS) EFFECTS WERE ASSESSED IN THREE STUDIES AND THE CHRONIC EXERCISE TRAINING EFFECTS (MIRNAS AND DNA METHYLATION) IN SIX STUDIES. THE RESULTS HAVE SHOWN THAT THERE IS POSSIBLY AN ACUTE SIGNIFICANT EXERCISE EFFECT ON EPIGENETIC TARGETS WHICH IS MORE EVIDENT AFTER CHRONIC EXERCISE TRAINING. CONCLUSIONS: BY THE PRESENT SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, WE PROVIDE PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE OF BENEFICIAL EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXERCISE IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. MORE CONTROLLED STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO CONFIRM SUCH EVIDENCE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16 2955  45 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS INFLUENCING CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) HAS BECOME A SERIOUS PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM BECAUSE OF ITS ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY, PREMATURE MORTALITY, AND ATTENDANT HEALTHCARE COSTS. THE RISING NUMBER OF PERSONS WITH CKD IS LINKED WITH THE AGING POPULATION STRUCTURE AND AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, AND OBESITY. THERE IS AN INHERITED RISK ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPING CKD, AS EVIDENCED BY FAMILIAL CLUSTERING AND DIFFERING PREVALENCE RATES ACROSS ETHNIC GROUPS. PREVIOUS STUDIES TO DETERMINE THE INHERITED RISK FACTORS FOR CKD RARELY IDENTIFIED GENETIC VARIANTS THAT WERE ROBUSTLY REPLICATED. HOWEVER, IMPROVEMENTS IN GENOTYPING TECHNOLOGIES AND ANALYTIC METHODS ARE NOW HELPING TO IDENTIFY PROMISING GENETIC LOCI AIDED BY INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION AND MULTICONSORTIA EFFORTS. MORE RECENTLY, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO PLAY A ROLE IN BOTH THE INHERITED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CKD AND, IMPORTANTLY, TO EXPLAIN HOW THE ENVIRONMENT DYNAMICALLY INTERACTS WITH THE GENOME TO ALTER AN INDIVIDUAL'S DISEASE RISK. GENOME-WIDE, EPIGENOME-WIDE, AND WHOLE TRANSCRIPTOME STUDIES HAVE BEEN PERFORMED, AND OPTIMAL APPROACHES FOR INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS ARE BEING DEVELOPED. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES RECENT RESEARCH AND THE CURRENT STATUS OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC RISK FACTORS INFLUENCING CKD USING POPULATION-BASED INFORMATION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17 6159  47 THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. FATIGUE IS A COMMON SYMPTOM AND INCLUDES BOTH PHYSICAL AND MENTAL COMPONENTS. IT CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT SYNDROMES AND DISEASES, BUT IN MANY CASES IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER COMORBID CONDITIONS. MOST HUMANS HAVE EXPERIENCED ACUTE FATIGUE IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT STRESSORS. ACUTE FATIGUE TYPICALLY DECREASES AS THE EFFECT OF THE TRIGGERING FACTOR IS REDUCED AND A NORMAL HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE IS RESTORED. FATIGUE THAT PERSISTS FOR 6 MONTHS OR MORE IS TERMED CHRONIC FATIGUE. CHRONIC FATIGUE (CF) IN COMBINATION WITH A MINIMUM OF 4 OF 8 SYMPTOMS AND THE ABSENCE OF DISEASES THAT COULD EXPLAIN THESE SYMPTOMS, CONSTITUTE THE CASE DEFINITION FOR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. IN SPITE OF ITS PREVALENCE, THE BIOLOGY OF FATIGUE IS RELATIVELY POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAVE NOT YET BEEN IDENTIFIED. THIS LITERATURE SEARCH WAS PERFORMED IN PUBMED TO IDENTIFY RESEARCH ON THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. PUBLICATIONS WERE INCLUDED IF FATIGUE WAS A MAJOR TOPIC AND THE TOPIC WAS COMBINED WITH GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC MEASUREMENTS IN ADULT HUMANS. A TOTAL OF 40 PUBLICATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED. ALTHOUGH ALTERED FUNCTIONING IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, THE SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM, AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH INFECTIOUS AGENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, THE SEARCH FOR GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF FATIGUE, EITHER IN THE CONTEXT OF CF OR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS) HAS BEEN RELATIVELY UNPRODUCTIVE OR, IN THE CASE OF EPIGENETICS, NONEXISTENT. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL STUDIES, BOTH HYPOTHESIS-TESTING AND HYPOTHESIS-GENERATING, HAVE BEEN PERFORMED TO SEARCH FOR BIOMARKERS, THEY HAVE MOSTLY BEEN UNDERPOWERED, RESTRICTED BY THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE PHENOTYPE, OR LIMITED BY AN UNSYSTEMATIC STUDY DESIGN. TO BE ABLE TO CONFIRM THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RISK FOR, OR LEVELS OF, FATIGUE ARE INFLUENCED BY THE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND OF AN INDIVIDUAL, STUDIES NEED TO BE BASED ON LARGER SAMPLE SIZES WITH A MORE CLEARLY DEFINED PHENOTYPE. STUDIES NEED TO FOCUS NOT ONLY ON THE INFLUENCE OF A SINGLE ASPECT SUCH AS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) OR DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION ON DISEASE RISK OR STATE, BUT ALSO ON THE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY BEHIND THE DISEASE IN COMBINATION WITH INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND VALIDATION OF FINDINGS IN FUNCTIONAL STUDIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18 3936  38 LIVING IN ENDEMIC AREA FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES ACCELERATES EPIGENETIC AGE. INFLAMMAGING IS A LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATORY STATE GENERATED BY THE AGING PROCESS THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO FRAILTY AND AGE-RELATED DISEASES IN THE ELDERLY. HOWEVER, IT CAN HAVE DISTINCT EFFECTS IN THE ELDERLY LIVING IN ENDEMIC AREAS FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES. AN INCREASED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MAY CONFER PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTIOUS AGENTS IN THESE AREAS, ALTHOUGH THIS ADVANTAGE CAN CAUSE ACCELERATING EPIGENETIC AGING. IN THIS STUDY, WE EVALUATED THE INFLAMMATORY PROFILE AND THE EPIGENETIC AGE OF INFECTED AND NONINFECTED INDIVIDUALS FROM AN ENDEMIC AREA IN BRAZIL. THE PROFILE OF CYTOKINES, CHEMOKINES AND GROWTH FACTORS ANALYZED IN THE SERA OF THE TWO GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS SHOWED SIMILARITIES, ALTHOUGH INFECTED INDIVIDUALS HAD A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF THESE MEDIATORS. A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN IL-1RA, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL3 AND CCL4 PRODUCTION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH LEPROSY INFECTION. NOTABLY, ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS DISPLAYED DISTINCT IMMUNE RESPONSES ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR INFECTION STATUS WHEN COMPARED TO ADULTS SUGGESTING AN ADAPTIVE REMODELLING OF THEIR IMMUNE RESPONSES. EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS ALSO SHOWED THAT THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN EPIGENETIC AGE BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS. HOWEVER, INDIVIDUALS FROM THE ENDEMIC AREA HAD A SIGNIFICANT ACCELERATED AGING WHEN COMPARED TO INDIVIDUALS FROM SAO PAULO, A NON-ENDEMIC AREA IN BRAZIL. MOREOVER, THE LATTER COHORT WAS ALSO EPIGENETICALLY AGED IN RELATION TO AN ITALIAN COHORT. OUR DATA SHOWS THAT LIVING IN ENDEMIC AREAS FOR CHRONIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES RESULTS IN REMODELLING OF INFLAMMAGING AND ACCELERATION OF EPIGENETIC AGING IN INDIVIDUALS REGARDLESS OF THEIR INFECTIOUS STATUS. IT ALSO HIGHLIGHTS THAT GEOGRAPHICAL, GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCE AGING AND IMMUNOSENESCENCE IN THEIR PACE AND PROFILE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19 3994  48 LONGITUDINAL PROFILING IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CARDIAC SURGERY REVEALS POSTOPERATIVE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION. BACKGROUND: CARDIAC SURGERY AND CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS INDUCE A SUBSTANTIAL IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, THE OVERACTIVATION OF WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT PULMONARY, CARDIOVASCULAR, AND NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS. COMMENSURATE WITH THE IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ARE CHANGES IN THE HEART AND VASCULATURE ITSELF, WHICH TOGETHER DRIVE POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS THROUGH MECHANISMS THAT ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. LONGITUDINAL DNA METHYLATION PROFILING HAS THE POTENTIAL TO IDENTIFY CHANGES IN GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS THAT ARE SECONDARY TO SURGERY AND TO IDENTIFY MOLECULAR PROCESSES THAT PREDICT AND/OR CAUSE POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE MEASURE DNA METHYLATION IN PREOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE WHOLE BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 96 PATIENTS UNDERGOING CARDIAC SURGERY ON CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS. RESULTS: WHILE THE VAST MAJORITY OF DNA METHYLATION IS UNCHANGED BY SURGERY AFTER ACCOUNTING FOR CHANGES IN CELL-TYPE COMPOSITION, WE IDENTIFY SEVERAL LOCI WITH STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT POSTOPERATIVE CHANGES IN METHYLATION. ADDITIONALLY, TWO OF THESE LOCI ARE ASSOCIATED WITH NEW-ONSET POSTOPERATIVE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, A SIGNIFICANT COMPLICATION AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY. PAIRED STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, USE OF FACS DATA TO SUPPORT SUFFICIENT CONTROL OF CELL-TYPE HETEROGENEITY, AND MEASUREMENT OF IL6 LEVELS IN A SUBSET OF PATIENTS ADD RIGOR TO THIS ANALYSIS, ALLOWING US TO DISTINGUISH CELL-TYPE VARIABILITY FROM ACTUAL CHANGES IN METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IDENTIFIES SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION THAT OCCUR IMMEDIATELY AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY AND DEMONSTRATES THAT THESE ACUTE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION HAVE THE GRANULARITY TO IDENTIFY PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH MAJOR POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS. THIS RESEARCH ALSO ESTABLISHES METHODS FOR CONTROLLING FOR CELL-TYPE VARIABILITY IN A LARGE HUMAN COHORT THAT MAY BE USEFUL TO DEPLOY IN OTHER LONGITUDINAL STUDIES OF EPIGENETIC MARKS IN THE SETTING OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20 1269  48 CYTOSINE METHYLATION CHANGES IN ENHANCER REGIONS OF CORE PRO-FIBROTIC GENES CHARACTERIZE KIDNEY FIBROSIS DEVELOPMENT. BACKGROUND: ONE IN ELEVEN PEOPLE IS AFFECTED BY CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, A CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY KIDNEY FIBROSIS AND PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF KIDNEY FUNCTION. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES INDICATE THAT ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENTS HAVE A LONG-LASTING ROLE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. EPIGENETIC INFORMATION REPRESENTS A PLAUSIBLE CARRIER FOR MEDIATING THIS PROGRAMMING EFFECT. HERE WE DEMONSTRATE THAT GENOME-WIDE CYTOSINE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF HEALTHY AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE TUBULE SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS SHOW SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS AND VALIDATE THESE IN A LARGE REPLICATION DATASET. THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS ARE RARELY OBSERVED ON PROMOTERS, BUT MOSTLY OVERLAP WITH PUTATIVE ENHANCER REGIONS, AND THEY ARE ENRICHED IN CONSENSUS BINDING SEQUENCES FOR IMPORTANT RENAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. THIS INDICATES THEIR IMPORTANCE IN GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION. A CORE SET OF GENES THAT ARE KNOWN TO BE RELATED TO KIDNEY FIBROSIS, INCLUDING GENES ENCODING COLLAGENS, SHOW CYTOSINE METHYLATION CHANGES CORRELATING WITH DOWNSTREAM TRANSCRIPT LEVELS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR REPORT RAISES THE POSSIBILITY THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION PLAYS A ROLE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE DEVELOPMENT VIA INFLUENCING CORE PRO-FIBROTIC PATHWAYS AND CAN AID THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL BIOMARKERS AND FUTURE THERAPEUTICS.	2013