1 3500 142 IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL, CLONALLY STABLE, SOMATIC MUTATIONS TARGETING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS PAX5 AND NKX2-3, THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR LRIF1, AND BRAF IN A CASE OF ATYPICAL B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA HARBORING A T(14;18)(Q32;Q21). DIAGNOSIS OF B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) IS USUALLY STRAIGHTFORWARD, INVOLVING CLINICAL, IMMUNOPHENOTYPIC (MATUTES SCORE), AND (IMMUNO)GENETIC ANALYSES (TO REFINE PATIENT PROGNOSIS FOR TREATMENT). CLL CASES WITH ATYPICAL PRESENTATION (E.G., MATUTES </= 3) ARE ALSO ENCOUNTERED, AND FOR THESE DISEASES, BIOLOGY AND PROGNOSTIC IMPACT ARE LESS CLEAR. HERE WE REPORT THE GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A CASE OF ATYPICAL B-CLL IN A 70-YR-OLD MALE PATIENT; B-CLL CELLS SHOWED A MATUTES SCORE OF 3, CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION T(14;18)(Q32;Q21) (BCL2/IGH), MUTATED IGHV, DELETION 17P, AND MUTATIONS IN BCL2, NOTCH1 (SUBCLONAL), AND TP53 (SUBCLONAL). QUITE STRIKINGLY, A NOVEL PAX5 MUTATION THAT WAS PREDICTED TO BE LOSS OF FUNCTION WAS ALSO SEEN. EXOME SEQUENCING IDENTIFIED, IN ADDITION, A POTENTIALLY ACTIONABLE BRAF MUTATION, TOGETHER WITH NOVEL SOMATIC MUTATIONS AFFECTING THE HOMEOBOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NKX2-3, KNOWN TO CONTROL B-LYMPHOCYTE DEVELOPMENT AND HOMING, AND THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR LRIF1, WHICH IS IMPLICATED IN CHROMATIN COMPACTION AND GENE SILENCING. NEITHER NKX2-3 NOR LRIF1 MUTATIONS, PREDICTED TO BE LOSS OF FUNCTION, HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN REPORTED IN B-CLL. SEQUENCING CONFIRMED THE PRESENCE OF THESE MUTATIONS TOGETHER WITH BCL2, NOTCH1, AND BRAF MUTATIONS, WITH THE T(14;18)(Q32;Q21) TRANSLOCATION, IN THE INITIAL DIAGNOSTIC SAMPLE OBTAINED 12 YR PRIOR. THIS IS SUGGESTIVE OF A ROLE FOR THESE NOVEL MUTATIONS IN B-CLL INITIATION AND STABLE CLONAL EVOLUTION, INCLUDING UPON TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL. THIS CASE EXTENDS THE SPECTRUM OF ATYPICAL B-CLL WITH T(14;18)(Q32;Q21) AND HIGHLIGHTS THE VALUE OF MORE GLOBAL PRECISION GENOMICS FOR PATIENT FOLLOW-UP AND TREATMENT IN THESE PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2  493  35 ASSESSMENT OF P53 AND ATM FUNCTIONALITY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA BY MULTIPLEX LIGATION-DEPENDENT PROBE AMPLIFICATION. THE ATM-P53 DNA-DAMAGE RESPONSE (DDR) PATHWAY HAS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN CHEMORESISTANCE IN CLL, AS INDICATED BY THE ADVERSE PROGNOSTIC IMPACT OF GENETIC ABERRATIONS OF TP53 AND ATM. IDENTIFYING AND DISTINGUISHING TP53 AND ATM FUNCTIONAL DEFECTS HAS BECOME RELEVANT AS EPIGENETIC AND POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL DYSREGULATION OF THE ATM/P53 AXIS IS INCREASINGLY BEING RECOGNIZED AS THE UNDERLYING CAUSE OF CHEMORESISTANCE. ALSO, SPECIFIC TREATMENTS SENSITIZING TP53- OR ATM-DEFICIENT CLL CELLS ARE EMERGING. WE THEREFORE DEVELOPED A NEW ATM-P53 FUNCTIONAL ASSAY WITH THE AIM TO (I) IDENTIFY AND (II) DISTINGUISH ABNORMALITIES OF TP53 VERSUS ATM AND (III) ENABLE THE IDENTIFICATION OF ADDITIONAL DEFECTS IN THE ATM-P53 PATHWAY. REVERSED TRANSCRIPTASE MULTIPLEX LIGATION-DEPENDENT PROBE AMPLIFICATION (RT-MLPA) WAS USED TO MEASURE ATM AND/OR P53-DEPENDENT GENES AT THE RNA LEVEL FOLLOWING DNA DAMAGE USING IRRADIATION. HERE, WE SHOWED THAT THIS ASSAY IS ABLE TO IDENTIFY AND DISTINGUISH THREE SUBGROUPS OF CLL TUMORS (I.E., TP53-DEFECTIVE, ATM-DEFECTIVE AND WT) AND IS ALSO ABLE TO DETECT ADDITIONAL SAMPLES WITH A DEFECTIVE DDR, WITHOUT MOLECULAR ABERRATIONS IN TP53 AND/OR ATM. THESE FINDINGS MAKE THE ATM-P53 RT-MLPA FUNCTIONAL ASSAY A PROMISING PROGNOSTIC TOOL FOR PREDICTING TREATMENT RESPONSES IN CLL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3 5848  39 SUBCLONES IN B-LYMPHOMA CELL LINES: ISOGENIC MODELS FOR THE STUDY OF GENE REGULATION. GENETIC HETEROGENEITY THOUGH COMMON IN TUMORS HAS BEEN RARELY DOCUMENTED IN CELL LINES. TO EXAMINE HOW OFTEN B-LYMPHOMA CELL LINES ARE COMPRISED OF SUBCLONES, WE PERFORMED IMMUNOGLOBULIN (IG) HEAVY CHAIN HYPERMUTATION ANALYSIS. REVEALING THAT SUBCLONES ARE NOT RARE IN B-CELL LYMPHOMA CELL LINES, 6/49 IG HYPERMUTATED CELL LINES (12%) CONSISTED OF SUBCLONES WITH INDIVIDUAL IG MUTATIONS. SUBCLONES WERE ALSO IDENTIFIED IN 2/284 LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA CELL LINES EXHIBITING BIMODAL CD MARKER EXPRESSION. WE SUCCESSFULLY ISOLATED 10 SUBCLONES FROM FOUR CELL LINES (HG3, SU-DHL-5, TMD-8, U-2932). WHOLE EXOME SEQUENCING WAS PERFORMED TO MOLECULARLY CHARACTERIZE THESE SUBCLONES. WE DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE CLONAL STRUCTURE OF CELL LINE HG3, DERIVED FROM CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. HG3 CONSISTS OF THREE SUBCLONES EACH BEARING CLONE-SPECIFIC ABERRATIONS, GENE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS. WHILE DONOR PATIENT LEUKEMIC CELLS WERE CD5+, TWO OF THREE HG3 SUBCLONES HAD INDEPENDENTLY LOST THIS MARKER. CD5 ON HG3 CELLS WAS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC/TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS RATHER THAN BY ALTERNATIVE SPLICING AS REPORTED HITHERTO. IN CONCLUSION, WE SHOW THAT THE PRESENCE OF SUBCLONES IN CELL LINES CARRYING INDIVIDUAL MUTATIONS AND CHARACTERIZED BY SETS OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES IS NOT UNCOMMON. WE SHOW ALSO THAT THESE SUBCLONES CAN BE USEFUL ISOGENIC MODELS FOR REGULATORY AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4 1334  31 DEREGULATION OF AIOLOS EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY A CLONAL ACCUMULATION OF MATURE NEOPLASTIC B CELLS THAT ARE RESISTANT TO APOPTOSIS. AIOLOS, A MEMBER OF THE IKAROS FAMILY OF ZINC-FINGER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF MATURE B LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION AND MATURATION. IN THIS STUDY, WE SHOWED THAT AIOLOS EXPRESSION IS UP-REGULATED IN B-CLL CELLS. THIS OVEREXPRESSION DOES NOT IMPLICATE ISOFORM IMBALANCE OR DISTURB AIOLOS SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION. THE CHROMATIN STATUS AT THE AIOLOS PROMOTER IN CLL IS DEFINED BY THE DEMETHYLATION OF DNA AND AN ENRICHMENT OF EUCHROMATIN ASSOCIATED HISTONE MARKERS, SUCH AS THE DIMETHYLATION OF THE LYSINE 4 ON HISTONE H3. THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SHOULD ALLOW ITS UPSTREAM EFFECTORS, SUCH AS NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB, CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED IN CLL, TO GAIN ACCESS TO PROMOTER, RESULTING UP-REGULATION OF AIOLOS. TO DETERMINE THE CONSEQUENCES OF AIOLOS DEREGULATION IN CLL, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECTS OF AIOLOS OVEREXPRESSION OR DOWN-REGULATION ON APOPTOSIS. AIOLOS IS INVOLVED IN CELL SURVIVAL BY REGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF SOME BCL-2 FAMILY MEMBERS. OUR RESULTS STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT AIOLOS DEREGULATION BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY BE A HALLMARK OF CLL.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5 2763  29 EXPRESSION OF THE LEUKEMIC PROGNOSTIC MARKER CD7 IS LINKED TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE CELL SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN, CD7, AND THE SERINE PROTEASE, ELASTASE 2 (ELA2), IN THE LEUKEMIC CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL OUTCOME. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THE VARIABLE EXPRESSION OF THESE GENES IN THE LEUKEMIC CELLS. RESULTS: TO ADDRESS THIS QUESTION, WE COMPARED THE LEVEL OF THEIR EXPRESSION WITH THE DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION STATUS OF 5' SEQUENCES OF BOTH GENES IN LEUKEMIC CELL LINES AND PRIMITIVE (LIN-CD34+) LEUKEMIC CELLS FROM CHRONIC PHASE CML PATIENTS. DNA METHYLATION OF THE ELA2 GENE PROMOTER DID NOT CORRELATE WITH ITS EXPRESSION PATTERN IN LIN-CD34+ CELLS FROM CHRONIC PHASE CML PATIENT SAMPLES EVEN THOUGH THERE WAS CLEAR DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION OF THIS LOCUS IN ELA2-EXPRESSING AND NON-EXPRESSING CELL LINES. IN CONTRAST, WE FOUND A STRONG RELATION BETWEEN CD7 EXPRESSION AND TRANSCRIPTION-PERMISSIVE CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS, BOTH AT THE LEVEL OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION WITH EVIDENCE OF HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE CD7 PROMOTER REGION IN THE LIN-CD34+ CELLS FROM CML PATIENTS WITH HIGH CD7 EXPRESSION. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE A LINK BETWEEN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND CD7 EXPRESSION IN PRIMITIVE CML CELLS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6  628  35 BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL INSIGHT FROM ANALYSIS OF THE TUMOR B-CELL RECEPTOR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE B-CELL RECEPTOR (BCR) IS ESSENTIAL TO THE BEHAVIOR OF THE MAJORITY OF NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC MATURE B CELLS. THE IDENTIFICATION IN 1999 OF THE TWO MAJOR CLL SUBSETS EXPRESSING UNMUTATED IMMUNOGLOBULIN (IG) VARIABLE REGION GENES (U-IGHV, U-CLL) OF PRE-GERMINAL CENTER ORIGIN AND POOR PROGNOSIS, AND MUTATED IGHV (M-CLL) OF POST-GERMINAL CENTER ORIGIN AND GOOD PROGNOSIS, IGNITED INTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS ON STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE TUMOR BCR. THESE INVESTIGATIONS HAVE PROVIDED FUNDAMENTAL INSIGHT INTO CLL BIOLOGY AND EVENTUALLY THE MECHANISTIC RATIONALE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCCESSFUL THERAPIES TARGETING BCR SIGNALING. U-CLL AND M-CLL ARE CHARACTERIZED BY VARIABLE LOW SURFACE IGM (SIGM) EXPRESSION AND SIGNALING CAPACITY. VARIABILITY OF SIGM CAN IN PART BE EXPLAINED BY CHRONIC ENGAGEMENT WITH (AUTO)ANTIGEN AT TISSUE SITES. HOWEVER, OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS, GENETIC CHANGES, AND EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO THE SIGM VARIABILITY. THE VARIABLE LEVELS HAVE CONSEQUENCES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF CLL, WHICH IS IN A STATE OF ANERGY WITH AN INDOLENT CLINICAL COURSE WHEN SIGM EXPRESSION IS LOW, OR PUSHED TOWARDS PROLIFERATION AND A MORE AGGRESSIVE CLINICAL COURSE WHEN SIGM EXPRESSION IS HIGH. EFFICACY OF THERAPIES THAT TARGET BTK MAY ALSO BE AFFECTED BY THE VARIABLE SIGM LEVELS AND SIGNALING AND, IN PART, EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7 4837  25 ONCOGENIC GENE EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC REMODELING OF CIS-REGULATORY ELEMENTS IN ASXL1-MUTANT CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. MYELOID NEOPLASMS ARE CLONAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DISORDERS DRIVEN BY THE SEQUENTIAL ACQUISITION OF RECURRENT GENETIC LESIONS. TRUNCATING MUTATIONS IN THE CHROMATIN REMODELER ASXL1 (ASXL1(MT)) ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGH-RISK DISEASE PHENOTYPE WITH INCREASED PROLIFERATION, EPIGENETIC THERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE, AND POOR SURVIVAL OUTCOMES. WE PERFORMED A MULTI-OMICS INTERROGATION TO DEFINE GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN REMODELING ASSOCIATED WITH ASXL1(MT) IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML). ASXL1(MT) ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A LOSS OF REPRESSIVE HISTONE METHYLATION AND INCREASE IN PERMISSIVE HISTONE METHYLATION AND ACETYLATION IN PROMOTER REGIONS. ASXL1(MT) ARE FURTHER ASSOCIATED WITH DE NOVO ACCESSIBILITY OF DISTAL ENHANCERS BINDING ETS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, TARGETING IMPORTANT LEUKEMOGENIC DRIVER GENES. CHROMATIN REMODELING OF PROMOTERS AND ENHANCERS IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION AND HETEROGENOUS AMONG OVEREXPRESSED GENES. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE MAP OF THE TRANSCRIPTOME AND CHROMATIN LANDSCAPE OF ASXL1(MT) CMML, FORMING AN IMPORTANT FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TARGETING ONCOGENIC CIS INTERACTIONS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8 2088  28 EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS COMPLEMENTS THE JAK2V617F-MUTATION. BACKGROUND: SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS) ARE ANTAGONISTS OF THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY, WHICH PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN STEM CELL MAINTENANCE AND DIFFERENTIATION OF STEM CELLS AND HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS. EPIGENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF SFRPS BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION HAS BEEN DESCRIBED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. THERE IS AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ABERRANT WNT SIGNALING AND THE ESTABLISHED CANCER STEM CELL CONCEPT. IN CONTRAST TO BCR-ABL1-POSITIVE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CML, BCR-ABL1-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (PH-MPN) ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE FREQUENT OCCURRENCE OF AN AUTOACTIVATING MUTATION IN THE JAK2 TYROSINE KINASE (JAK2V617F) OR OTHER MUTATIONS IN THE JAK-STAT PATHWAY. HOWEVER, PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF JAK2 MUTATED OR UNMUTATED PH-MPN REMAIN NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. WE DETERMINED THE PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS OF SFRP-1, -2, -4, AND -5 IN 57 MPN PATIENT SAMPLES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) (MSP). JAK2V617F WAS ASSESSED BY ALLELE-SPECIFIC PCR. RESULTS: ABERRANT METHYLATION AMONG PRIMARY MPN SAMPLES WAS 4% FOR SFRP-1, 25% FOR SFRP-2, 2% FOR SFRP-4, AND 0% FOR SFRP-5. HYPERMETHYLATION OF SFRP-2, WHICH WAS THE MOST FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED GENE IN OUR STUDY, COULD NOT BE CORRELATED TO ANY SPECIFIC MPN SUBTYPE. HOWEVER, WE DETECTED A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN SFRP-2 METHYLATION AND PRESENCE OF A JAK2V617F MUTATION (P = 0.008). NONE OF THE 10 CML SAMPLES SHOWED ANY SFRP-METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY IS A COMMON EVENT IN MPN WITH ABERRANT METHYLATION OF AT LEAST ONE SFRP BEING DETECTED IN 25% OF THE PRIMARY PATIENT SAMPLES AND IN 30% IF ONLY ACCOUNTING FOR PH-MPN. A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN SFRP-2 METHYLATION AND PRESENCE OF JAK2V617F IN OUR DATA SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION MAY BE A COMPLEMENTARY MECHANISM TO GENETIC ABERRATIONS. ABERRANT METHYLATION OF CRUCIAL STEM CELL MAINTENANCE GENES SEEMS TO CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS IN PH-MPN.	2012	

9 2888  32 GAIN-OF-FUNCTION MUTATION OF GATA-2 IN ACUTE MYELOID TRANSFORMATION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ACQUISITION OF ADDITIONAL GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES OTHER THAN THE BCR/ABL FUSION GENE IS BELIEVED TO CAUSE DISEASE PROGRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) FROM CHRONIC PHASE TO BLAST CRISIS (BC). TO GAIN INSIGHTS INTO THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF PROGRESSION TO BC, WE SCREENED DNA SAMPLES FROM CML PATIENTS DURING BLAST TRANSFORMATION FOR MUTATIONS IN A NUMBER OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GENES THAT ARE CRITICAL FOR MYELOID-LYMPHOID DEVELOPMENT. IN 85 CASES OF CML BLAST TRANSFORMATION, WE IDENTIFIED TWO NEW MUTATIONS IN THE CODING REGION OF GATA-2, A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM/PROGENITOR CELL DIFFERENTIATION. A L359V SUBSTITUTION WITHIN ZINC FINGER DOMAIN (ZF) 2 OF GATA-2 WAS FOUND IN EIGHT CASES WITH MYELOMONOBLASTIC FEATURES, WHEREAS AN IN-FRAME DELETION OF 6 AA (DELTA341-346) SPANNING THE C-TERMINAL BORDER OF ZF1 WAS DETECTED IN ONE PATIENT AT MYELOID BC WITH EOSINOPHILIA. FURTHER STUDIES INDICATED THAT L359V NOT ONLY INCREASED TRANSACTIVATION ACTIVITY OF GATA-2 BUT ALSO ENHANCED ITS INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON THE ACTIVITY OF PU.1, A MAJOR REGULATOR OF MYELOPOIESIS. CONSISTENT WITH THE MYELOMONOBLASTIC FEATURES OF CML TRANSFORMATION WITH THE GATA-2 L359V MUTANT, TRANSDUCTION OF THE GATA-2 L359V MUTANT INTO HL-60 CELLS OR BCR/ABL-HARBORING MURINE CELLS DISTURBED MYELOMONOCYTIC DIFFERENTIATION/PROLIFERATION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, RESPECTIVELY. THESE DATA STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT GATA-2 MUTATIONS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN ACUTE MYELOID TRANSFORMATION IN A SUBSET OF CML PATIENTS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10 2469  15 EPIGENETIC TRAJECTORIES OF THE PREMALIGNANT-TO-MALIGNANT TRANSITION OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. KRETZMER AND COLLEAGUES SHOW THAT THE TRANSITION TO ALTERED METHYLOME OCCURS VERY EARLY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, AND ONCE ACQUIRED, IT IS A CLONAL AND EXTREMELY STABLE CHANGE. HOWEVER, THE PRECISE TIME POINT WHEN THE LEUKEMIC CLONE STARTS DEVIATING SIGNIFICANTLY FROM THE NORMAL B-CELL DIFFERENTIATION TRAJECTORY IS STILL ELUSIVE. SEE RELATED ARTICLE BY KRETZMER ET AL., P. 54.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11 5101  28 POLYCOMB FACTOR PHF19 CONTROLS CELL GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION TOWARD ERYTHROID PATHWAY IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS. POLYCOMB GROUP (PCG) OF PROTEINS ARE A GROUP OF HIGHLY CONSERVED EPIGENETIC REGULATORS INVOLVED IN MANY BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, CELL PROLIFERATION, AND ADULT STEM CELL DETERMINATION. PHD FINGER PROTEIN 19 (PHF19) IS AN ASSOCIATED FACTOR OF POLYCOMB REPRESSOR COMPLEX 2 (PRC2), OFTEN UPREGULATED IN HUMAN CANCERS. IN PARTICULAR, MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELL LINES SHOW INCREASED LEVELS OF PHF19, YET LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT ITS FUNCTION. HERE, WE HAVE CHARACTERIZED THE ROLE OF PHF19 IN MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT PHF19 DEPLETION DECREASES CELL PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTES CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) DIFFERENTIATION. MECHANISTICALLY, WE HAVE SHOWN HOW PHF19 REGULATES THE PROLIFERATION OF CML THROUGH A DIRECT REGULATION OF THE CELL CYCLE INHIBITOR P21. FURTHERMORE, WE OBSERVED THAT MTF2, A PHF19 HOMOLOG, PARTIALLY COMPENSATES FOR PHF19 DEPLETION IN A SUBSET OF TARGET GENES, INSTRUCTING SPECIFIC ERYTHROID DIFFERENTIATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT PHF19 IS A KEY TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR FOR CELL FATE DETERMINATION AND COULD BE A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR MYELOID LEUKEMIA TREATMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12 5608  34 RUNX1-EVI1 DISRUPTS LINEAGE DETERMINATION AND THE CELL CYCLE BY INTERFERING WITH RUNX1 AND EVI1 DRIVEN GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS. HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES ARE CHARACTERISED BY A BLOCK IN DIFFERENTIATION, WHICH IN MANY CASES IS CAUSED BY RECURRENT MUTATIONS AFFECTING THE ACTIVITY OF HEMATOPOIETIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. RUNX1-EVI1 IS A FUSION PROTEIN FORMED BY THE T(3;21) TRANSLOCATION LINKING TWO TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS REQUIRED FOR NORMAL HEMATOPOIESIS. RUNX1-EVI1 EXPRESSION IS FOUND IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME, SECONDARY ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA, AND BLAST CRISIS OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; WITH CLINICAL OUTCOMES BEING WORSE THAN IN PATIENTS WITH RUNX1-ETO, RUNX1 OR EVI1 MUTATIONS ALONE. RUNX1-EVI1 IS USUALLY FOUND AS A SECONDARY MUTATION, THEREFORE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HOW RUNX1-EVI1 ALONE CONTRIBUTES TO POOR PROGNOSIS ARE UNKNOWN. TO ADDRESS THIS QUESTION, WE INDUCED EXPRESSION OF RUNX1-EVI1 IN HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS DERIVED FROM AN EMBRYONIC STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION MODEL. INDUCTION RESULTED IN DISRUPTION OF THE RUNX1-DEPENDENT ENDOTHELIAL-HEMATOPOIETIC TRANSITION, BLOCKED THE CELL CYCLE AND UNDERMINED CELL FATE DECISIONS IN MULTIPOTENT HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS. INTEGRATIVE ANALYSES OF GENE EXPRESSION WITH CHROMATIN AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT RUNX1-EVI1 BINDING CAUSED THE RE-DISTRIBUTION OF ENDOGENOUS RUNX1 WITHIN THE GENOME AND INTERFERED WITH BOTH RUNX1 AND EVI1 REGULATED GENE EXPRESSION PROGRAMS. IN SUMMARY, RUNX1-EVI1 EXPRESSION ALONE LEADS TO EXTENSIVE EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING WHICH IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH HEALTHY BLOOD PRODUCTION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13 4549  32 MUTATION ANALYSIS OF THERAPY-RELATED MYELOID NEOPLASMS. WE ANALYZED THE GENETIC MUTATION STATUS OF 13 PATIENTS WITH THERAPY-RELATED MYELOID NEOPLASMS (T-MN). CONSISTENT WITH PREVIOUS REPORTS, T-MN CELLS PREFERENTIALLY ACQUIRED MUTATIONS IN TP53 AND EPIGENETIC MODIFYING GENES, INSTEAD OF MUTATIONS IN TYROSINE KINASE AND SPLICEOSOME GENES. FURTHERMORE, WE COMPARED THE MUTATION STATUS OF THREE T-MN CELLS WITH EACH OF THE INITIAL LYMPHOID MALIGNANT CELLS, AND IDENTIFIED COMMON MUTATIONS AMONG T-MN AND THE INITIAL MALIGNANT CELLS IN TWO PATIENTS. IN A PATIENT WHO DEVELOPED CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) AFTER FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA (FL), TET2 MUTATION WAS IDENTIFIED IN BOTH CMML AND FL CELLS. NOTABLY, THE TET2 MUTATION WAS ALSO IDENTIFIED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS IN THE DISEASE-FREE PERIOD WITH THE SAME ALLELIC FREQUENCY AS CMML AND FL CELLS, BUT NOT IN A GERM-LINE CONTROL, INDICATING THAT THE TET2 MUTATION OCCURRED SOMATICALLY IN THE INITIATING CLONE FOR BOTH MALIGNANT CELLS. ON THE OTHER HAND, A GERM-LINE MYB MUTATION WAS IDENTIFIED IN A PATIENT WHO DEVELOPED MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AFTER FL. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT GERM-LINE DEPOSITION AND CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS ARE CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH T-MN SUSCEPTIBILITY; HOWEVER, FURTHER ANALYSIS IS NECESSARY TO CLARIFY THE MECHANISM REQUIRED TO PROVIDE THE INITIATING CLONE WITH LINEAGE COMMITMENT AND CLONAL EXPANSION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14 4556  28 MUTATIONAL SPECTRUM OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES WITH INV(3)/T(3;3) REVEALS A PREDOMINANT INVOLVEMENT OF RAS/RTK SIGNALING PATHWAYS. MYELOID MALIGNANCIES BEARING CHROMOSOMAL INV(3)/T(3;3) ABNORMALITIES ARE AMONG THE MOST THERAPY-RESISTANT LEUKEMIAS. DEREGULATED EXPRESSION OF EVI1 IS THE MOLECULAR HALLMARK OF THIS DISEASE; HOWEVER, THE GENOME-WIDE SPECTRUM OF COOPERATING MUTATIONS IN THIS DISEASE SUBSET HAS NOT BEEN SYSTEMATICALLY ELUCIDATED. HERE, WE SHOW THAT 98% OF INV(3)/T(3;3) MYELOID MALIGNANCIES HARBOR MUTATIONS IN GENES ACTIVATING RAS/RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE (RTK) SIGNALING PATHWAYS. IN ADDITION, HEMIZYGOUS MUTATIONS IN GATA2, AS WELL AS HETEROZYGOUS ALTERATIONS IN RUNX1, SF3B1, AND GENES ENCODING EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS, FREQUENTLY CO-OCCUR WITH THE INV(3)/T(3;3) ABERRATION. NOTABLY, NEITHER MUTATIONAL PATTERNS NOR GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES DIFFER ACROSS INV(3)/T(3;3) ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME CASES, SUGGESTING RECOGNITION OF INV(3)/T(3;3) MYELOID MALIGNANCIES AS A SINGLE DISEASE ENTITY IRRESPECTIVE OF BLAST COUNT. THE HIGH INCIDENCE OF ACTIVATING RAS/RTK SIGNALING MUTATIONS MAY PROVIDE A TARGET FOR A RATIONAL TREATMENT STRATEGY IN THIS HIGH-RISK PATIENT GROUP.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15 1629  22 DNMT3A ARG882 MUTATION DRIVES CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA THROUGH DISTURBING GENE EXPRESSION/DNA METHYLATION IN HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS. THE GENE ENCODING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) IS MUTATED IN APPROXIMATELY 20% OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA CASES, WITH ARG882 (R882) AS THE HOTSPOT. HERE, WE ADDRESSED THE TRANSFORMATION ABILITY OF THE DNMT3A-ARG882HIS (R882H) MUTANT BY USING A RETROVIRAL TRANSDUCTION AND BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION (BMT) APPROACH AND FOUND THAT THE MUTANT GENE CAN INDUCE ABERRANT PROLIFERATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS. AT 12 MO POST-BMT, ALL MICE DEVELOPED CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA WITH THROMBOCYTOSIS. RNA MICROARRAY ANALYSIS REVEALED ABNORMAL EXPRESSIONS OF SOME HEMATOPOIESIS-RELATED GENES, AND THE DNA METHYLATION ASSAY IDENTIFIED CORRESPONDING CHANGES IN METHYLATION PATTERNS IN GENE BODY REGIONS. MOREOVER, DNMT3A-R882H INCREASED THE CDK1 PROTEIN LEVEL AND ENHANCED CELL-CYCLE ACTIVITY, THEREBY CONTRIBUTING TO LEUKEMOGENESIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16 2935  36 GENETIC ALTERATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE GENETICS OF B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) DIFFER CONSIDERABLY FROM MOST OTHER FORMS OF HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY WHICH ARE USUALLY CHARACTERIZED BY CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATIONS. B-CLL TYPICALLY CONTAINS CHROMOSOMAL DELETIONS AND CHROMOSOMES 13Q14 AND 11Q22-->Q23 ARE THE MOST COMMON. THESE TWO REGIONS APPEAR TO SHARE A COMMON ANCESTRAL ORIGIN (AUER ET AL., 2007B). OVERALL, CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES CAN BE FOUND IN THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS WITH B-CLL WHEN USING SENSITIVE TECHNIQUES (DOHNERET AL., 2000) AND POSSIBLY REFLECTS AN UNDERLYING PREDISPOSITION, WITH A SMALL BUT SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF FAMILIAL CASES. ALTHOUGH SINGLE AND CONSISTENT ABNORMALITIES ARE MOST COMMON, MULTIPLE REARRANGEMENTS CAN OCCUR, OFTEN WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION (FEGANETAL., 1995; DOHNER ET AL., 2000). REGIONS OF RECURRENT DELETION SUGGEST THE PRESENCE OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IF FOLLOWING KNUDSON'S THEORETICAL 2-HIT MODEL. HOWEVER, DESPITE EXTENSIVE SEQUENCING ANALYSIS OVER THE LAST DECADE AND LACK OF PATHOGENIC MUTATIONS IDENTIFIED, THERE HAS BEEN A MOVE AWAY FROM THIS SUGGESTED HYPOTHESIS AND ALTERNATIVE MECHANISMS OF GENE INACTIVATION INVOLVING EPIGENETIC SILENCING OR HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY MAY BE CONSIDERED AS MORE LIKELY IN THIS DISEASE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE COMMON GENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN B-CLL AND RELATES THEM TO SOME OF THE MORE RECENT HYPOTHESES ON INACTIVATION OF GENES WITHIN THESE REGIONS OF DELETION.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17 4221  37 METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE RECEPTOR TYPE O IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: PREVIOUS STUDIES IN OUR LABORATORY HAVE SHOWN THE PROGRESSIVE METHYLATION AND SUPPRESSION OF THE GENE ENCODING PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE, PTPRO, IN THE LIVERS OF RATS FED A METHYL-DEFICIENT DIET THAT INDUCES HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE OBSERVED THE METHYLATION OF PTPRO IN PRIMARY HUMAN LUNG TUMORS AND ALSO SHOWED ITS POTENTIAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THE TRUNCATED FORM OF PTPRO (PTPROT), SPECIFICALLY EXPRESSED IN NAIVE B LYMPHOCYTES, WAS ALSO METHYLATED AND SUPPRESSED IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), A DISEASE GENERALLY AFFECTING B LYMPHOCYTES. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS: INITIAL SCREENING SHOWED THAT 60% OF THE 52 CLL SAMPLES ANALYZED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR ASSAY WERE METHYLATED COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, WHICH WERE NOT METHYLATED. THE EXPRESSION OF PTPROT, AS MEASURED BY SEMIQUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR, INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH METHYLATION IN THE FEW SAMPLES TESTED. ANALYSIS OF ADDITIONAL SAMPLES (N = 50) BY COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE PTPRO CPG ISLAND WAS METHYLATED IN 82% OF PATIENTS WITH CLL COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. FURTHERMORE, OVERALL EXPRESSION OF PTPRO WAS REDUCED IN CLL RELATIVE TO NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES. THE PTPRO GENE WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED BY METHYLATION IN THE CLL CELL LINE WAC3CD5, WHERE IT COULD BE REACTIVATED UPON TREATMENT WITH THE DNA HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZAC. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF PTPROT IN A NONEXPRESSING CELL LINE INCREASED GROWTH INHIBITION WITH FLUDARABINE TREATMENT, A THERAPY COMMONLY USED FOR CLL. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY REVEALS THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PTPRO METHYLATION AND SILENCING IN CLL TUMORIGENESIS AND ALSO PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR TARGET IN THE EPIGENETIC THERAPY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18 2761  24 EXPRESSION OF TESTIS-SPECIFIC GENES, TEX101 AND ODF4, IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND EVALUATION OF TEX101 IMMUNOGENICITY. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CANCER-TESTIS (CT) ANTIGENS ARE A GROUP OF ANTIGENS WITH A RESTRICTED EXPRESSION IN NORMAL TISSUES, EXCEPT TESTIS, AND THEY HAVE ABERRANT EXPRESSION IN DIFFERENT TUMORS. THIS PATTERN OF EXPRESSION HAS MADE THEM PROMISING TARGETS FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY AND CANCER DETECTION. OUR AIM WAS TO FIND NEW MEMBERS OF THIS GROUP THAT MIGHT BE USEFUL AS MARKERS IN THE DETECTION OF CANCER AND IMMUNOTHERAPY. DESIGN AND SETTING: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY CONDUCTED IN REFERRAL CENTERS OF TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE FROM JANUARY 2008 TO JANUARY 2009. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE ANALYZED THE EXPRESSION OF TWO TESTIS-SPECIFIC GENES NAMED ODF4 (OUTER DENSE FIBER OF SPERM TAILS 4) AND TEX101 (TESTIS EXPRESSED 101) IN 20 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) AND 20 NORMAL SAMPLES BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND SEQUENCING. IMMUNOGENICITY OF TEX101 WAS EVALUATED BY MEANS OF ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. RESULTS: THESE TWO GENES WERE EXPRESSED IN 30% OF CML PATIENTS BUT NOT IN ANY OF THE HEALTHY DONORS. HUMORAL RESPONSE AGAINST TEX101 WAS NOT DETECTED IN ANY SAMPLES. CONCLUSIONS: TEX101 AND ODF4 ARE CT GENES USEFUL FOR DETECTION OF CML. UNLIKE MANY CT GENES, OVEREXPRESSION OF TEX101 WAS NOT SHOWN TO INDUCE IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSES IN THESE SAMPLES. ACCORDING TO THE PREVIOUS STUDIES, OVEREXPRESSION OF TEX101 LEADS TO SUPPRESSION OF CANCER INVASION AND METASTASIS; THUS, THE INDUCTION OF THE EXPRESSION OF TEX101 IN CANCER BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE A TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19 2431  32 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MIR-26A1 IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA: IMPACT ON EZH2 EXPRESSION. DOWNREGULATION OF MIR26A1 HAS BEEN REPORTED IN VARIOUS B-CELL MALIGNANCIES; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM BEHIND ITS DEREGULATION REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED MIR26A1 METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS IN A WELL-CHARACTERIZED SERIES OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) AND MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA (MCL). FROM 450K METHYLATION ARRAYS, WE FIRST OBSERVED MIR26A1 (CG26054057) AS UNIFORMLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN MCL (N = 24) (ALL >75%), WHILE CLL (N = 18) SHOWED DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION BETWEEN PROGNOSTIC SUBGROUPS. EXTENDED ANALYSIS USING PYROSEQUENCING CONFIRMED OUR FINDINGS AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR VERIFIED LOW MIR26A1 EXPRESSION IN BOTH CLL (N = 70) AND MCL (N = 38) COMPARED TO NORMAL B-CELLS. NOTABLY, THE LEVEL OF MIR26A1 METHYLATION PREDICTED OUTCOME IN CLL, WITH HIGHER LEVELS SEEN IN POOR-PROGNOSTIC, IGHV-UNMUTATED CLL. SINCE EZH2 WAS RECENTLY REPORTED AS A TARGET FOR MIR26A1, WE ANALYZED THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BOTH MIR26A1 AND EZH2 IN PRIMARY CLL SAMPLES AND OBSERVED AN INVERSE CORRELATION. BY OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR26A1 IN CLL AND MCL CELL LINES, REDUCED EZH2 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE OBSERVED USING BOTH WESTERN BLOT AND FLOW CYTOMETRY. IN CONTRAST, METHYL-INHIBITOR TREATMENT LED TO UPREGULATED MIR26A1 EXPRESSION WITH A PARALLEL DECREASE OF EZH2 EXPRESSION. FINALLY, INCREASED LEVELS OF APOPTOSIS WERE OBSERVED IN MIR26A1-OVEREXPRESSING CELL LINES, FURTHER UNDERSCORING THE FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF MIR26A1. IN SUMMARY, WE PROPOSE THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MIR26A1 IS REQUIRED FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF INCREASED LEVELS OF EZH2, WHICH IN TURN TRANSLATE INTO A WORSE OUTCOME, AS SHOWN IN CLL, HIGHLIGHTING MIR26A1 AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MIRNA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20 3898  29 LARGE-SCALE TOPOLOGICAL DISRUPTION OF CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES 9 AND 22 IS ASSOCIATED WITH NONRESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN CML. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM DEFINED BY THE PRESENCE OF T(9;22) TRANSLOCATION WHOSE ORIGIN HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRIDIMENSIONAL GENOME ORGANIZATION. THIS REARRANGEMENT LEADS TO THE FUSION OF BCR AND ABL1 GENES GIVING RISE TO A CHIMERIC PROTEIN WITH CONSTITUTIVE KINASE ACTIVITY. IMATINIB, A TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (TKI), IS USED AS A FIRST-LINE TREATMENT FOR CML, THOUGH ~40% OF CML PATIENTS DO NOT RESPOND. HERE, USING STRUCTURED ILLUMINATION MICROSCOPY (SIM) AND 3D RECONSTRUCTION, WE STUDIED THE 3D ORGANIZATION PATTERNS OF THE ABL1 AND BCR GENES, AND THEIR CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES (CTS) CT9 AND CT22, IN CD34+ CELLS FROM CML PATIENTS THAT RESPONDED OR NOT TO TKI. WE FOUND THAT TKI RESISTANCE IN CML IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL DISRUPTION OF CT9 AND CT22 IN CD34+ CELLS, INCREASED CT VOLUMES (ESPECIALLY FOR CT22), INTERMINGLING BETWEEN CT9 AND CT22, AND AN OPEN-CHROMATIN EPIGENETIC MARK IN CT22. ALTOGETHER OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT LARGE-SCALE DISRUPTION OF CT9 AND CT22 CORRELATES WITH THE CLINICAL RESPONSE OF CML PATIENTS, WHICH COULD BE TRANSLATED INTO A POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC MARKER OF RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN THIS DISEASE AND PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING RESISTANCE TO TKI IN CML.	2022