1 3481 142 IDENTIFICATION OF CANDIDATE GENES AND GENE NETWORKS SPECIFICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH ANALGESIC TOLERANCE TO MORPHINE. CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION MAY ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF HUNDREDS TO THOUSANDS OF GENES. HOWEVER, ONLY A SUBSET OF THESE GENES IS LIKELY INVOLVED IN ANALGESIC TOLERANCE. IN THIS REPORT, WE USED A BEHAVIOR GENETICS STRATEGY TO IDENTIFY CANDIDATE GENES SPECIFICALLY LINKED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE TOLERANCE. TWO INBRED GENOTYPES [C57BL/6J (B6), DBA2/J (D2)] AND TWO RECIPROCAL CONGENIC GENOTYPES (B6D2, D2B6) WITH THE PROXIMAL REGION OF CHROMOSOME 10 (CHR10) INTROGRESSED INTO OPPOSING BACKGROUNDS SERVED AS THE BEHAVIOR GENETIC FILTER. TOLERANCE AFTER THERAPEUTICALLY RELEVANT DOSES OF MORPHINE DEVELOPED MOST RAPIDLY IN THE B6 FOLLOWED BY THE B6D2 GENOTYPE AND DID NOT DEVELOP IN THE D2 MICE AND ONLY SLIGHTLY IN THE D2B6 ANIMALS INDICATING A STRONG INFLUENCE OF THE PROXIMAL REGION OF CHR10 IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE. GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING AND PATTERN MATCHING IDENTIFIED 64, 53, 86, AND 123 PREDISPOSITION GENES AND 81, 96, 106, AND 82 TOLERANCE GENES IN THE PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY (PAG), PREFRONTAL CORTEX, TEMPORAL LOBE, AND VENTRAL STRIATUM, RESPECTIVELY. A POTENTIAL GENE NETWORK WAS IDENTIFIED IN THE PAG IN WHICH 19 OF THE 34 GENES WERE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH TOLERANCE. ELEVEN OF THE NETWORK GENES WERE FOUND TO RESIDE IN QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED WITH MORPHINE-RELATED BEHAVIORS, WHEREAS SEVEN WERE PREDICTIVE OF TOLERANCE (MORPHINE-NAIVE CONDITION). OVERALL, THE GENES MODIFIED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION SHOW A STRONG PRESENCE IN CANONICAL PATHWAYS REPRESENTATIVE OF NEUROADAPTATION. A POTENTIALLY SIGNIFICANT ROLE FOR THE MICRO-RNA AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF PHARMACOLOGICALLY RELEVANT DOSES OF MORPHINE WAS HIGHLIGHTED BY CANDIDATE GENES DICER AND H19.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2 3076  25 GENOME-WIDE EPIGENOMIC ANALYSES IN PATIENTS WITH NOCICEPTIVE AND NEUROPATHIC CHRONIC PAIN SUBTYPES REVEALS ALTERATIONS IN METHYLATION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE NEURO-MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. NOCICEPTIVE PAIN INVOLVES THE ACTIVATION OF NOCICEPTORS WITHOUT DAMAGE TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, WHEREAS NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS RELATED TO AN ALTERATION IN THE CENTRAL OR PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CHRONIC PAIN ITSELF AND THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN MAY BE EPIGENETICALLY CONTROLLED. IN THIS CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY, A GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING THE BLOOD DNA REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) TECHNIQUE. THREE PROSPECTIVE COHORTS INCLUDING 20 HEALTHY CONTROLS (CTL), 18 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NOCICEPTIVE PAIN (NOCI), AND 19 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NEURO) WERE COMPARED AT BOTH THE SINGLE CPG AND DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION (DMR) LEVELS. GENES WITH DMRS WERE SEEN IN THE NOCI AND NEURO GROUPS BELONGED TO THE NEURO-MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM AND DIFFERED BETWEEN NOCI AND NEURO PATIENTS. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC DISTURBANCES ACCOMPANYING NOCICEPTIVE PAIN ARE VERY DIFFERENT FROM THOSE ACCOMPANYING NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THE FORMER, AMONG OTHERS, THE EPIGENETIC DISTURBANCE OBSERVED WOULD AFFECT THE FUNCTION OF THE OPIOID ANALGESIC SYSTEM, WHEREAS IN THE LATTER IT WOULD AFFECT THAT OF THE GABAERGIC REWARD SYSTEM. THIS STUDY PRESENTS BIOLOGICAL FINDINGS THAT HELP TO CHARACTERIZE NOCI- AND NEURO-AFFECTED PATHWAYS AND OPENS THE POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING EPIGENETIC DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS. PERSPECTIVE: OUR RESULTS HELP TO EXPLAIN THE VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS MODIFICATIONS UNDERLYING THE DIFFERENT CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NOCICEPTIVE AND NEUROPATHIC PAINS. FURTHERMORE, THE NEW TARGETS IDENTIFIED IN OUR STUDY MIGHT HELP TO DISCOVER MORE SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR NOCICEPTIVE OR NEUROPATHIC PAINS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3 2297  29 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN. ACUTE PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DAMAGE, WHICH RESULTS IN THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. RECENT STUDIES POINT TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (DNA METHYLATION) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAIN. WE HAVE FOUND THAT DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY THE APPLICATION OF 10% MUSTARD OIL ON THE TONGUES OF RATS, LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B WERE ELEVATED MARKEDLY (36 AND 42 % RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY. PREVIOUS INJECTION OF XEFOCAM WITH 0,4 MG/KG DOSE DECREASED LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B (25 AND 24% RESPECTIVELY). THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. THE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE IDEA THAT INHIBITORS OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES COULD BE USEFUL FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT NSAIDS (ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH DNMT INHIBITORS) MAY BE PROPOSED AS POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY AGENTS, WHICH MAY PLAY A ROLE IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INDIRECTLY THROUGH ALTERING THE ACTIVITY OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INVOLVED IN PAIN DEVELOPMENT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4 5273  25 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND BDNF AND DAT1 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH DRUG ADDICTION. BACKGROUND: DRUG ADDICTION IS A BRAIN DISORDER THAT HAS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY. ADDICTIONS ARE CHRONIC RELAPSING DISEASES OF THE BRAIN THAT ARE CAUSED BY DIRECT DRUG-INDUCED EFFECTS AND PERSEVERING NEUROADAPTATIONS AT THE EPIGENETIC, NEUROPEPTIDE AND NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS. BECAUSE THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM HAS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DRUG ABUSE, THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ANALYZE THE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION PROFILE OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) AND DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER (DAT1) GENES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DRUG ADDICTION. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BDNF AND DAT1 PROMOTER METHYLATION WERE INVESTIGATED WITH A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) TECHNIQUE IN BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 75 INDIVIDUALS WITH DRUG ADDICTION AND 65 HEALTHY CONTROLS. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF AND DAT1 WERE ASSESSED IN 12 MRNA SAMPLES FROM THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS AND COMPARED TO THE SAMPLES OF HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 12) WITH REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR. RESULTS: NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN THE METHYLATION OF BDNF AND DAT1 BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, BUT THE RELATIVE LEVELS OF EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND DAT1 MRNA DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE BDNF AND DAT1 GENES HAD NO SIGNIFICANT FUNCTION IN THE PROCESSES OF DRUG ADDICTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5 3008  27 GENETIC-EPIGENETIC INTERACTION MODULATES MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR REGULATION. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN PROTEIN EXPRESSION, ALTHOUGH AT DIFFERENT LEVELS. GENETIC VARIATIONS CAN ALTER CPG SITES AND THUS INFLUENCE THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MRNA EXPRESSION, PROVIDING AN INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED MECHANISM OF FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS. ONE OF THOSE GENETIC EFFECTS IS THE ASSOCIATION OF REDUCED MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION WITH THE FUNCTIONAL GENETIC VARIANT N40D (OPRM1 118A>G, RS1799971) THAT CAUSES AN AMINO ACID EXCHANGE IN THE EXTRACELLULAR TERMINAL OF THE MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR. WE REPORT THAT THE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE AT GENE POSITION +118 INTRODUCES A NEW CPG-METHYLATION SITE INTO THE OPRM1 DNA AT POSITION +117. THIS LEADS TO AN ENHANCED METHYLATION OF THE OPRM1 DNA AT THIS SITE AND DOWNSTREAM. THIS EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IMPEDES MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR UPREGULATION IN BRAIN TISSUE OF CAUCASIAN CHRONIC OPIATE ADDICTS, ASSESSED POSTMORTEM. WHILE IN WILD-TYPE SUBJECTS, A REDUCED SIGNALLING EFFICIENCY ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEROIN EXPOSURE WAS COMPENSATED BY AN INCREASED RECEPTOR DENSITY, THIS UPREGULATION WAS ABSENT IN CARRIERS OF THE 118G RECEPTOR VARIANT DUE TO A DIMINISHED OPRM1 MRNA TRANSCRIPTION. THUS, THE OPRM1 118A>G SNP VARIANT NOT ONLY REDUCES MICRO-OPIOID RECEPTOR SIGNALLING EFFICIENCY, BUT, BY A GENETIC-EPIGENETIC INTERACTION, REDUCES OPIOID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION AND THEREFORE, DEPLETES THE OPIOID SYSTEM OF A COMPENSATORY REACTION TO CHRONIC EXPOSURE. THIS DEMONSTRATES THAT A CHANGE IN THE GENOTYPE CAN CAUSE A CHANGE IN THE EPIGENOTYPE WITH MAJOR FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6 2442  31 EPIGENETIC STABILITY IN THE ADULT MOUSE CORTEX UNDER CONDITIONS OF PHARMACOLOGICALLY INDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION IS CONSIDERED A MAJOR EPIGENETIC PROCESS THAT AFFECTS BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY, AS WELL AS LEARNING AND MEMORY. THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL EFFECTORS AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES RESPONSIBLE FOR PLASTICITY AS A RESULT OF LONG-TERM MODIFICATIONS TO HISTONE ACETYLATION ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. TO THIS END, WE PHARMACOLOGICALLY INHIBITED HISTONE DEACETYLATION USING TRICHOSTATIN A IN ADULT (6-MONTH-OLD) MICE AND FOUND SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN THE LEVELS OF THE ACETYLATED HISTONE MARKS H3LYS9, H3LYS14 AND H4LYS12. HIGH-RESOLUTION TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS OF DIVERSE BRAIN REGIONS UNCOVERED FEW DIFFERENCES IN GENE EXPRESSION BETWEEN TREATED AND CONTROL ANIMALS, NONE OF WHICH WERE PLASTICITY RELATED. INSTEAD, AFTER INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION, WE DETECTED A LARGE NUMBER OF NOVEL TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE REGIONS, WHICH CORRESPOND TO LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNAS). WE ALSO SURPRISINGLY FOUND NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DENDRITIC SPINE PLASTICITY IN LAYERS 1 AND 2/3 OF THE VISUAL CORTEX USING LONG-TERM IN VIVO TWO-PHOTON IMAGING. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT CHRONIC PHARMACOLOGICALLY INDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION CAN BE DECOUPLED FROM GENE EXPRESSION AND INSTEAD, MAY POTENTIALLY EXERT A POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL EFFECT THROUGH THE DIFFERENTIAL PRODUCTION OF LNCRNAS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7 1186  32 COORDINATED DYNAMIC GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE CAUSES WIDESPREAD CHANGES IN THE CELLULAR BIOLOGY OF THE AMYGDALA'S CENTRAL NUCLEUS (CEA), A GABAERGIC CENTER THAT INTEGRATES AUTONOMIC PHYSIOLOGY WITH THE EMOTIONAL ASPECTS OF MOTIVATION AND LEARNING. WHILE ALCOHOL-INDUCED NEUROCHEMICAL CHANGES PLAY A ROLE IN DEPENDENCE AND DRINKING BEHAVIOR, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE CEA'S DYNAMIC CHANGES DURING WITHDRAWAL, A PERIOD OF EMOTIONAL AND PHYSIOLOGIC DISTURBANCE. METHODS: WE USED A QRT-PCR PLATFORM TO MEASURE 139 TRANSCRIPTS IN 92 RAT CEA SAMPLES FROM CONTROL (N = 33), CHRONICALLY ALCOHOL EXPOSED (N = 26), AND WITHDRAWN RATS (T = 4, 8, 18, 32, AND 48 HOURS; N = 5, 10, 7, 6, 5). THIS FOCUSED TRANSCRIPT SET ALLOWED US TO IDENTIFY SIGNIFICANT DYNAMIC EXPRESSION PATTERNS DURING THE FIRST 48 HOURS OF WITHDRAWAL AND PROPOSE POTENTIAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS. RESULTS: CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE CAUSES A LIMITED NUMBER OF SMALL MAGNITUDE EXPRESSION CHANGES. IN CONTRAST, WITHDRAWAL RESULTS IN A GREATER NUMBER OF LARGE CHANGES WITHIN 4 HOURS OF REMOVAL OF THE ALCOHOL DIET. SIXTY-FIVE OF THE 139 MEASURED TRANSCRIPTS (47%) SHOWED DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION DURING WITHDRAWAL. OVER THE 48-HOUR PERIOD, DYNAMIC CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID TYPE A (GABA(A) ), IONOTROPIC GLUTAMATE AND NEUROPEPTIDE SYSTEM-RELATED G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR SUBUNITS, AND THE RAS/RAF SIGNALING PATHWAY WERE SEEN AS WELL AS DOWNSTREAM TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TFS) AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORS. FOUR TEMPORALLY CORRELATED GENE CLUSTERS WERE IDENTIFIED WITH SHARED FUNCTIONAL ROLES INCLUDING NMDA RECEPTORS, MAPKKK AND CHEMOKINE SIGNALING CASCADES, AND MEDIATORS OF LONG-TERM POTENTIATION, AMONG OTHERS. CLUSTER PROMOTER REGIONS SHARED OVERREPRESENTED BINDING SITES FOR MULTIPLE TFS INCLUDING CEBP, USF-1, SMAD3, AP-2, AND C-ETS, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL REGULATORY ROLE. CONCLUSIONS: DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL, THE CEA EXPERIENCES RAPID CHANGES IN MRNA EXPRESSION OF THESE FUNCTIONALLY RELATED TRANSCRIPTS THAT WERE NOT PREDICTED BY MEASUREMENT DURING CHRONIC EXPOSURE. THIS STUDY PROVIDES NEW INSIGHT INTO DYNAMIC EXPRESSION CHANGES DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL AND SUGGESTS NOVEL REGULATORY RELATIONSHIPS THAT POTENTIALLY IMPACT THE ASPECTS OF EMOTIONAL MODULATION.	2013	
                                                                                                                  
8 1584  21 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF SELECTED PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN ALZHEIMER DISEASE. BY MEANS OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS ANALYSIS, WE RECENTLY DESCRIBED THE MRNA EXPRESSION PROFILES OF VARIOUS GENES INVOLVED IN THE NEUROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE BRAINS OF SUBJECTS WITH LATE-ONSET ALZHEIMER DISEASE (LOAD). SOME OF THESE GENES, NAMELY INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6, SHOWED DISTINCT EXPRESSION PROFILES WITH PEAK EXPRESSION DURING THE FIRST STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND CONTROL-LIKE LEVELS AT LATER STAGES. IL-1BETA AND IL-6 GENES ARE MODULATED BY DNA METHYLATION IN DIFFERENT CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES; IT IS ALSO WELL KNOWN THAT LOAD MAY HAVE AN EPIGENETIC BASIS. INDEED, WE AND OTHERS HAVE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED GENE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN LOAD AND IN RELATED ANIMAL MODELS. BASED ON THESE DATA, WE STUDIED THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES, AT SINGLE CYTOSINE RESOLUTION, OF IL-1BETA AND IL-6 5'-FLANKING REGION BY BISULPHITE MODIFICATION IN THE CORTEX OF HEALTHY CONTROLS AND LOAD PATIENTS AT 2 DIFFERENT DISEASE STAGES: BRAAK I-II/A AND BRAAK V-VI/C. OUR ANALYSIS PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT NEUROINFLAMMATION IN LOAD IS ASSOCIATED WITH (AND POSSIBLY MEDIATED BY) EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9 6794  23 [EFFECT OF BENZO(A)PYRENE ON THE EXPRESSION OF AHR-REGULATED MICRORNA IN FEMALE AND MALE RAT LUNGS]. SMOKING IS THE MAIN RISK FACTOR FOR LUNG CANCER, MAINLY DUE TO PRESENCE OF NITROSAMINES AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, INCLUDING BENZO[A]PYRENE (BP) IN TOBACCO SMOKE COMPOSITION. THE GENOTOXIC EFFECT OF BP IS BASED ON THE HIGH DNA-BINDING ABILITY OF ITS METABOLITES, WHILE THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ARE MEDIATED BY A CHANGE IN THE EXPRESSION OF CANCER RELATED GENES OR REGULATORY RNAS. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT WOMEN HAVE A HIGHER RISK TO DEVELOP LUNG CANCER UPON SMOKING RATHER THAN MEN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CROSSTALK BETWEEN SIGNALING PATHWAYS ACTIVATED BY BP AND ESTROGENS COULD UNDERLIE THE SEX-DEPENDENT DIFFERENCES IN MIRNAS EXPRESSION. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, MALE AND FEMALE RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO SHORT-TERM OR LONG-TERM BP EXPOSURE. USING IN SILICO ANALYSIS, MIRNAS CONTAINING THE ER- AND AHR-BINDING SITES IN THE PROMOTERS OF THE GENES (OR HOST GENES) WERE SELECTED. DURING CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF BP THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-22-3P, -29A-3P, -126A-3P, -193B-5P IN THE LUNGS OF MALE RATS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED, WHILE THE LEVEL OF MIRNA-483-3P WERE DECREASED. EXPRESSION OF MIRNA-483-3P WAS UP-REGULATED DURING CHRONIC BP EXPOSURE IN THE LUNGS OF FEMALE RATS AND THE LEVELS OF OTHER STUDIED MIRNAS WERE UNCHANGED. IN TURN, CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF MIRNAS WERE FOLLOWED BY CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF THEIR TARGET GENES, INCLUDING PTEN, EMP2, IGF1, ITGA6, SLC34A2, AND THE OBSERVED CHANGES IN FEMALE AND MALE RAT LUNGS WERE VARIED. THUS, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SEX-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF BP MAY BE BASED ON DIFFERENT EXPRESSION OF AHR- AND ER- REGULATED MIRNAS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10 6804  39 [EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN DEPRESSION]. RECENT RESEARCH HAS RAISED THE NOTION THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (E.G., DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS), WHICH EXERT LASTING CONTROL OVER GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING THE GENETIC CODE, COULD MEDIATE STABLE CHANGES IN BRAIN FUNCTION. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ALONG WITH GENETIC FACTORS IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF DEPRESSION IS LARGELY UNKNOWN. TWO GENETICALLY DISTINCT MICE STRAINS, BALB/C (BALB) AND C57BL/6 (B6), EXHIBIT DIFFERENT BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO CHRONIC STRESS. WITH CHRONIC STRESS, BALB MICE SHOWED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, BUT NOT B6 MICE, AND GLIAL CELL-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (GDNF) EXPRESSION LEVEL WAS DECREASED IN THE VENTRAL STRIATUM OF BALB MICE BUT INCREASED IN B6 MICE. IN BALB MICE, DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND DECREASED GDNF EXPRESSION WERE RECOVERED BY CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT. THEREFORE, WE USED THESE TWO MICE STRAINS TO INVESTIGATE HOW THE EPIGENETIC STATUS OF THE GDNF GENE IN THE VENTRAL STRIATUM MODULATES STRESS VULNERABILITY. BOTH MICE STRAINS SHOWED INCREASED DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AND MECP2 RECRUITMENT IN THE GDNF PROMOTER REGION. HOWEVER, HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVEL WAS DECREASED IN BALB MICE, BUT INCREASED IN B6 MICE. FURTHERMORE, BALB MICE SHOWED INCREASED HISTONE DEACETYLASE2 (HDAC2) EXPRESSION LEVEL AND RE-CHIP ASSAY REVEALED HDAC2-MECP2 COMPLEX IN BALB MICE. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF HISTONE MODIFICATION BY HDAC2 AND MECP2 COMPLEX FOR THE CONTROL OF GDNF EXPRESSION AND SUBSEQUENT BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO CHRONIC STRESS, IN OTHER WORDS, THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO STRESS. IN ADDITION, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS ON THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GDNF EXPRESSION. WE FOUND A REDUCED LEVEL OF HDAC4 RECRUITMENT AT THE GDNF PROMOTER REGION WITH ANTIDEPRESSANTS. THUS, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ANTIDEPRESSANTS INCREASE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE GDNF GENE THROUGH THE MODULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION BY HDAC4. FINALLY, WE EXAMINED THE EXPRESSIONS OF GDNF AND EPIGENETIC-RELATED MOLECULES MRNAS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE AND BIPOLAR DISORDER PATIENTS BY USING QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. WE FOUND THE ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF GDNF AND EPIGENETIC-RELATED GENES INCLUDING HDAC2 AND HDAC4 IN MOOD DISORDER PATIENTS. THUS, OUR DATA PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF GDNF EXPRESSION ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION.	2012	

11 1117  28 COMPARATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE GENES ALTERED BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN HUMAN BRAIN MICROENDOTHELIAL CELLS. BACKGROUND : HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1 ALPHA (HIF1A) IS A MASTER REGULATOR OF ACUTE HYPOXIA; HOWEVER, WITH CHRONIC HYPOXIA, HIF1A LEVELS RETURN TO THE NORMOXIC LEVELS. IMPORTANTLY, THE GENES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE CELL SURVIVAL AND VIABILITY UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIA ARE NOT KNOWN. THEREFORE, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA LEADS TO THE UPREGULATION OF A CORE GROUP OF GENES WITH ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION THAT MEDIATES THE CELL SURVIVAL UNDER HYPOXIA. RESULTS : WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA (3 DAYS; 0.5% OXYGEN) ON HUMAN BRAIN MICRO ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (HBMEC) VIABILITY AND APOPTOSIS. HYPOXIA CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN CELL VIABILITY AND AN INCREASE IN APOPTOSIS. NEXT, WE EXAMINED CHRONIC HYPOXIA ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN TRANSCRIPTOME AND GENOME-WIDE PROMOTER METHYLATION. THE DATA OBTAINED WAS COMPARED WITH 16 OTHER MICROARRAY STUDIES ON CHRONIC HYPOXIA. NINE GENES WERE ALTERED IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN ALL 17 STUDIES. INTERESTINGLY, HIF1A WAS NOT ALTERED WITH CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN ANY OF THE STUDIES. FURTHERMORE, WE COMPARED OUR DATA TO THREE OTHER STUDIES THAT IDENTIFIED HIF-RESPONSIVE GENES BY VARIOUS APPROACHES. ONLY TWO GENES WERE FOUND TO BE HIF DEPENDENT. WE SILENCED EACH OF THESE 9 GENES USING CRISPR/CAS9 SYSTEM. DOWNREGULATION OF EGLN3 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE CELL DEATH UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIA, WHEREAS DOWNREGULATION OF ERO1L, ENO2, ADRENOMEDULLIN, AND SPAG4 REDUCED THE CELL DEATH UNDER HYPOXIA. CONCLUSIONS : WE PROVIDE A CORE GROUP OF GENES THAT REGULATES CELLULAR ACCLIMATIZATION UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS, AND MOST OF THEM ARE HIF INDEPENDENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12 3093  28 GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC RESPONSES TO CHRONIC STRESS INVOLVE MIRNA-MEDIATED PROGRAMMING. STRESS REPRESENTS A CRITICAL INFLUENCE ON MOTOR SYSTEM FUNCTION AND HAS BEEN SHOWN TO IMPAIR MOVEMENT PERFORMANCE. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT STRESS-INDUCED MOTOR IMPAIRMENTS ARE DUE TO BRAIN-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN MIRNA AND PROTEIN-ENCODING GENE EXPRESSION. HERE WE SHOW A CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN STRESS-INDUCED MOTOR IMPAIRMENT AND ASSOCIATED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC RESPONSES IN RELEVANT CENTRAL MOTOR AREAS IN A RAT MODEL. EXPOSURE TO TWO WEEKS OF MILD RESTRAINT STRESS ALTERED THE EXPRESSION OF 39 GENES AND NINE MIRNAS IN THE CEREBELLUM. IN LINE WITH PERSISTENT BEHAVIOURAL IMPAIRMENTS, SOME CHANGES IN GENE AND MIRNA EXPRESSION WERE RESISTANT TO RECOVERY FROM STRESS. INTERESTINGLY, STRESS UP-REGULATED THE EXPRESSION OF ADIPOQ AND PROLACTIN RECEPTOR MRNAS IN THE CEREBELLUM. STRESS ALSO ALTERED THE EXPRESSION OF PRLR, MIR-186, AND MIR-709 IN HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX. IN ADDITION, OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT MIR-186 TARGETS THE GENE EPS15. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND AN AGE-DEPENDENT INCREASE IN EPHRINB3 AND GABAA4 RECEPTORS. THESE DATA SHOW THAT EVEN MILD STRESS RESULTS IN SUBSTANTIAL GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC CHANGES INVOLVING MIRNA EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED GENE TARGETS IN THE MOTOR SYSTEM. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST A CENTRAL ROLE OF MIRNA-REGULATED GENE EXPRESSION IN THE STRESS RESPONSE AND IN ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13  344  27 ALTERED BDNF METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND HIGH BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPLEXITY. PURPOSE: THE INTERMED INSTRUMENT, WHICH WAS DEVELOPED TO MEASURE PATIENT'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL (BPS) COMPLEXITY, REPRESENTS A POWERFUL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TOOL. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE THE INTERFACE BETWEEN SIGNALS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND GENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AFFECTING GENE EXPRESSION, IN PARTICULAR, BY DNA METHYLATION OF CPG DINUCLEOTIDES IN PROMOTOR REGIONS OF THE CORRESPONDING GENES. THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) GENE PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE CENTRAL SENSITIZATION (CS) OF PAIN. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CHRONIC PAIN MODIFIES THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF THE BDNF GENE IN A MANNER THAT IS INTERCONNECTED WITH THE BPS STATUS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: FIFTY-EIGHT CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN PATIENTS (CMSP) WERE ENROLLED IN THE STUDY. DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES, THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF 13 CPG SITES IN THE BDNF PROMOTER WERE MEASURED BY PYROSEQUENCING, AND ASSOCIATION STUDIES WITH VARIOUS PATIENT PARAMETERS AND THE INTERMED SCORES WERE PERFORMED. RESULTS: INTERESTINGLY, A NEGATIVE CORRELATION (-0.40) WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE TOTAL INTERMED SCORES AND THE AVERAGE CPG METHYLATION VALUES OF THE BDNF GENE, BUT NO CORRELATION WAS OBSERVED WITH THE SEVERITY OF PAIN, DEGREE OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, OR KINESIOPHOBIA AND CATASTROPHISM. MOREOVER, THE ASSOCIATION WAS INDEPENDENT OF AGE, SEX AND LEVEL OF COMORBIDITIES. CONCLUSION: THIS RESULT SHOWS THAT CMSP, IN ASSOCIATION WITH ITS BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CONTEXT, EPIGENETICALLY DECREASES THE DEGREE OF METHYLATION OF THE BDNF PROMOTER AND SHOULD THEREFORE INCREASE THE LEVEL OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTION. IT ALSO SUGGESTS A ROLE OF THE INTERMED TOOL TO DETECT A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BPS COMPLEXITY AND THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF A TARGET GENE. THE POSSIBLE UPREGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION MIGHT BE, AT LEAST IN PART, THE SIGNAL FOR CHRONIC PAIN-INDUCED CENTRAL SENSITIZATION (CS). THIS COULD PARTLY EXPLAIN WHY PATIENTS WITH A HIGHER LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY FEEL MORE PAIN THAN THOSE WITH LOWER COMPLEXITY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14  226  22 ACUTE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AT T12 AFTER RAT T10 SPINAL CORD CONTUSIVE INJURY. SPINAL CORD INJURY IS A SEVERELY DEBILITATING CONDITION AFFECTING A SIGNIFICANT POPULATION IN THE USA. SPINAL CORD INJURY PATIENTS OFTEN HAVE INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING PERSISTENT NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS BEYOND THE PRIMARY LESION CENTER LATER IN THEIR LIFE. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM CONFERRING TO THE "LATENT" DAMAGES AT DISTAL TISSUES, HOWEVER, REMAINS ELUSIVE. HERE, WE STUDIED MOLECULAR CHANGES CONFERRING ABNORMAL FUNCTIONALITY AT DISTAL SPINAL CORD (T12) BEYOND THE LESION CENTER (T10) BY COMBINING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (RNA- AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING), SUPER-RESOLUTION MICROSCOPY, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STAINING AT 7 DAYS POST INJURY. WE OBSERVED SIGNIFICANT TRANSCRIPTOMIC CHANGES PRIMARILY ENRICHED IN NEUROINFLAMMATION AND SYNAPTOGENESIS ASSOCIATED PATHWAYS. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TFS) THAT REGULATE NEUROGENESIS AND NEURON PLASTICITY, INCLUDING EGR1, KLF4, AND MYC, ARE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED. ALONG WITH GLOBAL CHANGES IN CHROMATIN ARRANGEMENTS AND DNA METHYLATION, INCLUDING 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC), BISULFITE SEQUENCING FURTHER REVEALS THE INVOLVEMENT OF DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN REGULATING CYTOKINE, GROWTH FACTOR, AND ION CHANNEL EXPRESSION. COLLECTIVELY, OUR RESULTS PAVE THE WAY TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC MECHANISM IN CONFERRING LONG-TERM DISEASE RISKS AT DISTAL TISSUES AWAY FROM THE PRIMARY LESION CENTER AND SHED LIGHT ON POTENTIAL MOLECULAR TARGETS THAT GOVERN THE REGULATORY MECHANISM AT DISTAL SPINAL CORD TISSUES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15  989  28 CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYMES IN SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESILIENT MICE. OBJECTIVES: ALTHOUGH STRESS IS CONSIDERED A PRIMARY RISK FACTOR FOR NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, A MAJORITY OF INDIVIDUALS ARE RESILIENT TO THE EFFECTS OF STRESS EXPOSURE AND SUCCESSFULLY ADAPT TO ADVERSE LIFE EVENTS, WHILE OTHERS, THE SO-CALLED SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS, MAY HAVE PROBLEMS TO PROPERLY ADAPT TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO STRESS EXPOSURE ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD.METHODS: ADULT MALE C57BL/6J MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS PROTOCOL AND LEVELS OF BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) TRANSCRIPTS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYMES WERE ANALYSED BY REAL-TIME PCR IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS (HPC) AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) OF SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESILIENT MICE.RESULTS: WE FOUND A SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF BDNF-6 TRANSCRIPT IN THE HPC AND AN INCREASE OF BDNF-4 TRANSCRIPT IN THE PFC OF SUSCEPTIBLE MICE. MOREOVER, SUSCEPTIBLE MICE SHOWED A SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF THE G9A MRNA LEVELS IN THE HPC, WHILE HDAC-5 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS WERE SPECIFICALLY REDUCED IN THE PFC.CONCLUSIONS: OVERALL, OUR RESULTS, SHOWING A DIFFERENT EXPRESSION OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYMES IN SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESILIENT MICE, SUGGEST THAT STRESS RESILIENCE IS NOT SIMPLY A LACK OF ACTIVATION OF STRESS-RELATED PATHWAYS, BUT IS RELATED TO THE ACTIVATION OF ADDITIONAL DIFFERENT SPECIFIC MECHANISMS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16 2653  38 EPIGENOTYPING IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELL DNA AND BREAST CANCER RISK: A PROOF OF PRINCIPLE STUDY. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE EMERGING AS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS IN CARCINOGENESIS. TWO ALTERATIONS IN THE PATTERN OF DNA METHYLATION IN BREAST CANCER (BC) HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY REPORTED; ACTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-ALPHA (ER-ALPHA) IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED METHYLATION OF ER-ALPHA TARGET (ERT) GENES, AND POLYCOMB GROUP TARGET (PCGT) GENES ARE MORE LIKELY THAN OTHER GENES TO HAVE PROMOTER DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN CANCER. HOWEVER, WHETHER DNA METHYLATION IN NORMAL UNRELATED CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH BC RISK AND WHETHER THESE IMPRINTS CAN BE RELATED TO FACTORS WHICH CAN BE MODIFIED BY THE ENVIRONMENT, IS UNCLEAR. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: USING QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS IN A CASE-CONTROL STUDY (N = 1,083) WE FOUND THAT DNA METHYLATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELL DNA PROVIDES GOOD PREDICTION OF BC RISK. WE ALSO REPORT THAT INVASIVE DUCTAL AND INVASIVE LOBULAR BC IS CHARACTERIZED BY TWO DIFFERENT SETS OF GENES, THE LATTER PARTICULAR BY GENES INVOLVED IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE MESENCHYME (PITX2, TITF1, GDNF AND MYOD1). FINALLY WE DEMONSTRATE THAT ONLY ERT GENES PREDICT ER POSITIVE BC; LACK OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELL DNA METHYLATION OF ZNF217 PREDICTED BC INDEPENDENT OF AGE AND FAMILY HISTORY (ODDS RATIO 1.49; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL 1.12-1.97; P = 0.006) AND WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ER-ALPHA BIOACTIVITY IN THE CORRESPONDING SERUM. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: THIS FIRST LARGE-SCALE EPIGENOTYPING STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY SERVE AS A LINK BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE GENOME. FACTORS THAT CAN BE MODULATED BY THE ENVIRONMENT (LIKE ESTROGENS) LEAVE AN IMPRINT IN THE DNA OF CELLS THAT ARE UNRELATED TO THE TARGET ORGAN AND INDICATE THE PREDISPOSITION TO DEVELOP A CANCER. FURTHER RESEARCH WILL NEED TO DEMONSTRATE WHETHER DNA METHYLATION PROFILES WILL BE ABLE TO SERVE AS A NEW TOOL TO PREDICT THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES WITH SUFFICIENT ACCURACY TO GUIDE PREVENTIVE MEASURES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17 3141  30 GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMAL MODELS OF PERSISTENT PAIN. BACKGROUND: EFFORTS TO UNDERSTAND GENETIC VARIABILITY INVOLVED IN AN INDIVIDUAL'S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC PAIN SUPPORT A ROLE FOR UPSTREAM REGULATION BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. METHODS: TO EXAMINE THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC BASIS OF CHRONIC PAIN THAT RESIDES IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, WE USED RNA-SEQ AND ATAC-SEQ OF THE RAT DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) TO IDENTIFY NOVEL MOLECULAR PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN TWO WELL-STUDIED PERSISTENT PAIN MODELS INDUCED BY CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OF THE SCIATIC NERVE AND INTRA-PLANTAR INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) IN RATS. RESULTS: OUR RNA-SEQ STUDIES IDENTIFY A VARIETY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESS RELATED TO SYNAPSE ORGANIZATION, MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORT, AND ION BINDING. INTERESTINGLY, GENES THAT ENCODE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS WERE DISPROPORTIONATELY DOWNREGULATED IN BOTH MODELS. OUR ATAC-SEQ DATA PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE MAP OF CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY CHANGES IN THE DRG. A TOTAL OF 1123 REGIONS SHOWED CHANGES IN CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY IN ONE OR BOTH MODELS WHEN COMPARED TO THE NAIVE AND 31 SHARED DIFFERENTIALLY ACCESSIBLE REGIONS (DAR)S. FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION OF THE DARS IDENTIFIED DISPARATE MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS ENRICHED FOR EACH PAIN MODEL WHICH SUGGESTS THAT CHROMATIN STRUCTURE MAY BE ALTERED DIFFERENTLY FOLLOWING SCIATIC NERVE INJURY AND HIND PAW INFLAMMATION. MOTIF ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED 17 DNA SEQUENCES KNOWN TO BIND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN THE CCI DARS AND 33 IN THE CFA DARS. TWO MOTIFS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED IN BOTH MODELS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY THAT OCCUR IN CHRONIC PAIN STATES MAY IDENTIFY REGULATORY GENOMIC ELEMENTS THAT PLAY ESSENTIAL ROLES IN MODULATING GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DRG.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  433  29 ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF HOMER1 PROMOTER IN A MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC DEPRESSION. BACKGROUND: UNDERSTANDING THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THERAPEUTIC MEASURES IS CURRENTLY A RESEARCH PRIORITY. WE HAVE SHOWN THAT THE EXPRESSION OF THE SYNAPTIC PROTEIN HOMER1A CORRELATES WITH DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND ITS INDUCTION IS A COMMON MECHANISM OF ACTION OF DIFFERENT ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM OF HOMER1A REGULATION IS STILL UNKNOWN. METHODS: WE COMBINED THE CHRONIC DESPAIR MOUSE MODEL (CDM) OF CHRONIC DEPRESSION WITH DIFFERENT ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS. DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR WAS CHARACTERIZED BY FORCED SWIM AND TAIL SUSPENSION TESTS, AND VIA AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF SUCROSE PREFERENCE IN INTELLICAGE. THE HOMER1 MRNA EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION WERE ANALYZED IN CORTEX AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD BY QRT-PCR AND PYROSEQUENCING. RESULTS: CDM MICE SHOW DECREASED HOMER1A AND HOMER1B/C MRNA EXPRESSION IN CORTEX AND BLOOD SAMPLES, WHILE CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH IMIPRAMINE AND FLUOXETINE OR ACUTE KETAMINE APPLICATION INCREASES THEIR LEVEL ONLY IN THE CORTEX. THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSES OF THE METHYLATION OF 7 CPG SITES, LOCATED ON THE HOMER1 PROMOTER REGION CONTAINING SEVERAL CRE BINDING SITES, SHOW A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE CORTEX OF CDM MICE. IN CONTRAST, ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS REDUCE THE METHYLATION LEVEL. LIMITATIONS: HOMER1 EXPRESSION AND PROMOTOR METHYLATION WERE NOT ANALYZED IN DIFFERENT BLOOD CELL TYPES. OTHER CPG SITES OF HOMER1 PROMOTER SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED IN FUTURE STUDIES. OUR EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH DOES NOT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: WE DEMONSTRATE THAT STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF HOMER1 PROMOTER, PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISM OF ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19 6082  31 THE EFFECT OF MORPHINE UPON DNA METHYLATION IN TEN REGIONS OF THE RAT BRAIN. MORPHINE IS ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE ANALGESICS IN MEDICINE. HOWEVER, ITS USE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. RECENT STUDIES DEMONSTRATING EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN AFTER EXPOSURE TO OPIATES HAVE PROVIDED INSIGHT INTO MECHANISMS POSSIBLY UNDERLYING ADDICTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN TEN REGIONS OF THE RAT BRAIN FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE. WE ANALYZED DNA METHYLATION OF SIX NUCLEAR-ENCODED GENES IMPLICATED IN BRAIN FUNCTION (BDNF, COMT, IL1B, IL6, NR3C1, AND TNF) AND THREE MITOCHONDRIALLY-ENCODED GENES (MTCO1, MTCO2, AND MTCO3), AND MEASURED GLOBAL 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5 HMC) LEVELS. WE OBSERVED DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF BDNF AND IL6 IN THE PONS, NR3C1 IN THE CEREBELLUM, AND IL1B IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN RESPONSE TO ACUTE MORPHINE EXPOSURE (ALL P VALUE < 0.05). CHRONIC EXPOSURE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF BDNF AND COMT IN THE PONS, NR3C1 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND IL1B IN THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA (ALL P VALUE < 0.05). GLOBAL 5MC LEVELS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS FOLLOWING BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE, AND INCREASED IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS FOLLOWING CHRONIC EXPOSURE. CHRONIC EXPOSURE WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED GLOBAL 5HMC LEVELS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, HIPPOCAMPUS, AND HYPOTHALAMUS, BUT SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE MIDBRAIN. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE, FOR THE FIRST TIME, HIGHLY LOCALIZED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE RAT BRAIN FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE. FURTHER WORK IS REQUIRED TO ELUCIDATE THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF THESE CHANGES IN THE FORMATION OF TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20 1820  25 EFFECTS OF CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS ON THE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION PROFILE OF RAT LUNG CELLS: MODULATION BY PHYSICAL EXERCISE. THE POTENTIAL OF BEHAVIORAL STRESS TO AFFECT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF NON-ENCEPHALIC TISSUES IS STILL UNDERESTIMATED. IN THE PRESENT STUDY WE EVALUATED THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC BEHAVIORAL STRESS ON THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE OF RAT LUNG CELLS. FURTHERMORE, WE EVALUATED THE POTENTIAL OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE TO MODULATE THE CHANGES EVOKED BY BEHAVIORAL STRESS IN LUNG CELLS. MALE WISTAR RATS WERE DIVIDED INTO FOUR EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS: (1) ANIMALS SUBMITTED TO CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS (CRS) (ST GROUP) DURING THE PERIOD OF THE 67TH-80TH POSTNATAL DAY (PND); (2) ANIMALS SUBMITTED TO PHYSICAL EXERCISE (EX GROUP) DURING THE 53RD-79TH PND; (3) ANIMALS SUBMITTED TO SWIMMING DURING THE 53RD-79TH PND AND TO CRS DURING THE 67TH-80TH PND (EX-ST GROUP); AND (4) ANIMALS NOT SUBMITTED TO STRESS OR SWIMMING PROTOCOLS (CTL). GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WAS QUANTIFIED USING AN ELISA-BASED APPROACH AND GENE EXPRESSION WAS EVALUATED BY REAL TIME PCR. A DECREASED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION PROFILE WAS OBSERVED IN THE ST GROUP, HOWEVER PHYSICAL EXERCISE DEMONSTRATED PROTECTION OF LUNG CELLS FROM THIS STRESS-RELATED HYPOMETHYLATION. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE DNMT1 GENE WAS EVIDENCED IN THE ST GROUP, WHEREAS PHYSICAL EXERCISE WAS SHOWN TO PROTECT LUNG CELLS FROM THIS STRESS-RELATED EFFECT IN THE EX-ST GROUP. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ST AND EX GROUPS REVEALED OPPOSITE EFFECTS ON THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3A AND DNMT3B; HOWEVER, A STRESS-RELATED INCREASE IN EXPRESSION OF DNMT3A AND DNMT3B WAS NOT SEEN IN THE EX-ST GROUP. OUR DATA SHOWED THAT BEHAVIORAL STRESS INDUCED SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE OF RAT LUNG CELLS AND THAT THIS COULD BE MODULATED BY PHYSICAL EXERCISE.	2017