1 3448 101 HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE N-MYC DOWNSTREAM-REGULATED GENE 2 PROMOTER IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FIBROSIS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. DNA METHYLATION IS A FUNDAMENTAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. N-MYC DOWNSTREAM-REGULATED GENE (NDRG) 2 IS A CYTOPLASMIC PROTEIN AND PARTICIPATES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FIBROSIS. IN THIS STUDY, THE MRNA EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF NDRG2 WAS EVALUATED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB). THE STUDY INCLUDED 143 CHB PATIENTS AND 65 NORMAL CONTROLS (NC). THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF NDRG2 IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WAS DETECTED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER IN PBMCS WAS DETECTED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE NDRG2 MRNA LEVEL WAS LOWER IN THE CHB GROUP THAN IN THE NC GROUP (P < 0.001). METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN CHB PATIENTS THAN IN THE NC GROUP (52.44% VS. 26.15%, P < 0.001). IMPORTANTLY, THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF NDRG2 MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER IN THE METHYLATED GROUP THAN IN THE UNMETHYLATED GROUP IN BOTH CHB PATIENTS AND NC (P < 0.001). FURTHERMORE, A LOWER MRNA LEVEL AND HYPERMETHYLATION OF NDRG2 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FIBROSIS AND INFLAMMATION GRADE IN CHB. THE ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE-TO-PLATELET RATIO INDEX (APRI) SCORE IS WIDELY USED TO PREDICT LIVER FIBROSIS. THE MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS AND METHYLATION STATUS OF NDRG2 SHOWED A BETTER SCORE COMPARED TO APRI FOR DISCRIMINATING THE SEVERITY OF LIVER FIBROSIS. IN CONCLUSION, HYPERMETHYLATION OF NDRG2 IN PBMCS WAS CORRELATED WITH DECREASED MRNA EXPRESSION AND WITH LIVER FIBROSIS. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER IN PBMCS IS A POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER TO PREDICT THE SEVERITY OF LIVER FIBROSIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2 2759  50 EXPRESSION OF IL-17 AND ITS GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. TO EXPLORE INTERLEUKIN-17 (IL-17) AND ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATION DURING THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION.A TOTAL OF 162 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION, INCLUDING 75 WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB), 54 WITH HEPATITIS B-ASSOCIATED LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND 33 WITH HEPATITIS B-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HBV-HCC), WERE ENROLLED IN THIS STUDY. THIRTY HEALTHY ADULTS OF THE SAME ETHNICITY WERE ENROLLED IN THE CONTROL GROUP. WHOLE VENOUS BLOOD WAS OBTAINED FROM THE PATIENTS AND NORMAL CONTROLS (N = 30). CLINICAL AND LABORATORY PARAMETERS WERE ASSESSED, AND WE PERFORMED ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY AND QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR TO MEASURE THE SERUM LEVELS AND RELATIVE MRNA EXPRESSION OF IL-17, RESPECTIVELY. IL-17 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS WAS ASSESSED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. WE ANALYZED THE SERUM AND MRNA LEVELS OF IL-17 AND IL-17 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE 4 GROUPS AS WELL AS THE EFFECT OF METHYLATION ON SERUM IL-17 LEVELS. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE IL-17 PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS AND CLINICAL PARAMETERS WERE ANALYZED BY SPEARMAN CORRELATION ANALYSIS.COMPARED TO THE NORMAL CONTROL GROUP, THE PATIENT GROUPS EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER SERUM AND RELATIVE MRNA LEVELS OF IL-17. THE METHYLATION DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE PATIENTS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THAT AMONG THE NORMAL CONTROLS (P < .05), WITH THE HBV-HCC GROUP SHOWING THE LOWEST IL-17 GENE METHYLATION FREQUENCY. THE AVERAGE IL-17 PROMOTER CG METHYLATION LEVEL WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH IL-17 MRNA EXPRESSION (R = -0.39, P = .03), AND NEGATIVE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN IL-17 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND PROTHROMBIN TIME ACTIVITY (R = -0.585, P = .035), ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (R = -0.522, P < .01), ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (R = -0.315, P < .05), AND THE MODEL FOR END-STAGE LIVER DISEASE SCORE (R = -0.461, P < .05) WERE OBSERVED. IL-17 SERUM LEVELS IN THE METHYLATED-PROMOTER GROUPS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THOSE IN THE UNMETHYLATED-PROMOTER GROUPS.IL-17 EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION WERE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION PROGRESSION, ESPECIALLY IN THE HBV-HCC GROUP. THE IL-17 PROMOTER STATUS MAY HELP CLINICIANS INITIATE THE CORRECT TREATMENT STRATEGY AT THE CHB STAGE.	2019	

3 4601  39 NDRG2 MRNA LEVELS AND MIR-28-5P AND MIR-650 ACTIVITY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: NDRG2 IS IDENTIFIED AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE IN MANY TUMORS, AND FUNCTIONS IN CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION AND APOPTOSIS. RECENT DATA INDICATE THAT NDRG2 EXPRESSION IS UP-REGULATED BY TP53. MOREOVER, PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF NDRG2 INACTIVATION INCLUDE EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER AND DOWN-REGULATION BY MICRORNAS (MIRNAS). HOWEVER, FEW STUDIES HAVE EVER BEEN DONE ON THE ROLE OF NDRG2 AND THE NDRG2-REGULATING MIRNAS INTERFERENCE IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). METHODS: NDRG2 AND MICRORNAS MRNA LEVELS IN CLL SUBJECTS WERE ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QRT-PCR). THE DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY WAS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE NDRG2-RELATED MIRNAS. LOW EXPRESSION OF MATURE EXOGENOUS MIRNAS IN CLL CELLS WAS ESTABLISHED BY TRANSIENT TRANSFECTION. NDRG2 PROTEIN LEVELS IN CLL CELLS WERE DETECTED BY WESTERN BLOT. IN ADDITION, FLOW CYTOMETRY WAS CONDUCTED TO EXAMINE THE APOPTOSIS OF CLL CELLS. RESULTS: LOWER EXPRESSION OF NDRG2 WAS FOUND IN THE B-CELLS FROM 102 CLL PATIENTS COMPARED THE 40 NORMAL SUBJECTS (P < 0.001). PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED BINET STAGE (P = 0.001), HIGH LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH) LEVEL (P = 0.036), UN-MUTATED IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN VARIABLE REGION GENE (IGHV) (P = 0.004) AND THOSE WITH P53 ABERRATIONS (P < 0.001) HAD A MARKEDLY LOWER LEVELS OF NDRG2 MRNA. THIS DECREASE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH BRIEFER TIME-TO-TREATMENT (P = 0.001) AND POORER SURVIVAL (P < 0.001). HIGH EXPRESSION OF MIR-28-5P AND MIR-650 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH BINET B/C STAGE (P = 0.044) AND IGHV UN-MUTATED (P = 0.011), AS WELL AS BINET B/C STAGE (P = 0.013) AND P53 ABERRATIONS (P = 0.037), RESPECTIVELY. INHIBITION OF MIR-28-5P OR MIR-650 COULD INDUCE MORE APOPTOSIS IN CLL CELLS WITH GERMLINE TP53. CONCLUSIONS: NDRG2 MRNA LEVELS MIGHT BE A USEFUL PROGNOSTIC VARIABLE FOR PATIENTS OF CLL AND UP-REGULATING NDRG2 TRANSCRIPTION MAY BE A THERAPY APPROACH IN CLL WITHOUT P53 ABERRATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4 2847  23 FREQUENT P15 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN TUMOR AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS. WE PROSPECTIVELY ANALYZED P15 METHYLATION PATTERNS IN 25 SURGICALLY RESECTED TUMORS AND 130 PLASMA, SERUM, AND BUFFY COAT SAMPLES FROM HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) PATIENTS, CONTROLS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS/CIRRHOSIS, AND HEALTHY SUBJECTS. USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, WE DEMONSTRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME P15 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN 64% OF TUMORS AND 25% (4 OF 16) OF PATIENTS' PLASMA AND SERUM SAMPLES. CONCURRENT P15 AND P16 METHYLATION WAS SHOWN IN 48% OF TUMORS, AND P15/P16 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN THE PLASMA/SERUM OF 92% (11 OF 12) OF PATIENTS. OF NOTE, 75% OF 12 PATIENTS WITH CONCURRENT TUMOR METHYLATION DEVELOPED CLINICAL METASTASIS/RECURRENCE (P = 0.027). IN BUFFY COAT SAMPLES, P15 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN ALL EIGHT PATIENTS WITH TUMOR P15 METHYLATION, SUGGESTING THE PRESENCE OF CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS. NONE OF THE CONTROL SAMPLES WERE METHYLATION POSITIVE. OUR DATA UNDERSCORE THE IMPORTANT ROLE(S) OF P15 AND P16 METHYLATION IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AND TUMOR PROGRESSION. AMONG 92% (23 OF 25) OF PATIENTS WITH TUMOR P15/P16 METHYLATION, CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA AND HCC CELLS WERE DETECTED IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF 87% (20 OF 23) OF PATIENTS. THE COMBINATION OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS MAY PROVE VALUABLE FOR NONINVASIVE HCC DIAGNOSIS AND DISEASE MONITORING.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5 5270  42 PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION FREQUENCY AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL ROLE OF MIR-129-2 GENE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVES: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE ACCUMULATION OF APPARENTLY MATURE B-TYPE LYMPHOCYTES IN THE LYMPHOHEMATOPOIETIC ORGANS. METHYLATION IN PROMOTERS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS ONE OF THE MECHANISMS THAT CAUSES BLOOD MALIGNANCY. IN THIS STUDY, WE EVALUATED THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF MIR-129-2 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CLINICAL AND LABORATORY PARAMETERS OF PATIENTS WITH CLL. METHODS: WE STUDIED THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE MIR-129-2 GENE IN 50 PATIENTS WITH CLL AND 50 HEALTHY CONTROLS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION METHODS. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING SPSS-18 SOFTWARE, AND A P-VALUE < 0.050 WAS CONSIDERED STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. RESULTS: THE FREQUENCY OF PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION OF THE MIR-129-2 GENE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE CLL GROUP COMPARED WITH CONTROL GROUP (38.0% VS. 0.0%, P < 0.001; CHI(2) = 23.457). THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF MIR-129-2 GENE WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE TWO SEXES (P = 0.236). A SIGNIFICANT BUT WEAK CORRELATION WAS SEEN BETWEEN THE METHYLATED STATE OF THE MIR-129-2 GENE AND ORGANOMEGALY (P = 0.019, R = 0.330) AS WELL AS HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS (P = 0.020, R = -0.233). HOWEVER, BINARY LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS INDICATED ORGANOMEGALY AS THE ONLY CLINICAL BIOMARKER WITH A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WITH THE HYPERMETHYLATED MIR-129-2 GENE STATE (P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: THE HIGH FREQUENCY OF PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION OF THE MIR-129-2 GENE IN THE CLL GROUP COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP, AS WELL AS ITS SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WITH ORGANOMEGALY, SUGGESTS THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS OF CLL DISEASE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6 5603  33 ROS PROMOTE HYPER-METHYLATION OF NDRG2 PROMOTERS IN A DNMTS-DEPENDENT MANNER: CONTRIBUTES TO THE PROGRESSION OF RENAL FIBROSIS. RENAL FIBROSIS IS THE COMMON HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES (CKD), AND THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS INVOLVED IN THE OCCURRENCE AND PROGRESSION OF RENAL FIBROSIS. N-MYC DOWNSTREAM-REGULATED GENE 2 (NDRG2) IS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN-REGULATED IN RENAL FIBROSIS, THE MECHANISM OF WHICH REMAINS UNCLEAR. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE CONFIRMED THAT THE INHIBITION OF NDRG2 EXPRESSION IN TUMOR CELLS IS RELATED TO HYPER-METHYLATION, MAINLY REGULATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS). HEREIN, WE EXPLORED THE EXPRESSION OF NDRG2 AND ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISM IN RENAL FIBROSIS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF NDRG2 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED IN VIVO AND IN VITRO, WHILE THE OVEREXPRESSION OF NDRG2 EFFECTIVELY ALLEVIATED RENAL FIBROSIS. MEANWHILE, WE FOUND THAT THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT1/3A/3B WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN HYPOXIA-INDUCED HK2 CELLS AND UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) MICE ACCOMPANIED BY HYPER-METHYLATION OF THE NDGR2 PROMOTER. METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR (5-AZA-DC) CORRECTED THE ABNORMAL EXPRESSION OF DNMT1/3A/3B, REDUCED THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF NDRG2 PROMOTER AND RESTORED THE EXPRESSION OF NDRG2. THE UPSTREAM EVENTS THAT MEDIATE CHANGES IN NDRG2 METHYLATION WERE FURTHER EXPLORED. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) ARE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORS AND HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PLAY A KEY ROLE IN RENAL INJURY DUE TO VARIOUS CAUSES. ACCORDINGLY, WE FURTHER EXPLORED WHETHER ROS COULD INDUCE DNA-EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF THE EXPRESSION OF NDRG2 AND THEN PARTICIPATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL FIBROSIS. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT MITOCHONDRIA-TARGETED ANTIOXIDANTS (MITO-TEMPO) COULD REVERSE THE EPIGENETIC INHIBITION OF NDRG2 IN A DNMT-SENSITIVE MANNER, SHOWING STRONG ABILITY OF DNA DEMETHYLATION, EXHIBITING EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND ANTI-FIBROSIS EFFECTS SIMILAR TO 5-AZA-DC. MORE IMPORTANTLY, THE ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECTS OF 5-AZA-DC AND MITO-TEMPO WERE ELIMINATED IN HK2 CELLS WITH NDRG2 KNOCKDOWN. THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THAT TARGETING ROS-MEDIATED HYPER-METHYLATION OF NDRG2 PROMOTER IS A POTENTIALLY EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR RENAL FIBROSIS, WHICH WILL PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE TREATMENT OF CKD.	2023	
                                                              
7 1297  46 DECREASED MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES TYPE 1 AND 3A IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. OBJECTIVES: SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF AUTOANTIBODIES DIRECTED AGAINST NUCLEAR ANTIGENS AND BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. ALTHOUGH THE ETIOLOGY OF SLE REMAINS UNCLEAR, THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT FACTORS, WHICH IS LARGELY REFLECTED BY THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WITH DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN PARTICULAR, IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED AS MAIN PLAYERS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SLE. WE STUDIED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES' (DNMTS) TYPE 1, 3A AND 3B TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND FROM THE HEALTHY CONTROL SUBJECTS. FURTHERMORE, THE ASSOCIATION OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B MRNA LEVELS WITH GENDER, AGE, AND MAJOR CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS WAS ANALYZED. METHODS: PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WERE ISOLATED FROM 32 SLE PATIENTS AND 40 HEALTHY CONTROLS. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-QPCR) ANALYSES WERE USED TO DETERMINE DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER DNMT1 (P = 0.015543) AND DNMT3A (P = 0.003652) TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN SLE PATIENTS WERE OBSERVED COMPARED WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS. NEVERTHELESS, THE DNMT3B MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE MARKEDLY LOWER COMPARED WITH DNMT1 AND DNMT3A, BOTH IN PBMCS FROM AFFECTED PATIENTS AND THOSE FROM CONTROL SUBJECTS. FURTHERMORE, THE DNMT1 TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH SLE DISEASE ACTIVITY INDEX (SLEDAI) (R (S) = 0.4087, P = 0.020224), WHILE THE DNMT3A TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH PATIENTS AGE (R (S) = -0.3765, P = 0.03369). CONCLUSIONS: OUR ANALYSES CONFIRMED THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN SLE ETIOLOGY. MOREOVER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE PRESENCE OF SOME CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, SUCH AS PHOTOTOSENSITIVITY AND ARTHRITIS, MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DYSREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES' MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8 6208  35 THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MICRORNA-152 AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE-1 AS AN EPIGENETIC PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER IN HCV-INDUCED LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HCC PATIENTS. THE NECESSITY FOR EARLY DETECTION AND HENCE IMPROVING THE OUTCOME OF TREATMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS CRITICAL ESPECIALLY IN HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV)-GENOTYPE 4 INDUCED CASES. IN OUR CURRENT WORK, WE EXAMINED THE MIRNA-152 AND DNMT-1 EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE (CLD) DUE TO HCV GENOTYPE 4 INFECTION WITH/WITHOUT CIRRHOSIS AND HCC PATIENTS AS AN ATTEMPT TO EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF THESE NEW CIRCULATING, NONINVASIVE, PROGNOSTIC, EPIGENETIC MARKERS FOR LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND CARCINOGENESIS OF EGYPTIAN PATIENTS. EIGHTY SUBJECTS WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY, DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS; GROUP I (40 PATIENTS) WERE CLASSIFIED INTO SUBGROUP IA (CLD WITHOUT CIRRHOSIS, N = 18) AND SUBGROUP IB (CLD WITH CIRRHOSIS, N = 22), GROUP II (CLD PATIENTS WITH HCC, N = 20), AND CONTROL (HEALTHY VOLUNTEER, N = 20). THE EXPRESSION OF MIRNA-152 AND DNMT-1 GENES WERE ANALYZED USING REAL-TIME PCR. MIRNA-152 SHOWED A PERSISTENT AND SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION IN ALL DISEASED GROUPS, WHICH WAS IN CONSISTENCE WITH THE PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE TOWARD THE HCC STAGE. DNMT-1 SHOWED UPREGULATION IN ALL DISEASED GROUPS WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROL AND SUBGROUP IA. THE MIRNA-152 WAS SHOWN TO CORRELATE INVERSELY WITH DNMT-1 IN SUBGROUP IA, IB AND GROUP II (R = -0.557, P < 0.01), (R = -0.850, P < 0.001) AND (R = -0.544, P < 0.02) RESPECTIVELY. IN ADDITION, MIRNA-152 AND DNMT-1 SHOWED A DIAGNOSTIC ABILITY TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN CASES OF CIRRHOSIS AND HCC AGAINST CLD WITHOUT CIRRHOSIS (P < 0.01), WHILE DNMT-1 DID NOT, EXCEPT BETWEEN HCC AND CIRRHOTIC CASES. FURTHERMORE, BOTH GENES CAN BE CONSIDERED AS PREDICTOR AND PROGNOSTIC PARAMETERS FOR CIRRHOSIS (OR = 1.041, P = 0.043) AND (OR = 1.039, P = 0.04) RESPECTIVELY, WHILE MIRNA-152 ALONE IS PROVED AS A PROGNOSTIC MARKER FOR HCC (OR = 1.003, P = 0.044). FINALLY, THE PERSISTENT REVERSE CORRELATION BETWEEN MIRNA-152 WITH DNMT-1 PROMPTS THEIR USE AS NONINVASIVE PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS FOR HCV INDUCED LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HCC IN HCV GENOTYPE 4 PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9 6589  38 TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION IN JAPANESE ADULTS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: OVER-EXPRESSION OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) PLAYS A PATHOLOGICAL ROLE IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS (CP) AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA), WHICH MIGHT BE REGULATED BY THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE WHETHER THERE IS A UNIQUE METHYLATION PROFILE OF THE TNF-ALPHA GENE PROMOTER IN BLOOD CELLS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH CP AND RA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: THE STUDY PARTICIPANTS CONSISTED OF 30 JAPANESE ADULTS WITH RA (RA GROUP), 30 RACE-MATCHED ADULTS WITH CP ONLY (CP GROUP) AND 30 RACE-MATCHED HEALTHY CONTROLS (H GROUP). GENOMIC DNA ISOLATED FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD WAS MODIFIED BY SODIUM BISULFITE AND ANALYZED, BY DIRECT SEQUENCING, TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION OF THE TNF-ALPHA GENE PROMOTER REGION. THE LEVEL OF TNF-ALPHA PRODUCED IN MONONUCLEAR CELLS STIMULATED WITH PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE WAS DETERMINED USING ELISA. RESULTS: TWELVE CYTOSINE-GUANINE DINUCLEOTIDE (CPG) MOTIFS WERE IDENTIFIED IN THE TNF-ALPHA PROMOTER FRAGMENT FROM -343 TO +57 BP. THE CP GROUP SHOWED A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION RATE AND FREQUENCY AT -72 BP THAN THE H GROUP (P < 0.01). THE RA GROUP EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION RATES AT SEVEN CPG MOTIFS (-302, -163, -119, -72, -49, -38 AND +10 BP), AND SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION FREQUENCIES AT SIX CPG MOTIFS (-163, -119, -72, -49, -38 AND +10 BP), THAN THE H GROUP (P < 0.01 FOR ALL COMPARISONS). THE LEVELS OF TNF-ALPHA PRODUCED WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT METHYLATION AT -163 BP (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE HYPERMETHYLATED STATUS OF CPG MOTIFS IN THE TNF-ALPHA GENE PROMOTER IN BLOOD CELLS MAY BE UNIQUE TO JAPANESE ADULTS WITH CP AND RA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10 3461  35 HYPOMETHYLATION-MEDIATED H19 OVEREXPRESSION INCREASES THE RISK OF DISEASE EVOLUTION THROUGH THE ASSOCIATION WITH BCR-ABL TRANSCRIPT IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PREVIOUS STUDY HAS REVEALED THAT H19 EXPRESSION IS REQUIRED FOR EFFICIENT TUMOR GROWTH INDUCED BY BCR-ABL IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). HEREIN, WE FURTHER DETERMINED H19 EXPRESSION AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATION IN PATIENTS WITH CML. H19 EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION WERE DETECTED BY REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, AND THEN CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF H19 EXPRESSION WAS FURTHER ANALYZED. H19 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED IN CML PATIENTS (P < 0.001). H19 EXPRESSION WITH AN AREA UNDER RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVE VALUE OF 0.824 MIGHT SERVE AS A PROMISING BIOMARKER IN DISTINGUISHING CML PATIENTS FROM CONTROLS. THE PATIENTS WITH HIGH H19 EXPRESSION HAD A TENDENCY OF HIGHER WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND BCR-ABL TRANSCRIPT THAN THOSE WITH LOW H19 EXPRESSION. H19 OVEREXPRESSION OCCURRED WITH THE HIGHER FREQUENCY IN BLAST CRISIS STAGE (11/11, 100%), LOWER IN ACCELERATED PHASE (3/5, 60%), AND CHRONIC PHASE (42/62, 66%) STAGES. MOREOVER, PAIRED PATIENTS DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION WITH INCREASED BCR-ABL TRANSCRIPT ALSO SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION OF H19 EXPRESSION. MEANWHILE, H19 EXPRESSION WAS DECREASED IN FOLLOW-UP PATIENTS WHO ACHIEVED COMPLETE MOLECULAR REMISSION AFTER TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS-BASED THERAPY. EPIGENETIC STUDIES SHOWED THAT H19 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION/IMPRINTING CONTROL REGION (DMR/ICR) WAS HYPOMETHYLATED AND ASSOCIATED WITH H19 EXPRESSION IN CML PATIENTS. MOREOVER, DEMETHYLATION OF H19 DMR/ICR REACTIVATED H19 EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS. COLLECTIVELY, H19 OVEREXPRESSION, A FREQUENT EVENT IN CML, WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER BCR-ABL TRANSCRIPT INVOLVING IN DISEASE PROGRESSION. MOREOVER, H19 DMR/ICR HYPOMETHYLATION IN CML MAY BE ONE OF THE MECHANISMS MEDIATING H19 OVEREXPRESSION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11 2135  35 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH CUTANEOUS MELANOMA. SMALL AMOUNTS OF CELL-FREE DNA CIRCULATE IN BOTH HEALTHY AND DISEASED HUMAN BLOOD, WHILE INCREASED CONCENTRATIONS OF DNA ARE PRESENT IN THE SERUM OF CANCER PATIENTS. TUMOR-SPECIFIC MUTATIONS OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE PREDOMINANTLY BEEN DETECTED IN TISSUE SPECIMENS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE METHYLATION OF FIVE DIFFERENT GENES INVOLVED IN TUMOR SUPPRESSION AND DNA REPAIR (SUPPRESSORS OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 1 AND 2 (SOCS1, SOCS2)), RAS-ASSOCIATION DOMAIN FAMILY PROTEIN 1A (RASSF1A), D-TYPE P16(INK4A) CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR (CDKN), AND O6-METHYLGUANINE DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASE (MGMT)) IN THE SERUM OF 100 PATIENTS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. IN ALL, 41 MELANOMA PATIENTS (STAGE I = 18; STAGE II = 10; STAGE III/IV = 13), 13 HEALTHY CONTROLS WITHOUT NEVI, AND 10 INDIVIDUALS WITH MORE THAN 15 NEVI OF >5 MM IN SIZE WERE INVESTIGATED. FOR COMPARISON, SERA FROM PATIENTS WITH OTHER SKIN TUMORS (NINE BASAL CELL CANCERS, FIVE KAPOSI'S SARCOMA), DIFFERENT METASTASIZED CANCERS (FIVE BREAST CANCERS, FIVE COLON CANCERS), AND SEVERAL CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES (N = 12) WERE ALSO ANALYZED. IN ADDITION, WE EXAMINED IF METHYLATION WAS INVOLVED IN SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION OF THESE GENES IN 12 MELANOMA SPECIMENS. SOCS1, SOCS2, RASSF1A, CDKN2A, AND MGMT WERE METHYLATED IN 75, 43, 64, 75, AND 64% OF MELANOMA SAMPLES, RESPECTIVELY. OF THE 41 MELANOMA PATIENTS, 83% HAD ONE HYPERMETHYLATED GENE, WHILE 66, 51, AND 41% HAD TWO, THREE, OR FOUR HYPERMETHYLATED GENES, RESPECTIVELY. ALSO, 20% OF THESE PATIENTS SHOWED HYPERMETHYLATION FOR ALL GENES, WHILE ONLY 17% SHOWED NO METHYLATION. IMPORTANTLY, THE METHYLATION PROFILE OF THE SELECTED GENES FROM MELANOMA PATIENTS WAS DISTINCT FROM THE OTHER ANALYZED TUMORS. TRANSCRIPTION OF SOCS1, SOCS2, CDKN2A, AND RASSF1A GENES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN FRESH MELANOMA SAMPLES, WHILE MGMT SHOWED A 12-FOLD UPREGULATION AT THE MESSENGER RIBONUCLEIC ACID LEVEL (P < 0.001). OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE STUDIED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS A COMMON AND PROBABLY IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR MELANOMA FORMATION. THIS CONVENIENT METHOD USING A SIMPLE BLOOD SAMPLE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO CLASSIFICATION OF MELANOMA AND AWAITS CLINICAL VALIDATION.	2006	
                                                       
12 1342  36 DETECTING ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, AND RASSF1A IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) HAS A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY. FURTHER STUDIES INTO EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HCC, PARTICULARLY THE ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS), ARE REQUIRED, SINCE THESE CHANGES MAY PROVIDE NOVEL BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS OF HCC. BY USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), THE PRESENT STUDY DETECTED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF 4 CANDIDATE TSGS, GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, AND RASSF1A, RESPECTIVELY, IN 35 PAIRED HCC AND TUMOR-ADJACENT LIVER TISSUES IN ADDITION TO 20 NORMAL LIVER TISSUES. THEIR EFFECT ON THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF HCC WAS ALSO INVESTIGATED BY ANALYZING THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA. THE RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF RIZ1 AND GSTP1 GENES IN HCC WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES (P<0.01) AND THE NORMAL LIVER TISSUES (P<0.01). THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF P16 AND RASSF1A GENES WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT OBSERVED IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES (P>0.05) BUT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THE NORMAL TISSUES (P<0.01). IN HCC TISSUES, THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE GSTP1 GENE IN TUMORS WITH CAPSULAR INVASION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN TUMORS WITHOUT CAPSULAR INVASION (P<0.05). THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF P16 GENE IN HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBSAG)-POSITIVE HCC PATIENTS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN HBSAG-NEGATIVE PATIENTS (P<0.05). THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RIZ1 AND RASSF1A GENES WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA (P>0.05). PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RIZ1 AND GSTP1 GENES IS HCC-SPECIFIC, AND THUS MAY BE USED AS A BIOMARKER TO ASSIST THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF HCC. WHILE THE METHYLATION OF GSTP1 GENE PROMOTER MAY ASSOCIATE WITH THE INVASIVENESS OF HCC, CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION MAY BE THE CAUSE OF METHYLATION-INDUCED P16 INACTIVATION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13 4246  67 METHYLATION STATUS OF THE T-CADHERIN GENE PROMOTOR IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH HBV-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PROGRESSION. DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION AND FREQUENTLY OCCURS IN HUMAN CANCER CELLS. T-CADHERIN (CDH13) IS A NEW MEMBER OF THE CADHERIN SUPERFAMILY AND POSSESSES MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS. OUR STUDY INCLUDED 26 NORMAL CONTROLS (NCS), 65 CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS (CHB), 14 LIVER CIRRHOSIS PATIENTS (LC) AND 157 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS (HCC). WE MAINLY FOCUSED ON THE MRNA EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF CDH13 IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS), WHICH WERE DETECTED BY SEMI-QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-QPCR) AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) RESPECTIVELY. THE CDH13 MRNA LEVEL WAS LOWER IN HCC, ESPECIALLY IN EARLY-STAGE OF HCC THAN IN NCS AND CHB GROUPS (P < 0.05). METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE CDH13 PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HCC PATIENTS THAN IN THE NCS AND CHB GROUPS (67.52 % VS 0.00 %, P < 0.001, 67.52 % VS 52.31 %, P < 0.05, RESPECTIVELY). CDH13 MRNA LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY AND RELATIVELY LOWER IN METHYLATED GROUPS THAN IN UNMETHYLATED GROUPS AMONG THE WHOLE PARTICIPANTS. THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF CDH13 PROMOTER IN HCC MIGHT BE INFLUENCED OR PARTLY INFLUENCED BY SOME CRITICAL FACTORS SUCH AS TBIL, ALB AND AFP (P < 0.05). AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN SIGNALING PATHWAY REGULATING BY CDH13 TO PROMOTE CARCINOGENESIS, JNK LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HCC WHICH HAD A HIGHER METHYLATION FREQUENCY THAN IN NCS, CHB AND LC (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE, THE COMBINATION OF THE METHYLATED CDH13 LEVEL AND AFP LEVEL SHOWED A BETTER SCORE: AUC = 0.796 (SE = 0.031, 95 %CI 0.735-0.857; P < 0.001) IN MALE AND AUC = 0.832 (SE = 0.057, 95 %CI 0.721-0.944; P < 0.001) IN FEMALE COMPARED TO AFP ALONE FOR DIAGNOSING HCC FROM NCS, CHB AND LC. THE METHYLATION OF CDH13 PROMOTER WAS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR FOR ASSESSING THE PROGNOSIS OF HCC PATIENTS (R=-1.378 P < 0.05). IN CONCLUSION, HYPERMETHYLATION OF CDH13 IN PBMCS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE UNDEREXPRESSION OF MRNA AND THE HIGH RISK OF HCC. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE CDH13 PROMOTER IN PBMCS WAS A POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER TO PREDICT THE PROGNOSIS OF HCC PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                               
14 6645  39 UP-REGULATION OF DBPA MRNA IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME. PURPOSE: METABOLIC SYNDROME (MS) IS A GROUP OF RECOGNIZED RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ANALYZE THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HCC PATIENTS WITH MS AND THE RISK FACTORS FOR RECURRENCE. ALSO, THE AIM WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE COLD SHOCK PROTEIN: DNA-BINDING PROTEIN A (DBPA) EXPRESSION IN HCC PATIENTS WITH MS. METHODS: A TOTAL OF 243 PATIENTS WHO UNDERWENT CURATIVE RESECTIONS FOR HCC WERE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO GROUPS. DBPA EXPRESSION WAS INVESTIGATED IN 66 HCC PATIENTS WITH MS AND IN 30 PATIENTS WITHOUT MS BY USING REAL-TIME RT-PCR. PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS WAS EXAMINED BY USING MS-PCR. RESULTS: THE INCIDENCE OF METABOLIC FACTORS AFFECT THE HCC SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN NON-B NON-C PATIENTS THAN IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) PATIENTS (P < 0.001). UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF HCC PATIENTS WITH MS RECURRENCE REVEALED ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (AST), MULTIPLE TUMORS, LIVER DAMAGE, HEPATIC VEIN INVASION, ADVANCED CANCER STAGES (P < 0.01), ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) AND DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE II (P < 0.05) AS RISK FACTORS. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS, AST, MULTIPLE TUMORS, AND HEPATIC VEIN INVASION (P < 0.01) WERE IDENTIFIED AS INDEPENDENT FACTORS FOR THE RECURRENCE. DBPA MRNA WAS HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH MS THAN IN THOSE WITHOUT MS (P = 0.016), AND IT WAS MOSTLY UPREGULATED IN NON-B NON-C HCC PATIENTS WITH MS THAN IN NON-B NON-C HCC PATIENTS WITHOUT HBV OR HCV. ESPECIALLY, IN HCC PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE II, THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE HIGHLY UPREGULATED. THE DBPA EXPRESSION WAS REGULATED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IDENTIFIES THAT DBPA MAY ACCELERATE THE HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IN HCC PATIENTS WITH MS VIA INFLAMMATION-INDUCED AND OXIDATIVE STRESS PATHWAYS. THE DEMETHYLATION-RELATED EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION MAY BE ONE OF THE REGULATING FACTORS FOR HCC PATIENTS WITH MS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15 1617  33 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND THEIR CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION ON CPG ISLANDS IS ONE OF THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN CANCERS, AND THE METHYLATION PROCESS IS CATALYZED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT). WE EVALUATED I) THE MRNA LEVELS OF THREE DNMTS; DNMT1, DNMT3A AND DNMT3B, IN 25 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS), IN THEIR CORRESPONDING NON-CANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES AND IN 7 NORMAL LIVERS BY USING REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; II) NUCLEAR EXPRESSION OF DNMT1 AND DNMT3A PROTEINS IN THE HCCS BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, III) THE METHYLATION STATUS OF 5 GENES; P16, P15, E-CADHERIN, HIC-1 AND RASSF1A IN THE SAME TISSUES, AND IV) THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ABOVE RESULTS AND THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, INCLUDING PROGNOSIS. THE DIFFERENCES IN MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS FOR DNMT1, DNMT3A AND DNMT3B WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT BETWEEN HCC AND NORMAL LIVERS (P<0.001), HCC AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS (P<0.001) AND HCC AND CIRRHOSIS (P<0.001). AN INCREASE IN MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS OF >4-FOLD FOR DNMT3B IN HCCS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH A POORER OVERALL SURVIVAL (P=0.027) AND SHORTER METASTASIS-FREE SURVIVAL (P=0.0299). A POORER RECURRENCE-FREE SURVIVAL WAS NOTED IN HCCS WITH A >4-FOLD INCREASE IN DNMT3A MRNA (P=0.0120). THE AVERAGE NUMBERS OF METHYLATED GENES WERE 0, 1.27, 1.38 AND 2.72 FOR NORMAL LIVERS, CHRONIC HEPATITIS, CIRRHOSIS AND HCCS, RESPECTIVELY, AND THIS PROGRESSIVE INCREASE FROM NORMAL LIVERS TO CHRONIC HEPATITIS/CIRRHOSIS THROUGH HCC MAY SUGGEST THAT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE METHYLATION IS AN EARLY EVENT IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THESE RESULTS FIRST SUGGEST THAT HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS INVOLVES AN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF DNMT1, DNMT3A AND DNMT3B MRNA AND A PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES FROM NORMAL LIVER, CHRONIC HEPATITIS/CIRRHOSIS TO HCC AND SECONDLY THAT AN INCREASE IN THE DNMT3A AND DNMT3B MRNA LEVELS IN HCCS RELATIVE TO THEIR NON-CANCEROUS TISSUES MAY BE A PREDICTOR OF POOR SURVIVAL.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16 3646  31 INCREASED PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 IS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE MALIGNANT POTENTIAL AND POOR PROGNOSIS OF HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN CANCERS. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 IS A MAJOR ENZYME INVOLVED IN ESTABLISHING GENOMIC METHYLATION PATTERNS. MOST OF THE STUDIES CONCERNING DNMT1 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN CANCERS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED ONLY AT THE MRNA LEVEL. TO DIRECTLY EXAMINE DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS DURING HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, 16 HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL LIVER TISSUES, 51 NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES EXHIBITING CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS, WHICH ARE CONSIDERED TO BE PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS, AND 53 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS) WERE SUBJECTED TO IMMUNOHISTOCHEMIC EXAMINATION. IF MORE THAN 20% OF THE CELLS EXHIBITED NUCLEAR DNMT1 STAINING, THE TISSUE SAMPLE WAS CONSIDERED TO BE DNMT1-POSITIVE. DNMT1 IMMUNOREACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED IN 23 (43%) OF THE HCCS, BUT IN NONE (0%) OF THE HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL LIVER OR NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES EXHIBITING CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS. THE INCIDENCE OF INCREASED DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HCCS CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH POOR TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION (P = 0.0006) AND PORTAL VEIN INVOLVEMENT (P = 0.0002). MOREOVER, THE RECURRENCE-FREE (P = 0.0001) AND OVERALL (P < 0.0001) SURVIVAL RATES OF PATIENTS WITH HCCS EXHIBITING INCREASED DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THOSE OF PATIENTS WITH HCCS THAT DID NOT EXHIBIT INCREASED EXPRESSION. INCREASED DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION MAY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE MALIGNANT PROGRESSION OF HCCS AND BE A BIOLOGIC PREDICTOR OF BOTH HCC RECURRENCE AND A POOR PROGNOSIS IN HCC PATIENTS.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17 1968  33 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. THE EXPRESSION OF THE SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING-1 (SOCS1) PROTEIN IS INDUCED IN RESPONSE TO STIMULATION BY SEVERAL CYTOKINES. THE INDUCED SOCS1 INHIBITS THE SIGNALLING PATHWAY THROUGH THE ASSOCIATION WITH A VARIETY OF TYROSINE KINASE PROTEINS. IN THIS STUDY, THE MUTATION ANALYSES, CPG ISLAND METHYLATION STATUS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN 112 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) SAMPLES, FIVE LEUKAEMIA CELL LINES, AND 30 NORMAL CONTROLS WERE ANALYSED. NO GENETIC MUTATIONS OF SOCS1 GENE WERE NOTED IN THE CML SAMPLES. THE SOCS1 GENE WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN 67% AND 46% OF THE BLASTIC AND CHRONIC PHASE CML SAMPLES RESPECTIVELY (P < 0.0001). HOWEVER, THERE WAS NO METHYLATION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN NORMAL CONTROLS OR CML IN MOLECULAR REMISSION. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE SOCS1 GENE IS CONSISTENT WITH THE RESULTS OF THE REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STAINING. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE SOCS1 GENE SILENCING IS CAUSED BY THE METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN CML AND IS REVERSED TO AN UNMETHYLATED STATUS IN MOLECULAR REMISSION. AS SOCS1 HAS UNIVERSAL ACTIVITY TO NEGATIVELY REGULATE SEVERAL CYTOKINE SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, THE LOSS OF THE NEGATIVE REGULATION OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING BY THE SOCS1 MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CML PROGRESSION.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18 1805  27 EFFECT OF SMOKING ON THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERN OF THE SOCS1 PROMOTER IN EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM THE SALIVA OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. BACKGROUND: THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE METHYLATION PATTERN IN THE SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 1 (SOCS1) GENE IN SMOKERS AND NON-SMOKERS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS (CP). METHODS: METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) WAS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE SOCS1 PROMOTER IN 45 SALIVA SAMPLES FROM SMOKERS AND NON-SMOKERS WITH CP. RESULTS: CELLS FROM THE SALIVA OF CP PATIENTS WHO SMOKED WERE 7.08 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO HAVE A METHYLATED SOCS1 PROMOTER THAN CELLS FROM THE SALIVA OF NON-SMOKING PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: SOCS1 GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION, WITH ITS POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON THE EXPRESSION OF THIS GENE, SEEMS TO BE A CONSEQUENCE OF EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO AND NOT TO PERIODONTAL DISEASE. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO ELUCIDATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF IMMUNE RESPONSE GENE EXPRESSION, EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT, PROGRESSION, AND PROGNOSIS OF CP.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19 3588  38 IMPACT OF TP53 GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION ON CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS A MALIGNANT LYMPHOID DISORDER THAT RESULTS FROM THE OVERGROWTH OF MATURE-LOOKING LYMPHOID CELLS IN THE BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC TISSUE. VARIOUS CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO THE DISEASE AS A RESULT OF THE DIFFERENT UNDERLYING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. THE CURRENT STUDY HAS BEEN INITIATED TO STUDY THE ROLE OF AN EPIGENETIC ALTERATION AFFECTING THE PROMOTER OF THE TP53GENE ON CLL PATHOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION. METHODS: THE CURRENT STUDY INVOLVED 54 NEWLY DIAGNOSED PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH CLL AS WELL AS 30 NORMAL INDIVIDUALS AS CONTROLS. AFTER OBTAINING VERBAL CONSENT, DATA COLLECTION WAS DONE AND THE BLOOD COLLECTED FROM ALL ENROLLED INDIVIDUALS FOR HEMATOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AS WELL AS FOR MOLECULAR CATEGORIZATION OF TP53 METHYLATION STATUS. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MS-PCR) TECHNIQUE WAS USED TO DEFINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE TP53 GENE PROMOTER THAT ENCOMPASSES DNA EXTRACTION, BISULFITE CONVERSION, CONVENTIONAL PCR AMPLIFICATION, RUNNING ON AGAROSE GEL AND DOCUMENTATION. FINALLY, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS DONE TO ASSESS ANY CORRELATION OF THE TP53 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION TO THE DISEASE ETIOLOGY AND THE PROGRESSION. RESULTS: IN THE CURRENT STUDY, ALL CONTROLS AND 42 OF 54 PATIENTS SHOW UNMETHYLATED TP53 GENE PROMOTER; ON THE OTHER HAND, THE METHYLATED PROMOTER WAS DETECTED AMONG 12 PATIENTS WITH A P-VALUE OF 0.001. TP53 GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION SIGNIFICANTLY LINKED TO REDUCED PLATELET COUNT (P-VALUE OF 0.047) AND ADVANCED STAGE AT PRESENTATION (P-VALUE OF 0.076). NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE SEEN AMONG BOTH METHYLATED AND UNMETHYLATED TP53 PROMOTERS IN RELATION TO THE AGE OF THE AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS, TOTAL WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS AND HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL OF THE AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. CONCLUSION: THE CURRENT STUDY REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION OF TP53 GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION TO CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS AND LOWER PLATELET COUNTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20 3954  32 LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEAR ELEMENT-1 METHYLATION STATUS IN THE CIRCULATING DNA FROM BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES. ALONG WITH OTHER MALIGNANT DISEASES, LUNG CANCER ARISES FROM THE PRECANCEROUS LUNG TISSUE STATE. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION (HYPERMETHYLATION OF CERTAIN GENES AND HYPOMETHYLATION OF RETROTRANSPOSONS) IS KNOWN AS ONE OF THE DRIVING FORCES OF MALIGNANT CELL TRANSFORMATION. EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE SHOWN TO BE DETECTABLE IN DNA, CIRCULATING IN THE BLOOD (CIRDNA) OF CANCER PATIENTS, INDICATING THE POSSIBILITY TO USE THEM AS CANCER MARKERS. THE CURRENT STUDY IS THE FIRST TO COMPARE THE LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEAR ELEMENT-1 (LINE-1) METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE BLOOD FROM LUNG CANCER PATIENTS BEFORE TREATMENT VERSUS DIFFERENT CONTROL GROUPS AS HEALTHY SUBJECTS, PATIENTS WITH BRONCHITIS AND PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). THE CONCENTRATION OF LINE-1 METHYLATED FRAGMENTS, REGION 1 (LINE-1 METHYLATED, LINE-1-MET) WAS ESTIMATED BY QUANTITATIVE METHYL-SPECIFIC PCR. THE TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF THE CIRCULATING LINE-1 COPIES WAS MEASURED BY QPCR SPECIFIC FOR LINE-1 REGION 2, WHICH WAS SELECTED DUE TO ITS CPG METHYLATION-INDEPENDENT SEQUENCE (LINE-1-IND). BOTH LINE-1 METHYLATION LEVEL AND LINE-1 METHYLATION INDEX (LINE-1-MET/LINE-1-IND RATIO) WAS DECREASED IN LUNG CANCER PATIENTS COMPARED WITH THE JOINT CONTROL GROUP (HEALTHY SUBJECTS + PATIENTS WITH BRONCHITIS + COPD PATIENTS) (MANN-WHITNEY U-TEST, P = 0.016). WE ALSO FOUND THAT THE TENDENCY OF LINE-1 METHYLATION INDEX DECREASES IN THE CIRDNA FROM LUNG CANCER PATIENTS VERSUS COPD PATIENTS (MANN-WHITNEY U-TEST, P = 0.07). OUR DATA INDICATE THAT THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LINE-1 METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE CIRDNA IS VALUABLE FOR DISCRIMINATION OF LUNG CANCER PATIENTS FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES.	2021