1 3363 150 HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES OF JMJD2 OR KDM4 FAMILY ARE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORS IN REWARD CIRCUITRY IN THE ETIOPATHOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) IS DEBILITATING MENTAL ILLNESS AND IS ONE OF THE LEADING CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE, BUT UNFORTUNATELY NEWER AND BETTER DRUGS ARE NOT FORTHCOMING. THE REASON IS LACK OF COMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DISORDER. RECENT RESEARCH SHOWS DYSREGULATION IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS, PARTICULARLY THE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REPRESSIVE DI- AND TRI-METHYLATION OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9ME2/ME3) IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A CRITICAL REGION OF THE REWARD PATHWAY INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANHEDONIA, THE HALLMARK OF DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES, WHICH CAN REMOVE METHYLATION FROM H3K9, IN PARTICULAR JUMONJI DOMAIN CONTAINING DEMETHYLASES 2 OR JMJD2 FAMILY, HAS NOT BEEN STUDIED. USING SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS-INDUCED MOUSE MODEL OF DEPRESSION, THIS STUDY UNCOVERED THAT TRANSCRIPTS OF MOST OF THE JMJD2 MEMBERS WERE UNCHANGED AFTER 5 DAYS OF DEFEAT DURING THE ONSET OF DEPRESSION, BUT WERE DOWNREGULATED AFTER 10 DAYS OF DEFEAT IN FULL-BLOWN DEPRESSION. BLOCKING THE JUMONJI DOMAIN CONTAINING DEMETHYLASES BY CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF INHIBITORS DIMETHYLOXALYLGLYCINE (DMOG) AND ML324 RESULTED IN DEPRESSION-LIKE PHENOTYPE EVEN IN ABSENCE OF STRESS EXPOSURE, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MARKS H3K9ME2/ME3 IN NAC, CAUSING ALTERED NEUROPLASTIC CHANGES AS REPORTED IN NAC IN DEPRESSION MODELS. THUS, WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT JMJD2 CLASS DEMETHYLASES ARE CRITICAL EPIGENETIC REGULATORS INVOLVED IN ETIOPATHOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND RELATED DISORDERS AND ACTIVATION OF THESE DEMETHYLASES CAN BE A GOOD STRATEGY IN THE TREATMENT OF MDD AND RELATED PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2 2280  46 EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN DRUG ADDICTION. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS AND GENES HAS NOW TAKEN ON A CLEAR MOLECULAR FORM AS DEMONSTRATED BY STABLE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. THESE CHANGES OCCUR THROUGH ACTIVATION OR REPRESSION OF SPECIFIC GENE PROGRAMMES BY A COMBINATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELLING, ACTIVATION AND ENZYMATIC MODIFICATION OF DNA AND HISTONES AS WELL AS NUCLEOSOMAL SUBUNIT EXCHANGE. RECENT RESEARCH INVESTIGATING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING DRUG-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND SYNAPTIC ACTIVITY HAS SHOWN A DIRECT ROLE FOR CHROMATIN REMODELLING--TERMED AS EPIGENETIC REGULATION--OF NEURONAL GENE PROGRAMMES AND SUBSEQUENT ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR ARISING FROM IT. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT REPEATED EXPOSURE TO CERTAIN DRUGS PROMOTES CHANGES IN LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, PHOSPHORYLATION AND METHYLATION, TOGETHER WITH ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE NEURONS OF THE BRAIN REWARD CENTRE, LOCALISED IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) REGION OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM. THE COMBINATION OF ACETYLATING, PHOSPHORYLATING AND METHYLATING H3 AND H4 HISTONE TAILS ALTER CHROMATIN COMPACTION THEREBY PROMOTING ALTERED LEVELS OF CELLULAR GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WHICH WEAKEN HISTONE INTERACTION WITH DNA OR THAT PROMOTE RECRUITMENT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATING COMPLEXES, CORRELATE WITH PERMISSIVE GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION, (WHICH STRENGTHEN HISTONE: DNA CONTACTS), OR HISTONE METHYLATION, (WHICH RECRUITS REPRESSIVE COMPLEXES TO CHROMATIN), PROMOTE A STATE OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. USING ANIMAL MODELS, ACUTE COCAINE TREATMENT INCREASES H4 ACETYLATION AT ACUTELY REGULATED GENE PROMOTERS, WHEREAS H3 ACETYLATION APPEARS TO PREDOMINATE AT CHRONICALLY INDUCED PROMOTERS. CHRONIC COCAINE AND ALCOHOL TREATMENT ACTIVATE AND REPRESS MANY GENES SUCH AS FOSB, CDK5, AND BDNF, WHERE THEIR DYSREGULATION, AT THE CHROMATIN LEVEL, CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ADDICTION. FOLLOWING DRUG EXPOSURE, IT IS STILL UNKNOWN, HOWVER, HOW LONG THESE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE PERSIST IN AFFECTING NEURONAL FUNCTION, BUT SOME DO SO FOR LIFE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3 5974  43 TET1 IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OPPOSES DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. DEPRESSION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DISEASE BURDEN, YET CURRENT THERAPIES FULLY TREAT <50% OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. INCREASING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. HERE WE EXAMINED A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR THE DNA DIOXYGENASE, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION PROTEIN 1 (TET1), IN DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. WE APPLIED CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MOUSE MODEL OF DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, AND EXAMINED TET1 EXPRESSION CHANGES IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW DECREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN NAC IN STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE ONLY. SURPRISINGLY, SELECTIVE KNOCKOUT OF TET1 IN NAC NEURONS OF ADULT MICE PRODUCED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN SEVERAL BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS. TO IDENTIFY TET1 TARGETS THAT MEDIATE THESE ACTIONS, WE PERFORMED RNASEQ ON NAC AFTER CONDITIONAL DELETION OF TET1 AND FOUND THAT IMMUNE-RELATED GENES ARE THE MOST HIGHLY DYSREGULATED. MOREOVER, MANY OF THESE GENES ARE ALSO UPREGULATED IN THE NAC OF RESILIENT MICE AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. THESE FINDINGS REVEAL A NOVEL ROLE FOR TET1, AN ENZYME IMPORTANT FOR DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, IN THE BRAIN'S REWARD CIRCUITRY IN MODULATING STRESS RESPONSES IN MICE. WE ALSO IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY TET1 IN THIS CIRCUITRY. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION, WHICH CAN AID IN FUTURE ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG DISCOVERY EFFORTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4 3952  34 LOCUS-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC REMODELING CONTROLS ADDICTION- AND DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO DRUGS OF ABUSE OR STRESS REGULATES TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, CHROMATIN-MODIFYING ENZYMES AND HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS IN DISCRETE BRAIN REGIONS. GIVEN THE PROMISCUITY OF THE ENZYMES INVOLVED, IT HAS NOT YET BEEN POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN DIRECT CAUSAL EVIDENCE TO IMPLICATE THE REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AND CONSEQUENT BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY BY CHROMATIN REMODELING THAT OCCURS AT A SINGLE GENE. WE INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM LINKING CHROMATIN DYNAMICS TO NEUROBIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA BY APPLYING ENGINEERED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO SELECTIVELY MODIFY CHROMATIN AT A SPECIFIC MOUSE GENE IN VIVO. WE FOUND THAT HISTONE METHYLATION OR ACETYLATION AT THE FOSB LOCUS IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A BRAIN REWARD REGION, WAS SUFFICIENT TO CONTROL DRUG- AND STRESS-EVOKED TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES VIA INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENDOGENOUS TRANSCRIPTIONAL MACHINERY. THIS APPROACH ALLOWED US TO RELATE THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE AT A GIVEN GENE DIRECTLY TO REGULATION OF ITS EXPRESSION AND TO ITS SUBSEQUENT EFFECTS ON REWARD BEHAVIOR.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5 5624  30 SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO DRUGS OF ABUSE BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. HISTONE ACETYLATION AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF THE CHROMATIN ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. EARLIER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT A REDUCTION IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY RESULTS IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOME PSYCHOSTIMULANT-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXTEND THOSE SEMINAL FINDINGS BY SHOWING THAT THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE ENHANCES MORPHINE-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR SENSITIZATION AND CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. IN CONTRAST, THIS COMPOUND HAS NO EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. SIMILAR EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED FOR COCAINE AND ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF A COMPONENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION THAT INCLUDED CIRCADIAN CLOCK GENES AND OTHER GENES RELEVANT TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A SPECIFIC FUNCTION FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION AND THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AT A REDUCED NUMBER OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT LOCI ON NON-HOMEOSTATIC, LONG-LASTING, DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6 1698  35 DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF EARLY ADOLESCENT STRESS ON DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND EXPRESSION OF CYTOKINES AND JMJD3 IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS. AIMS: EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN THE BRAIN HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION. JUMONJI DOMAIN-CONTAINING 3 (JMJD3), WHICH IS A HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27) DEMETHYLASE AND CAN REGULATE MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION, HAS BEEN REGARDED AS A CRUCIAL ELEMENT IN THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. FURTHERMORE, RECENT STUDIES HIGHLIGHTED THE FACT THAT LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES INDUCE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND HIGHER JMJD3 EXPRESSION AND LOWER H3K27ME3 EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN. HOWEVER, WHETHER THE PROCESS OF JMJD3 MEDIATING INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES WAS INVOLVED IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION DUE TO EARLY-LIFE STRESS REMAINED ELUSIVE. METHODS: RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IN ADOLESCENCE WERE USED IN ORDER TO DETECT DYNAMIC ALTERATIONS IN DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND EXPRESSION OF CYTOKINES, JMJD3, AND H3K27ME3 IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS. MOREOVER, MINOCYCLINE, AN INHIBITOR OF MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION, WAS EMPLOYED TO OBSERVE THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS. RESULTS: OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT CUMS DURING THE ADOLESCENT PERIOD INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, OVER-EXPRESSION OF CYTOKINES, AND INCREASED JMJD3 AND DECREASED H3K27ME3 EXPRESSION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF BOTH ADOLESCENT AND ADULT RATS. HOWEVER, MINOCYCLINE RELIEVED ALL THE ALTERATIONS. CONCLUSION: THE STUDY REVEALED THAT JMJD3 MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS BY MODULATING H3K27ME3 AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS THAT HAD BEEN STRESSED DURING EARLY ADOLESCENCE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7 3341  35 HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 IS INVOLVED IN STRESS-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT VIA HISTONE DEACETYLATION AND PI3K/AKT SIGNALING PATHWAY MODIFICATION. EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS UPREGULATES BLOOD GLUCOCORTICOID LEVELS AND IMPAIRS COGNITION VIA DIVERSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLATION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION CAN LEAD TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF MANY PROTEINS INVOLVED IN COGNITION AND MAY ALSO CAUSE LEARNING AND MEMORY DYSFUNCTION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE?2 (HDAC2) HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO EPIGENETICALLY BLOCK COGNITION VIA A REDUCTION IN THE HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVEL; HOWEVER, IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER HDAC2 IS INVOLVED IN THE COGNITIVE DECLINE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. TO THE BEST OF AUTHORS' KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE STRESS HORMONE CORTICOSTEROID UPREGULATE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS IN NEURO?2A CELLS AND CAUSE CELL INJURIES. HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT AMELIORATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN N2A CELLS VIA THE UPREGULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND MODIFICATIONS IN THE PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3?KINASE/PROTEIN KINASE B SIGNALING PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED IN 12?MONTH?OLD FEMALE C57BL/6J MICE UNDER CHRONIC STRESS IN VIVO. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT HDAC2 MAY BE AN IMPORTANT NEGATIVE REGULATOR INVOLVED IN CHRONIC STRESS?INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8 1331  34 DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HDAC7 REDUCTION IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. PERSISTENT SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION INDICATE THE ADAPTIVE INVOLVEMENT OF STABLE MOLECULES IN THE BRAIN THAT MAY BE MANIFESTED AT THE LEVEL OF CHROMATIN REMODELING, SUCH AS HISTONE ACETYLATION. FORMER STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION IN SEVERAL ANIMAL MODELS ABOUT DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC HISTONE DEACETYLASES RELATED WITH DEPRESSION ARE NEEDED TO BE EXPLORED. HERE, SOCIAL AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS, ANXIETY-, AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS WERE ALL FOUND IN MICE SUFFERED FROM CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. MOREOVER, WE ALSO DISCOVERED THAT THE AMOUNT OF THE CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASE, HDAC7 RATHER THAN HDAC2, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF DEFEATED MICE, WHICH SUGGESTED THAT HDAC7 MIGHT BE A CRUCIAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE IN A CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS MODEL. OUR DATA SHOWED THAT THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HDAC7 REDUCTION IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. HDAC7 MIGHT BE A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR DEPRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  883  47 CHRONIC COCAINE-REGULATED EPIGENOMIC CHANGES IN MOUSE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. BACKGROUND: INCREASING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS A ROLE FOR ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION IN MEDIATING THE LASTING EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON THE BRAIN, AND RECENT WORK HAS DEMONSTRATED THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS IN THESE ALTERATIONS. HOWEVER, ALL SUCH STUDIES TO DATE HAVE BEEN RESTRICTED BY THEIR RELIANCE ON MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE INTRINSIC LIMITATIONS. RESULTS: WE USE NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING METHODS, RNA-SEQ AND CHIP-SEQ FOR RNA POLYMERASE II AND SEVERAL HISTONE METHYLATION MARKS, TO OBTAIN A MORE COMPLETE VIEW OF COCAINE-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED ADAPTATIONS IN NUMEROUS MODES OF CHROMATIN REGULATION IN THE MOUSE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE DEMONSTRATE AN UNEXPECTEDLY LARGE NUMBER OF PRE-MRNA SPLICING ALTERATIONS IN RESPONSE TO REPEATED COCAINE TREATMENT. IN ADDITION, WE IDENTIFY COMBINATIONS OF CHROMATIN CHANGES, OR SIGNATURES, THAT CORRELATE WITH COCAINE-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, INCLUDING THOSE INVOLVING PRE-MRNA ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. THROUGH BIOINFORMATIC PREDICTION AND BIOLOGICAL VALIDATION, WE IDENTIFY ONE PARTICULAR SPLICING FACTOR, A2BP1(RBFOX1/FOX-1), WHICH IS ENRICHED AT GENES THAT DISPLAY CERTAIN CHROMATIN SIGNATURES AND CONTRIBUTES TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. TOGETHER, THIS DELINEATION OF THE COCAINE-INDUCED EPIGENOME IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS REVEALS SEVERAL NOVEL MODES OF REGULATION BY WHICH COCAINE ALTERS THE BRAIN. CONCLUSIONS: WE ESTABLISH COMBINATORIAL CHROMATIN AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES IN MOUSE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AFTER REPEATED COCAINE TREATMENT. THESE RESULTS SERVE AS AN IMPORTANT RESOURCE FOR THE FIELD AND PROVIDE A TEMPLATE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF OTHER SYSTEMS TO REVEAL NEW TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL REGULATION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10 1614  34 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A IS INVOLVED IN THE SUSTAINED EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STRESS ON SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND BEHAVIORS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE ABERRANT GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN STRESS-ASSOCIATED MENTAL DISORDERS. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS TO BE ELUCIDATED ABOUT THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AND ITS CATALYZING ENZYMES, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IN THIS PROCESS. HERE, WE FOUND THAT MALE RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC (2-WEEK) UNPREDICTABLE STRESS EXHIBITED A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION OF DNMT3A AFTER STRESS CESSATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), A KEY TARGET REGION OF STRESS. TREATMENT OF UNSTRESSED CONTROL RATS WITH DNMT INHIBITORS RECAPITULATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS ON DECREASED AMPAR EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN PFC. IN CONTRAST, OVEREXPRESSION OF DNMT3A IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS PREVENTED THE LOSS OF GLUTAMATERGIC RESPONSES. MOREOVER, THE STRESS-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING THE IMPAIRED RECOGNITION MEMORY, HEIGHTENED AGGRESSION, AND HYPERLOCOMOTION, WERE PARTIALLY ATTENUATED BY DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS. FINALLY, WE FOUND THAT THERE WERE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND TRANSCRIPTOME ALTERATIONS IN PFC OF STRESSED RATS, BOTH OF WHICH WERE ENRICHED AT SEVERAL NEURAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSE AND MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING. THESE RESULTS HAVE THEREFORE RECOGNIZED THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF DNA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN STRESS-INDUCED DISTURBANCE OF SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11 6801  51 [EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET]. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS A DEVASTATING ILLNESS WITH A PROFOUND HEALTH IMPACT, AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS DISEASE OCCURS OVER TIME AND REQUIRES CHANGES IN BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION. THERE IS CONVERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS AND BEHAVIOR SUCH AS THE INTERVENTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION, LIKE HISTONE METHYLATION, IS A HIGHLY DYNAMIC PROCESS REGULATED BY TWO CLASSES OF ENZYMES: HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). TO DATE, 18 HUMAN HDAC ISOFORMS HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED, AND BASED ON THEIR SEQUENCE HOMOLOGIES AND COFACTOR DEPENDENCIES, THEY HAVE BEEN PHYLOGENETICALLY CATEGORIZED INTO 4 MAIN CLASSES: CLASSES I, II (A AND B), III, AND IV. IN THE BRAIN, EXPRESSION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS VARIES BETWEEN CELL TYPES AND ALSO IN THEIR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION (NUCLEUS AND/OR CYTOSOL). FURTHERMORE, WE RECENTLY SHOWED THAT A SINGLE ETHANOL EXPOSURE INHIBITS HDAC ACTIVITY AND INCREASES BOTH H3 AND H4 HISTONE ACETYLATION WITHIN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. IN THE BRAIN OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS, ETHANOL HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE HISTONE-RELATED AND DNA METHYLATION EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEVERAL REWARD REGIONS INVOLVED IN REWARD PROCESSES SUCH AS HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND AMYGDALA. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED ALTERATION OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS IN SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS FROM THE REWARD CIRCUIT OF RATS MADE DEPENDENT TO ALCOHOL AFTER CHRONIC AND INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL VAPOR. IN NEURONAL CELL LINE CULTURE, ETHANOL WAS SHOWN TO INDUCE HDAC EXPRESSION. IN MOUSE AND RAT BRAIN, NUMEROUS STUDIES REPORTED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT BOTH THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE CHANGED AFTER REPEATED ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL IN MICE SENSITIZED TO THE MOTOR STIMULANT EFFECT OF ETHANOL (A MODEL OF DRUG-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY). NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HDAC INHIBITORS ARE ABLE TO COUNTER ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND THE ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF HDAC AND/OR LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HDAC. FOR EXAMPLE, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT CAUSED THE REVERSAL OF ETHANOL-INDUCED TOLERANCE, ANXIETY, AND ETHANOL DRINKING BY INHIBITING HDAC ACTIVITY, THEREBY INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. ANOTHER STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT TSA PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL INDUCED ANXIETY IN RATS BY RESCUING DEFICITS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE AMYGDALA. WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT TREATMENT WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE BLOCKS BOTH THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EXPRESSION OF ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION IN MICE. IN THIS CONTEXT, CONVERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HDAC INHIBITORS COULD BE USEFUL IN COUNTERACTING ETHANOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THAT IS, HDAC INHIBITORS COULD AFFECT DIFFERENT ACETYLATION SITES AND MAY ALSO ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THAT COULD IN TURN COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL. RECENT WORK IN RODENTS HAS SHOWN THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF PAN HDAC CLASS I AND II INHIBITORS, TSA AND N-HYDROXY-N-PHENYL-OCTANEDIAMIDE [SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID] (SAHA), AND OF THE MORE SELECTIVE INHIBITOR (MAINLY HDAC1 AND HDAC9) MS-275, DECREASE BINGE-LIKE ALCOHOL DRINKING IN MICE. SAHA SELECTIVELY REDUCED ETHANOL OPERANT SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND SEEKING IN RATS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY REVEALED THAT MS-275 STRONGLY DECREASED OPERANT ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS WHEN ADMINISTERED 30 MINUTES BEFORE THE SESSION AT THE SECOND DAY OF INJECTION. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT INTRA-CEREBRO-VENTRICULAR INFUSION OF MS-275 INCREASES ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 4 WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND THE DORSOLATERAL STRIATUM, ASSOCIATED TO A DECREASE IN ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY ABOUT 75%. MS-275 ALSO DIMINISHED BOTH THE MOTIVATION TO CONSUME ETHANOL (25% DECREASE), RELAPSE (BY ABOUT 50%) AND POSTPONED REACQUISITION AFTER ABSTINENCE. BOTH LITERATURE AND SEVERAL OF OUR STUDIES STRONGLY SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTEREST OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL DRINKING AND STRENGTHEN THEINTEREST OF FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC ISOFORMS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES.	2017	

12 1808  49 EFFECTS OF ADOLESCENT SOCIAL STRESS AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT ON COGNITIVE INFLEXIBILITY AND BDNF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE MPFC OF ADULT MICE. ADOLESCENT SOCIAL STRESS (ASS) CAN INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION IN ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEURAL MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. CORTICALLY MEDIATED COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS ARE INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED AS AN INDEPENDENT AND IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR OF DEPRESSION. USING SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, A CLASSICAL ANIMAL MODEL OF DEPRESSION, OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES FOUND THAT MICE SUBJECTED TO THIS FORM OF STRESS DURING EARLY ADOLESCENCE DISPLAYED COGNITIVE INFLEXIBILITY (CI) IN ADULTHOOD. THIS CHANGE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A DOWN-REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC); THIS GENE ENCODES A KEY MOLECULE INVOLVED IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. IN THE PRESENT PAPER, WE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BDNF AS A POSSIBLE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES. ASS INDUCED A SET OF DEPRESSIVE PHENOTYPES, INCLUDING INCREASED SOCIAL AVOIDANCE AND CI, AS WELL AS REDUCED LEVELS OF TOTAL BDNF AND ISOFORM IV BUT NOT ISOFORM I OR VI TRANSCRIPTS IN THE MPFC. IN PARALLEL WITH CHANGES IN BDNF GENE EXPRESSION, PREVIOUSLY STRESSED ADULT MICE SHOWED INCREASED LEVELS OF DIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K9 (H3K9ME2) IMMEDIATELY DOWNSTREAM OF THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. ON THE OTHER HAND, NO DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K4 (H3K4ME3) OR IN ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K9 (H3K9AC) OR AT K4 (H3K4AC) IN THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. LIKEWISE, NO ALTERATIONS WERE FOUND IN DNA METHYLATION OF THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. ADDITIONALLY, TREATMENT WITH THE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TRANYLCYPROMINE REVERSED BDNF EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND RELATED GENE TRANSCRIPTION WHILE ALSO REVERSING CI, BUT NOT SOCIAL AVOIDANCE, IN PREVIOUSLY STRESSED ADULT MICE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO THE BDNF GENE IN THE MPFC AFTER ADOLESCENT SOCIAL ADVERSITY MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION IN ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13 4299  34 MICRORNA-15B CONTRIBUTES TO DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN MICE BY AFFECTING SYNAPTIC PROTEIN LEVELS AND FUNCTION IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. MAJOR DEPRESSION IS A PREVALENT AFFECTIVE DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT LOW MOOD. IT PRESUMABLY RESULTS FROM STRESS-INDUCED DETERIORATIONS OF MOLECULAR NETWORKS AND SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS IN BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITS OF GENETICALLY-SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS THROUGH EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. EPIGENETIC REGULATOR MICRORNA-15B INHIBITS NEURONAL PROGENITOR PROLIFERATION AND IS UP-REGULATED IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF MICE THAT DEMONSTRATE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR, INDICATING THE CONTRIBUTION OF MICRORNA-15 TO MAJOR DEPRESSION. USING A MOUSE MODEL OF MAJOR DEPRESSION INDUCED BY CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS), HERE WE EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF MICRORNA-15B ON SYNAPSES AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF THESE MICE. THE APPLICATION OF A MICRORNA-15B ANTAGOMIR INTO THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE INCIDENCE OF CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSION AND REVERSED THE ATTENUATIONS OF EXCITATORY SYNAPSE AND SYNTAXIN-BINDING PROTEIN 3 (STXBP3A)/VESICLE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1 (VAMP1) EXPRESSION. IN CONTRAST, THE INJECTION OF A MICRORNA-15B ANALOG INTO THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AS WELL AS ATTENUATED EXCITATORY SYNAPSES AND STXBP3A/VAMP1 EXPRESSION SIMILAR TO THE DOWN-REGULATION OF THESE PROCESSES INDUCED BY THE CUMS. WE CONCLUDE THAT MICRORNA-15B-5P MAY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION BY DECREASING SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INNERVATIONS, AND ACTIVITIES IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. WE PROPOSE THAT THE TREATMENT OF ANTI-MICRORNA-15B-5P MAY CONVERT STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION INTO RESILIENCE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14 3361  73 HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASE JMJD2D/KDM4D AND FAMILY MEMBERS MEDIATE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS ON MOUSE HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND MOOD DISORDERS. DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND RELATED MOOD DISORDERS ARE MAJOR PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES WORLDWIDE, AND CHRONIC STRESS APPEARS TO BE ONE OF THE PRIMARY UNDERLYING CAUSES. THERAPEUTICS TO TREAT THESE DEBILITATING DISORDERS WITHOUT A RELAPSE ARE LIMITED DUE TO THE INCOMPLETE MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ETIOPATHOLOGY. IN ADDITION TO THE WELL-STUDIED GENETIC COMPONENT, RESEARCH IN THE PAST TWO DECADES HAS IMPLICATED DIVERSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MEDIATING THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STRESSFUL EVENTS ON NEURAL CIRCUITS. THIS INCLUDES THE COGNITIVE CIRCUITRY, WHERE THE DYNAMIC HIPPOCAMPAL DENTATE GYRUS (DG) NEUROGENESIS GETS AFFECTED IN DEPRESSION AND RELATED AFFECTIVE DISORDERS. MOST OF THESE EPIGENETIC STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON THE IMPACT OF ACETYLATION/DEACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF SEVERAL HISTONE LYSINE RESIDUES ON NEURAL GENE EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, THERE IS A DEARTH OF INVESTIGATION INTO THE ROLE OF DEMETHYLATION OF THESE LYSINE RESIDUES IN CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES IN NEUROGENESIS THAT RESULTS IN ALTERED BEHAVIOUR. HERE, USING THE CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS (CSDS) PARADIGM TO INDUCE DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN C57BL/6 MICE AND EX VIVO DG NEURAL STEM/PROGENITOR CELL (NSCS/NPCS) CULTURE WE SHOW THE ROLE OF THE MEMBERS OF THE JMJD2/KDM4 FAMILY OF HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES (KDMS) IN MEDIATING STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES IN DG NEUROGENESIS AND MOOD DISORDERS. THE STUDY SUGGESTS A CRITICAL ROLE OF JMJD2D IN DG NEUROGENESIS. ALTERED ENRICHMENT OF JMJD2D ON THE PROMOTERS OF ID2 (INHIBITOR OF DIFFERENTIATION 2) AND SOX2 (SRY-BOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2) WAS OBSERVED DURING PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF NSCS/NPCS OBTAINED FROM THE DG. THIS WOULD AFFECT THE DEMETHYLATION OF REPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MARK H3K9, THUS ACTIVATING OR REPRESSING THESE AND POSSIBLY OTHER GENES INVOLVED IN REGULATING PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF DG NSCS/NPCS. TREATMENT OF THE NSCS/NPCS CULTURE WITH DIMETHYLOXALLYL GLYCINE (DMOG), AN INHIBITOR OF JMJDS, LED TO ATTENUATION IN THEIR PROLIFERATION CAPACITY. ADDITIONALLY, SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF DMOG IN MICE FOR 10 DAYS INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE AND ANXIETY-LIKE PHENOTYPE WITHOUT ANY STRESS EXPOSURE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15 4405  47 MOLECULAR ADAPTATIONS OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER PROMOTE STRESS RESILIENCE VS. DEPRESSION. PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT INFLAMMATION AND VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD). CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS ALTERS BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (BBB) INTEGRITY THROUGH LOSS OF TIGHT JUNCTION PROTEIN CLAUDIN-5 (CLDN5) IN MALE MICE, PROMOTING PASSAGE OF CIRCULATING PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS. THIS EFFECT IS PROMINENT WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A BRAIN REGION ASSOCIATED WITH MOOD REGULATION; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED ARE UNCLEAR. MOREOVER, COMPENSATORY RESPONSES LEADING TO PROPER BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES AND ACTIVE RESILIENCE ARE UNKNOWN. HERE WE IDENTIFY ACTIVE MOLECULAR CHANGES WITHIN THE BBB ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS RESILIENCE THAT MIGHT SERVE A PROTECTIVE ROLE FOR THE NEUROVASCULATURE. WE ALSO CONFIRM THE RELEVANCE OF SUCH CHANGES TO HUMAN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT. WE SHOW THAT PERMISSIVE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CLDN5 EXPRESSION AND LOW ENDOTHELIUM EXPRESSION OF REPRESSIVE CLDN5-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXO1 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS RESILIENCE. REGION- AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL-SPECIFIC WHOLE TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSES REVEALED MOLECULAR SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS VULNERABILITY VS. RESILIENCE. WE IDENTIFIED PROINFLAMMATORY TNFALPHA/NFKAPPAB SIGNALING AND HDAC1 AS MEDIATORS OF STRESS SUSCEPTIBILITY. PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF STRESS-INDUCED INCREASE IN HDAC1 ACTIVITY RESCUED CLDN5 EXPRESSION IN THE NAC AND PROMOTED RESILIENCE. IMPORTANTLY, WE CONFIRMED CHANGES IN HDAC1 EXPRESSION IN THE NAC OF DEPRESSED PATIENTS WITHOUT ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT IN LINE WITH CLDN5 LOSS. CONVERSELY, MANY OF THESE DELETERIOUS CLDN5-RELATED MOLECULAR CHANGES WERE REDUCED IN POSTMORTEM NAC FROM ANTIDEPRESSANT-TREATED SUBJECTS. THESE FINDINGS REINFORCE THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING STRESS-INDUCED NEUROVASCULAR PATHOLOGY IN DEPRESSION AND PROVIDE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS TO TREAT THIS MOOD DISORDER AND PROMOTE RESILIENCE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16 2598  37 EPIGENETICS OF THE DEPRESSED BRAIN: ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER IS A CHRONIC, REMITTING SYNDROME INVOLVING WIDELY DISTRIBUTED CIRCUITS IN THE BRAIN. STABLE ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT CONTRIBUTE TO STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN MULTIPLE BRAIN REGIONS ARE IMPLICATED IN THE HETEROGENEITY AND PATHOGENESIS OF THE ILLNESS. EPIGENETIC EVENTS THAT ALTER CHROMATIN STRUCTURE TO REGULATE PROGRAMS OF GENE EXPRESSION HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIOR, ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION, AND RESISTANCE TO DEPRESSION OR 'RESILIENCE' IN ANIMAL MODELS, WITH INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR SIMILAR MECHANISMS OCCURRING IN POSTMORTEM BRAINS OF DEPRESSED HUMANS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO DEPRESSION, IN PARTICULAR THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION, WHICH ARE REVEALING NOVEL MECHANISTIC INSIGHT INTO THE SYNDROME THAT MAY AID IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL TARGETS FOR DEPRESSION TREATMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17 4173  36 MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE RAT BRAIN. WE HAVE REPORTED THAT MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN MOUSE NEURAL STEM CELLS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC ROLE FOR THIS PLEIOTROPIC HORMONE. TO SUPPORT SUCH A ROLE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT MELATONIN PRODUCES SIMILAR EFFECTS IN VIVO. HISTONE ACETYLATION, FOLLOWING CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH MELATONIN (4MUG/ML IN DRINKING WATER FOR 17 DAYS), WAS EXAMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING IN SELECTED RAT BRAIN REGIONS. MELATONIN INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN HISTONE H3 AND HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HISTONE H4 WAS ALSO HYPERACETYLATED IN THE STRIATUM, BUT THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THIS BRAIN REGION. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE ACETYLATION OF EITHER HISTONE H3 OR H4 WERE OBSERVED IN THE MIDBRAIN AND CEREBELLUM. AN EXAMINATION OF KINASE ACTIVATION, WHICH MAY BE RELATED TO THESE CHANGES, REVEALED THAT MELATONIN TREATMENT INCREASED THE LEVELS OF PHOSPHO-ERK (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND STRIATUM, BUT PHOSPHO-AKT (PROTEIN KINASE B) LEVELS WERE UNCHANGED. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHROMATIN REMODELING AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNDERLIE THE MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MELATONIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18 6174  47 THE HIPPOCAMPUS, NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS AND DEPRESSION: POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DEPRESSION. DEPRESSION IS A PREVALENT, HIGHLY DEBILITATING MENTAL DISORDER AFFECTING UP TO 15% OF THE POPULATION AT LEAST ONCE IN THEIR LIFETIME, WITH HUGE COSTS FOR SOCIETY. NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DEPRESSION ARE STILL NOT WELL KNOWN, ALTHOUGH THERE IS CONSENSUS ABOUT INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATIONS ARE FREQUENTLY USED IN DEPRESSION, BUT AT LEAST 50% OF PATIENTS ARE POOR RESPONDERS, EVEN TO MORE RECENTLY DISCOVERED MEDICATIONS. FURTHERMORE, CLINICAL RESPONSE ONLY OCCURS FOLLOWING WEEKS TO MONTHS OF TREATMENT AND ONLY CHRONIC TREATMENT IS EFFECTIVE, SUGGESTING THAT ACTIONS BEYOND THE RAPIDLY OCCURRING EFFECT OF ENHANCING MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEMS, SUCH AS ADAPTATION OF THESE SYSTEMS, ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS. RECENT STUDIES INDICATE THAT AN IMPAIRMENT OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (NEUROGENESIS, AXON BRANCHING, DENDRITOGENESIS AND SYNAPTOGENESIS) IN SPECIFIC AREAS OF THE CNS, PARTICULARLY THE HIPPOCAMPUS, MAY BE A CORE FACTOR IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. THE ABNORMAL NEURAL PLASTICITY MAY BE RELATED TO ALTERATIONS IN THE LEVELS OF NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS, NAMELY BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), WHICH PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN PLASTICITY. AS BDNF IS REPRESSED BY STRESS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BDNF GENE MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DEPRESSION. THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS SMALLER IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS, ALTHOUGH IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER SMALLER SIZE IS A CONSEQUENCE OF DEPRESSION OR A PRE-EXISTING, VULNERABILITY MARKER FOR DEPRESSION. ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS TRIGGERING ACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS CAUSE THE BRAIN TO BE EXPOSED TO CORTICOSTEROIDS, AFFECTING NEUROBEHAVIOURAL FUNCTIONS WITH A STRONG DOWNREGULATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, AND ARE A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT INCREASES BDNF LEVELS, STIMULATES NEUROGENESIS AND REVERSES THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF STRESS, BUT THIS EFFECT IS EVIDENT ONLY AFTER 3-4 WEEKS OF ADMINISTRATION, THE TIME COURSE FOR MATURATION OF NEW NEURONS. THE ABLATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS BLOCKS THE BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN ANIMAL MODELS. THE ABOVE FINDINGS SUGGEST NEW POSSIBLE TARGETS FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DEPRESSION SUCH AS NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS, THEIR RECEPTORS AND RELATED INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING CASCADES; AGENTS COUNTERACTING THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS (INCLUDING ANTAGONISTS OF CORTICOSTEROIDS, INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND THEIR RECEPTORS); AND AGENTS FACILITATING THE ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION AND INCREASING THE TRANSCRIPTION OF NEUROTROPHINS IN THE BRAIN.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19 6517  27 TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF ADDICTION. INVESTIGATIONS OF LONG-TERM CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION THAT ACCOMPANY CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO DRUGS OF ABUSE SUGGEST THAT ALTERATIONS IN GENE REGULATION CONTRIBUTE SUBSTANTIALLY TO THE ADDICTIVE PHENOTYPE. HERE, WE REVIEW MULTIPLE MECHANISMS BY WHICH DRUGS ALTER THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL POTENTIAL OF GENES. THESE MECHANISMS RANGE FROM THE MOBILIZATION OR REPRESSION OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL MACHINERY - INCLUDING THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS DELTAFOSB, CYCLIC AMP-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (CREB) AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) - TO EPIGENETICS - INCLUDING ALTERATIONS IN THE ACCESSIBILITY OF GENES WITHIN THEIR NATIVE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE INDUCED BY HISTONE TAIL MODIFICATIONS AND DNA METHYLATION, AND THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY NON-CODING RNAS. INCREASING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES THESE VARIOUS MECHANISMS OF GENE REGULATION IN THE LASTING CHANGES THAT DRUGS OF ABUSE INDUCE IN THE BRAIN, AND OFFERS NOVEL INROADS FOR ADDICTION THERAPY.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20 5709  49 SIRT1 DECREASES EMOTIONAL PAIN VULNERABILITY WITH ASSOCIATED CAMKIIALPHA DEACETYLATION IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA. EMOTIONAL DISORDERS ARE COMMON COMORBID CONDITIONS THAT FURTHER EXACERBATE THE SEVERITY AND CHRONICITY OF CHRONIC PAIN. HOWEVER, INDIVIDUALS SHOW CONSIDERABLE VULNERABILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN UNDER SIMILAR PAIN CONDITIONS. IN THIS STUDY ON MALE RAT AND MOUSE MODELS OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN, WE IDENTIFY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1) IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA AS A KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT CONTROLS THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBID EMOTIONAL DISORDERS UNDERLYING THE INDIVIDUAL VULNERABILITY TO CHRONIC PAIN. WE FOUND THAT ANIMALS THAT WERE VULNERABLE TO DEVELOPING BEHAVIORS OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION UNDER THE PAIN CONDITION DISPLAYED REDUCED SIRT1 PROTEIN LEVELS IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA, BUT NOT THOSE ANIMALS RESISTANT TO THE EMOTIONAL DISORDERS. VIRAL OVEREXPRESSION OF LOCAL SIRT1 REVERSED THIS VULNERABILITY, BUT VIRAL KNOCKDOWN OF LOCAL SIRT1 MIMICKED THE PAIN EFFECT, ELICITING THE PAIN VULNERABILITY IN PAIN-FREE ANIMALS. THE SIRT1 ACTION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CAMKIIALPHA DOWNREGULATION AND DEACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 AT THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, BY TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF CAMKIIALPHA IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA, SIRT1 FUNCTIONS TO GUARD AGAINST THE EMOTIONAL PAIN VULNERABILITY UNDER CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. THIS STUDY INDICATES THAT SIRT1 MAY SERVE AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC MOLECULE FOR INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN WITH VULNERABLE EMOTIONAL DISORDERS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT CHRONIC PAIN IS A PREVALENT NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE WITH NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AT PRESENT. PAIN PATIENTS DISPLAY CONSIDERABLY VARIABLE VULNERABILITY TO DEVELOPING CHRONIC PAIN, INDICATING INDIVIDUAL-BASED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE PAIN VULNERABILITY, WHICH IS HARDLY ADDRESSED IN CURRENT PRECLINICAL RESEARCH. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1) AS A KEY REGULATOR THAT CONTROLS THIS PAIN VULNERABILITY. THIS STUDY REVEALS THAT THE SIRT1-CAMKIIAALPHA PATHWAY IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA ACTS AS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM THAT GUARDS AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBID EMOTIONAL DISORDERS UNDER CHRONIC PAIN, AND THAT ITS DYSFUNCTION CAUSES INCREASED VULNERABILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 ACTIVATORS MAY BE USED IN A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH FOR INDIVIDUAL-BASED TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN.	2020