1 3317 157 HISTOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION TO SIGNET-RING CELL CARCINOMA IN A PATIENT WITH CLINICALLY AGGRESSIVE POORLY DIFFERENTIATED ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE ASCENDING COLON AFTER RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY PLUS CETUXIMAB: A CASE REPORT. BACKGROUND: ALTERATION OF CHEMOSENSITIVITY OR TUMOR AGGRESSIVENESS IN RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY HAS BEEN REPORTED, AND LIQUID BIOPSY ASSESSMENT DURING CHEMOTHERAPY FOR COLORECTAL CANCERS HAS CONFIRMED THE ACQUISITION OF MUTATIONS IN VARIOUS ONCOGENES. HOWEVER, THE OCCURRENCE OF HISTOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION SEEMS TO BE EXTREMELY RARE IN COLORECTAL CANCERS, AND THE FEW EXISTING CASE REPORTS OF THIS TRANSFORMATION ARE FROM LUNG CANCER AND BREAST CANCER. IN THIS REPORT, WE DESCRIBE THE HISTOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF CLINICALLY AGGRESSIVE SCIRRHOUS-TYPE POORLY DIFFERENTIATED ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE ASCENDING COLON TO SIGNET-RING CELL CARCINOMA IN ALMOST ALL RECURRENT TUMORS THAT WERE CONFIRMED BY AUTOPSY AFTER RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY PLUS CETUXIMAB. CASE PRESENTATION: A 59-YEAR-OLD WOMAN VISITED OUR HOSPITAL WITH WHOLE ABDOMINAL PAIN AND BODY WEIGHT LOSS AND WAS DIAGNOSED WITH SCIRRHOUS-TYPE POORLY DIFFERENTIATED ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE ASCENDING COLON WITH AGGRESSIVE LYMPH NODE METASTASES. THE INTRINSIC CHEMOSENSITIVITY OF THE TUMORS WAS EVIDENT UPON INITIATION OF MFOLFOX6 PLUS CETUXIMAB THERAPY, AND RIGHT HEMICOLECTOMY WAS PERFORMED, AND THE TUMOR OBVIOUSLY REMAINED IN THE PERIPANCREATIC AREA, PARAAORTIC REGION, OR OTHER RETROPERITONEAL AREAS. THE ASCENDING COLON TUMORS MAINLY CONSISTED OF POORLY DIFFERENTIATED ADENOCARCINOMA AND WERE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNET-RING CELL COMPONENTS EXCEPT FOR MINUTE CLUSTERS IN A FEW LYMPHATIC EMBOLI IN THE MAIN TUMOR. CHEMOTHERAPY WAS CONTINUED, AND METASTASES WERE ELIMINATED AT 8 MONTHS AFTER THE OPERATION; THIS RESPONSE WAS MAINTAINED FOR AN ADDITIONAL 4 MONTHS. DISCONTINUATION OF CHEMOTHERAPY PLUS CETUXIMAB RESULTED IN IMMEDIATE TUMOR RECURRENCE AND RAPID EXPANSION, AND THE PATIENT DIED OF THE RECURRENT TUMOR 1 YEAR AND 2 MONTHS AFTER THE OPERATION. AUTOPSY SPECIMENS REVEALED THAT ALMOST ALL OF THE RECURRENT TUMORS EXHIBITED TRANSFORMATION AND CONSISTED OF SIGNET-RING CELL HISTOLOGY. CONCLUSION: THIS CASE MIGHT SUGGEST THAT VARIOUS ONCOGENE MUTATIONS OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES RESULTING FROM CHEMOTHERAPY, ESPECIALLY REGIMENS THAT INCLUDE CETUXIMAB, CONTRIBUTE TO THE TRANSFORMATION OF NON-SIGNET-RING CELL COLORECTAL CARCINOMA TO SIGNET-RING CELL CARCINOMA HISTOLOGY AND CAN PROMOTE THE AGGRESSIVE CLINICAL PROGRESSION CHARACTERISTIC OF SIGNET-RING CELL CARCINOMA.	2023	

2 4545  28 MUTANT P53 GAIN OF FUNCTION AND CHEMORESISTANCE: THE ROLE OF MUTANT P53 IN RESPONSE TO CLINICAL CHEMOTHERAPY. PURPOSE: TO REVIEW MECHANISMS UNDERLYING MUTANT P53 (MUTP53) GAIN OF FUNCTION (GOF) AND MUTP53-INDUCED CHEMORESISTANCE, AND TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF MUTP53 IN RESPONSE TO CLINICAL CHEMOTHERAPY. METHODS: WE SEARCHED THE PUBMED DATABASE FOR CLINICAL STUDIES FROM THE PAST DECADE, INCLUDING DATA EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF MUTP53 IN CLINICAL CHEMOTHERAPY RESPONSE. RESULTS: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MUTP53 AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS, PROTEINS OR DNA STRUCTURES, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC REGULATION, CONTRIBUTE TO MUTP53 GOF. MAJOR MECHANISMS OF MUTP53-INDUCED CHEMORESISTANCE INCLUDE ENHANCED DRUG EFFLUX AND METABOLISM, PROMOTING SURVIVAL, INHIBITING APOPTOSIS, UPREGULATING DNA REPAIR, SUPPRESSING AUTOPHAGY, ELEVATING MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE AND INDUCING A STEM-LIKE PHENOTYPE. CLINICALLY, MUTP53 PREDICTED RESISTANCE TO CHEMOTHERAPY IN DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA, AND ESOPHAGEAL AND OROPHARYNGEAL CANCERS, BUT ITS IMPACT ON CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA WAS UNCLEAR. IN BLADDER CANCER, MUTP53 DID NOT PREDICT RESISTANCE, WHEREAS IN SOME BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCERS, IT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SENSITIVITY TO CERTAIN CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS. CONCLUSION: MUTP53 HAS AN INTRICATE ROLE IN THE RESPONSE TO CLINICAL CHEMOTHERAPY AND SHOULD NOT BE INTERPRETED IN ISOLATION. FURTHERMORE, WHEN PREDICTING TUMOR RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY BASED ON THE P53 STATUS, THE DRUGS USED SHOULD ALSO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION. THESE CONCEPTS REQUIRE FURTHER INVESTIGATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3 2637  31 EPIGENOME-WIDE STUDY IDENTIFIES EPIGENETIC OUTLIERS IN NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER. NONGENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO COLORECTAL CANCER CONTINUES TO BE DIFFICULT TO MEASURE PRECISELY, HAMPERING EFFORTS IN TARGETED PREVENTION AND SCREENING. EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER CAN SERVE AS A TOOL IN PREDICTING COLORECTAL CANCER OUTCOMES. WE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AFFECTING THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER. DNA METHYLATION PROFILING ON NORMAL COLON MUCOSA FROM 77 PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER AND 68 CONTROLS IDENTIFIED A DISTINCT SUBGROUP OF NORMALLY-APPEARING MUCOSA WITH MARKEDLY DISRUPTED DNA METHYLATION AT A LARGE NUMBER OF CPGS, TERMED AS "OUTLIER METHYLATION PHENOTYPE" (OMP) AND ARE PRESENT IN 15 OF 77 PATIENTS WITH CANCER VERSUS 0 OF 68 CONTROLS (P < 0.001). SIMILAR FINDINGS WERE ALSO SEEN IN PUBLICLY AVAILABLE DATASETS. COMPARISON OF NORMAL COLON MUCOSA TRANSCRIPTION PROFILES OF PATIENTS WITH OMP CANCER WITH THOSE OF PATIENTS WITH NON-OMP CANCER INDICATES GENES WHOSE PROMOTERS ARE HYPERMETHYLATED IN THE OMP PATIENTS ARE ALSO TRANSCRIPTIONALLY DOWNREGULATED, AND THAT MANY OF THE GENES MOST AFFECTED ARE INVOLVED IN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EPITHELIAL CELLS, THE MUCUS LAYER, AND THE MICROBIOME. ANALYSIS OF 16S RRNA PROFILES SUGGESTS THAT NORMAL COLON MUCOSA OF OMPS ARE ENRICHED IN BACTERIAL GENERA ASSOCIATED WITH COLORECTAL CANCER RISK, ADVANCED TUMOR STAGE, CHRONIC INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION, MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION, NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS, AND KRAS MUTATIONS. IN CONCLUSION, OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES AN EPIGENETICALLY DISTINCT OMP GROUP IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A DISRUPTED METHYLOME, ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION, AND MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS. PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO DETERMINE WHETHER OMP COULD SERVE AS A BIOMARKER FOR AN ELEVATED EPIGENETIC RISK FOR COLORECTAL CANCER DEVELOPMENT. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES AN EPIGENETICALLY DISTINCT OMP GROUP IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A DISRUPTED METHYLOME, ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION, AND MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS. IDENTIFICATION OF OMPS IN HEALTHY CONTROLS AND PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER WILL LEAD TO PREVENTION AND BETTER PROGNOSIS, RESPECTIVELY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4 5785  29 SPONTANEOUS NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF WB-F344 RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL CELLS. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT CULTURED RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL CELLS TRANSFORM SPONTANEOUSLY AFTER CHRONIC MAINTENANCE IN A CONFLUENT STATE IN VITRO. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT LINEAGES OF LOW-PASSAGE WB-F344 RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL STEM-LIKE CELLS WERE INITIATED AND SUBJECTED IN PARALLEL TO SELECTION FOR SPONTANEOUS TRANSFORMATION TO DETERMINE WHETHER SPONTANEOUS ACQUISITION OF TUMORIGENICITY WAS THE RESULT OF EVENTS (GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC) THAT OCCURRED INDEPENDENTLY AND STOCHASTICALLY, OR REFLECTED THE EXPRESSION OF A PRE-EXISTING ALTERATION WITHIN THE PARENTAL WB-F344 CELL LINE. TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE SPONTANEOUS ACQUISITION OF TUMORIGENICITY BY WB-F344 CELLS DEMONSTRATED LINEAGE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN THE TIME OF FIRST EXPRESSION OF THE TUMORIGENIC PHENOTYPE, FREQUENCIES AND LATENCIES OF TUMOR FORMATION, AND TUMOR DIFFERENTIATIONS. ALTHOUGH SPONTANEOUSLY TRANSFORMED WB-F344 CELLS PRODUCED DIVERSE TUMOR TYPES (INCLUDING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS, CHOLANGIOCARCINOMAS, HEPATOBLASTOMAS, AND OSTEOGENIC SARCOMAS), INDIVIDUAL LINEAGES YIELDED TUMORS WITH CONSISTENT AND SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF DIFFERENTIATION. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE THAT THE STOCHASTIC ACCUMULATION OF INDEPENDENT TRANSFORMING EVENTS DURING THE SELECTION REGIMEN IN VITRO WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR SPONTANEOUS NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF WB-F344 CELLS. FURTHERMORE, CELL LINEAGE COMMITMENT TO A SPECIFIC DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAM WAS STABLE WITH TIME IN CULTURE AND WITH SITE OF TRANSPLANTATION. THIS IS THE FIRST REPORT OF A COHORT OF RELATED, BUT INDEPENDENT, RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL CELL LINES THAT COLLECTIVELY PRODUCE A SPECTRUM OF TUMOR TYPES BUT INDIVIDUALLY REPRODUCE A SPECIFIC TUMOR TYPE. THESE CELL LINES WILL PROVIDE VALUABLE REAGENTS FOR INVESTIGATION OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HEPATIC STEM-LIKE CELLS AND FOR EXAMINATION OF POTENTIAL CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS IN SPONTANEOUSLY TRANSFORMED RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL CELL LINES BETWEEN MOLECULAR/CELLULAR ALTERATIONS AND THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE TUMORS IN SYNGENEIC ANIMALS.	1998	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5 6584  28 TRIGGERING RECEPTORS EXPRESSED ON MYELOID CELLS 1 : OUR NEW PARTNER IN HUMAN ONCOLOGY? INFLAMMATION IS RECOGNIZED AS ONE OF THE HALLMARKS OF CANCER. INDEED, STRONG EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT CHRONIC INFLAMMATION PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN ONCOGENESIS, PROMOTING GENOME INSTABILITY, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, PROLIFERATION AND DISSEMINATION OF CANCER CELLS. MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES (MPS) HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS KEY CONTRIBUTORS OF THE INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE IN SEVERAL SOLID HUMAN NEOPLASIA, PROMOTING ANGIOGENESIS AND CANCER PROGRESSION. ONE OF THE MOST DESCRIBED AMPLIFIERS OF MPS PRO-INFLAMMATORY INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE IS THE TRIGGERING RECEPTORS EXPRESSED ON MYELOID CELLS 1 (TREM-1). GROWING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS TREM-1 INVOLVEMENT IN ONCOGENESIS THROUGH CANCER RELATED INFLAMMATION AND THE SURROUNDING TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT. IN HUMAN ONCOLOGY, HIGH LEVELS OF TREM-1 AND/OR ITS SOLUBLE FORM HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH POORER SURVIVAL DATA IN SEVERAL SOLID MALIGNANCIES, ESPECIALLY IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND LUNG CANCER. TREM-1 SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER IN HUMAN ONCOLOGY AND COULD BE USED AS A NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGET OF INTEREST IN HUMAN ONCOLOGY (TREM-1 INHIBITORS, TREM-1 AGONISTS). MORE CLINICAL STUDIES ARE URGENTLY NEEDED TO CONFIRM TREM-1 (AND TREM FAMILY) ROLES IN THE PROGNOSIS AND THE TREATMENT OF HUMAN SOLID CANCERS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6 5688  32 SILENCING EFFECTS OF MUTANT RAS SIGNALLING ON TRANSCRIPTOMES. MUTATED GENES OF THE RAS FAMILY ENCODING SMALL GTP-BINDING PROTEINS DRIVE NUMEROUS CANCERS, INCLUDING PANCREATIC, COLON AND LUNG TUMORS. BESIDES THE NUMEROUS EFFECTS OF MUTANT RAS GENE EXPRESSION ON ABERRANT PROLIFERATION, TRANSFORMED PHENOTYPES, METABOLISM, AND THERAPY RESISTANCE, THE MOST STRIKING CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC RAS ACTIVATION ARE CHANGES OF THE GENETIC PROGRAM. BY PERFORMING SYSTEMATIC GENE EXPRESSION STUDIES IN CELLULAR MODELS THAT ALLOW COMPARISONS OF PRE-NEOPLASTIC WITH RAS-TRANSFORMED CELLS, WE AND OTHERS HAVE ESTIMATED THAT 7 PERCENT OR MORE OF ALL TRANSCRIPTS ARE ALTERED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE EXPRESSION OF THE ONCOGENE. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE NUMBER OF UP-REGULATED TRANSCRIPTS APPROXIMATES THAT OF DOWN-REGULATED TRANSCRIPTS. WHILE UP-REGULATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SUCH AS MYC, FOSL1, AND HMGA2 HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND CHARACTERIZED AS RAS-RESPONSIVE DRIVERS OF THE ALTERED TRANSCRIPTOME, THE SUPPRESSED FACTORS HAVE BEEN LESS WELL STUDIED AS POTENTIAL REGULATORS OF THE GENETIC PROGRAM AND TRANSFORMED PHENOTYPE IN THE BREADTH OF THEIR OCCURRENCE. WE THEREFORE HAVE COLLECTED INFORMATION ON DOWNREGULATED RAS-RESPONSIVE FACTORS AND DISCUSS THEIR POTENTIAL ROLE AS TUMOR SUPPRESSORS THAT ARE LIKELY TO ANTAGONIZE ACTIVE CANCER DRIVERS. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE ACTIVE MECHANISMS THAT ENTAIL ANTI-RAS FUNCTION AND THOSE THAT LEAD TO LOSS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITY, WE FOCUS ON THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR HREV107 (ALIAS PLAAT3 [PHOSPHOLIPASE A AND ACYLTRANSFERASE 3], PLA2G16 [PHOSPHOLIPASE A2, GROUP XVI] AND HRASLS3 [HRAS-LIKE SUPPRESSOR 3]). INACTIVATING HREV107 MUTATIONS IN TUMORS ARE EXTREMELY RARE, HENCE EPIGENETIC CAUSES MODULATED BY THE RAS PATHWAY ARE LIKELY TO LEAD TO DOWN-REGULATION AND LOSS OF FUNCTION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  402  31 ANALYSIS OF APOPTOSOME DYSREGULATION IN PANCREATIC CANCER AND OF ITS ROLE IN CHEMORESISTANCE. THE APOPTOSOME IS A MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEX MEDIATING THE MITOCHONDRIAL PATHWAY OF CELL DEATH. ITS IMPORTANCE DURING DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN CLEARLY DEMONSTRATED BY KNOCKING OUT KEY GENES IN MOUSE. APAF1 IS THE CORE PROTEIN OF THE APOPTOSOME AND ITS DOSAGE IS ALSO CRITICAL IN VARIOUS CANCER TYPES, I.E., MELANOMA, GERM LINE TUMOR, GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER AND B-TYPE CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THIS IS GENERALLY DUE TO INACTIVATION OF THE APAF1 LOCUS BY EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR BY ACTIVITY OF PROMOTER REGULATORS. WE INVESTIGATED THE PUTATIVE ROLES OF THE APOPTOSOME IN PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA (PDAC). WE FOUND THAT BOTH APAF1 MRNA AND PROTEIN ARE DYSREGULATED IN HUMAN PDAC SAMPLES. SIMILARLY, SEVERAL PDAC CELL LINES EXHIBITED VARIABLE LEVELS OF BOTH APAF1 PROTEIN AND MRNA. THE RESPONSE TO CELL DEATH INDUCTION AND ITS BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES WERE ASSESSED BY TREATMENT OF EACH LINE WITH COMMONLY USED CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS. WE FOUND THAT THE APOPTOSOME PATHWAY WAS NOT FUNCTIONAL IN MOST CELL LINES UPON CYTOCHROME C RELEASE FROM MITOCHONDRIA. IN ADDITION, WE RESTORED APAF1 AND CASPASE-9 DOSAGE IN PANC-1 CELLS, WHERE THE APOPTOSOME IS DOWNREGULATED, BY OVEREXPRESSING THE MURINE CDNA OF THE TWO MOLECULES, AND WE IMPROVED THE DEATH RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8 6421  28 THE THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES OF RESMINOSTAT FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF PRIMARY LIVER CANCER WITH INCREASES IN NEW CASES BEING REPORTED ANNUALLY. HISTOPATHOLOGISTS HAVE IDENTIFIED HEPATIC STEATOSIS AS A CHARACTERISTIC OF A BROAD RANGE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. IN THIS CONTEXT, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY SERVE AS PRECANCEROUS FACTORS PREDISPOSING NORMAL CELLS TO THE INITIATION OF CARCINOGENESIS. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT HEPATIC TUMORIGENESIS AND DIFFERENTIATED ADIPOCYTES MAY MODULATE BOTH GLOBAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) EXPRESSION AND SPECIFIC CLASS I HDAC GENES IN THE TUMOUR MICROENVIRONMENT. THE NOVEL CLASS I HDAC INHIBITOR RESMINOSTAT WAS SHOWN TO REDUCE THE PROLIFERATION OF HCC CELLS ALONG WITH ITS SPECIFICITY IN TARGETING CLASS I HDACS AND ONCOGENES. THE COMBINED EFFECT OF RESMINOSTAT WITH SEVERAL PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS SUCH AS SORAFENIB, CISPLATIN AND DOXORUBICIN WAS ALSO DEMONSTRATED. THE INHIBITION OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 (HSP90) HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTION FOR HCC. IN LINE WITH THIS, THE SPECIFIC HSP90 INHIBITOR 17-(ALLYLAMINO)-17-DEMETHOXYGELDANAMYCIN (17-AAG) WAS SELECTED AND IT WAS FOUND THAT THE COMBINATION OF RESMINOSTAT AND 17-AAG MAY PROVIDE A "SMART" CLINICAL STRATEGY FOR HCC PATIENTS BY TARGETING CELLULAR COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE TUMOUR MICROENVIRONMENT. THIS STUDY PROVIDES AN INSIGHT INTO THE USE OF RESMINOSTAT AS AN EPIGENETIC BASED THERAPEUTIC FOR HCC ALONG WITH OTHER PHARMACEUTICAL OPTIONS, IN PARTICULAR BY TARGETING THE CELL-TO-CELL COMMUNICATION THAT OCCURS BETWEEN HEPATOMA AND ADIPOCYTES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9 3125  28 GHSR DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IS A COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF HIGH DIAGNOSTIC VALUE IN A BROAD SPECTRUM OF CANCERS. IDENTIFICATION OF A SINGLE MOLECULAR TRAIT THAT IS DETERMINANT OF COMMON MALIGNANCIES MAY SERVE AS A POWERFUL DIAGNOSTIC SUPPLEMENT TO CANCER TYPE-SPECIFIC MARKERS. HERE, WE REPORT A DNA METHYLATION MARK THAT IS CHARACTERISTIC OF SEVEN STUDIED MALIGNANCIES, NAMELY CANCERS OF LUNG, BREAST, PROSTATE, PANCREAS, COLORECTUM, GLIOBLASTOMA AND B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) (N = 137). THIS MARK WAS DEFINED BY SUBSTANTIAL HYPERMETHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER AND FIRST EXON OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOUGE RECEPTOR (GHSR) THROUGH BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. THE DEGREE OF ABERRANT METHYLATION WAS CAPABLE OF ACCURATE DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN CANCER AND CONTROL SAMPLES. THE HIGHEST SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF CANCER DETECTION WAS ACHIEVED FOR CANCERS OF PANCREAS, LUNG, BREAST AND CLL YIELDING THE AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC) VALUES OF 1.0000, 0.9952, 0.9800 AND 0.9400, RESPECTIVELY. NARROWING TO A SINGLE CPG SITE WITHIN THE GENE'S PROMOTER OR FOUR CONSECUTIVE CPG UNITS OF THE HIGHEST METHYLATION LEVELS WITHIN THE FIRST EXON IMPROVED THE DETECTION POWER. GHSR HYPERMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED ALREADY AT THE EARLY STAGE TUMORS. THE ACCURATE PERFORMANCE OF THIS MARKER WAS FURTHER REPLICATED IN AN INDEPENDENT SET OF PANCREATIC CANCER AND CONTROL SAMPLES (N = 78). THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE CANDIDATURE OF GHSR METHYLATION AS A HIGHLY ACCURATE PAN-CANCER MARKER.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10 2935  29 GENETIC ALTERATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE GENETICS OF B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) DIFFER CONSIDERABLY FROM MOST OTHER FORMS OF HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY WHICH ARE USUALLY CHARACTERIZED BY CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATIONS. B-CLL TYPICALLY CONTAINS CHROMOSOMAL DELETIONS AND CHROMOSOMES 13Q14 AND 11Q22-->Q23 ARE THE MOST COMMON. THESE TWO REGIONS APPEAR TO SHARE A COMMON ANCESTRAL ORIGIN (AUER ET AL., 2007B). OVERALL, CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES CAN BE FOUND IN THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS WITH B-CLL WHEN USING SENSITIVE TECHNIQUES (DOHNERET AL., 2000) AND POSSIBLY REFLECTS AN UNDERLYING PREDISPOSITION, WITH A SMALL BUT SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF FAMILIAL CASES. ALTHOUGH SINGLE AND CONSISTENT ABNORMALITIES ARE MOST COMMON, MULTIPLE REARRANGEMENTS CAN OCCUR, OFTEN WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION (FEGANETAL., 1995; DOHNER ET AL., 2000). REGIONS OF RECURRENT DELETION SUGGEST THE PRESENCE OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IF FOLLOWING KNUDSON'S THEORETICAL 2-HIT MODEL. HOWEVER, DESPITE EXTENSIVE SEQUENCING ANALYSIS OVER THE LAST DECADE AND LACK OF PATHOGENIC MUTATIONS IDENTIFIED, THERE HAS BEEN A MOVE AWAY FROM THIS SUGGESTED HYPOTHESIS AND ALTERNATIVE MECHANISMS OF GENE INACTIVATION INVOLVING EPIGENETIC SILENCING OR HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY MAY BE CONSIDERED AS MORE LIKELY IN THIS DISEASE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE COMMON GENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN B-CLL AND RELATES THEM TO SOME OF THE MORE RECENT HYPOTHESES ON INACTIVATION OF GENES WITHIN THESE REGIONS OF DELETION.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11 6595  28 TUMOR-SPECIFIC GROWTH FACTOR (TSGF): A FUTURISTIC TUMOR BIOMARKER IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER. DESPITE THE SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT IN THE TREATMENT MODALITIES, CANCER IS ONE OF THE FASTEST-GROWING CHRONIC DISEASE CONDITIONS ALL OVER THE WORLD. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CELL ARE THE KEY FACTOR FOR TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. THESE CHANGES CAN TRIGGER THE PRODUCTION OF ABNORMAL PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS THROUGH STIMULATION OF DIFFERENT SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND CAN DEEPLY AFFECT NORMAL CELL GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION. ANY ALTERED PROTEIN EXPRESSION, GENETIC VARIATION, MICRO-RNA OR POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN MODIFICATIONS THAT INDICATE TUMORIGENESIS CAN ACT AS AN EARLY SIGNAL TERMED AS BIOMARKER. CANCER, BEING A MULTISTEP PROCESS WITH ACCUMULATING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, COULD BE DETECTED EARLY WITH SUITABLE BIOMARKERS. THERE ARE SEVERAL PROTEINS SUCH AS AFP, CA-125, PSA, TROPONIN, CEA, OSTEOPONTIN, CA 19-9 THAT ACT AS BIOMARKERS WHICH HELP IN EARLY DETECTION, PROGNOSIS, AND MONITORING OF DISEASE PROGRESSION, A HUNT FOR NEWER BIOMARKERS WITH HIGHER SPECIFICITY AND SENSITIVITY IS STILL ONGOING. TUMOR-SPECIFIC GROWTH FACTOR (TSGF) IS ONE SUCH BUDDING AND PREVAILING TUMOR BIOMARKER USED FOR THE EARLY-STAGE DETECTION OF SEVERAL TYPES OF CARCINOMAS. TSGF IS A GENE THAT HELPS IN TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS AND GETS RELEASED DURING THE PRELIMINARY STAGES FROM CANCER CELLS THAT ENSURE THE VASCULAR PROLIFERATION OF THE SAME. IN THIS REVIEW, THE CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF TSGF IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF MALIGNANCY IS DISCUSSED IN DETAIL AND SUGGESTS THE POSSIBILITY OF USING TSGF AS A BIOMARKER IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12 1966  30 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF PRKCDBP IN COLORECTAL CANCERS AND ITS IMPLICATION IN TUMOR CELL RESISTANCE TO TNFALPHA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. PURPOSE: PRKCDBP IS A PUTATIVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN WHICH ALTERATION HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN SEVERAL HUMAN CANCERS. WE INVESTIGATED EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF PRKCDBP IN COLORECTAL CELLS AND TISSUES TO EXPLORE ITS CANDIDACY AS A SUPPRESSOR IN COLORECTAL TUMORIGENESIS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF PRKCDBP AND ITS EFFECT ON TUMOR GROWTH WERE EVALUATED. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING WAS DEFINED BY LUCIFERASE REPORTER AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: PRKCDBP EXPRESSION WAS HARDLY DETECTABLE IN 29 OF 80 (36%) PRIMARY TUMORS AND 11 OF 19 (58%) CELL LINES, AND ITS ALTERATION CORRELATED WITH TUMOR STAGE AND GRADE. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION WAS COMMONLY FOUND IN CANCERS. PRKCDBP EXPRESSION INDUCED THE G(1) CELL-CYCLE ARREST AND INCREASED CELLULAR SENSITIVITY TO VARIOUS APOPTOTIC STRESSES. PRKCDBP WAS INDUCED BY TNFALPHA, AND ITS LEVEL CORRELATED WITH TUMOR CELL SENSITIVITY TO TNFALPHA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. PRKCDBP INDUCTION BY TNFALPHA WAS DISRUPTED BY BLOCKING NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING WHILE IT WAS ENHANCED BY RELA TRANSFECTION. THE PRKCDBP PROMOTER ACTIVITY WAS INCREASED IN RESPONSE TO TNFALPHA, AND THIS RESPONSE WAS ABOLISHED BY DISRUPTION OF A KAPPAB SITE IN THE PROMOTER. PRKCDBP DELAYED THE FORMATION AND GROWTH OF XENOGRAFT TUMORS AND IMPROVED TUMOR RESPONSE TO TNFALPHA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. CONCLUSIONS: PRKCDBP IS A PROAPOPTOTIC TUMOR SUPPRESSOR WHICH IS COMMONLY ALTERED IN COLORECTAL CANCER BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, AND ITS GENE TRANSCRIPTION IS DIRECTLY ACTIVATED BY NF-KAPPAB IN RESPONSE TO TNFALPHA. THIS SUGGESTS THAT PRKCDBP INACTIVATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO TUMOR PROGRESSION BY REDUCING CELLULAR SENSITIVITY TO TNFALPHA AND OTHER STRESSES, PARTICULARLY UNDER CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY MICROENVIRONMENT.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13 1260  28 CURRENT VIEWS ON THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN TYROSINE KINASES AND PHOSPHATASES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY BCR-ABL1 ONCOGENE EXPRESSION. THIS DYSREGULATED PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE (PTK) IS KNOWN AS THE PRINCIPAL DRIVER OF THE DISEASE AND IS TARGETED BY TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS). EXTENSIVE DOCUMENTATION HAS ELUCIDATED HOW THE TRANSFORMATION OF MALIGNANT CELLS IS CHARACTERIZED BY MULTIPLE GENETIC/EPIGENETIC CHANGES LEADING TO THE LOSS OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES FUNCTION OR PROTO-ONCOGENES EXPRESSION. THE IMPAIRMENT OF ADEQUATE LEVELS OF SUBSTRATES PHOSPHORYLATION, THUS AFFECTING THE BALANCE PTKS AND PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES (PPS), REPRESENTS A WELL-ESTABLISHED CELLULAR MECHANISM TO ESCAPE FROM SELF-LIMITING SIGNALS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS OUR ATTENTION ON THE CHARACTERIZATION OF AND INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PTKS AND PPS, EMPHASIZING THEIR BIOLOGICAL ROLES IN DISEASE EXPANSION, THE REGULATION OF LSCS AND TKI RESISTANCE. WE DECIDED TO SEPARATE THOSE PPS THAT HAVE BEEN VALIDATED IN PRIMARY CELL MODELS OR LEUKEMIA MOUSE MODELS FROM THOSE WHOSE STUDIES HAVE BEEN PERFORMED ONLY IN CELL LINES (AND, THUS, REQUIRE VALIDATION), AS THERE MAY BE DIFFERENCES IN THE MANNER THAT THE ASSOCIATED PATHWAYS ARE MODIFIED UNDER THESE TWO CONDITIONS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE ROLES OF DIVERSE PPS, WITH HOPE THAT BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THE INTERPLAY AMONG PHOSPHATASES AND KINASES WILL EVENTUALLY RESULT IN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THIS DISEASE AND CONTRIBUTE TO ITS ERADICATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14 5433  24 REL/NF-KAPPA B/I KAPPA B SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN THE GENERATION AND TREATMENT OF HUMAN CANCER. THE REL/NF-KAPPA B FAMILY IS A GROUP OF STRUCTURALLY-RELATED, TIGHTLY-REGULATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS THAT CONTROL THE EXPRESSION OF A MULTITUDE OF GENES INVOLVED IN KEY CELLULAR AND ORGANISMAL PROCESSES. THE REL/NF-KAPPA B SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY IS MISREGULATED IN A VARIETY OF HUMAN CANCERS, ESPECIALLY ONES OF LYMPHOID CELL ORIGIN, DUE EITHER TO GENETIC CHANGES (SUCH AS CHROMOSOMAL REARRANGEMENTS, AMPLIFICATIONS, AND MUTATIONS) OR TO CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE PATHWAY BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF THE REL/NF-KAPPA B PATHWAY CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE ONCOGENIC STATE IN SEVERAL WAYS, FOR EXAMPLE, BY DRIVING PROLIFERATION, BY ENHANCING CELL SURVIVAL, OR BY PROMOTING ANGIOGENESIS OR METASTASIS. IN MANY CASES, INHIBITION OF REL/NF-KAPPA B ACTIVITY REVERSES ALL OR PART OF THE MALIGNANT STATE. THUS, THE REL/NF-KAPPA B PATHWAY HAS RECEIVED MUCH ATTENTION AS A FOCAL POINT FOR CLINICAL INTERVENTION.	2002	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15 3195  30 HDAC INHIBITORS AUGMENTED CELL MIGRATION AND METASTASIS THROUGH INDUCTION OF PKCS LEADING TO IDENTIFICATION OF LOW TOXICITY MODALITIES FOR COMBINATION CANCER THERAPY. PURPOSE: HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI) ARE ACTIVELY EXPLORED AS NEW-GENERATION EPIGENETIC DRUGS BUT HAVE LOW EFFICACY IN CANCER MONOTHERAPY. TO REVEAL NEW MECHANISM FOR COMBINATION THERAPY, WE SHOW THAT HDACI INDUCE CELL DEATH BUT SIMULTANEOUSLY ACTIVATE TUMOR-PROGRESSIVE GENES TO RUIN THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY. COMBINED TREATMENTS TO TARGET TUMORIGENESIS AND HDACI-ACTIVATED METASTASIS WITH LOW TOXIC MODALITIES COULD DEVELOP NEW STRATEGIES FOR LONG-TERM CANCER THERAPY. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: BECAUSE METASTASIS IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF CANCER MORTALITY, WE MEASURED CELL MIGRATION ACTIVITY AND PROFILED METASTASIS-RELATED GENE EXPRESSIONS IN HDACI-TREATED CANCER CELLS. WE DEVELOPED LOW TOXIC COMBINATION MODALITIES TARGETING TUMORIGENESIS AND HDACI-ACTIVATED METASTASIS FOR PRECLINICAL THERAPIES IN MICE. RESULTS: WE SHOWED THAT CELL MIGRATION ACTIVITY WAS DRAMATICALLY AND DOSE DEPENDENTLY ENHANCED BY VARIOUS CLASSES OF HDACI TREATMENTS IN 13 OF 30 EXAMINED HUMAN BREAST, GASTRIC, LIVER, AND LUNG CANCER CELL LINES. TUMOR METASTASIS WAS ALSO ENHANCED IN HDACI-TREATED MICE. HDACI TREATMENTS ACTIVATED MULTIPLE PKCS AND DOWNSTREAM SUBSTRATES ALONG WITH UPREGULATED PROAPOPTOTIC P21. FOR TARGETING TUMORIGENESIS AND METASTASIS WITH IMMEDIATE CLINICAL IMPACT, WE SHOWED THAT NEW MODALITIES OF HDACI COMBINED DRUGS WITH PKC INHIBITORY AGENT, CURCUMIN OR TAMOXIFEN, NOT ONLY SUPPRESSED HDACI-ACTIVATED TUMOR PROGRESSIVE PROTEINS AND CELL MIGRATION IN VITRO BUT ALSO INHIBITED TUMOR GROWTH AND METASTASIS IN VIVO. CONCLUSION: TREATMENTS OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL CLASSES OF HDACI SIMULTANEOUSLY INDUCED CELL DEATH AND PROMOTED CELL MIGRATION AND METASTASIS IN MULTIPLE CANCER CELL TYPES. SUPPRESSION OF HDACI-INDUCED PKCS LEADS TO DEVELOPMENT OF LOW TOXIC AND LONG-TERM THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO POTENTIALLY TREAT CANCER AS A CHRONIC DISEASE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16  493  22 ASSESSMENT OF P53 AND ATM FUNCTIONALITY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA BY MULTIPLEX LIGATION-DEPENDENT PROBE AMPLIFICATION. THE ATM-P53 DNA-DAMAGE RESPONSE (DDR) PATHWAY HAS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN CHEMORESISTANCE IN CLL, AS INDICATED BY THE ADVERSE PROGNOSTIC IMPACT OF GENETIC ABERRATIONS OF TP53 AND ATM. IDENTIFYING AND DISTINGUISHING TP53 AND ATM FUNCTIONAL DEFECTS HAS BECOME RELEVANT AS EPIGENETIC AND POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL DYSREGULATION OF THE ATM/P53 AXIS IS INCREASINGLY BEING RECOGNIZED AS THE UNDERLYING CAUSE OF CHEMORESISTANCE. ALSO, SPECIFIC TREATMENTS SENSITIZING TP53- OR ATM-DEFICIENT CLL CELLS ARE EMERGING. WE THEREFORE DEVELOPED A NEW ATM-P53 FUNCTIONAL ASSAY WITH THE AIM TO (I) IDENTIFY AND (II) DISTINGUISH ABNORMALITIES OF TP53 VERSUS ATM AND (III) ENABLE THE IDENTIFICATION OF ADDITIONAL DEFECTS IN THE ATM-P53 PATHWAY. REVERSED TRANSCRIPTASE MULTIPLEX LIGATION-DEPENDENT PROBE AMPLIFICATION (RT-MLPA) WAS USED TO MEASURE ATM AND/OR P53-DEPENDENT GENES AT THE RNA LEVEL FOLLOWING DNA DAMAGE USING IRRADIATION. HERE, WE SHOWED THAT THIS ASSAY IS ABLE TO IDENTIFY AND DISTINGUISH THREE SUBGROUPS OF CLL TUMORS (I.E., TP53-DEFECTIVE, ATM-DEFECTIVE AND WT) AND IS ALSO ABLE TO DETECT ADDITIONAL SAMPLES WITH A DEFECTIVE DDR, WITHOUT MOLECULAR ABERRATIONS IN TP53 AND/OR ATM. THESE FINDINGS MAKE THE ATM-P53 RT-MLPA FUNCTIONAL ASSAY A PROMISING PROGNOSTIC TOOL FOR PREDICTING TREATMENT RESPONSES IN CLL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17  546  28 ATTENUATED EXPRESSION OF SLCO2A1 CAUSED BY DNA METHYLATION IN PEDIATRIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. BACKGROUND: SLCO2A1 ENCODES A PROSTAGLANDIN (PG) TRANSPORTER, AND AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE PATHOGENIC VARIANTS OF THIS GENE CAUSE CHRONIC ENTEROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH SLCO2A1. IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER A HETEROZYGOUS PATHOGENIC VARIANT OF SLCO2A1 HAS A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OTHER TYPES OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD). IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF A LOCAL EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN SLCO2A1 IN PATIENTS WITH A HETEROZYGOUS PATHOGENIC VARIANT. METHODS: WE CONDUCTED WHOLE-EXOME SEQUENCING OF SAMPLES FROM 2 SISTERS WITH SUSPECTED MONOGENIC IBD. IN ADDITION, WE PERFORMED BISULFITE SEQUENCING USING DNA EXTRACTED FROM THEIR SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE SAMPLES TO EXPLORE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. RESULTS: A HETEROZYGOUS SPLICING SITE VARIANT, SLCO2A1:C.940 + 1G > A, WAS DETECTED IN BOTH PATIENTS. TO EXPLORE THE POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, WE ANALYZED PROTEIN AND MESSENGER RNA EXPRESSION OF SLCO2A1, AND OBSERVED ATTENUATED SLCO2A1 EXPRESSION IN THE INFLAMED LESIONS OF THESE PATIENTS COMPARED WITH THAT IN THE CONTROL INDIVIDUALS. FURTHERMORE, BISULFITE SEQUENCING INDICATED DENSE METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF SLCO2A1 ONLY IN THE INFLAMED LESIONS OF BOTH PATIENTS. THE URINARY PG METABOLITE LEVELS IN THESE PATIENTS WERE COMPARABLE TO THOSE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ENTEROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH SLCO2A1 AND HIGHER THAN THOSE IN THE CONTROL INDIVIDUALS. WE FOUND CONSIDERABLY HIGHER LEVELS OF THE METABOLITES IN PATIENT 1, WHO SHOWED MORE SEVERE SYMPTOMS THAN PATIENT 2. CONCLUSIONS: LOCAL DNA METHYLATION ATTENUATED SLCO2A1 EXPRESSION, WHICH MAY EVOKE LOCAL INFLAMMATION OF THE MUCOSA BY THE UNINCORPORATED PG. THESE FINDINGS MAY IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING IBD DEVELOPMENT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18 3693  34 INFLAMMATORY CELLS CAN ALTER THE LEVELS OF H3K9AC AND GAMMAH2AX IN DYSPLASTIC CELLS AND FAVOR TUMOR PHENOTYPE. ORAL POTENTIALLY MALIGNANT DISORDERS (OPMD) ARE CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS THAT CARRY AN INCREASED RISK OF CANCER DEVELOPMENT. CURRENTLY, EPITHELIAL DYSPLASIA GRADE IS BASED ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CYTOLOGICAL EPITHELIAL CHANGES AND IS USED TO PREDICT THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF THESE LESIONS. HOWEVER, PREDICTING WHICH OPMD WILL PROGRESS TO A MALIGNANT TUMOR IS VERY CHALLENGING. INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATES CAN FAVOR CANCER DEVELOPMENT, AND RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THIS ASSOCIATION WITH OPMD LESIONS MAY BE RELATED TO THE ETIOLOGY AND/OR AGGRESSIVE CLINICAL BEHAVIOR OF THESE LESIONS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MAY MEDIATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND ALSO FAVOR TUMOR CELLS IN IMMUNE RESISTANCE AND EVASION. THIS STUDY AIMED TO EVALUATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HISTONE ACETYLATION (H3K9AC) AND DNA DAMAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF DYSPLASTIC LESIONS WITH PROMINENT CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OF "LOW-RISK" AND "HIGH-RISK" OPMD LESIONS (N = 24) AND INFLAMMATORY FIBROUS HYPERPLASIA (N = 10) AS THE CONTROL GROUP WAS PERFORMED TO ASSESS HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS AND DNA DAMAGE THROUGH THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF H2AX (GAMMAH2AX). CELL CO-CULTURE ASSAYS WITH PBMCS AND ORAL KERATINOCYTE CELL LINES (NOK-SI, DOK, AND SCC-25) WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS PROLIFERATION, ADHESION, MIGRATION, AND EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). ORAL DYSPLASTIC LESIONS SHOWED A HYPOACETYLATION OF H3K9 AND LOW LEVELS OF GAMMAH2AX COMPARED TO CONTROL. THE CONTACT OF DYSPLASTIC ORAL KERATINOCYTES WITH PBMCS FAVORED EMT AND THE LOSS OF CELL-CELL ADHESION. ON THE OTHER HAND, P27 LEVELS INCREASED AND CYCLIN E DECREASED IN DOK, INDICATING CELL CYCLE ARREST. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED TO DYSPLASTIC LESIONS IS CAPABLE OF PROMOTING EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, WHICH IN TURN CAN FAVOR THE PROCESS OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19 1545  35 DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER TUMORIGENESIS IN FISH FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, ALTERATION IN DNA METHYLATION AND CANCER HAS BEEN WELL ESTABLISHED IN HUMANS; YET, IT IS UNDER-STUDIED IN UNSEQUENCED NON-MODEL ORGANISMS. THE OCCURRENCE OF LIVER TUMORS IN THE FLATFISH DAB COLLECTED AT CERTAIN UK SAMPLING SITES EXCEEDS 20%, YET THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS AND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TUMOR FORMATION ARE NOT KNOWN, ESPECIALLY REGARDING THE BALANCE BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC FACTORS. METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP) COMBINED WITH DE NOVO HIGH-THROUGHPUT DNA SEQUENCING WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN DAB HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA TUMORS FOR THE FIRST TIME IN AN UNSEQUENCED SPECIES. NOVEL CUSTOM-MADE DAB GENE EXPRESSION ARRAYS WERE DESIGNED AND USED TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. IN ADDITION, THE CONFIRMATORY TECHNIQUES OF BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR (BSP) AND RT-PCR WERE APPLIED. GENES INVOLVED IN PATHWAYS RELATED TO CANCER, INCLUDING APOPTOSIS, WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING AND GENOMIC AND NON-GENOMIC ESTROGEN RESPONSES, WERE ALTERED BOTH IN METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION. GLOBAL METHYLATION WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY 1.8-FOLD REDUCED IN HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA AND NON-CANCEROUS SURROUNDING TISSUES COMPARED WITH LIVER FROM NON-CANCER BEARING DAB. BASED ON THE IDENTIFIED CHANGES AND CHEMICAL EXPOSURE DATA, OUR STUDY SUPPORTS THE EPIGENETIC MODEL OF CANCER. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO A MIXTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS CONTRIBUTES TO A GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION FOLLOWED BY FURTHER EPIGENETIC AND GENOMIC CHANGES. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST A LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, EPIGENETICS AND CANCER IN FISH TUMORS IN THE WILD AND SHOW THE UTILITY OF THIS METHODOLOGY FOR STUDIES IN NON-MODEL ORGANISMS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20 3468  37 HYPOXIA-INDUCED DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN PULMONARY FIBROBLASTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PRO-FIBROTIC PHENOTYPE. BACKGROUND: PULMONARY FIBROSIS IS A DEBILITATING AND LETHAL DISEASE WITH NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AT PLAY WILL DIRECT THE APPLICATION OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AVENUES. HYPOXIA HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY FIBROSIS YET THE PRECISE MECHANISM BY WHICH IT CONTRIBUTES TO DISEASE PROGRESSION REMAINS TO BE FULLY ELUCIDATED. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA CAN ALTER DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN TUMOUR-DERIVED CELL LINES. THIS EPIGENETIC ALTERATION CAN INDUCE CHANGES IN CELLULAR PHENOTYPE WITH PROMOTER METHYLATION BEING ASSOCIATED WITH GENE SILENCING. OF PARTICULAR RELEVANCE TO IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS THE OBSERVATION THAT THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MYOFIBROBLAST PHENOTYPE WHERE LOSS OF THY-1 OCCURS ALONGSIDE INCREASED ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) EXPRESSION. THE INITIAL AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER HYPOXIA REGULATES DNA METHYLATION IN NORMAL HUMAN LUNG FIBROBLASTS (CCD19LU). AS IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT HYPOXIA SUPPRESSES THY-1 EXPRESSION DURING LUNG DEVELOPMENT WE ALSO STUDIED THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. METHODS: CCD19LU WERE GROWN FOR UP TO 8 DAYS IN HYPOXIA AND ASSESSED FOR GLOBAL CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION USING FLOW CYTOMETRY. REAL-TIME PCR WAS USED TO QUANTIFY EXPRESSION OF THY-1, ALPHA-SMA, COLLAGEN I AND III. GENOMIC DNA WAS BISULPHITE TREATED AND METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR (MSPCR) WAS USED TO EXAMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE THY-1 PROMOTER. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANT GLOBAL HYPERMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN HYPOXIC FIBROBLASTS RELATIVE TO NORMOXIC CONTROLS AND WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF MYOFIBROBLAST MARKERS. THY-1 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS SUPPRESSED IN HYPOXIC CELLS, WHICH WAS RESTORED WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. MSPCR REVEALED THAT THY-1 BECAME METHYLATED FOLLOWING FIBROBLAST EXPOSURE TO 1% O2. CONCLUSION: THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN FIBROBLAST FUNCTION IN HYPOXIA.	2012