1 3307 143 HIGH-RESOLUTION GENOMIC PROFILING OF LIVER CANCER LINKS ETIOLOGY WITH MUTATION AND EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES. BACKGROUND & AIMS: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A MODEL OF A DIVERSE SPECTRUM OF CANCERS BECAUSE IT IS INDUCED BY WELL-KNOWN ETIOLOGIES, MAINLY HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS. HERE, WE AIMED TO IDENTIFY HCV-SPECIFIC MUTATIONAL SIGNATURES AND EXPLORED THE LINK BETWEEN THE HCV-RELATED REGIONAL VARIATION IN MUTATIONS RATES AND HCV-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN GENOME-WIDE CHROMATIN ORGANIZATION. METHODS: TO IDENTIFY AN HCV-SPECIFIC MUTATIONAL SIGNATURE IN HCC, WE PERFORMED HIGH-RESOLUTION TARGETED SEQUENCING TO DETECT PASSENGER MUTATIONS ON 64 HCC SAMPLES FROM 3 ETIOLOGY GROUPS: HEPATITIS B VIRUS, HCV, OR OTHER. TO EXPLORE THE LINK BETWEEN THE GENOMIC SIGNATURE AND GENOME-WIDE CHROMATIN ORGANIZATION WE PERFORMED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING FOR THE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY PERMISSIVE H3K4ME3, H3K9AC, AND SUPPRESSIVE H3K9ME3 MODIFICATIONS AFTER HCV INFECTION. RESULTS: REGIONAL VARIATION IN MUTATION RATE ANALYSIS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT ETIOLOGY-DEPENDENT REGIONAL MUTATION RATES IN 12 GENES: LRP2, KRT84, TMEM132B, DOCK2, DMD, INADL, JAK2, DNAH6, MTMR9, ATM, SLX4, AND ARSD. WE FOUND AN ENRICHMENT OF C->T TRANSVERSION MUTATIONS IN THE HCV-ASSOCIATED HCC CASES. FURTHERMORE, THESE CASES SHOWED REGIONAL VARIATION IN MUTATION RATES ASSOCIATED WITH GENOMIC INTERVALS IN WHICH HCV INFECTION DICTATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. THIS SIGNATURE MAY BE RELATED TO THE HCV-INDUCED DECREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES ENCODING KEY ENZYMES IN THE BASE EXCISION REPAIR PATHWAY. CONCLUSIONS: WE IDENTIFIED NOVEL DISTINCT HCV ETIOLOGY-DEPENDENT MUTATION SIGNATURES IN HCC ASSOCIATED WITH HCV-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE MODIFICATION. THIS STUDY PRESENTS A LINK BETWEEN CANCER-CAUSING MUTAGENESIS AND THE INCREASED PREDISPOSITION TO LIVER CANCER IN CHRONIC HCV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS, AND UNVEILS NOVEL ETIOLOGY-SPECIFIC MECHANISMS LEADING TO HCC AND CANCER IN GENERAL.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2 5844  35 STUDY OF PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION PROFILES OF RAS ONCOGENES IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA DERIVED FROM HEPATITIS C VIRUS GENOTYPE 3A IN PAKISTANI POPULATION. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION CONTRIBUTE TO PROGRESSION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION TO LIFE-THREATENING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) BY PROMOTING THE SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES THROUGH DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND BY CAUSING GENOMIC INSTABILITY THROUGH GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION. HOWEVER FEW STUDIES HAVE ADDRESSED THE PROMOTER REGION HYPOMETHYLATION STATUS OF THE ONCOGENES INVOLVED IN HCV DERIVED HCC. IN THIS STUDY, WE ANALYZED THE PROMOTER REGION METHYLATION PATTERN OF RAS ONCOGENES (HRAS, KRAS, AND NRAS) USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR FOR 50 CHRONIC HCV PATIENTS INFECTED WITH GENOTYPE 3A (27 HCC PATIENTS AND 23 CONTROL NON-HCC PATIENTS). METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT THE NRAS ONCOGENE PROMOTER (P = .0025) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HYPOMETHYLATED IN HCC PATIENTS COMPARED TO THE NON-HCC PATIENTS SUGGESTING ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE PROGRESSION OF HCV TOWARDS HCC. TO IDENTIFY THE AGENT FOR ALTERATION IN THE RAS ONCOGENE EXPRESSION, 7 HCV GENES WERE EXPRESSED IN THE HUH-7 CELL LINE FOLLOWED BY MEASUREMENT OF THE NRAS EXPRESSION LEVEL IN HUH-7 BY A QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. AN INCREASE IN THE MESSENGER RNA LEVEL OF THE NRAS GENE WAS DETECTED WHEN HUH-7 WERE TRANSFECTED WITH CORE, NS5A, AND NS2 GENES. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THE INVOLVEMENT OF NRAS ONCOGENE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HCV3A DERIVED HCC IN PAKISTANI POPULATION AND ALSO IDENTIFIES THE HCV GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS ENHANCED EXPRESSION. OUR STUDY RAISES THE HYPOTHESIS THAT A SINGLE HCV GENE MAY INCREASE THE CHANCES OF MALIGNANCY. THEREFORE, OUR STUDY MAY HAVE IDENTIFIED A USEFUL EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER OF HCC PROGRESSION IN HCV PATIENTS AND MAY HELP TO DEVELOP NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3 6849  29 [MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS]. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IN JAPAN IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES OF INFECTION WITH THE HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUSES. ANALYSIS OF HCC TISSUES FREQUENTLY DETECTS LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY AT CHROMOSOMES 1P, 4, 6Q, 8P, 10Q, 13Q, 16Q, 17P, AND MANY GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC ABNORMALITIES HAVE BEEN FOUND IN P53, BETA-CATENIN, P16CDKI, DNA MISMATCH REPAIR GENES, AND OTHERS. HOWEVER, NO SPECIFIC ABNORMAL GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES FOR HCC HAVE BEEN FOUND SO FAR. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC HAS BEEN REPORTED IN MICE TRANSGENIC FOR THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS X GENE OR THE HEPATITIS C VIRUS CORE GENE, AND THESE VIRAL PROTEINS MIGHT PLAY ESSENTIAL ROLES IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND FIBROSIS DUE TO PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION MIGHT ALSO INFLUENCE THE GENOMIC INSTABILITY OF HEPATOCYTES, LEADING TO ACCUMULATION OF GENOMIC CHANGES.	1999	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
4  155  33 ABERRANT METHYLATION OF POLO-LIKE KINASE CPG ISLANDS IN PLK4 HETEROZYGOUS MICE. BACKGROUND: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CANCERS WORLD-WIDE OCCURS TWICE AS OFTEN IN MEN COMPARED TO WOMEN. PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS SUCH AS ALCOHOLISM, CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS, AFLATOXIN B1 INGESTION, AND CIRRHOSIS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. METHODS: WE USED A COMBINATION OF METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING, QREAL-TIME PCR (QPCR), AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS TO EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CHANGES FOR THE POLO-LIKE KINASES (PLKS) DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IN PLK4 HETEROZYGOUS MICE AND MURINE EMBRYONIC FIBROBLASTS (MEFS). RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT THAT THE PROMOTER METHYLATION OF PLK4 CPG ISLANDS INCREASES WITH AGE, WAS MORE PREVALENT IN MALES AND THAT PLK4 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND SUBSEQUENT DOWNREGULATION OF EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC IN PLK4 MUTANT MICE. INTERESTINGLY, THE OPPOSITE OCCURS WITH ANOTHER PLK FAMILY MEMBER, PLK1 WHICH WAS TYPICALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NORMAL LIVER TISSUE BUT BECAME HYPOMETHYLATED AND UPREGULATED IN LIVER TUMOURS. FURTHERMORE, UPON ALCOHOL EXPOSURE MURINE EMBRYONIC FIBROBLASTS EXHIBITED INCREASED PLK4 HYPERMETHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION ALONG WITH INCREASED CENTROSOME NUMBERS AND MULTINUCLEATION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT PLK METHYLATION IS CORRELATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC IN MICE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5  758  41 CAS9-TARGETED NANOPORE SEQUENCING REVEALS EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY AFTER DE NOVO ASSEMBLY OF NATIVE FULL-LENGTH HEPATITIS B VIRUS GENOMES. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) CONTAINS A 3.2 KB DNA GENOME AND CAUSES ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS. HBV INFECTION IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM, WITH 350 MILLION CHRONICALLY INFECTED PEOPLE AT INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING LIVER DISEASE AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). METHYLATION OF HBV DNA IN A CPG CONTEXT (5MCPG) CAN ALTER THE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF VIRAL GENES RELATED TO INFECTION AND CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION. MOREOVER, IT MAY ALSO PROVIDE CLUES AS TO WHY CERTAIN INFECTIONS ARE CLEARED OR PERSIST WITH OR WITHOUT PROGRESSION TO CANCER. THE DETECTION OF 5MCPG OFTEN REQUIRES TECHNIQUES THAT DAMAGE DNA OR INTRODUCE BIAS THROUGH A MYRIAD OF LIMITATIONS. THEREFORE, WE DEVELOPED A METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF 5MCPG ON THE HBV GENOME THAT DOES NOT RELY ON BISULFITE CONVERSION OR PCR. WITH CAS9-GUIDED RNPS TO SPECIFICALLY TARGET THE HBV GENOME, WE ENRICHED IN HBV DNA FROM PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES (PHHS) INFECTED WITH DIFFERENT HBV GENOTYPES, AS WELL AS ENRICHING IN HBV FROM INFECTED PATIENT LIVER TISSUE, FOLLOWED BY SEQUENCING WITH OXFORD NANOPORE TECHNOLOGIES MINION. DETECTION OF 5MCPG BY NANOPORE SEQUENCING WAS BENCHMARKED WITH BISULFITE-QUANTITATIVE METHYL-SPECIFIC QPCR (BS-QMSP). THE 5MCPG LEVELS IN HBV DETERMINED BY BS-QMSP AND NANOPORE SEQUENCING WERE HIGHLY CORRELATED. OUR NANOPORE SEQUENCING APPROACH ACHIEVED A COVERAGE OF ~2000X OF HBV DEPENDING ON INFECTION EFFICIENCY, SUFFICIENT COVERAGE TO PERFORM A DE NOVO ASSEMBLY AND DETECT SMALL FLUCTUATIONS IN HBV METHYLATION, PROVIDING THE FIRST DE NOVO ASSEMBLY OF NATIVE HBV DNA, AS WELL AS THE FIRST LANDSCAPE OF 5MCPG FROM NATIVE HBV SEQUENCES. MOREOVER, BY CAPTURING ENTIRE HBV GENOMES, WE EXPLORED THE EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY OF HBV IN INFECTED PATIENTS AND IDENTIFIED FOUR EPIGENETICALLY DISTINCT CLUSTERS BASED ON METHYLATION PROFILES. THIS METHOD IS A NOVEL APPROACH THAT ENABLES THE ENRICHMENT OF VIRAL DNA IN A MIXTURE OF NUCLEIC ACID MATERIAL FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES AND WILL SERVE AS A VALUABLE TOOL FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASE MONITORING.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                      
6 6488  43 TP53 R72P POLYMORPHISM MODULATES DNA METHYLATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS CHARACTERIZED BY WIDESPREAD EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY. PREVIOUS WORK SHOWED THAT IN THE WESTERN PART OF NORTH AFRICA, A REGION OF LOW INCIDENCE OF HCC, MUTATIONS ARE SCARCE FOR THIS TUMOR TYPE. AS EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE CONSIDERED POSSIBLE SURROGATES TO MUTATIONS IN HUMAN CANCERS, WE DECIDED, THUS, TO CHARACTERIZE DNA METHYLATION IN HCC FROM NORTH-AFRICAN PATIENTS. METHODS: A SET OF 11 LOCI WAS INVESTIGATED IN A SERIES OF 45 TUMOR SPECIMENS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC AND COMBINED-BISULFITE RESTRICTION ASSAY PCR. RESULTS OBTAINED ON CLINICAL SAMPLES WERE SUBSEQUENTLY VALIDATED IN LIVER CANCER CELL LINES. RESULTS: DNA METHYLATION AT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR LOCI IS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN SAMPLES DISPLAYING CHROMOSOME INSTABILITY. MORE IMPORTANTLY, DNA METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN ARG/ARG WHEN COMPARED TO PRO/PRO GENOTYPE CARRIERS AT CODON 72 RS1042522 OF TP53 (65% VS 20% METHYLATED LOCI, P = 0.0006), A POLYMORPHISM ALREADY KNOWN TO AFFECT SOMATIC MUTATION RATE IN HUMAN CARCINOMAS. IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS IN CELL LINES INDICATED THAT ENZYMES CONTROLLING DNA METHYLATION WERE DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATED BY CODON 72 ARG OR PRO ISOFORMS OF P53. FURTHERMORE, THE ARG72-CARRYING VERSION OF P53 WAS SHOWN TO RE-METHYLATE DNA MORE RAPIDLY THAN THE PRO-HARBORING ISOFORM. FINALLY, PRO-CARRYING CELL LINES WERE SHOWN TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE RESISTANT TO DECITABINE TREATMENT (TWO-FOLD, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ARG72PRO POLYMORPHISM IN A WT P53 CONTEXT MAY ACT AS A PRIMARY DRIVER OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HCC. IT SUGGESTS, IN ADDITION, THAT RS1042522 GENOTYPE MAY PREDICT SENSITIVITY TO EPIGENETIC-TARGETED THERAPY. THIS MODEL OF LIVER TUMORIGENESIS THAT ASSOCIATES LOW PENETRANCE GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES EMERGES FROM A REGION OF LOW HCC INCIDENCE AND IT MAY, THEREFORE, APPLY ESSENTIALLY TO POPULATION LIVING IN SIMILAR AREAS. SURVEYS ON POPULATIONS SUBMITTED TO HIGHLY MUTAGENIC CONDITIONS AS PERINATALLY-ACQUIRED CHRONIC HEPATITIS B OR AFLATOXIN B1 EXPOSURE REMAINED TO BE CONDUCTED TO VALIDATE OUR OBSERVATIONS AS A GENERAL MODEL.	2015	
                                                                                          
7 3392  33 HOST AND VIRAL GENETIC VARIATION IN HBV-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE FIFTH MOST COMMON CANCER IN MEN AND THE SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER DEATHS GLOBALLY. THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF HCC IS DUE IN PART TO THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC HBV INFECTION AND THE HIGH MORTALITY RATE IS DUE TO THE LACK OF BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION AND LIMITED TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR LATE STAGE HCC. THE OBSERVED INDIVIDUAL VARIANCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF HCC IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO DIFFERENCES IN HBV GENOTYPE AND MUTATIONS, HOST PREDISPOSING GERMLINE GENETIC VARIATIONS, THE ACQUISITION OF TUMOR-SPECIFIC SOMATIC MUTATIONS, AS WELL AS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. HBV GENOTYPE C AND MUTATIONS IN THE PRES, BASIC CORE PROMOTER (BCP) OR HBX REGIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF HCC. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED COMMON POLYMORPHISMS IN KIF1B, HLA-DQ, STAT4, AND GRIK1 WITH ALTERED RISK OF HBV-RELATED HCC. HBV INTEGRATION INTO GROWTH CONTROL GENES (SUCH AS TERT), PRO-ONCOGENIC GENES, OR TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND THE ONCOGENIC ACTIVITY OF TRUNCATED HBX PROMOTE HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN THE TERT PROMOTER AND CLASSIC CANCER SIGNALING PATHWAYS, INCLUDING WNT (CTNNB1), CELL CYCLE REGULATION (TP53), AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION (ARID2 AND MLL4) ARE FREQUENTLY DETECTED IN HEPATIC TUMOR TISSUES. THE IDENTIFICATION OF HBV AND HOST VARIATION ASSOCIATED WITH TUMOR INITIATION AND PROGRESSION HAS CLINICAL UTILITY FOR IMPROVING EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS; WHEREAS THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS DRIVING TUMORIGENESIS HOLD PROMISE TO INFORM PRECISION TREATMENT FOR HCC PATIENTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8 1428  37 DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF LONG NONCODING RNA IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ON TOP OF CHRONIC HCV AND HBV INFECTIONS. AIM OF THE STUDY: THE TASK OF LONG NONCODING RNAS (LNCRNAS) AS A PROSPECTIVE GOAL FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A CANDIDATE FOR RESEARCH. SEVERAL LNCRNAS ARE INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, DIRECTING GENE EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN NORMAL AND CANCER CELLS. DYSREGULATION OF DIVERSE LNCRNAS HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION OF DIFFERENT CANCERS INCLUDING HCC. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF LNCRNAS (AHIF, HPVT1, ANRIL) IN HCC ON TOP OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTIONS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 182 PARTICIPANTS WERE INCLUDED: 85 PATIENTS WITH HCC IN ADDITION TO 50 PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS ON TOP OF CHRONIC HCV OR HBV, AND 47 HEALTHY SUBJECTS AS CONTROLS. HCC WAS DIAGNOSED BY TRIPHASIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT). DETECTION OF ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) AND SEROLOGICAL MARKERS OF HCVAB AND HBSAG BY ENZYME-LINKED FLUORESCENT IMMUNOASSAY (ELFA) AND QUANTITATION OF LNCRNAS BY REAL TIME PCR WERE APPLIED. RESULTS: UPREGULATION OF ANRIL AND HPVT1 AND DOWNREGULATION OF AHIF WERE OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WITH HCC ON TOP OF HCV AND HBV VS. CONTROLS. CIRCULATING AHIF COULD BE OF MAJOR DIAGNOSTIC IMPORTANCE TO DISCRIMINATE HCC ON TOP OF HCV FROM CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS WITH SENSITIVITY 86.67% AND SPECIFICITY 91.89% WHEREAS CIRCULATING HPVT1 HAD SENSITIVITY 85.0% AND SPECIFICITY 84.62%; MOREOVER ANRIL HAD AUC 0.902 AND COULD DISCRIMINATE HCC ON TOP OF HBV FROM CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF LNCRNAS (ANRIL, HPVT1 AND AHIF) MIGHT BE OF MAJOR WORTH IN PREDICTING THE OCCURRENCE OF HCC IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS RELATED TO CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS AND COULD BE BENEFICIAL IN THE EARLY MANAGEMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9 6421  36 THE THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES OF RESMINOSTAT FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF PRIMARY LIVER CANCER WITH INCREASES IN NEW CASES BEING REPORTED ANNUALLY. HISTOPATHOLOGISTS HAVE IDENTIFIED HEPATIC STEATOSIS AS A CHARACTERISTIC OF A BROAD RANGE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. IN THIS CONTEXT, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY SERVE AS PRECANCEROUS FACTORS PREDISPOSING NORMAL CELLS TO THE INITIATION OF CARCINOGENESIS. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT HEPATIC TUMORIGENESIS AND DIFFERENTIATED ADIPOCYTES MAY MODULATE BOTH GLOBAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) EXPRESSION AND SPECIFIC CLASS I HDAC GENES IN THE TUMOUR MICROENVIRONMENT. THE NOVEL CLASS I HDAC INHIBITOR RESMINOSTAT WAS SHOWN TO REDUCE THE PROLIFERATION OF HCC CELLS ALONG WITH ITS SPECIFICITY IN TARGETING CLASS I HDACS AND ONCOGENES. THE COMBINED EFFECT OF RESMINOSTAT WITH SEVERAL PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS SUCH AS SORAFENIB, CISPLATIN AND DOXORUBICIN WAS ALSO DEMONSTRATED. THE INHIBITION OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 (HSP90) HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTION FOR HCC. IN LINE WITH THIS, THE SPECIFIC HSP90 INHIBITOR 17-(ALLYLAMINO)-17-DEMETHOXYGELDANAMYCIN (17-AAG) WAS SELECTED AND IT WAS FOUND THAT THE COMBINATION OF RESMINOSTAT AND 17-AAG MAY PROVIDE A "SMART" CLINICAL STRATEGY FOR HCC PATIENTS BY TARGETING CELLULAR COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE TUMOUR MICROENVIRONMENT. THIS STUDY PROVIDES AN INSIGHT INTO THE USE OF RESMINOSTAT AS AN EPIGENETIC BASED THERAPEUTIC FOR HCC ALONG WITH OTHER PHARMACEUTICAL OPTIONS, IN PARTICULAR BY TARGETING THE CELL-TO-CELL COMMUNICATION THAT OCCURS BETWEEN HEPATOMA AND ADIPOCYTES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10 6645  37 UP-REGULATION OF DBPA MRNA IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME. PURPOSE: METABOLIC SYNDROME (MS) IS A GROUP OF RECOGNIZED RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ANALYZE THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HCC PATIENTS WITH MS AND THE RISK FACTORS FOR RECURRENCE. ALSO, THE AIM WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE COLD SHOCK PROTEIN: DNA-BINDING PROTEIN A (DBPA) EXPRESSION IN HCC PATIENTS WITH MS. METHODS: A TOTAL OF 243 PATIENTS WHO UNDERWENT CURATIVE RESECTIONS FOR HCC WERE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO GROUPS. DBPA EXPRESSION WAS INVESTIGATED IN 66 HCC PATIENTS WITH MS AND IN 30 PATIENTS WITHOUT MS BY USING REAL-TIME RT-PCR. PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS WAS EXAMINED BY USING MS-PCR. RESULTS: THE INCIDENCE OF METABOLIC FACTORS AFFECT THE HCC SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN NON-B NON-C PATIENTS THAN IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) PATIENTS (P < 0.001). UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF HCC PATIENTS WITH MS RECURRENCE REVEALED ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (AST), MULTIPLE TUMORS, LIVER DAMAGE, HEPATIC VEIN INVASION, ADVANCED CANCER STAGES (P < 0.01), ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) AND DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE II (P < 0.05) AS RISK FACTORS. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS, AST, MULTIPLE TUMORS, AND HEPATIC VEIN INVASION (P < 0.01) WERE IDENTIFIED AS INDEPENDENT FACTORS FOR THE RECURRENCE. DBPA MRNA WAS HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH MS THAN IN THOSE WITHOUT MS (P = 0.016), AND IT WAS MOSTLY UPREGULATED IN NON-B NON-C HCC PATIENTS WITH MS THAN IN NON-B NON-C HCC PATIENTS WITHOUT HBV OR HCV. ESPECIALLY, IN HCC PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE II, THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE HIGHLY UPREGULATED. THE DBPA EXPRESSION WAS REGULATED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IDENTIFIES THAT DBPA MAY ACCELERATE THE HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IN HCC PATIENTS WITH MS VIA INFLAMMATION-INDUCED AND OXIDATIVE STRESS PATHWAYS. THE DEMETHYLATION-RELATED EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION MAY BE ONE OF THE REGULATING FACTORS FOR HCC PATIENTS WITH MS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
11 5349  38 RASSF1A AND DOK1 PROMOTER METHYLATION LEVELS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, CIRRHOTIC AND NON-CIRRHOTIC LIVER, AND CORRELATION WITH LIVER CANCER IN BRAZILIAN PATIENTS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE SECOND MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CANCER MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. MOST CASES OF HCC ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CIRRHOSIS RELATED TO CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTIONS. HYPERMETHYLATION OF PROMOTER REGIONS IS THE MAIN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF GENE SILENCING AND HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN HCC DEVELOPMENT. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER ABERRANT METHYLATION OF RASSF1A AND DOK1 GENE PROMOTERS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROGRESSION OF LIVER DISEASE IN BRAZILIAN PATIENTS. METHYLATION LEVELS WERE MEASURED BY PYROSEQUENCING IN 41 (20 HCC, 9 CIRRHOTIC, AND 12 NON-CIRRHOTIC) LIVER TISSUE SAMPLES. MEAN RATES OF METHYLATION IN RASSF1A AND DOK1 WERE 16.2% AND 12.0% IN NON-CIRRHOTIC, 26.1% AND 19.6% IN CIRRHOTIC, AND 59.1% AND 56.0% IN HCC TISSUES, RESPECTIVELY, SHOWING A GRADUAL INCREASE ACCORDING TO THE PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE, WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER LEVELS IN TUMOR TISSUES. IN ADDITION, HYPERMETHYLATION OF RASSF1A AND DOK1 WAS FOUND IN THE VAST MAJORITY (88%) OF THE HCC CASES. INTERESTINGLY, DOK1 METHYLATION LEVELS IN HCC SAMPLES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE GROUP OF YOUNGER (<40 YEARS) PATIENTS, AND HIGHER IN MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED THAN IN POORLY DIFFERENTIATED TUMORS (P < 0.05). OUR RESULTS REINFORCE THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HYPERMETHYLATION OF RASSF1A AND DOK1 CONTRIBUTES TO HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AND IS ASSOCIATED TO CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. RASSF1A AND DOK1 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION MAY BE A VALUABLE BIOMARKER FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF HCC AND A POTENTIAL MOLECULAR TARGET FOR EPIGENETIC-BASED THERAPY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12 3476  47 IDENTIFICATION OF A TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN INVOLVED IN SHEAR STRESS SIGNALING AND HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AFTER A SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE TO HEPATITIS C VIRUS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: THE RISK OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) REMAINS AFTER ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE (SVR) IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C (CHC). EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES MIGHT BE KEY REGULATORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. THIS STUDY AIMED TO IDENTIFY THE GENES INVOLVED IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AFTER AN SVR. METHODS: DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER TISSUE WAS COMPARED BETWEEN 21 CHC PATIENTS WITHOUT HCC AND 28 CHC PATIENTS WITH HCC, ALL OF WHOM HAD ACHIEVED AN SVR. ADDITIONAL COMPARISONS WITH 23 CHC PATIENTS BEFORE TREATMENT AND 10 NORMAL LIVERS WERE PERFORMED. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A NEWLY IDENTIFIED GENE WERE EXPLORED IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT THE TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN NO. 164 (TMEM164) GENE WAS DEMETHYLATED BY HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION AND HCC DEVELOPMENT AFTER ACHIEVING AN SVR. TMEM164 WAS EXPRESSED MAINLY IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN-POSITIVE CELLS, AND SOME CAPILLARIZED LIVER SINUSOIDAL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. TMEM164 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH LIVER FIBROSIS AND RELAPSE-FREE SURVIVAL IN HCC PATIENTS. TMEM164 WAS INDUCED BY SHEAR STRESS, INTERACTED WITH GRP78/BIP, ACCELERATED ATF6 (ACTIVATING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 6)-MEDIATED ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS SIGNALING, AND ACTIVATED INTERLEUKIN-6/STAT3 (SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 3) SIGNALING IN THE TMNK1 LIVER ENDOTHELIAL CELL LINE. THEREFORE, WE TERMED TMEM164 "SHEAR STRESS-INDUCED TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN ASSOCIATED WITH ER STRESS SIGNALING" (SHERMER). SHERMER KNOCKOUT MICE WERE PROTECTED AGAINST CCL4-INDUCED LIVER FIBROSIS. SHERMER OVEREXPRESSION IN TMNK1 CELLS ACCELERATED HCC GROWTH IN A XENOGRAFT MODEL. CONCLUSIONS: WE IDENTIFIED A NEW TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN, SHERMER, IN CHC PATIENTS WITH HCC AFTER ACHIEVING AN SVR. SHERMER WAS INDUCED BY SHEAR STRESS AND ACCELERATED ATF6-MEDIATED ER STRESS SIGNALING IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. THUS, SHERMER IS A NOVEL ENDOTHELIAL MARKER ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FIBROSIS, HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, AND PROGRESSION OF HCC.	2023	
                                                                                                                                
13 1545  37 DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER TUMORIGENESIS IN FISH FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, ALTERATION IN DNA METHYLATION AND CANCER HAS BEEN WELL ESTABLISHED IN HUMANS; YET, IT IS UNDER-STUDIED IN UNSEQUENCED NON-MODEL ORGANISMS. THE OCCURRENCE OF LIVER TUMORS IN THE FLATFISH DAB COLLECTED AT CERTAIN UK SAMPLING SITES EXCEEDS 20%, YET THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS AND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TUMOR FORMATION ARE NOT KNOWN, ESPECIALLY REGARDING THE BALANCE BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC FACTORS. METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP) COMBINED WITH DE NOVO HIGH-THROUGHPUT DNA SEQUENCING WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN DAB HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA TUMORS FOR THE FIRST TIME IN AN UNSEQUENCED SPECIES. NOVEL CUSTOM-MADE DAB GENE EXPRESSION ARRAYS WERE DESIGNED AND USED TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. IN ADDITION, THE CONFIRMATORY TECHNIQUES OF BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR (BSP) AND RT-PCR WERE APPLIED. GENES INVOLVED IN PATHWAYS RELATED TO CANCER, INCLUDING APOPTOSIS, WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING AND GENOMIC AND NON-GENOMIC ESTROGEN RESPONSES, WERE ALTERED BOTH IN METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION. GLOBAL METHYLATION WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY 1.8-FOLD REDUCED IN HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA AND NON-CANCEROUS SURROUNDING TISSUES COMPARED WITH LIVER FROM NON-CANCER BEARING DAB. BASED ON THE IDENTIFIED CHANGES AND CHEMICAL EXPOSURE DATA, OUR STUDY SUPPORTS THE EPIGENETIC MODEL OF CANCER. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO A MIXTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS CONTRIBUTES TO A GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION FOLLOWED BY FURTHER EPIGENETIC AND GENOMIC CHANGES. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST A LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, EPIGENETICS AND CANCER IN FISH TUMORS IN THE WILD AND SHOW THE UTILITY OF THIS METHODOLOGY FOR STUDIES IN NON-MODEL ORGANISMS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14 3728  31 INHIBITION OF REPLICATION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS USING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSORS THAT TARGET THE VIRAL DNA. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A SERIOUS GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM. PERSISTENCE OF THE VIRUS OCCURS AS A RESULT OF STABILITY OF THE REPLICATION INTERMEDIATE COMPRISING COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA). DEVELOPMENT OF DRUGS THAT ARE CAPABLE OF DISABLING THIS CCCDNA IS VITAL. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE AN EPIGENETIC APPROACH TO INACTIVATING VIRAL DNA, WE ENGINEERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSORS THAT COMPRISE AN HBV DNA-BINDING DOMAIN OF TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR LIKE EFFECTORS (TALES) AND A FUSED KRUPPEL ASSOCIATED BOX (KRAB). THESE REPRESSOR TALES (RTALES) TARGETED THE VIRAL SURFACE OPEN READING FRAME AND WERE PLACED UNDER TRANSCRIPTION CONTROL OF CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE OR LIVER-SPECIFIC PROMOTERS. RESULTS: EVALUATION IN CULTURED CELLS AND FOLLOWING HYDRODYNAMIC INJECTION OF MICE REVEALED THAT THE RTALES SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED PRODUCTION OF MARKERS OF HBV REPLICATION WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF HEPATOTOXICITY. INCREASED METHYLATION OF HBV DNA AT CPG ISLAND II SHOWED THAT THE RTALES CAUSED INTENDED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF HBV DNA IS A NEW AND EFFECTIVE MEANS OF INACTIVATING THE VIRUS IN VIVO. THE APPROACH HAS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AND AVOIDS POTENTIALLY PROBLEMATIC UNINTENDED MUTAGENESIS OF GENE EDITING.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15 5004  32 PERIPHERAL B CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOMA EXHIBIT CLONAL EXPANSION AND AN ANERGIC-LIKE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILE. CHRONIC HCV INFECTION REMAINS A GLOBAL HEALTH CONCERN DUE TO ITS INVOLVEMENT IN HEPATIC AND EXTRAHEPATIC DISEASES, INCLUDING B CELL NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA (BNHL). CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORT A CAUSAL ROLE FOR HCV IN BNHL DEVELOPMENT, ALTHOUGH MECHANISTIC INSIGHT IS LACKING. WE PERFORMED RNA-SEQUENCING ON PERIPHERAL B CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH HCV ALONE, BNHL ALONE, AND HCV-ASSOCIATED BNHL TO IDENTIFY UNIQUE AND SHARED TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSFORMATION. IN PATIENTS WITH HCV-ASSOCIATED BNHL, WE OBSERVED THE ENRICHMENT OF AN ANERGIC-LIKE GENE SIGNATURE AND EVIDENCE OF CLONAL EXPANSION THAT WAS CORRELATED WITH THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES. OUR DATA SUPPORT A ROLE FOR VIRAL-MEDIATED CLONAL EXPANSION OF ANERGIC-LIKE B CELLS IN HCV-ASSOCIATED BNHL DEVELOPMENT AND SUGGEST EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AS A POTENTIAL MECHANISM DRIVING EXPANSION. WE PROPOSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BOTH HCV-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOMA AND REGULATION OF B CELL ANERGY, REPRESENTING AN ATTRACTIVE TARGET FOR CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16 3243  34 HEPATIC STEATOSIS IN HEPATITIS C IS A STORAGE DISEASE DUE TO HCV INTERACTION WITH MICROSOMAL TRIGLYCERIDE TRANSFER PROTEIN (MTP). LIVER STEATOSIS IS A FREQUENT HISTOLOGICAL FEATURE IN PATIENTS CHRONICALLY INFECTED WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV). THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HCV AND HEPATIC STEATOSIS SEEMS TO BE THE RESULT OF BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC FACTORS. IN VIVO AND IN VITRO STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HCV CAN ALTER INTRAHEPATIC LIPID METABOLISM BY AFFECTING LIPID SYNTHESIS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIPID PEROXIDATION, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND THE ASSEMBLY AND SECRETION OF VLDL. MANY STUDIES SUGGEST THAT HCV-RELATED STEATOSIS MIGHT BE THE RESULT OF A DIRECT INTERACTION BETWEEN THE VIRUS AND MTP. IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT MTP IS CRITICAL FOR THE SECRETION OF HCV PARTICLES AND THAT INHIBITION OF ITS LIPID TRANSFER ACTIVITY REDUCES HCV PRODUCTION. HOWEVER, HIGHER DEGREES OF HEPATIC STEATOSIS WERE FOUND IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C PATIENTS CARRYING THE T ALLELE OF MTP -493G/T POLYMORPHISM THAT SEEMS TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED MTP TRANSCRIPTION. WE PROPOSE HERE THAT LIVER STEATOSIS IN HEPATITIS C COULD BE A STORAGE DISEASE INDUCED BY THE EFFECTS OF THE VIRUS AND OF ITS PROTEINS ON THE INTRACELLULAR LIPID MACHINERY AND ON MTP. AVAILABLE DATA SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HCV MAY MODULATE MTP EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY THROUGH A NUMBER OF MECHANISMS SUCH AS INHIBITION OF ITS ACTIVITY AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL. INITIAL UP REGULATION COULD FAVOUR PROPAGATION OF HCV WHILE DOWN REGULATION IN CHRONIC PHASE COULD CAUSE IMPAIRMENT OF TRIGLYCERIDE SECRETION AND EXCESSIVE LIPID ACCUMULATION, WITH ABNORMAL LIPID DROPLETS FACILITATING THE "STORAGE" OF VIRUS PARTICLES FOR PERSISTENT INFECTION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17 3125  26 GHSR DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IS A COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF HIGH DIAGNOSTIC VALUE IN A BROAD SPECTRUM OF CANCERS. IDENTIFICATION OF A SINGLE MOLECULAR TRAIT THAT IS DETERMINANT OF COMMON MALIGNANCIES MAY SERVE AS A POWERFUL DIAGNOSTIC SUPPLEMENT TO CANCER TYPE-SPECIFIC MARKERS. HERE, WE REPORT A DNA METHYLATION MARK THAT IS CHARACTERISTIC OF SEVEN STUDIED MALIGNANCIES, NAMELY CANCERS OF LUNG, BREAST, PROSTATE, PANCREAS, COLORECTUM, GLIOBLASTOMA AND B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) (N = 137). THIS MARK WAS DEFINED BY SUBSTANTIAL HYPERMETHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER AND FIRST EXON OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOUGE RECEPTOR (GHSR) THROUGH BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. THE DEGREE OF ABERRANT METHYLATION WAS CAPABLE OF ACCURATE DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN CANCER AND CONTROL SAMPLES. THE HIGHEST SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF CANCER DETECTION WAS ACHIEVED FOR CANCERS OF PANCREAS, LUNG, BREAST AND CLL YIELDING THE AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC) VALUES OF 1.0000, 0.9952, 0.9800 AND 0.9400, RESPECTIVELY. NARROWING TO A SINGLE CPG SITE WITHIN THE GENE'S PROMOTER OR FOUR CONSECUTIVE CPG UNITS OF THE HIGHEST METHYLATION LEVELS WITHIN THE FIRST EXON IMPROVED THE DETECTION POWER. GHSR HYPERMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED ALREADY AT THE EARLY STAGE TUMORS. THE ACCURATE PERFORMANCE OF THIS MARKER WAS FURTHER REPLICATED IN AN INDEPENDENT SET OF PANCREATIC CANCER AND CONTROL SAMPLES (N = 78). THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE CANDIDATURE OF GHSR METHYLATION AS A HIGHLY ACCURATE PAN-CANCER MARKER.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18 2637  33 EPIGENOME-WIDE STUDY IDENTIFIES EPIGENETIC OUTLIERS IN NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER. NONGENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO COLORECTAL CANCER CONTINUES TO BE DIFFICULT TO MEASURE PRECISELY, HAMPERING EFFORTS IN TARGETED PREVENTION AND SCREENING. EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER CAN SERVE AS A TOOL IN PREDICTING COLORECTAL CANCER OUTCOMES. WE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AFFECTING THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER. DNA METHYLATION PROFILING ON NORMAL COLON MUCOSA FROM 77 PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER AND 68 CONTROLS IDENTIFIED A DISTINCT SUBGROUP OF NORMALLY-APPEARING MUCOSA WITH MARKEDLY DISRUPTED DNA METHYLATION AT A LARGE NUMBER OF CPGS, TERMED AS "OUTLIER METHYLATION PHENOTYPE" (OMP) AND ARE PRESENT IN 15 OF 77 PATIENTS WITH CANCER VERSUS 0 OF 68 CONTROLS (P < 0.001). SIMILAR FINDINGS WERE ALSO SEEN IN PUBLICLY AVAILABLE DATASETS. COMPARISON OF NORMAL COLON MUCOSA TRANSCRIPTION PROFILES OF PATIENTS WITH OMP CANCER WITH THOSE OF PATIENTS WITH NON-OMP CANCER INDICATES GENES WHOSE PROMOTERS ARE HYPERMETHYLATED IN THE OMP PATIENTS ARE ALSO TRANSCRIPTIONALLY DOWNREGULATED, AND THAT MANY OF THE GENES MOST AFFECTED ARE INVOLVED IN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EPITHELIAL CELLS, THE MUCUS LAYER, AND THE MICROBIOME. ANALYSIS OF 16S RRNA PROFILES SUGGESTS THAT NORMAL COLON MUCOSA OF OMPS ARE ENRICHED IN BACTERIAL GENERA ASSOCIATED WITH COLORECTAL CANCER RISK, ADVANCED TUMOR STAGE, CHRONIC INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION, MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION, NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS, AND KRAS MUTATIONS. IN CONCLUSION, OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES AN EPIGENETICALLY DISTINCT OMP GROUP IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A DISRUPTED METHYLOME, ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION, AND MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS. PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO DETERMINE WHETHER OMP COULD SERVE AS A BIOMARKER FOR AN ELEVATED EPIGENETIC RISK FOR COLORECTAL CANCER DEVELOPMENT. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES AN EPIGENETICALLY DISTINCT OMP GROUP IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A DISRUPTED METHYLOME, ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION, AND MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS. IDENTIFICATION OF OMPS IN HEALTHY CONTROLS AND PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER WILL LEAD TO PREVENTION AND BETTER PROGNOSIS, RESPECTIVELY.	2022	

19 3354  37 HISTONE DEMETHYLATION PROFILES IN NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE AND PROGNOSTIC VALUES IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: A BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WITH MULTIFACTORIAL PATHOGENESIS; HISTONE DEMETHYLASES (HDMS) ARE EMERGING AS ATTRACTIVE TARGETS. WE IDENTIFIED HDM GENES (INCLUDING KDM5C, KDM6B, KDM8, KDM4A, AND JMJD7) THAT WERE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN NAFLD AND NORMAL SAMPLES BY EXPLORING GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING DATASETS. THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO HISTONE DEMETHYLATION BETWEEN MILD AND ADVANCED NAFLD. IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES INDICATED THAT KDM6B AND JMJD7 WERE UPREGULATED AT THE MRNA LEVEL IN NAFLD. WE EXPLORED THE EXPRESSION LEVELS AND PROGNOSTIC VALUES OF THE IDENTIFIED HDM GENES IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). KDM5C AND KDM4A WERE UPREGULATED IN HCC COMPARED TO NORMAL TISSUE, WHILE KDM8 SHOWED DOWNREGULATION. THE ABNORMAL EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THESE HDMS COULD PROVIDE PROGNOSTIC VALUES. FURTHERMORE, KDM5C AND KDM4A WERE ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNE CELL INFILTRATION IN HCC. HDMS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH CELLULAR AND METABOLIC PROCESSES AND MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED HDM GENES IDENTIFIED IN NAFLD MAY PROVIDE VALUE TO UNDERSTANDING PATHOGENESIS AND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. HOWEVER, ON THE BASIS OF THE INCONSISTENT RESULTS OF IN VITRO STUDIES, FUTURE IN VIVO EXPERIMENTS COMBINED WITH TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS ARE NEEDED FOR FURTHER VALIDATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20 2258  32 EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IMPACTS THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND GENETIC LANDSCAPES OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS) USUALLY ARISE FROM CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE (CLD). PRECANCEROUS CELLS IN CHRONICALLY INFLAMED ENVIRONMENTS MAY BE 'EPIGENETICALLY PRIMED', SENSITISING THEM TO ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION. WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN CLD MAY AFFECT HCC OUTCOMES BY INFLUENCING THE GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC LANDSCAPES OF HCC. ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION ARRAYS FROM 10 PAIRED CLD-HCC IDENTIFIED 339 SHARED DYSREGULATED CPG SITES AND 18 SHARED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS COMPARED WITH HEALTHY LIVERS. THESE REGIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DYSREGULATED EXPRESSION OF GENES WITH RELEVANCE IN HCC, INCLUDING UBIQUITIN D (UBD), CYTOCHROME P450 FAMILY 2 SUBFAMILY C MEMBER 19 (CYP2C19) AND O-6-METHYLGUANINE-DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (MGMT). METHYLATION CHANGES WERE RECAPITULATED IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT OF NINE PAIRED CLD-HCC. HIGH CLD METHYLATION SCORE, DEFINED USING THE 124 DYSREGULATED CPGS IN CLD AND HCC IN BOTH COHORTS, WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR SURVIVAL, INCREASED SOMATIC GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND TP53 MUTATIONS IN TWO INDEPENDENT HCC COHORTS. ONCOGENIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND METHYLATION DYSREGULATION IS EVIDENT IN CLD AND COMPOUNDED IN HCC. EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN CLD SCULPTS THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LANDSCAPE OF HCC AND CREATES AN ENVIRONMENT FAVOURING THE ACQUISITION OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS, SUGGESTING THAT THE EXTENT OF EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN CLD COULD INFLUENCE DISEASE OUTCOME.	2022