1 3294 141 HIGH INCIDENCE OF MGMT AND RARBETA PROMOTER METHYLATION IN PRIMARY GLIOBLASTOMAS: ASSOCIATION WITH HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND CLINICAL OUTCOME. GLIOBLASTOMAS, THE MOST FREQUENT PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS IN ADULTS, ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A HIGHLY AGGRESSIVE, INFLAMMATORY AND ANGIOGENIC PHENOTYPE. METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN CANCER-RELATED GENES MAY SERVE AS AN EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER FOR GLIOBLASTOMA DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ANALYZE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF FOUR CRITICAL TUMOR-ASSOCIATED GENES (MGMT, RARBETA, RASSF1A, CDH13), AND INVESTIGATE POSSIBLE LINKS WITH INFLAMMATORY (INTERLEUKIN [IL]-6, IL-8) AND ANGIOGENIC MEDIATORS (VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR [VEGF], CYCLOOXYGENASE [COX]-2) AND CLINICAL OUTCOME IN 23 GLIOMA SAMPLES (6 GRADE II ASTROCYTOMAS, 17 GRADE IV GLIOBLASTOMAS). RARBETA AND MGMT GENES WERE MORE FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN 70.58% AND 58.8% OF GLIOBLASTOMAS, RESPECTIVELY. RASSF1A AND CDH13 DISPLAYED A SIMILAR METHYLATION FREQUENCY (23.52%) IN GLIOBLASTOMAS. NO GENE METHYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN GRADE II ASTROCYTOMAS. TUMOR GRADE CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH MGMT AND RARBETA METHYLATION (P = 0.005 AND P = 0.019, RESPECTIVELY) AND THE EXTENT OF NECROSIS (P = 0.001 AND P = 0.003). INTERESTINGLY, THE MARKER OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, IL-6, WAS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION OF MGMT (P = 0.004), RARBETA (P = 0.002), AND RASSF1A (P = 0.0081) AS WELL AS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES (P < 0.0001), INDICATING THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF IL-6 IN MAINTAINING PROMOTER METHYLATION OF THESE GENES. VEGF EXPRESSION CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH MGMT AND RARBETA METHYLATION ALTHOUGH THESE RELATIONSHIPS WERE OF MARGINAL SIGNIFICANCE (P = 0.0679 AND P = 0.0757). KAPLAN-MEIER UNIVARIATE SURVIVAL ANALYSIS INDICATED AN UNFAVORABLE SURVIVAL PERIOD IN PATIENTS WITH MGMT METHYLATION COMPARED WITH THOSE WITHOUT METHYLATION (P = 0.0474). OUR STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPLICATION OF MGMT AND RARBETA METHYLATION IN THE AGGRESSIVE PHENOTYPE OF PRIMARY GLIOBLASTOMAS. THE ASSOCIATION OF MGMT METHYLATION WITH CLINICAL OUTCOME INDICATES ITS POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC VALUE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2 2135  40 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH CUTANEOUS MELANOMA. SMALL AMOUNTS OF CELL-FREE DNA CIRCULATE IN BOTH HEALTHY AND DISEASED HUMAN BLOOD, WHILE INCREASED CONCENTRATIONS OF DNA ARE PRESENT IN THE SERUM OF CANCER PATIENTS. TUMOR-SPECIFIC MUTATIONS OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE PREDOMINANTLY BEEN DETECTED IN TISSUE SPECIMENS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE METHYLATION OF FIVE DIFFERENT GENES INVOLVED IN TUMOR SUPPRESSION AND DNA REPAIR (SUPPRESSORS OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 1 AND 2 (SOCS1, SOCS2)), RAS-ASSOCIATION DOMAIN FAMILY PROTEIN 1A (RASSF1A), D-TYPE P16(INK4A) CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR (CDKN), AND O6-METHYLGUANINE DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASE (MGMT)) IN THE SERUM OF 100 PATIENTS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. IN ALL, 41 MELANOMA PATIENTS (STAGE I = 18; STAGE II = 10; STAGE III/IV = 13), 13 HEALTHY CONTROLS WITHOUT NEVI, AND 10 INDIVIDUALS WITH MORE THAN 15 NEVI OF >5 MM IN SIZE WERE INVESTIGATED. FOR COMPARISON, SERA FROM PATIENTS WITH OTHER SKIN TUMORS (NINE BASAL CELL CANCERS, FIVE KAPOSI'S SARCOMA), DIFFERENT METASTASIZED CANCERS (FIVE BREAST CANCERS, FIVE COLON CANCERS), AND SEVERAL CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES (N = 12) WERE ALSO ANALYZED. IN ADDITION, WE EXAMINED IF METHYLATION WAS INVOLVED IN SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION OF THESE GENES IN 12 MELANOMA SPECIMENS. SOCS1, SOCS2, RASSF1A, CDKN2A, AND MGMT WERE METHYLATED IN 75, 43, 64, 75, AND 64% OF MELANOMA SAMPLES, RESPECTIVELY. OF THE 41 MELANOMA PATIENTS, 83% HAD ONE HYPERMETHYLATED GENE, WHILE 66, 51, AND 41% HAD TWO, THREE, OR FOUR HYPERMETHYLATED GENES, RESPECTIVELY. ALSO, 20% OF THESE PATIENTS SHOWED HYPERMETHYLATION FOR ALL GENES, WHILE ONLY 17% SHOWED NO METHYLATION. IMPORTANTLY, THE METHYLATION PROFILE OF THE SELECTED GENES FROM MELANOMA PATIENTS WAS DISTINCT FROM THE OTHER ANALYZED TUMORS. TRANSCRIPTION OF SOCS1, SOCS2, CDKN2A, AND RASSF1A GENES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN FRESH MELANOMA SAMPLES, WHILE MGMT SHOWED A 12-FOLD UPREGULATION AT THE MESSENGER RIBONUCLEIC ACID LEVEL (P < 0.001). OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE STUDIED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS A COMMON AND PROBABLY IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR MELANOMA FORMATION. THIS CONVENIENT METHOD USING A SIMPLE BLOOD SAMPLE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO CLASSIFICATION OF MELANOMA AND AWAITS CLINICAL VALIDATION.	2006	
                                                                                                     
3 2847  25 FREQUENT P15 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN TUMOR AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS. WE PROSPECTIVELY ANALYZED P15 METHYLATION PATTERNS IN 25 SURGICALLY RESECTED TUMORS AND 130 PLASMA, SERUM, AND BUFFY COAT SAMPLES FROM HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) PATIENTS, CONTROLS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS/CIRRHOSIS, AND HEALTHY SUBJECTS. USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, WE DEMONSTRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME P15 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN 64% OF TUMORS AND 25% (4 OF 16) OF PATIENTS' PLASMA AND SERUM SAMPLES. CONCURRENT P15 AND P16 METHYLATION WAS SHOWN IN 48% OF TUMORS, AND P15/P16 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN THE PLASMA/SERUM OF 92% (11 OF 12) OF PATIENTS. OF NOTE, 75% OF 12 PATIENTS WITH CONCURRENT TUMOR METHYLATION DEVELOPED CLINICAL METASTASIS/RECURRENCE (P = 0.027). IN BUFFY COAT SAMPLES, P15 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN ALL EIGHT PATIENTS WITH TUMOR P15 METHYLATION, SUGGESTING THE PRESENCE OF CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS. NONE OF THE CONTROL SAMPLES WERE METHYLATION POSITIVE. OUR DATA UNDERSCORE THE IMPORTANT ROLE(S) OF P15 AND P16 METHYLATION IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AND TUMOR PROGRESSION. AMONG 92% (23 OF 25) OF PATIENTS WITH TUMOR P15/P16 METHYLATION, CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA AND HCC CELLS WERE DETECTED IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF 87% (20 OF 23) OF PATIENTS. THE COMBINATION OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS MAY PROVE VALUABLE FOR NONINVASIVE HCC DIAGNOSIS AND DISEASE MONITORING.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  817  42 CHARACTERISTIC PATTERNS OF ALTERED DNA METHYLATION PREDICT EMERGENCE OF HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. WE AIMED TO IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC SUBSET OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) THAT ARE METHYLATION-SILENCED DURING THE EARLIEST STEPS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, AND TO FURTHER EVALUATE WHETHER THESE GENES CAN SERVE AS PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) EMERGENCE. A TOTAL OF 482 LIVER TISSUES INCLUDING 177 PAIRS OF HCCS AND MATCHED NONTUMOR LIVERS AND 128 LIVER BIOPSIES FROM CHRONIC HEPATITIS C (CHC) PATIENTS WERE ANALYZED FOR QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS IN 24 TSG PROMOTERS AND THREE MINT LOCI. THE TUMORS WERE CLASSIFIED AS EARLY, LESS-PROGRESSED, AND HIGHLY PROGRESSED HCCS USING HISTOLOGY AND RADIOLOGICAL APPROACHES. A SUBSET OF TSGS THAT HARBORED DISTINCTLY HIGH LEVELS OF METHYLATION IN EARLY HCCS WERE SELECTED. BASED ON THE METHYLATION PROFILES OF THESE GENES, KAPLAN-MEIER ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE TIME-TO-HCC OCCURRENCE IN CHC PATIENTS. SUBSEQUENTLY, MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING AGE, GENDER, FIBROSIS STAGE, AND NUMBER OF METHYLATED TSGS AS COVARIATES. AMONG TSGS ANALYZED, A SUBSET OF EIGHT TSGS (HIC1, GSTP1, SOCS1, RASSF1, CDKN2A, APC, RUNX3, AND PRDM2) DEMONSTRATED A DISTINCT CLUSTER BY HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING AND RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSES. THIS SUBSET OF TSGS SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE EARLY HCCS (P < 0.0001). IN THE CHC PATIENTS, METHYLATION FREQUENCIES IN THESE TSGS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTER TIME-TO-HCC OCCURRENCE (P < 0.0001), AND NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES WAS AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR FOR HCC (HAZARD RATIO = 5.21, 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = 2.25-11.76, P = 0.0002). CONCLUSION: EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF A SUBSET OF TSGS PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE EARLIEST STEPS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. FURTHERMORE, EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THESE GENES IN CHC PROVIDES A PROGNOSTIC VALUE FOR DETERMINING THE RISK FOR DEVELOPING HCC LATER IN LIFE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5 1342  40 DETECTING ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, AND RASSF1A IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) HAS A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY. FURTHER STUDIES INTO EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HCC, PARTICULARLY THE ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS), ARE REQUIRED, SINCE THESE CHANGES MAY PROVIDE NOVEL BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS OF HCC. BY USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), THE PRESENT STUDY DETECTED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF 4 CANDIDATE TSGS, GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, AND RASSF1A, RESPECTIVELY, IN 35 PAIRED HCC AND TUMOR-ADJACENT LIVER TISSUES IN ADDITION TO 20 NORMAL LIVER TISSUES. THEIR EFFECT ON THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF HCC WAS ALSO INVESTIGATED BY ANALYZING THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA. THE RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF RIZ1 AND GSTP1 GENES IN HCC WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES (P<0.01) AND THE NORMAL LIVER TISSUES (P<0.01). THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF P16 AND RASSF1A GENES WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT OBSERVED IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES (P>0.05) BUT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THE NORMAL TISSUES (P<0.01). IN HCC TISSUES, THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE GSTP1 GENE IN TUMORS WITH CAPSULAR INVASION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN TUMORS WITHOUT CAPSULAR INVASION (P<0.05). THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF P16 GENE IN HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBSAG)-POSITIVE HCC PATIENTS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN HBSAG-NEGATIVE PATIENTS (P<0.05). THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RIZ1 AND RASSF1A GENES WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA (P>0.05). PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RIZ1 AND GSTP1 GENES IS HCC-SPECIFIC, AND THUS MAY BE USED AS A BIOMARKER TO ASSIST THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF HCC. WHILE THE METHYLATION OF GSTP1 GENE PROMOTER MAY ASSOCIATE WITH THE INVASIVENESS OF HCC, CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION MAY BE THE CAUSE OF METHYLATION-INDUCED P16 INACTIVATION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6 4905  43 P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION, AGE, AND GENDER IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. PURPOSE: THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE P16INK4A IS MAINLY INACTIVATED BY AN EPIGENETIC CHANGE INVOLVING PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE POSSIBLE CLINICAL IMPACT OF P16INK4A METHYLATION AND THE POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS FOR THIS EPIGENETIC ALTERATION HAVE NOT BEEN THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: WE STUDIED THE METHYLATION STATUS AND MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF P16INK4A IN 50 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS AND CORRESPONDING NONNEOPLASTIC LIVER LESIONS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES. RESULTS: P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN 58% (29 OF 50) OF THE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS AND 16% (6 OF 38) OF THE CORRESPONDING CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS TISSUE SAMPLES. P16INK4A METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION (P <0.001 AND P=0.003, RESPECTIVELY). ALL OF THE P16INK4A-METHYLATED TUMORS WERE POSITIVE FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS MARKERS, BUT NONE OF THE VIRUS-NEGATIVE TUMORS EXHIBITED P16INK4A METHYLATION (P=0.006). THE FREQUENCY OF P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION TENDED TO BE HIGHER IN HEPATITIS C VIRUS-RELATED TUMORS (23 OF 32, 72%) THAN IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS-RELATED TUMORS (6 OF 13, 46%; P=0.1). ABERRANT METHYLATION OF P16INK4A WAS ALSO RELATED SIGNIFICANTLY TO INCREASING AGE, FEMALE GENDER, AND NORMAL LEVELS OF SERUM PIVKA-II (P=0.02, 0.04, AND 0.04, RESPECTIVELY). NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN SURVIVAL WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION AND THOSE WITHOUT. CONCLUSIONS: OUR OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS FROM AN EARLY STAGE AND THAT MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS VIRAL INFECTIONS, AGE, AND GENDER, MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7 5270  40 PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION FREQUENCY AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL ROLE OF MIR-129-2 GENE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVES: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE ACCUMULATION OF APPARENTLY MATURE B-TYPE LYMPHOCYTES IN THE LYMPHOHEMATOPOIETIC ORGANS. METHYLATION IN PROMOTERS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS ONE OF THE MECHANISMS THAT CAUSES BLOOD MALIGNANCY. IN THIS STUDY, WE EVALUATED THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF MIR-129-2 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CLINICAL AND LABORATORY PARAMETERS OF PATIENTS WITH CLL. METHODS: WE STUDIED THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE MIR-129-2 GENE IN 50 PATIENTS WITH CLL AND 50 HEALTHY CONTROLS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION METHODS. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING SPSS-18 SOFTWARE, AND A P-VALUE < 0.050 WAS CONSIDERED STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. RESULTS: THE FREQUENCY OF PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION OF THE MIR-129-2 GENE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE CLL GROUP COMPARED WITH CONTROL GROUP (38.0% VS. 0.0%, P < 0.001; CHI(2) = 23.457). THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF MIR-129-2 GENE WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE TWO SEXES (P = 0.236). A SIGNIFICANT BUT WEAK CORRELATION WAS SEEN BETWEEN THE METHYLATED STATE OF THE MIR-129-2 GENE AND ORGANOMEGALY (P = 0.019, R = 0.330) AS WELL AS HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS (P = 0.020, R = -0.233). HOWEVER, BINARY LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS INDICATED ORGANOMEGALY AS THE ONLY CLINICAL BIOMARKER WITH A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WITH THE HYPERMETHYLATED MIR-129-2 GENE STATE (P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: THE HIGH FREQUENCY OF PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION OF THE MIR-129-2 GENE IN THE CLL GROUP COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP, AS WELL AS ITS SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WITH ORGANOMEGALY, SUGGESTS THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS OF CLL DISEASE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8 5435  37 RELATIVE ROLE OF METHYLATOR AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PATHWAYS IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLON CANCER. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC) IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED COLORECTAL CANCER RISK WHICH MAY BE SECONDARY TO REPETITIVE MUCOSAL INJURY. BOTH EPIGENETIC METHYLATION AND THE CLASSIC ADENOMA-TO-CARCINOMA SEQUENCE HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THIS MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION, BUT THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REMAIN POORLY DEFINED. THIS STUDY COMPARES THE MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF COLITIS-ASSOCIATED AND COMMON COLORECTAL CANCERS. METHODS: NINETEEN PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL ADENOCARCINOMAS ARISING WITHIN UC WERE MATCHED FOR AGE AND CANCER SITE WITH 54 PATIENTS WITH SPORADIC ADENOCARCINOMAS. TUMOR TISSUE WAS EXAMINED FOR BRAF MUTATIONS, CPG ISLAND METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE (CIMP), AND MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION. MUTATIONS OF KRAS AND P53 WERE ASSESSED BY SEQUENCING. RESULTS: PATIENT DEMOGRAPHICS WERE SIMILAR FOR THE TWO GROUPS. CIMP WAS OBSERVED IN 22% OF SPORADIC COLORECTAL CANCERS AND IN 5% OF UC CANCERS (P = 0.162). RATES OF BRAF MUTATION (4% VS 5%, P = 1.0), MLH1 METHYLATION (9% VERSUS 5%, P = 0.682), AND KRAS MUTATIONS (24% VERSUS 32%, P = 0.552) WERE SIMILAR BETWEEN THE GROUPS. HOWEVER, COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLORECTAL CANCERS WERE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE A P53 MUTATION COMPARED TO SPORADIC ADENOCARCINOMAS (95% VERSUS 53%, P = 0.001). THE DOMINANT MUTATION FOR COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCERS WAS A MUTATION IN CODON 4, REPRESENTING HALF OF THE MUTATIONS. FURTHERMORE, COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCERS HAD A HIGHER RATE OF MUTATION IN CODON 8 (48% VERSUS 6%, P < 0.001) THAN SPORADIC COUNTERPARTS. CONCLUSIONS: UNLIKE OTHER INFLAMMATORY GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS, COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLORECTAL CANCERS DO NOT PREFERENTIALLY ARISE VIA A METHYLATOR PATHWAY WHEN COMPARED TO SPORADIC COLORECTAL CANCERS. CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY REMAINS AN IMPORTANT ETIOLOGY, BUT WITH A UNIQUE P53 FREQUENCY AND MUTATION PATTERN.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  780  39 CELL-FREE DNA PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN PLASMA AS A DIAGNOSTIC MARKER FOR PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA. BACKGROUND: PANCREATIC CANCER HAS A 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATE OF ONLY 5-7%. DIFFICULTIES IN DETECTING PANCREATIC CANCER AT EARLY STAGES RESULTS IN THE HIGH MORTALITY AND SUBSTANTIATES THE NEED FOR ADDITIONAL DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS. SURGERY IS THE ONLY CURATIVE TREATMENT AND UNFORTUNATELY ONLY POSSIBLE IN LOCALIZED TUMOURS. A DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKER FOR PANCREATIC CANCER WILL HAVE A MAJOR IMPACT ON PATIENT SURVIVAL BY FACILITATING EARLY DETECTION AND THE POSSIBILITY FOR CURATIVE TREATMENT. DNA PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IS A MECHANISM OF EARLY CARCINOGENESIS, WHICH CAN CAUSE INACTIVATION OF TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN A PANEL OF SELECTED GENES FROM CELL-FREE DNA, AS A DIAGNOSTIC MARKER FOR PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA. METHODS: PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED OR BIOPSY-VERIFIED PANCREATIC CANCER WERE INCLUDED PROSPECTIVELY AND CONSECUTIVELY. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC/ACUTE PANCREATITIS WERE INCLUDED AS ADDITIONAL BENIGN CONTROL GROUPS. BASED ON AN OPTIMIZED ACCELERATED BISULFITE TREATMENT PROTOCOL, METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR OF A 28 GENE PANEL WAS PERFORMED ON PLASMA SAMPLES. A DIAGNOSTIC PREDICTION MODEL WAS DEVELOPED BY MULTIVARIABLE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS USING BACKWARD STEPWISE ELIMINATION. RESULTS: PATIENTS WITH PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA (N = 95), CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (N = 97) AND ACUTE PANCREATITIS (N = 59) AND PATIENTS SCREENED, BUT NEGATIVE FOR PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA (N = 27), WERE INCLUDED. THE DIFFERENCE IN MEAN NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES IN THE CANCER GROUP (8.41 (95% CI 7.62-9.20)) VS THE TOTAL CONTROL GROUP (4.74 (95% CI 4.40-5.08)) WAS HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT (P < 0.001). A DIAGNOSTIC PREDICTION MODEL (AGE >65, BMP3, RASSF1A, BNC1, MESTV2, TFPI2, APC, SFRP1 AND SFRP2) HAD AN AREA UNDER THE CURVE OF 0.86 (SENSITIVITY 76%, SPECIFICITY 83%). THE MODEL PERFORMANCE WAS INDEPENDENT OF CANCER STAGE. CONCLUSIONS: CELL-FREE DNA PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BE A DIAGNOSTIC MARKER FOR PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA AND DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN MALIGNANT AND BENIGN PANCREATIC DISEASE. THIS STUDY BRINGS US CLOSER TO A CLINICAL USEFUL DIAGNOSTIC MARKER FOR PANCREATIC CANCER, WHICH IS URGENTLY NEEDED. EXTERNAL VALIDATION IS, HOWEVER, REQUIRED BEFORE THE TEST CAN BE APPLIED IN THE CLINIC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CLINICALTRIALS.GOV, NCT02079363.	2016	

10 3588  32 IMPACT OF TP53 GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION ON CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS A MALIGNANT LYMPHOID DISORDER THAT RESULTS FROM THE OVERGROWTH OF MATURE-LOOKING LYMPHOID CELLS IN THE BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC TISSUE. VARIOUS CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO THE DISEASE AS A RESULT OF THE DIFFERENT UNDERLYING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. THE CURRENT STUDY HAS BEEN INITIATED TO STUDY THE ROLE OF AN EPIGENETIC ALTERATION AFFECTING THE PROMOTER OF THE TP53GENE ON CLL PATHOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION. METHODS: THE CURRENT STUDY INVOLVED 54 NEWLY DIAGNOSED PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH CLL AS WELL AS 30 NORMAL INDIVIDUALS AS CONTROLS. AFTER OBTAINING VERBAL CONSENT, DATA COLLECTION WAS DONE AND THE BLOOD COLLECTED FROM ALL ENROLLED INDIVIDUALS FOR HEMATOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AS WELL AS FOR MOLECULAR CATEGORIZATION OF TP53 METHYLATION STATUS. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MS-PCR) TECHNIQUE WAS USED TO DEFINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE TP53 GENE PROMOTER THAT ENCOMPASSES DNA EXTRACTION, BISULFITE CONVERSION, CONVENTIONAL PCR AMPLIFICATION, RUNNING ON AGAROSE GEL AND DOCUMENTATION. FINALLY, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS DONE TO ASSESS ANY CORRELATION OF THE TP53 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION TO THE DISEASE ETIOLOGY AND THE PROGRESSION. RESULTS: IN THE CURRENT STUDY, ALL CONTROLS AND 42 OF 54 PATIENTS SHOW UNMETHYLATED TP53 GENE PROMOTER; ON THE OTHER HAND, THE METHYLATED PROMOTER WAS DETECTED AMONG 12 PATIENTS WITH A P-VALUE OF 0.001. TP53 GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION SIGNIFICANTLY LINKED TO REDUCED PLATELET COUNT (P-VALUE OF 0.047) AND ADVANCED STAGE AT PRESENTATION (P-VALUE OF 0.076). NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE SEEN AMONG BOTH METHYLATED AND UNMETHYLATED TP53 PROMOTERS IN RELATION TO THE AGE OF THE AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS, TOTAL WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS AND HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL OF THE AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. CONCLUSION: THE CURRENT STUDY REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION OF TP53 GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION TO CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS AND LOWER PLATELET COUNTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11 6770  43 [ABERRANT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF MULTIPLE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS OF HCC. METHODS: SIXTY SAMPLES OF HCC AND THE PAIRED ADJACENT LIVER TISSUE, 16 SAMPLES FROM POST-HEPATITIS CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, 5 FROM LIVERS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND 5 FROM NORMAL LIVERS WERE COLLECTED. EIGHT TSGS FREQUENTLY SILENCED BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTERS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF DIGESTIVE TUMORS WERE SELECTED, INCLUDING APC, RASSF1A, P16, GSTP1, MGMT, DAPK, SOCS-1 AND RIZ1. THE STATUS OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THESE 8 GENES WAS INVESTIGATED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA OF HCC WERE ALSO ANALYZED IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT METHYLATION IN HCC. RESULTS: METHYLATION OF THE 8 TSGS WAS QUITE FREQUENT IN HCC, WITH A METHYLATION RATE OF 95.0% IN RASSF1A, 90.0% IN APC, 73.3% IN GSTP1, 65.0% IN P16, 61.6% IN RIZ1 AND 60.0% IN MGMT. METHYLATION OF THE 6 GENES WAS MORE FREQUENT IN HCC THAN THAT IN ADJACENT TISSUES (P < 0.05). THE METHYLATION RATE OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES WAS 41.6%, 40.0% AND 25.0%, RESPECTIVELY, SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT IN CIRRHOTIC LIVER (P < 0.05). P16 METHYLATION WAS MORE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN HCC IN ELDERLY PATIENTS. THE FREQUENCY OF MGMT METHYLATION WAS TENDED TO BE HIGHER IN GIANT HCC THAN THAT IN THE OTHER TYPES OF HCC. PATIENTS WITH MGMT METHYLATION IN THE TUMOR WERE FOUND TO HAVE A SHORTER DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL. CONCLUSION: DIFFERENT FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS, ADJACENT LIVER TISSUES AND CIRRHOTIC LIVERS IMPLIES THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN THE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOGENESIS MAY BE A GRADUALLY PROGRESSIVE PROCESS. METHYLATION STATUS OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 MAY BE PROMISING IN RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS. FURTHERMORE, MGMT METHYLATION MIGHT BE ALSO USED AS A POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12 2019  41 EPIGENETIC CHANGE IN E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 TO PREDICT CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. BACKGROUND: DNA METHYLATION OF CERTAIN GENES FREQUENTLY OCCURS IN NEOPLASTIC CELLS. ALTHOUGH THE CAUSE REMAINS UNKNOWN, MANY GENES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED WITH SUCH ATYPICAL METHYLATION IN NEOPLASTIC CELLS. THE HYPERMETHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN AND CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX-2) IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION SUCH AS CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS MAY DEMONSTRATE MILD LESION/MUTATION EPIGENETIC LEVEL. THIS STUDY COMPARES THE HYPERMETHYLATION STATUS OF E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 GENES WHICH ARE OFTEN FOUND IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS WITH THAT IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. METHODS: TOTAL DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM THE BLOOD SAMPLES OF 108 SYSTEMICALLY HEALTHY NON-PERIODONTITIS SUBJECTS, AND THE GINGIVAL TISSUES AND BLOOD SAMPLES OF 110 CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS PATIENT AS WELL AS NEOPLASTIC TISSUES OF 106 BREAST CANCER PATIENTS. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR FOR E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 WAS PERFORMED ON THESE SAMPLES AND THE PCR PRODUCTS WERE ANALYZED ON 2% AGAROSE GEL. RESULTS: HYPERMETHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 WAS OBSERVED IN 38% AND 35% OF THE BREAST CANCER SAMPLES, RESPECTIVELY. IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS PATIENTS THE DETECTION RATE WAS 25% AND 19% RESPECTIVELY, AND NONE WAS FOUND IN THE SYSTEMICALLY HEALTHY NON-PERIODONTITIS CONTROL SUBJECTS. THE HYPERMETHYLATION STATUS WAS SHOWN TO BE CORRELATED AMONG THE THREE GROUPS WITH STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE (P < 0.0001). THE METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 GENES IN PERIODONTITIS PATIENTS OCCURS MORE FREQUENTLY IN PERIODONTITIS PATIENTS THAN IN THE CONTROL SUBJECTS, BUT OCCURS LESS FREQUENTLY THAN IN THE BREAST CANCER PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS SET OF DATA SHOWS THAT THE EPIGENETIC CHANGE IN E-CADHERIN AND CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES PRESENTED IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION PATIENTS MIGHT DEMONSTRATE AN IRREVERSIBLE DESTRUCTION IN THE TISSUES OR ORGANS SIMILAR TO THE EFFECTS OF CANCER. CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS TO SOME EXTENT MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA HYPERMETHYLATION WHICH IS RELATED TO CANCER RISK FACTORS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13 1805  27 EFFECT OF SMOKING ON THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERN OF THE SOCS1 PROMOTER IN EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM THE SALIVA OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. BACKGROUND: THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE METHYLATION PATTERN IN THE SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 1 (SOCS1) GENE IN SMOKERS AND NON-SMOKERS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS (CP). METHODS: METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) WAS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE SOCS1 PROMOTER IN 45 SALIVA SAMPLES FROM SMOKERS AND NON-SMOKERS WITH CP. RESULTS: CELLS FROM THE SALIVA OF CP PATIENTS WHO SMOKED WERE 7.08 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO HAVE A METHYLATED SOCS1 PROMOTER THAN CELLS FROM THE SALIVA OF NON-SMOKING PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: SOCS1 GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION, WITH ITS POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON THE EXPRESSION OF THIS GENE, SEEMS TO BE A CONSEQUENCE OF EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO AND NOT TO PERIODONTAL DISEASE. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO ELUCIDATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF IMMUNE RESPONSE GENE EXPRESSION, EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT, PROGRESSION, AND PROGNOSIS OF CP.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14 6820  34 [GASTRIC CARCINOMA AND CHRONIC GASTRITIS: EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CDH1 (E-CADHERIN), CDKN2A (P16INK4A), PTGS2 (COX-2) AND EGFR GENES THROUGH METHYLATION]. THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE BEING STUDIED AS ONE OF THE CAUSES OF GASTRIC CANCER (GC) PROGRESSION AND DEVELOPMENT. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC ALTERATION WHICH LEADS TO SUPPRESSOR GENE SILENCING AND PROTO-ONCOGENE ACTIVATION, PLAYING AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CARCINOGENESIS. THE HISTOLOGICAL TYPES OF GASTRIC CARCINOMA HAVE DIFFERENT GENETIC PATHS AND THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOLECULAR BASES OF TUMORAL PROGRESSION LEADS TO DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY AND ATTEMPTED THERAPY. CDH1 (E-CADHERIN) AND CDKN2A (P16(INK4A)) GENES ARE THOUGHT TO BE TUMORAL SUPPRESSOR GENES AND PTGS2 (COX-2) AND GENES ARE INVOLVED IN TUMOUR REGULATION AND GROWTH. IN ONE HAND, GENE SILENCING AS AN EPIGENETIC PHENOMENON, AND IN THE OTHER HAND, GENE EXPRESSION ENHANCEMENT DUE TO POSSIBLE DEMETHYLATION, SIMULTANEOUSLY, CAN FACILITATE CARCINOGENESIS AND TUMORAL PROGRESSION. OUR AIM WAS TO RELATE CDH1, P16(INK4A), COX-2 AND EGFR GENES DNA METHYLATION WITH THE SEVERAL HISTOLOGICAL TYPES OF GASTRIC CARCINOMA AND CHRONIC GASTRITIS. WE STUDIED 55 FORMALIN FIXED PARAFFIN EMBEDDED GASTRIC BIOPSIES: 35 WERE GC SPECIMENS (12 DIFFUSE TYPE, 15 INTESTINAL TYPE AND 8 INDETERMINATE TYPE, ACCORDING TO LAUREN'S CLASSIFICATION) AND 20 SAMPLES HAD CHRONIC GASTRITIS (CG). THE DNA WAS TREATED WITH SODIUM BISULFITE AFTER EXTRACTION AND THEN PERFORMED METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR (MSP). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS BASED ON CHI-SQUARE TEST AND EXACT FISHER'S TEST. CPG ISLAND METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 94% OF THE GC SAMPLES FOR CDH1, 91% FOR COX-2, 80% FOR P16(INK4A) AND NO METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN EGFR GENE (0%). IN CG, CPG ISLAND METHYLATION WAS FOUND IN 100% FOR CDH1 AND COX-2 GENES, 90% FOR P16(INK4A) AND 20% FOR EGFR. THESE RESULTS REVEAL SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN EGFR GENE METHYLATION DISTINGUISHING GC FROM CG (P < 0, 01), SUGGESTING THAT GENE DEMETHYLATION LEADS TO MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION AND FAVOURS THE USE OF TYROSINE-KINASE INHIBITORS IN ITS TREATMENT. GENES COX2 E P16INK4A LOWER METHYLATION IN INTESTINAL AND DIFFUSE TYPES OF GC, FAVOURS THEIR DIFFERENT ROLE IN RESPECTIVE HISTOGENESIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15 6415  32 THE STUDY OF P16 AND P15 GENE METHYLATION IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND THEIR QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION IN PLASMA BY REAL-TIME PCR. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES BY PROMOTER METHYLATION ARE COMMONLY OBSERVED IN HUMAN EPITHELIAL MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS (HNSCC). IN THIS STUDY, A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) WAS USED TO EVALUATE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES IN 73 HNSCC SURGICAL SPECIMENS. P16 AND P15 GENE METHYLATION WAS ALSO EXAMINED IN 29 PAIRED METASTATIC LYMPH NODES AND 29 PAIRED HISTOLOGICALLY, NORMAL RESECTION MARGIN MUCOSAE. THE QUANTITY OF CELL-FREE METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA IN THE PLASMA SAMPLES OF 20 HNSCC PATIENTS AND 24 HEALTHY CONTROLS WAS ALSO EXAMINED USING A FLUORESCENCE-BASED REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY. THE FREQUENCIES OF P16 AND P15 METHYLATION IN THE PRIMARY TUMOUR WERE 49% AND 60%, RESPECTIVELY. CONCORDANT METHYLATION OF P16 AND P15 IN TUMOUR SAMPLES AND METASTATIC LYMPH NODES WAS FOUND IN 59 AND 38% OF CASES, RESPECTIVELY. A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER PREVALENCE OF P15 METHYLATION WAS FOUND IN HISTOLOGICALLY-NORMAL SURGICAL MARGIN EPITHELIA OF HNSCC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SMOKING AND DRINKING HABITS COMPARED WITH NON-SMOKERS AND NON-DRINKERS. IN ADDITION, METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE PLASMA OF HNSCC PATIENTS (MEAN 56 COPIES/ML PLASMA AND 65 COPIES/ML PLASMA, RESPECTIVELY) COMPARED WITH NORMAL CONTROLS (MEAN 6 COPIES/ML PLASMA AND 16 COPIES/ML PLASMA, RESPECTIVELY). IN CONCLUSION, PROMOTER METHYLATION OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HNSCC AND MAY BE RELATED TO CHRONIC SMOKING AND DRINKING. THE DIFFERENTIAL LEVELS OF METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA IN PLASMA MIGHT BE POTENTIAL USEFUL MARKERS IN SCREENING HIGH-RISK POPULATIONS FOR EARLY HNSCC AND MONITORING THEIR TREATMENT RESPONSE.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16  507  37 ASSOCIATION OF INCREASED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE EXPRESSION WITH CARCINOGENESIS AND POOR PROGNOSIS IN PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA. INTRODUCTION: EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MULTISTAGE CARCINOGENESIS. THE ROLE OF THE THREE FUNCTIONAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) IN PANCREATIC CARCINOGENESIS HAS NOT BEEN FULLY UNDERSTOOD. THE MAIN GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE DNMT EXPRESSION IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA (PDAC), AND EVALUATE THEIR PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE IN PDAC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A LARGE NUMBER OF PREMALIGNANT AND MALIGNANT PANCREATIC LESIONS WERE OBTAINED BY MANUAL MICRODISSECTION. QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME RT-PCR WAS USED TO DETECT DNMTS MRNA EXPRESSION. NONPARAMETRIC TEST, LOGRANK TEST AND COX REGRESSION ANALYSIS WERE USED TO EVALUATE THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DNMT EXPRESSION. RESULTS: THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF THE THREE DNMTS INCREASED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF PANCREATIC CANCER FROM NORMAL DUCT TO PANCREATIC INTRADUCTAL NEOPLASIA AND FURTHER TO PDAC, AND WERE STATISTICALLY CORRELATED WITH EACH OTHER. EXPRESSION OF THE THREE DNMTS WAS STATISTICALLY CORRELATED WITH TNM STAGING AND HISTORY OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS. DNMT3A AND DNMT3B, BUT NOT DNMT1 EXPRESSION, WAS STATISTICALLY CORRELATED WITH TUMOUR SIZE. PATIENTS WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF DNMT1, DNMT3A AND/OR DNMT3B EXPRESSION HAD AN OVERALL LOWER SURVIVAL THAN THOSE WITH LOWER LEVELS OF EXPRESSION. UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT HIGH EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DNMTS, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, TUMOUR DIFFERENTIATION AND TNM STAGING WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTORS. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT HIGH LEVEL OF DNMT3B EXPRESSION AND TUMOUR DIFFERENTIATION WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT INDEPENDENT POOR PROGNOSTIC FACTORS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT PANCREATIC CARCINOGENESIS INVOLVES AN INCREASED MRNA EXPRESSION OF THREE DNMTS, AND THEY MAY BECOME VALUABLE DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC MARKERS AS WELL AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR PANCREATIC CANCER.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17 6692  37 VARIABLE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSION OF DISEASE IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) MOST COMMONLY ARISES FROM CHRONIC INFLAMMATION DUE TO VIRAL INFECTION, AS A RESULT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. A GLOBAL PICTURE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HCC IS LACKING. WE USED METHYLATED CPG ISLAND AMPLIFICATION MICROARRAYS (MCAMS) TO STUDY 6458 CPG ISLANDS IN HCC AND ADJACENT PRENEOPLASTIC TISSUES [CHRONIC HEPATITIS (CH) OR LIVER CIRRHOSIS (LC)] IN COMPARISON WITH NORMAL LIVER TISSUES WHERE NEITHER VIRAL INFECTION NOR HEPATITIS HAS EXISTED. MCAM IDENTIFIED 719 (11%) PROMINENT GENES OF HYPERMETHYLATION IN HCCS. HCCS ARISING FROM LC HAD SIGNIFICANTLY MORE METHYLATION THAN THOSE ARISING FROM CH (1249 GENES OR 19% VERSUS 444 GENES OR 7%, P < 0.05). THERE WERE FOUR PATTERNS OF ABERRANT METHYLATION: TYPE I (4%, E.G. MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 14) SHOWS A SUBSTANTIALLY HIGH METHYLATION LEVEL IN ADJACENT TISSUE AND DOES NOT INCREASE FURTHER IN CANCER. TYPE II (55%, E.G. RASSF1A) SHOWS PROGRESSIVELY INCREASING METHYLATION FROM ADJACENT TISSUE TO HCC. TYPE III (4%, E.G. GNA14) SHOWS DECREASED METHYLATION IN ADJACENT TISSUE BUT EITHER SIMILAR OR INCREASED METHYLATION IN HCC. TYPE IV (37%, E.G. CDKN2A) SHOWS LOW LEVELS OF METHYLATION IN NORMAL TISSUE AND ADJACENT TISSUE BUT HIGH LEVELS IN HCC. THESE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES WERE CONFIRMED BY QUANTITATIVE PYROSEQUENCING METHYLATION ANALYSIS IN REPRESENTATIVE 24 GENES AND WERE ANALYZED FOR CORRELATION WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN 38 PATIENTS. INTRIGUINGLY, METHYLATION IN THE TYPE IV GENES IS CHARACTERISTIC OF MODERATELY/POORLY DIFFERENTIATED CANCER. OUR GLOBAL EPIGENOME ANALYSIS REVEALS DISTINCT PATTERNS OF METHYLATION THAT ARE PROBABLY TO REPRESENT DIFFERENT PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES IN HCCS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18 6589  31 TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION IN JAPANESE ADULTS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: OVER-EXPRESSION OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) PLAYS A PATHOLOGICAL ROLE IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS (CP) AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA), WHICH MIGHT BE REGULATED BY THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE WHETHER THERE IS A UNIQUE METHYLATION PROFILE OF THE TNF-ALPHA GENE PROMOTER IN BLOOD CELLS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH CP AND RA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: THE STUDY PARTICIPANTS CONSISTED OF 30 JAPANESE ADULTS WITH RA (RA GROUP), 30 RACE-MATCHED ADULTS WITH CP ONLY (CP GROUP) AND 30 RACE-MATCHED HEALTHY CONTROLS (H GROUP). GENOMIC DNA ISOLATED FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD WAS MODIFIED BY SODIUM BISULFITE AND ANALYZED, BY DIRECT SEQUENCING, TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION OF THE TNF-ALPHA GENE PROMOTER REGION. THE LEVEL OF TNF-ALPHA PRODUCED IN MONONUCLEAR CELLS STIMULATED WITH PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE WAS DETERMINED USING ELISA. RESULTS: TWELVE CYTOSINE-GUANINE DINUCLEOTIDE (CPG) MOTIFS WERE IDENTIFIED IN THE TNF-ALPHA PROMOTER FRAGMENT FROM -343 TO +57 BP. THE CP GROUP SHOWED A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION RATE AND FREQUENCY AT -72 BP THAN THE H GROUP (P < 0.01). THE RA GROUP EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION RATES AT SEVEN CPG MOTIFS (-302, -163, -119, -72, -49, -38 AND +10 BP), AND SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION FREQUENCIES AT SIX CPG MOTIFS (-163, -119, -72, -49, -38 AND +10 BP), THAN THE H GROUP (P < 0.01 FOR ALL COMPARISONS). THE LEVELS OF TNF-ALPHA PRODUCED WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT METHYLATION AT -163 BP (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE HYPERMETHYLATED STATUS OF CPG MOTIFS IN THE TNF-ALPHA GENE PROMOTER IN BLOOD CELLS MAY BE UNIQUE TO JAPANESE ADULTS WITH CP AND RA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19 3897  42 LARGE-SCALE ANALYSIS OF THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA FROM SOUTHEAST CHINA. OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS DURING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS STILL FRAGMENTARY, DUE TO LACK OF COMPREHENSIVE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ANALYSES IN THE SAME SET OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS). IN THIS STUDY, WE CONDUCTED A LARGE-SCALE ANALYSIS, INCLUDING MUTATION SCREENING IN 50 GENES AND METHYLATION ASSAYS IN THREE GENES IN 54 PAIRS OF HCCS AND THEIR NEIGHBORING NON-CANCEROUS TISSUES. ALL SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED FROM THE RESIDENTS IN SOUTHEAST CHINA. WE FOUND HBV INFECTION AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS/CIRRHOSIS IN 83.3% AND 98.1% OF THE CASES, RESPECTIVELY. MUTATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED IN 18 OUT OF 54 (33.3%) SAMPLES, WITH P53 ALTERATIONS IN 14 CASES AND BETA-CATENIN MUTATIONS IN FOUR TUMORS. NO MUTATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED IN THE NEIGHBORING TISSUES. INTERESTINGLY, 9 OUT OF 14 (64.3%) TUMORS CARRYING P53 MUTATIONS DISPLAYED SUBSTITUTION OF SERINE BY ARGININE AT CODON 249, A CHARACTERISTIC CHANGE BELIEVED TO BE INDUCED BY AFLATOXIN-B1. FURTHERMORE, P53 MUTATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTER RECURRENCE-FREE SURVIVAL (P=0.004). THE RESULTS ALSO REVEALED ABERRANT METHYLATION IN TWO OR MORE GENES IN AS HIGH AS 90% OF TUMORS AND 40% OF ADJACENT TISSUES. THE FREQUENCY OF RASSF1A HYPERMETHYLATION WAS MUCH HIGHER THAN THAT OF P16INK4A AND HAI2 IN BOTH HCC AND NEIGHBORING TISSUES, INDICATING THAT DEREGULATION OF RASSF1A MAY PRECEDE THE OTHER TWO GENES. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OCCURS BEFORE MUTATION AND IS AN EARLY EVENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS SET OF HCC. OUR FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT P53 AS A PROGNOSTIC FACTOR OF HCC AND RASSF1A AS A POTENTIAL TARGET IN PREVENTING MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HEPATOCYTES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20 5277  47 PROMOTER METHYLATION PROFILE IN PRENEOPLASTIC AND NEOPLASTIC GALLBLADDER LESIONS. GALLBLADDER CARCINOMA (GBC) IS A HIGHLY MALIGNANT NEOPLASM AND REPRESENTS THE LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER DEATH IN CHILEAN WOMEN. IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN GALLBLADDER CARCINOGENESIS, WE INVESTIGATED THE FREQUENCY OF THIS EPIGENETIC MECHANISM BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) IN 35 CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS (CC, SEPARATED ACCORDING TO THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF METAPLASIA), 19 EARLY CANCERS (MUCOSA OR MUSCULARIS PROPIA INVASION) AND 48 ADVANCED CARCINOMAS WITH INVASION OF THE GALLBLADDER SUBSEROSA (25 CASES) AND SEROSA (23 CASES). WE EXAMINED 14 GENES AND OBSERVED AN INCREASE OF MULTIGENIC METHYLATION DURING TUMORAL PROGRESSION WHICH WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATIENT'S AGE. FOUR GENES (DAPK1, DLC1, TIMP3, AND RARBETA2) DISPLAYED A PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN THEIR METHYLATION STATUS FROM CC WITHOUT METAPLASIA TO ADVANCED CARCINOMA INVADING THE SEROSA LAYER (P <OR= 0.05). THE SURVIVAL ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT A METHYLATED CONDITION OF DLC1 GENE IS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS (P = 0.04), WHEREAS A METHYLATED STATE OF MGMT GENE CORRELATED WITH BETTER PATIENT SURVIVAL (P = 0.006). OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT ABERRANT HYPERMETHYLATION OF PROMOTER REGIONS IS AN EARLY, PROGRESSIVE AND CUMULATIVE EVENT IN GALLBLADDER CARCINOGENESIS. FURTHERMORE, THE METHYLATION LEVELS SEEMS TO ACCUMULATE IN THE PROGRESSION OF CC WITHOUT METAPLASIA TO CC WITH METAPLASIA, A FACT THAT COULD PROVIDE NEW EVIDENCE TO CONSIDER THIS MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF GB MUCOSA AS A PREMALIGNANT LESION. FINALLY, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF SOME INDIVIDUAL GENES COULD BE USEFUL BIOMARKERS WITH POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATION IN DIAGNOSIS OR PROGNOSIS OF GBC IF THEY ARE VALIDATED IN A GREATER NUMBER OF CLINICAL SAMPLES.	2009