1 3285 125 HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA: A PERSPECTIVE ON GENETIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE DISEASE. HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA (HS) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE OF THE PILOSEBACEOUS UNIT, CLINICALLY CONSISTING OF PAINFUL NODULES, ABSCESSES, AND SINUS TRACTS MOSTLY IN, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, INTERTRIGINOUS SKIN AREAS. HS CAN BE DEFINED AS A COMPLEX SKIN DISEASE WITH MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGIES, INCLUDING-AMONG OTHERS-GENETIC, IMMUNOLOGIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. BASED ON GENETIC HETEROGENEITY AND COMPLEXITY, THREE DIFFERENT FORMS CAN BE RECOGNIZED AND CONSIDERED SEPARATELY AS SPORADIC, FAMILIAL, AND SYNDROMIC. TO DATE, SEVERAL GENETIC VARIANTS ASSOCIATED TO DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY, DISEASE-ONSET, AND/OR TREATMENT RESPONSE HAVE BEEN REPORTED; SOME OF THESE RESIDE IN GENES ENCODING THE GAMMA-SECRETASE SUBUNITS WHEREAS OTHERS INVOLVE AUTOINFLAMMATORY AND/OR KERATINIZATION GENES. THE AIM OF THIS PERSPECTIVE WORK IS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF SEVERAL GENETIC STUDIES ENCOMPASSING FAMILY LINKAGE ANALYSES, TARGET CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES, AND -OMIC STUDIES IN THIS FIELD. IN OUR VIEWPOINT, WE DISCUSS THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA CONSIDERING FINDINGS BASED ON SANGER SEQUENCING AS WELL AS THE MORE RECENT NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (I.E., EXOME SEQUENCING OR RNA SEQUENCING) WITH THE AIM OF BETTER UNDERSTANDING THE ETIO-PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE AS WELL AS IDENTIFYING NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2 3286  44 HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA: DETANGLING PHENOTYPES AND IDENTIFYING COMMON DENOMINATORS. HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA (HS) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE WITH A SEVERE IMPACT ON PATIENTS' QUALITY OF LIFE THROUGH ITS RECURRENT AND PAINFUL NATURE, AS WELL AS ITS COMORBIDITY BURDEN. THE SHIFT IN THE PATHOGENIC PARADIGM FROM A CONDITION OF THE APOCRINE GLANDS TO AN AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH FOLLICULAR DESTRUCTION HAS RENDERED ITS UNDERSTANDING DIFFICULT, AS THERE ARE STILL LARGE GAPS IN PINPOINTING THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, WHICH CANNOT CURRENTLY EXPLAIN THE EXISTING CLINICAL VARIATION AND AS A RESULT, TRANSLATE INTO SUBOPTIMAL THERAPY. MULTIFACTORIAL INVOLVEMENT IS HYPOTHESIZED, WITH AN IMPLICATION OF GENETIC MUTATIONS, MICROBIOME DYSBIOSIS, CYTOKINE UPREGULATION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. CLINICAL OBSERVATION IS FUNDAMENTAL FOR DIAGNOSIS, HOWEVER, THE MARKED HETEROGENEITY IN PRESENTATION LEADS TO DELAYS IN DETECTION AND CHALLENGES IN TREATMENT SELECTION, SHOWCASING CLEAR LIMITS IN DEFINING THE LINK BETWEEN GENETIC ASPECTS OF HS, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS, AND ITS PATHOGENIC PATHWAYS. THERE HAVE BEEN ATTEMPTS TO FORMULATE PHENOTYPES THAT COULD AID IN PROGNOSTICATION AND MANAGEMENT, HOWEVER, CURRENT CLASSIFICATION SCHEMATA SHOW SIGNIFICANT OVERLAP AND NO VALIDATION THROUGH LONGITUDINAL STUDIES. IN THIS CONTEXT, NOMENCLATURE POSES A GREAT CHALLENGE DUE TO THE LACK OF GLOBAL AGREEMENT IN THE DEFINITION OF LESIONS, WHICH SHOULD BE ADDRESSED BY FUTURE RESEARCH TO ENABLE SIMPLIFIED RECOGNITION AND ALLOW FOR MORE PRECISE SEVERITY SCORING. THIS COULD BE COMPLEMENTED BY THE ADDITION OF EXTRA DERMATOLOGIC FINDINGS OR PARACLINICAL ASSESSMENT IN CONSTRUCTING PHENOTYPES. THE DEVELOPMENT OF VALID, PREDICTIVE, AND RELIABLE CLASSIFICATIONS OF HS MAY LEAD TO AN IMPROVEMENT IN COMPREHENDING ITS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, FAVORING A MORE PERSONALIZED APPROACH IN MANAGEMENT. THIS COULD BE ACHIEVED THROUGH CONSENSUS IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF CLINICAL FEATURES AND DATA GATHERING, AS WELL AS VALIDATION ATTEMPTS FOR DESCRIBED PHENOTYPES. ULTIMATELY, THE GENOTYPE-ENDOTYPE-PHENOTYPE CORRELATION IN HS REQUIRES TARGETED, SYSTEMATIC INQUIRIES AND SHOULD BE ADDRESSED MORE LARGELY TO BROADEN THE PERSPECTIVE ON THIS DEBILITATING ENTITY.	2023	

3 4961  38 PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS IN THE "OMIC" ERA. PART II. GENETIC, GENOMIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN PSORIASIS. PSORIASIS IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE IN WHICH GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION PLAY A KEY ROLE. IN THE "GENOMIC ERA", GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES TOGETHER WITH TARGET GENOTYPING PLATFORMS PERFORMED IN DIFFERENT ETHNIC POPULATIONS HAVE FOUND MORE THAN 50 GENETIC SUSCEPTIBLE MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE RISK OF PSORIASIS WHICH HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED SO FAR. UP TILL NOW, THE STRONGEST ASSOCIATION WITH THE RISK OF THE DISEASE HAS BEEN PROVED FOR HLA-C*06 GENE. THE MAJORITY OF OTHER PSORIASIS RISK SNPS ARE SITUATED NEAR THE GENES ENCODING MOLECULES INVOLVED IN ADAPTIVE AND INNATE IMMUNITY, AND SKIN BARRIER FUNCTION. MANY CONTEMPORARY STUDIES INDICATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES: HISTONE MODIFICATION, PROMOTER METHYLATIONS, LONG NON-CODING AND MICRO-RNA HYPEREXPRESSION ARE CONSIDERED AS FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO PSORIASIS PATHOGENESIS AS THEY REGULATE ABNORMAL KERATINOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATION, ABERRANT KERATINOCYTES - INFLAMMATORY CELLS COMMUNICATION, NEOANGIOGENESIS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THE CIRCULATING MIRNAS DETECTED IN THE BLOOD MAY BECOME SPECIFIC MARKERS IN THE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS AND RESPONSE TO THE TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE. THE INHIBITION OF EXPRESSION IN SELECTED MIRNAS MAY BE A NEW PROMISING THERAPY OPTION FOR PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4 2945  32 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BASIS OF PSORIASIS PATHOGENESIS. PSORIASIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE WHOSE PREVALENCE VARIES AMONG DIFFERENT POPULATIONS WORLDWIDE. IT IS A COMPLEX MULTI-FACTORIAL DISEASE AND THE EXACT ETIOLOGY IS LARGELY UNKNOWN. FAMILY BASED STUDIES HAVE INDICATED A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HOWEVER THEY CANNOT FULLY EXPLAIN THE DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. IN ADDITION TO GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL AS WELL AS GENDER AND AGE RELATED FACTORS WERE ALSO BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED. RECENTLY, IMBALANCES IN EPIGENETIC NETWORKS ARE INDICATED TO BE CAUSATIVE ELEMENTS IN PSORIASIS. THE PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF EPIGENETIC INVOLVEMENT, MAINLY THE DNA METHYLATION, CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AND MIRNA DEREGULATION IS SURVEYED HERE. AN INTEGRATED APPROACH CONSIDERING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ANOMALIES IN THE LIGHT OF IMMUNOLOGICAL NETWORK MAY EXPLORE THE PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5 2984  38 GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF POOR RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN SEVERE ASTHMA. SEVERE ASTHMA IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDER WITH MARKED PHENOTYPIC HETEROGENEITY AND COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, WHICH COULD, AT LEAST IN PART, EXPLAIN WHY DURING STANDARD PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT, MANY PATIENTS REMAIN POORLY CONTROLLED AND AT AN INCREASED RISK OF AIRWAY REMODELING AND DISEASE PROGRESSION. THE CONCEPT OF "PRECISION MEDICINE" TO BETTER SUIT INDIVIDUAL UNIQUE NEEDS IS AN EMERGING TREND IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES. OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS) HAVE REVEALED NOVEL PHARMACOGENETIC VARIANTS RELATED TO RESPONSES TO INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS AND THE CLINICAL EFFICACY OF BRONCHODILATORS. OPTIMAL CLINICAL RESPONSE TO TREATMENT MAY VARY BETWEEN RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUPS OR INDIVIDUALS DUE TO GENETIC DIFFERENCES. IT IS ALSO PLAUSIBLE TO ASSUME THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. REMARKABLY, SPECIFIC GENETIC VARIANTS RELATED TO TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS MAY INDICATE PROMISING PATHWAYS FOR NOVEL THERAPIES IN SEVERE ASTHMA. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE A CONCISE UPDATE OF GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF POOR RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN SEVERE ASTHMA AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN THE FIELD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6 6624  35 UNDERSTANDING PSORIASIS: ROLE OF MIRNAS. PSORIASIS IS A CHRONIC, IMMUNE-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE, WITH A MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY AND IMPORTANT IMMUNOLOGIC, GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS. PSORIASIS VULGARIS REPRESENTS ITS MOST COMMON FORM, WITH A VARIABLE PREVALENCE ACROSS THE GLOBE. ALTHOUGH ITS PATHOGENESIS REMAINS TO BE FULLY ELUCIDATED, A LACK OF BALANCE IN THE EPIGENETIC NETWORK HAS BEEN SHOWN TO TRIGGER CERTAIN ELEMENTS OF THIS DISEASE, POSSIBLY ALTERING ITS OUTCOME. MICRORNAS ARE SMALL NON-CODING RNA MOLECULES INVOLVED IN RNA-SILENCING AND THE POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, WHICH ALSO APPEAR TO MEDIATE THE IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION IN PSORIASIS. ALTHOUGH MICRORNA RESEARCH IS A NEW FIELD IN DERMATOLOGY AND PSORIASIS, THERE IS RAPIDLY ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE FOR ITS MAJOR CONTRIBUTION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS, INCLUDING PSORIASIS AND OTHER DERMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS. FURTHERMORE, CIRCULATING MIRNAS IDENTIFIED IN PATIENTS' BLOOD SAMPLES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS PROMISING BIOMARKERS OF DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS OR TREATMENT RESPONSE. EXTENDED INVESTIGATIONS IN THIS FIELD ARE REQUIRED, AS UNTIL NOW, THE EXACT INVOLVEMENT OF MIRNAS IN PSORIASIS HAVE REMAINED TO BE ENTIRELY ELUCIDATED. THIS SHORT REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS A NUMBER OF THE ROLES OF MIRNAS FOUND IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF PSORIASIS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7 5031  41 PERSPECTIVES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS: AN IMMUNE BARRIER HYPOTHESIS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) HAS BEEN DEFINED AS PERSISTENT SYMPTOMATIC INFLAMMATION OF THE NASAL AND SINUS MUCOSA RESULTING FROM THE INTERACTION OF MULTIPLE HOST AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED ALTERNARIA FUNGI OR TOXIGENIC STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AS CRITICAL AGENTS IN CRS PATHOGENESIS. THE EMPHASIS ON ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS IN CRS ETIOLOGY HAS FOCUSED INTEREST TOWARD ELIMINATION OF THOSE AGENTS AS THE PRIME MECHANISM OF THERAPY. THIS VIEWPOINT IS IN MARKED CONTRAST TO THE CURRENT PERSPECTIVE ON SOME OTHER CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY EPITHELIAL DISORDERS THAT AFFLICT THE SKIN, LUNGS, AND GUT, WHEREIN HOST FACTORS ARE BELIEVED TO PREDISPOSE TO DISEASE EXPRESSION IN THE PRESENCE OF UBIQUITOUS ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS. METHODS: THE CURRENT REVIEW EVALUATES CRS ETIOLOGY FROM THIS PERSPECTIVE AND CONSIDERS THAT CRS DEVELOPS, IN PART, AS AN OUTCOME OF A DYSFUNCTIONAL HOST RESPONSE. SPECIFICALLY, EVIDENCE FROM OUR LABORATORY AND OTHERS WILL BE REVIEWED INDICATING THAT CRS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A FAILURE OF THE MECHANICAL AND IMMUNOLOGIC BARRIERS ACROSS THE NASAL MUCOSA. THE HYPOTHESIS WOULD FURTHER PROPOSE THAT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIATION PREDISPOSES SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS TO BARRIER FAILURE IN THE PRESENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS LEADING TO CRS. RESULTS: FROM THIS UNIFYING PERSPECTIVE, BACTERIA AND FUNGI ARE SEEN AS DISEASE MODIFIERS RATHER THAN PRIMARY ETIOLOGIC AGENTS. CONCLUSION: THE GOAL IS TO PLACE CONCEPTS OF CRS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IN A FRAMEWORK CONSISTENT WITH A CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN GENERAL AND EPITHELIAL DISEASE IN PARTICULAR.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8 3690  49 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, AND PATHOGENESIS. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBDS) ARE COMPLEX, MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC RELAPSING INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. ALTHOUGH ETIOLOGY REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN, RECENT RESEARCH HAS SUGGESTED THAT GENETIC FACTORS, ENVIRONMENT, MICROBIOTA, AND IMMUNE RESPONSE ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR A GENETIC CONTRIBUTION IS DEFINED: 15% OF PATIENTS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) HAVE AN AFFECTED FAMILY MEMBER WITH IBD, AND TWIN STUDIES FOR CD HAVE SHOWN 50% CONCORDANCE IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS COMPARED TO <10% IN DIZYGOTICS. THE MOST RECENT AND LARGEST GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES, WHICH EMPLOYED GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION DATA FOR OVER 75,000 PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, IDENTIFIED 163 SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI FOR IBD. MORE RECENTLY, A TRANS-ETHNIC ANALYSIS, INCLUDING OVER 20,000 INDIVIDUALS, IDENTIFIED AN ADDITIONAL 38 NEW IBD LOCI. ALTHOUGH MOST CASES ARE CORRELATED WITH POLYGENIC CONTRIBUTION TOWARD GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, THERE IS A SPECTRUM OF RARE GENETIC DISORDERS THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO EARLY-ONSET IBD (BEFORE 5 YEARS) OR VERY EARLY ONSET IBD (BEFORE 2 YEARS). GENETIC VARIANTS THAT CAUSE THESE DISORDERS HAVE A WIDE EFFECT ON GENE FUNCTION. THESE VARIANTS ARE SO RARE IN ALLELE FREQUENCY THAT THE GENETIC SIGNALS ARE NOT DETECTED IN GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF PATIENTS WITH IBD. WITH RECENT ADVANCES IN SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES, ~50 GENETIC DISORDERS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND ASSOCIATED WITH IBD-LIKE IMMUNOPATHOLOGY. MONOGENIC DEFECTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO ALTER INTESTINAL IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS THROUGH MANY MECHANISMS. CANDIDATE GENE RESEQUENCING SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT IN EARLY-ONSET PATIENTS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. THE EVIDENCE THAT GENETIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTE IN SMALL PART TO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS CONFIRMS THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICROBIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. EPIGENETIC FACTORS CAN MEDIATE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND GENOME. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS COULD AFFECT DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF IBD. EPIGENOMICS IS AN EMERGING FIELD, AND FUTURE STUDIES COULD PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD.	2015	
                                                                                                                             
9 2553  38 EPIGENETICS IN PSORIASIS: PERSPECTIVE OF DNA METHYLATION. PSORIASIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY EXCESSIVE PROLIFERATION OF KERATINOCYTES (KCS). ONSET OF PSORIASIS IS RELATED TO GENETIC, IMMUNE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THE ENVIRONMENT CAN INTERACT WITH THE GENOME THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, AND THIS MODIFICATION IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS. IN ADDITION TO A SKIN DISEASE, PSORIASIS IS ALSO CONSIDERED A SYSTEMIC DISEASE. WE REVIEWED THE CURRENT LITERATURE OF PSORIATIC DNA METHYLATION FOR STUDIES FROM SEVERAL ASPECTS ON THE DNA METHYLATION DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN DIFFERENT TISSUES/CELLS, SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS, AND CANDIDATE DISEASE GENES AND IDENTIFIED TARGET GENES REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION THAT HAVE BEEN DIRECTLY/INDIRECTLY VALIDATED. THIS REVIEW CONTRIBUTES TO A COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPORTANT A ROLE THAT DNA METHYLATION PLAYS IN PSORIASIS FROM A HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE AND WILL PROMOTE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR PSORIATIC PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10 3038  27 GENOME ENGINEERING FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS: FROM DESIGNER CELLS TO DISEASE-MODIFYING DRUGS. BACKGROUND: OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE INVOLVING JOINT CARTILAGE AND ITS SURROUNDING TISSUES. OA IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF PAIN AND DISABILITY WORLDWIDE. AT PRESENT, THERE ARE NO DISEASE-MODIFYING OA DRUGS, AND THE PRIMARY THERAPIES INCLUDE EXERCISE AND NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS UNTIL TOTAL JOINT REPLACEMENT AT THE END-STAGE OF THE DISEASE. METHODS: IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ASSOCIATIONS AND RISK FACTORS FOR OA AND THEIR POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS. RESULTS: GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES AND ANALYSIS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS (SUCH AS MIRNA EXPRESSION, DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS) CONDUCTED ACROSS VARIOUS POPULATIONS SUPPORT THE NOTION THAT THERE IS A GENETIC BASIS FOR CERTAIN SUBSETS OF OA PATHOGENESIS. CONCLUSION: WITH RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENOME EDITING TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS THE CRISPR-CAS9 SYSTEM, THESE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS IN OA CAN BE USED AS PLATFORMS FROM WHICH POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, DRUG RESPONSE, AND DEVELOPMENT OF POTENTIAL PERSONALIZED THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR OA CAN BE APPROACHED. FURTHERMORE, GENOME EDITING HAS ALLOWED THE DEVELOPMENT OF "DESIGNER" CELLS, WHEREBY THE RECEPTORS, GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS, OR TRANSGENES CAN BE MODIFIED AS A BASIS FOR NEW CELL-BASED THERAPIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
11 1935  33 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS IN PSORIASIS. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: PSORIASIS ISA QUITE COMMON, CHRONIC AND IMMUNE-MEDIATED SKIN DISORDER. THE PREVALENCE OF PSORIASIS DIFFERS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES, BUT IT IS SAID TO AFFECT 2% OF THE WORLD'S POPULATION IN GENERAL. PSORIASIS HAS MANY DIFFERENT CLINICAL FEATURES BUT ALL LESIONS HAVE THE SAME CHARACTERISTIC: ERYTHEMA, THICKENING AND SCALE, ALTHOUGH OTHER CLINICAL FEATURES ARE ALSO CONNECTED, SUCH AS PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS, OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. ALL OF THESE MAY LEAD TO CONDITIONS IMPAIRING THE QUALITY OF LIFE. THIS REVIEW IS AN ATTEMPT TO SUMMARIZE RECENT DATA REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, TOGETHER WITH EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND PROCESSES PLAYING AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PSORIASIS. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: MANY DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PLAY A ROLE IN GENETICALLY PREDISPOSED PATIENTS. THIS IS CAUSES EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS WHICH MAY BE A LINKING PART IN THE WHOLE PROCESS. MANY STUDIES HAVE INDICATED A CONNECTION BETWEEN PSORIASIS AND VARIOUS GENES AND ANTIGENS. THE PRESENCE OF HLA-CW6 IS COMMON AS WELL A STRONG LINK BETWEEN ITS PRESENCE AND THE ONSET OF PSORIASIS BEING OBSERVED. THE MAIN ALTERNATIONS ARE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE'S MODIFICATIONS AND THE ROLE OF MICRORNA. EXCESSIVE REACTION IS USUALLY NOT PRESENT WITHOUT A TRIGGERING FACTOR. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE MOSTLY RATED, SUCH AS DRUGS, LIFE STYLE AND HABITS (SMOKING, ALCOHOL), DIET, PHYSICAL TRAUMA (SKIN INJURY PROVOKING KOEBNER PHENOMENON), STRESS, MICROORGANISM AND INFECTIONS. CONCLUSIONS: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, TOGETHER WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS STILL REQUIRE MORE INVESTIGATION. EDUCATION ABOUT DIET HABITS, NUTRITION, WEIGHT LOSS AND HEALTHY LIFESTYLE SEEMS TO BE IMPORTANT DURING THE TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12 6288  44 THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ON DIFFERENT FACETS IN THE PERIODONTAL PATHOGENESIS. PERIODONTITIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE THAT AFFECTS THE SUPPORTING STRUCTURES OF TEETH. IN THE LITERATURE, THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE PATHOGENICITY OF BACTERIA AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THIS REGARD HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY EXAMINED. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE WILL SHED LIGHT ON THE POTENTIAL ROLE THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGE CAN PLAY ON DIFFERENT FACETS OF ITS PROCESS, MORE PARTICULARLY THE MODIFICATIONS CONCERNING THE GENES INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION, DEFENSE, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS. SINCE THE 1960S, THE ROLE OF GENETIC VARIANTS IN THE ONSET AND SEVERITY OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE HAS BEEN WIDELY DEMONSTRATED. THESE MAKE SOME PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEVELOPING IT THAN OTHERS. IT HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED THAT THE WIDE VARIATION IN ITS FREQUENCY FOR VARIOUS RACIAL AND ETHNIC POPULATIONS IS DUE PRIMARILY TO THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY AMONG GENETIC FACTORS WITH THOSE AFFECTING THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEMOGRAPHY. IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE DEFINED AS ANY CHANGE IN THE PROMOTER FOR THE CPG ISLANDS, IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE HISTONE PROTEIN, AS WELL AS POST-TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION BY MICRORNAS (MIRNAS), BEING KNOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE ALTERATION IN GENE EXPRESSION FOR COMPLEX MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASES SUCH AS PERIODONTITIS. THE KEY ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IS TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISM INVOLVED IN THE GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTITIS IS NOW THE SUBJECT OF MORE AND MORE STUDIES THAT ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY WHICH FACTORS ARE STIMULATING IT, BUT ALSO AFFECT THE REDUCED RESPONSE TO THERAPY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13 3016  37 GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF IBD. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) ARE CHRONIC INTERMITTENT INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY BUT A CLEAR GENETIC PREDISPOSITION. PROMPTED BY THE FIRST INVESTIGATIONS ON IBD FAMILIES AND TWINS, THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES HAVE PRODUCED AN UNPRECEDENTED AMOUNT OF INFORMATION IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER IMMUNE-MEDIATED OR COMPLEX DISEASES. NEW INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS AND POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION HAVE BEEN DISCLOSED, POTENTIALLY LEADING TO NEW-TARGETED THERAPY. HOWEVER, THE IDENTIFICATION OF GENETIC MARKERS DUE TO THE GREAT DISEASE HETEROGENEITY AND THE OVERWHELMING CONTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS HAS NOT MODIFIED YET THE DISEASE MANAGEMENT. THE POSSIBILITY FOR THE FUTURE OF A BETTER PREDICTION OF DISEASE COURSE, RESPONSE TO THERAPY AND THERAPY-RELATED ADVERSE EVENTS MAY ALLOW A MORE EFFICIENT AND PERSONALIZED STRATEGY. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON MORE RECENT DISCOVERIES THAT MAY POTENTIALLY BE OF RELEVANCE IN DAILY CLINICAL PRACTICE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14 2027  35 EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE DIAGNOSED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES HAS INCREASED NOTEWORTHY IN THE LAST 40 YEARS. SPONDYLOARTHRITIS (SPA), INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD), AND PSORIASIS ARE THE MOST FREQUENT CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, RESULTING FROM A COMBINATION OF GENETIC PREDISPOSITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND SMALL AND LONG NONCODING RNAS. THEY ARE INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE, LIFE-STYLE, AND AGING AND HAVE RECENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO BE ALTERED IN MANY COMPLEX DISEASES INCLUDING INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. WHILE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE BEEN WELL CHARACTERIZED IN OTHER DISEASES SUCH AS CANCER AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, KNOWLEDGE ON CHANGES IN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES IS LAGGING BEHIND WITH SOME DISEASE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES. WHILE THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES IN PATIENTS WITH IBD HAS BEEN RELATIVELY WELL DESCRIBED, LESS IS KNOWN ON CHANGES IMPLICATED IN PSORIASIS, AND NO SYSTEMATIC GENOME-WIDE STUDIES HAVE SO FAR BEEN PERFORMED IN SPA. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE REVIEW IN DETAIL THE REPORTED CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION AND POSTTRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES HIGHLIGHTING POTENTIAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN DISEASE-ASSOCIATED PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES SUCH AS THE DYSBIOSIS OF THE MICROBIOME OR GENETIC VARIATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND THE EPIGENOME. WE ALSO DISCUSS IMPORTANT PARAMETERS OF MEANINGFUL EPIGENETIC STUDIES SUCH AS THE USE OF WELL DEFINED, DISEASE-RELEVANT CELL POPULATIONS, AND ELUDE ON THE POTENTIAL FUTURE OF ENGINEERING OF THE EPIGENOME IN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15  728  34 CAN WE IDENTIFY PATIENTS WITH HIGH RISK OF OSTEOARTHRITIS PROGRESSION WHO WILL RESPOND TO TREATMENT? A FOCUS ON BIOMARKERS AND FRAILTY. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA), A DISEASE AFFECTING DIFFERENT PATIENT PHENOTYPES, APPEARS AS AN OPTIMAL CANDIDATE FOR PERSONALIZED HEALTHCARE. THE AIM OF THE DISCUSSIONS OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF OSTEOPOROSIS AND OSTEOARTHRITIS (ESCEO) WORKING GROUP WAS TO EXPLORE THE VALUE OF MARKERS OF DIFFERENT SOURCES IN DEFINING DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF PATIENTS WITH OA. THE ESCEO ORGANIZED A SERIES OF MEETINGS TO EXPLORE THE POSSIBILITY OF IDENTIFYING PATIENTS WHO WOULD MOST BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT FOR OA, ON THE BASIS OF RECENT DATA AND EXPERT OPINION. IN THE FIRST MEETING, PATIENT PHENOTYPES WERE IDENTIFIED ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF AFFECTED JOINTS, BIOMECHANICAL FACTORS, AND THE PRESENCE OF LESIONS IN THE SUBCHONDRAL BONE. IN THE SECOND MEETING, SUMMARIZED IN THE PRESENT ARTICLE, THE WORKING GROUP EXPLORED OTHER MARKERS INVOLVED IN OA. PROFILES OF PATIENTS MAY BE DEFINED ACCORDING TO THEIR LEVEL OF PAIN, FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION, AND PRESENCE OF COEXISTENT CHRONIC CONDITIONS INCLUDING FRAILTY STATUS. A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF DATA SUGGESTS THAT MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING MAY ALSO ASSIST IN DELINEATING DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF PATIENTS WITH OA. AMONG MULTIPLE BIOCHEMICAL BIOMARKERS IDENTIFIED, NONE IS SUFFICIENTLY VALIDATED AND RECOGNIZED TO IDENTIFY PATIENTS WHO SHOULD BE TREATED. CONSIDERABLE EFFORTS ARE ALSO BEING MADE TO IDENTIFY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN OA, BUT RESULTS ARE STILL LIMITED. THE MANY POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS THAT COULD BE USED AS POTENTIAL STRATIFIERS ARE PROMISING, BUT MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO CHARACTERIZE AND QUALIFY THE EXISTING BIOMARKERS AND TO IDENTIFY NEW CANDIDATES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16 3108  26 GENOMICS OF PAIN IN OSTEOARTHRITIS. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) ACCOUNTS FOR THE MAJORITY OF THE DISEASE BURDEN FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AND IS ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF DISABILITY WORLDWIDE. THIS DISABILITY IS THE RESULT NOT OF THE CARTILAGE LOSS THAT DEFINES OA RADIOGRAPHICALLY, BUT OF THE CHRONIC PAIN WHOSE PRESENCE DEFINES SYMPTOMATIC OA. IT IS BECOMING CLEAR THAT MANY GENES, EACH WITH A SMALL EFFECT SIZE, CONTRIBUTE TO THE RISK OF DEVELOPING OA. HOWEVER, THE GENETICS OF OA PAIN ARE ONLY JUST STARTING TO BE EXPLORED. THIS REVIEW WILL DESCRIBE THE FIRST GENES TO HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN GENOMIC STUDIES OF OA PAIN, AS WELL AS THE POSSIBLE DUAL ROLES OF GENES PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED IN GENOMIC STUDIES OF OA IN THE CONTEXT OF PAIN. DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH ATTEMPTING TO CHARACTERISE THE GENETICS OF OA PAIN WILL BE DISCUSSED AND PROMISING FUTURE AVENUES OF RESEARCH INTO GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS AFFECTING OA PAIN DESCRIBED.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17  845  33 CHILDHOOD ATOPIC DERMATITIS: CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS, TREATMENT APPROACHES, AND FUTURE EXPECTATIONS. ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD) IS THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISORDER OF CHILDHOOD. UNDERLYING FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AD ARE IMPAIRED EPITHELIAL BARRIER, ALTERATIONS IN THE LIPID COMPOSITION OF THE SKIN, IMMUNOLOGICAL IMBALANCE INCLUDING INCREASED TH2/TH1 RATIO, PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, DECREASED T REGULATORY CELLS, GENETIC MUTATIONS, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. ATOPIC DERMATITIS IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE WITH A PARTICULARLY COMPLICATED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. DISCOVERIES TO DATE MAY BE CONSIDERED THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG, AND THE INCREASING NUMBER OF STUDIES IN THIS FIELD INDICATE THAT THERE ARE MANY POINTS TO BE ELUCIDATED IN AD PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. IN THIS REVIEW, WE AIMED TO ILLUSTRATE THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNDERLYING PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS IN AD, TO EVALUATE AVAILABLE TREATMENT OPTIONS WITH A FOCUS ON RECENTLY DISCOVERED THERAPEUTIC AGENTS, AND TO DETERMINE THE PERSONAL, FAMILIAL, AND ECONOMIC BURDENS OF THE DISEASE, WHICH ARE FREQUENTLY NEGLECTED ISSUES IN AD. CURRENTLY AVAILABLE THERAPIES ONLY PROVIDE TRANSIENT SOLUTIONS AND CANNOT FULLY CURE THE DISEASE. HOWEVER, ADVANCES IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF THE DISEASE HAVE LED TO THE PRODUCTION OF NEW TREATMENT OPTIONS, WHILE ONGOING DRUG TRIALS ALSO HAVE HAD PROMISING RESULTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18 2591  46 EPIGENETICS OF PSORIASIS. PSORIASIS IS A CHRONIC AND RECURRENT INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE, INVOLVING THE RAPID PROLIFERATION AND ABNORMAL DIFFERENTIATION OF KERATINOCYTES AND ACTIVATION OF T CELLS. IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT THE CENTRAL PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS IS A T CELL-DOMINANT IMMUNE DISORDER AFFECTED BY MULTIPLE FACTORS INCLUDING GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES, ETC. HOWEVER, THE EXACT ETIOLOGY IS LARGELY UNKNOWN. IN RECENT YEARS, EPIGENETIC INVOLVEMENTS, SUCH AS THE DNA METHYLATION, CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS, AND NONCODING RNA REGULATION ARE REPORTED TO BE CRITICAL FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS. HOWEVER, THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN THESE FACTORS HAS ONLY RECENTLY BEEN STARTED TO BE UNRAVELED. NOTABLY, INHIBITORS OF ENZYMES THAT WORK IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES, ARE BEGINNING TO APPEAR IN THE CLINICAL SETTING TO RESTORE NORMAL EPIGENETIC PATTERNS (GENERALI ET AL. IN J AUTOIMMUN 83:51-61, 2017), PROVIDING NOVEL THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AS NOVEL TREATMENT TARGETS FOR PSORIASIS. INDEED, MEDICATIONS PREVIOUSLY USED TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES HAVE LATER BEEN DISCOVERED TO EXERT THEIR ACTION VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE FINDINGS ON EPIGENETICS ASSOCIATED WITH PSORIASIS, AND DISCUSS FUTURE PERSPECTIVES IN THIS FIELD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19 2558  34 EPIGENETICS IN SUSCEPTIBILITY, PROGRESSION, AND DIAGNOSIS OF PERIODONTITIS. PERIODONTITIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY IRREVERSIBLE DESTRUCTION OF PERIODONTAL TISSUE. AT PRESENT, THE ACCEPTED ETIOLOGY OF PERIODONTITIS IS BASED ON A THREE-FACTOR THEORY INCLUDING PATHOGENIC BACTERIA, HOST FACTORS, AND ACQUIRED FACTORS. PERIODONTITIS DEVELOPMENT USUALLY TAKES A DECADE OR LONGER AND IS THEREFORE CALLED CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS (CP). TO SEARCH FOR GENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CP, SEVERAL GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (GWAS) ANALYSES WERE CONDUCTED; HOWEVER, POLYMORPHISMS ASSOCIATED WITH CP HAVE NOT BEEN IDENTIFIED. EPIGENETICS, ON THE OTHER HAND, INVOLVES ACQUIRED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS DUE TO REVERSIBLY ALTERED CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY. EPIGENETIC STATUS IS A CONDITION SPECIFIC TO EACH TISSUE AND CELL, MOSTLY DETERMINED BY THE RESPONSES OF HOST CELLS TO STIMULATIONS BY LOCAL FACTORS, LIKE BACTERIAL INFLAMMATION, AND SYSTEMIC FACTORS SUCH AS NUTRITION STATUS, METABOLIC DISEASES, AND HEALTH CONDITIONS. SIGNIFICANTLY, EPIGENETIC STATUS HAS BEEN LINKED WITH THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF SEVERAL ACQUIRED DISEASES. THUS, EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN PERIODONTAL TISSUES ARE ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR PERIODONTITIS DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE INTRODUCE ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE TO REVEAL THE EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND EFFECTS RELATED TO PERIODONTITIS CAUSED BY GENETIC FACTORS, SYSTEMIC DISEASES, AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS SMOKING, AND CLARIFY THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH EPIGENETIC ALTERATION INFLUENCES THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PERIODONTITIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20 4283  36 MICRORNA BIOMARKERS IN IBD-DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND PREDICTION OF COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) INCLUDES CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC). THESE ARE CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY AFFECTING THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. THE IBD POPULATION INCLUDES A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF PATIENTS WITH VARYING DISEASE COURSES REQUIRING PERSONALIZED TREATMENT PROTOCOLS. THE COMPLEXITY OF THE DISEASE OFTEN DELAYS THE DIAGNOSIS AND THE INITIATION OF APPROPRIATE TREATMENTS. IN A SUBSET OF PATIENTS, IBD LEADS TO COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER (CAC). MICRORNAS ARE SINGLE-STRANDED REGULATORY NONCODING RNAS OF 18 TO 22 NUCLEOTIDES WITH PUTATIVE ROLES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD AND COLORECTAL CANCER. THEY HAVE BEEN EXPLORED AS BIOMARKERS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. BOTH TISSUE-DERIVED AND CIRCULATING MICRORNAS HAVE EMERGED AS PROMISING BIOMARKERS IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND IN THE PROGNOSIS OF DISEASE SEVERITY OF IBD AS WELL AS PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS IN DRUG RESISTANCE. IN ADDITION, KNOWLEDGE OF THE CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MICRORNAS IS A PREREQUISITE FOR DECIPHERING THE BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF THESE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORS AND THE CELLULAR LOCALIZATION MAY EVEN CONTRIBUTE TO AN ALTERNATIVE REPERTOIRE OF BIOMARKERS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS FINDINGS BASED ON RT-QPCR, MICROARRAY PROFILING, NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING AND IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION OF MICRORNA BIOMARKERS IDENTIFIED IN THE CIRCULATION AND IN TISSUE BIOPSIES.	2020