1 3252 201 HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUPPRESSES COMPLEMENT C9 SYNTHESIS BY LIMITING THE AVAILABILITY OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR USF-1 AND INHIBITS FORMATION OF MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX: IMPLICATIONS IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. BACKGROUND: THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM FUNCTIONS PRIMARILY AS A FIRST-LINE HOST DEFENSE AGAINST INVADING MICROBES, INCLUDING VIRUSES. HOWEVER, THE INTERACTION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) WITH THE COMPLEMENT-COMPONENTS DURING CHRONIC HBV INFECTION REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM BY WHICH HBV INHIBITS THE FORMATION OF CYTOLYTIC COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE-ATTACK COMPLEX (MAC) AND STUDIED ITS IMPACT ON MAC-MEDIATED MICROBICIDAL ACTIVITY AND DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. METHODS: BLOOD/LIVER TISSUES WERE COLLECTED FROM CHRONICALLY HBV-INFECTED PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. HEPG2(HNTCP) CELLS WERE INFECTED WITH HBV PARTICLES AND HUH7 CELLS WERE TRANSFECTED WITH FULL-LENGTH LINEAR HBV-MONOMER OR PLASMIDS CONTAINING DIFFERENT HBV-ORFS AND EXPRESSION OF COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS OR OTHER HOST GENES WERE EVALUATED. ADDITIONALLY, ELISA, REAL-TIME PCR, WESTERN BLOT, BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS, GENE OVEREXPRESSION/KNOCK-DOWN, MUTAGENESIS, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, EPIGENETIC STUDIES, IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE, AND QUANTIFICATION OF SERUM HBV-DNA, BACTERIAL-DNA AND ENDOTOXIN WERE PERFORMED. RESULTS: AMONG THE MAC COMPONENTS (C5B-C9), SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION WAS NOTED IN THE EXPRESSION OF C9, THE MAJOR CONSTITUENT OF MAC, IN HBV-INFECTED HEPG2(HNTCP) CELLS AND IN HUH7 CELLS TRANSFECTED WITH FULL-LENGTH HBV AS WELL AS HBX. C9 LEVEL WAS ALSO MARKED LOW IN SERA/LIVER OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) AND IMMUNE-TOLERANT (IT) PATIENTS THAN INACTIVE CARRIERS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. HBX STRONGLY REPRESSED C9-PROMOTER ACTIVITY IN HUH7 CELLS BUT CPG-ISLAND WAS NOT DETECTED IN C9-PROMOTER. WE IDENTIFIED USF-1 AS THE KEY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THAT DRIVES C9 EXPRESSION AND DEMONSTRATED THAT HBX-INDUCED HYPERMETHYLATION OF USF-1-PROMOTER IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF USF-1 DOWNREGULATION THAT IN TURN DIMINISHED C9 TRANSCRIPTION. REDUCED MAC FORMATION AND IMPAIRED LYSIS OF HBV-TRANSFECTED HUH7 AND BACTERIAL CELLS WERE OBSERVED FOLLOWING INCUBATION OF THESE CELLS WITH C9-DEFICIENT CHB SERA BUT WAS REVERSED UPON C9 SUPPLEMENTATION. SIGNIFICANT INVERSE CORRELATION WAS NOTED BETWEEN C9 CONCENTRATION AND HBV-DNA, BACTERIAL-DNA AND ENDOTOXIN CONTENT IN HBV-INFECTED PATIENTS. ONE-YEAR TENOFOVIR THERAPY RESULTED IN IMPROVEMENT IN C9 LEVEL AND DECLINE IN VIRAL/BACTERIAL/ENDOTOXIN LOAD IN CHB PATIENTS. CONCLUSION: COLLECTIVELY, HBX SUPPRESSED C9 TRANSCRIPTION BY RESTRICTING THE AVAILABILITY OF USF-1 THROUGH HYPERMETHYLATION OF USF-1-PROMOTER AND CONSEQUENTLY HINDER THE FORMATION AND LYTIC FUNCTIONS OF MAC. EARLY THERAPY IS NEEDED FOR BOTH CHB AND IT TO NORMALIZE THE ABERRANT COMPLEMENT PROFILE AND CONTAIN VIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTION AND LIMIT DISEASE PROGRESSION.	2022	

2 5678  44 SHORT HAIRPIN RNA INDUCES METHYLATION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA IN HUMAN HEPATOMA CELLS. SMALL INTERFERING RNAS NOT ONLY MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION AT A POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL, BUT ALSO INDUCE TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE SILENCING BY RNA INTERFERENCE-MEDIATED HETEROCHROMATIN FORMATION AND RNA-DIRECTED DNA METHYLATION (RDDM). HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH ESTABLISHED IN PLANTS, THERE HAVE BEEN CONTROVERSIES WHETHER RDDM OPERATES IN MAMMALS. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) SERVES AS A TEMPLATE FOR VIRAL RNA TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF HBV CCCDNA IS REGULATED BY METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE STABLY EXPRESSED SHORT HAIRPIN RNA (SHRNA) AGAINST HBV IN HUMAN HEPATOMA CELLS TO DETERMINE WHETHER SHRNA INDUCES METHYLATION OF HBV CCCDNA. HEPAD38 CELLS WHICH PERMIT REPLICATION OF HBV UNDER CONTROL OF TETRACYCLINE-RESPONSIVE PROMOTER WERE TRANSDUCED WITH LENTIVIRAL VECTORS WHICH ENCODE SH-1580, A SHRNA AGAINST THE HEPATITIS B VIRAL PROTEIN HBX. BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT SH-1580 INDUCED CPG METHYLATIONS AT A HIGHER RATE COMPARED TO CONTROL (31.3% VS. 12.8%, P<0.05). THE SH-1580-INDUCED CPG METHYLATION WAS LOCALIZED NEAR THE TARGET SEQUENCE OF SH-1580 IN MORE THAN A HALF OF THE CLONES. METHYLATION-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SUPPRESSION WAS CONFIRMED BY IN VITRO TRANSCRIPTION ASSAY. THESE RESULTS CONFIRM THE FEASIBILITY OF RDDM OF HBV CCCDNA IN HUMAN CELLS. LENTIVIRAL VECTOR-MEDIATED TRANSFER OF SHRNA MAY BE USED AS A TOOL FOR NOVEL TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODULATION BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF HBV CCCDNA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
3 3128  56 GIPC-REGULATED IGFBP-3 PROMOTES HSC MIGRATION IN VITRO AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN VIVO THROUGH A BETA1-INTEGRIN PATHWAY. BACKGROUND & AIMS: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF-BETA)-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF QUIESCENT HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS) AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION TO MYOFIBROBLASTS IS A KEY EVENT IN LIVER FIBROSIS AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION. GIPC (ALSO REFERRED TO AS SYNECTIN) IS A DOWNSTREAM SIGNAL ACTIVATION MOLECULE OF TGF-BETA AND OTHER RECEPTORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY NOVEL GENES TARGETED BY TGF-BETA AND GIPC AND ELUCIDATE IF AND HOW THEY MAY CONTRIBUTE TO LIVER FIBROSIS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED SEQUENTIAL MESSENGER RNA SEQUENCING ANALYSIS ON TGF-BETA-STIMULATED HSCS AND THEN ON TGF-BETA-STIMULATED HSCS IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF GIPC ALSO REFERRED TO AS SYNECTIN (GIPC) KNOCKDOWN. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN-3 (IGFBP-3) TRANSPORT PROTEIN EMERGED AS A TOP ACTIVATION TARGET OF BOTH TGF-BETA AND GIPC. QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, TARGETED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS WERE DONE FOR FURTHER CONFIRMATION. RESULTS: IGFBP-3, AN INSULIN GROWTH FACTOR TRANSPORT PROTEIN, EMERGED AS A TOP ACTIVATION TARGET OF BOTH TGF-BETA AND GIPC, WHICH WAS CONFIRMED BY QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. TARGETED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SHOWED THAT GIPC INCREASES THE HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27) ACETYLATION ACTIVATING MARK AND CONCURRENTLY DECREASES THE H3K27 INHIBITORY TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27M3) MARK, PROVIDING AN EPIGENETIC CORRELATE TO THE GENE REGULATION CHANGES. IN VIVO, GLOBAL KNOCKOUT OF IGFBP-3 MICE RESULTED IN ATTENUATION OF HSC ACTIVATION MARKERS AND ATTENUATION OF PORTAL PRESSURE IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC LIVER INJURY MODELS. ANALYSIS OF SERUM LEVELS FROM CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED AN IGFBP-3 INCREASE OF MORE THAN 2-FOLD COMPARED WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS. FINALLY, IN VITRO MECHANISM STUDIES SHOWED THAT IGFBP-3 PROMOTES HSC MIGRATION THROUGH INTEGRIN-DEPENDENT PHOSPHORYLATION OF PROTEIN KINASE B. CONCLUSIONS: TGF-BETA UP-REGULATES IGFBP-3 THROUGH GIPC, LEADING TO INCREASED HSC MIGRATION IN VITRO AND PROMOTES PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN VIVO. THESE STUDIES SUPPORT THE ROLE OF IGFBP-3 AS A POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC TARGET OR BIOMARKER IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4 1966  45 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF PRKCDBP IN COLORECTAL CANCERS AND ITS IMPLICATION IN TUMOR CELL RESISTANCE TO TNFALPHA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. PURPOSE: PRKCDBP IS A PUTATIVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN WHICH ALTERATION HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN SEVERAL HUMAN CANCERS. WE INVESTIGATED EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF PRKCDBP IN COLORECTAL CELLS AND TISSUES TO EXPLORE ITS CANDIDACY AS A SUPPRESSOR IN COLORECTAL TUMORIGENESIS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF PRKCDBP AND ITS EFFECT ON TUMOR GROWTH WERE EVALUATED. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING WAS DEFINED BY LUCIFERASE REPORTER AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: PRKCDBP EXPRESSION WAS HARDLY DETECTABLE IN 29 OF 80 (36%) PRIMARY TUMORS AND 11 OF 19 (58%) CELL LINES, AND ITS ALTERATION CORRELATED WITH TUMOR STAGE AND GRADE. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION WAS COMMONLY FOUND IN CANCERS. PRKCDBP EXPRESSION INDUCED THE G(1) CELL-CYCLE ARREST AND INCREASED CELLULAR SENSITIVITY TO VARIOUS APOPTOTIC STRESSES. PRKCDBP WAS INDUCED BY TNFALPHA, AND ITS LEVEL CORRELATED WITH TUMOR CELL SENSITIVITY TO TNFALPHA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. PRKCDBP INDUCTION BY TNFALPHA WAS DISRUPTED BY BLOCKING NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING WHILE IT WAS ENHANCED BY RELA TRANSFECTION. THE PRKCDBP PROMOTER ACTIVITY WAS INCREASED IN RESPONSE TO TNFALPHA, AND THIS RESPONSE WAS ABOLISHED BY DISRUPTION OF A KAPPAB SITE IN THE PROMOTER. PRKCDBP DELAYED THE FORMATION AND GROWTH OF XENOGRAFT TUMORS AND IMPROVED TUMOR RESPONSE TO TNFALPHA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. CONCLUSIONS: PRKCDBP IS A PROAPOPTOTIC TUMOR SUPPRESSOR WHICH IS COMMONLY ALTERED IN COLORECTAL CANCER BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, AND ITS GENE TRANSCRIPTION IS DIRECTLY ACTIVATED BY NF-KAPPAB IN RESPONSE TO TNFALPHA. THIS SUGGESTS THAT PRKCDBP INACTIVATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO TUMOR PROGRESSION BY REDUCING CELLULAR SENSITIVITY TO TNFALPHA AND OTHER STRESSES, PARTICULARLY UNDER CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY MICROENVIRONMENT.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5 2316  47 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATASE 1 BY HOST TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SPECKLED 110 KDA DURING HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF LIVER DISEASE RANGING FROM ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS TO LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). STUDIES HAVE REVEALED THAT HBV INFECTION BROADLY REPROGRAMMES THE HOST CELLULAR METABOLIC PROCESSES FOR VIRAL PATHOGENESIS. PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE SHOWN THAT GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS ARE AMONG THE MOST DEREGULATED PATHWAYS DURING HBV INFECTION. WE NOTED THAT DESPITE BEING ONE OF THE RATE-LIMITING ENZYMES OF GLUCONEOGENESIS, THE ROLE AND REGULATION OF FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATASE 1 (FBP1) DURING HBV INFECTION IS NOT MUCH EXPLORED. IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT FBP1 UPREGULATION UPON HBV INFECTION AND UNRAVEL A NOVEL MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF FBP1 BY HBV VIA UTILIZING HOST FACTOR SPECKLED 110 KDA (SP110). HERE, WE IDENTIFIED ACETYLATED LYSINE 18 OF HISTONE H3 (H3K18AC) AS A SELECTIVE INTERACTOR OF SP110 BROMODOMAIN. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT SP110 GETS RECRUITED ON H3K18AC-ENRICHED FBP1 PROMOTER, AND FACILITATES RECRUITMENT OF DEACETYLASE SIRTUIN 2 (SIRT2) ON THAT SITE IN THE PRESENCE OF HBV. SIRT2 IN TURN BRINGS ITS INTERACTOR AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATOR HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4-ALPHA TO THE PROMOTER, WHICH ULTIMATELY LEADS TO A LOSS OF DNA METHYLATION NEAR THE COGNATE SITE. INTERESTINGLY, THIS SP110 DRIVEN FBP1 REGULATION DURING INFECTION WAS FOUND TO PROMOTE VIRAL-BORNE HCC PROGRESSION. MOREOVER, SP110 CAN BE USED AS A PROGNOSTIC MARKER FOR THE HEPATITIS-MEDIATED HCC PATIENTS, WHERE HIGH SP110 EXPRESSION SIGNIFICANTLY LOWERED THEIR SURVIVAL. THUS, THE EPIGENETIC READER PROTEIN SP110 HAS POTENTIAL TO BE A THERAPEUTIC TARGET TO CHALLENGE HBV-INDUCED HCCS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6 3249  41 HEPATITIS B VIRUS HIJACKS CTHRC1 TO EVADE HOST IMMUNITY AND MAINTAIN REPLICATION. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION CAUSES ACUTE AND CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES, BUT IS NOT DIRECTLY CYTOPATHIC. LIVER INJURY RESULTS FROM REPEATED ATTEMPTS OF THE CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE SYSTEM TO CONTROL THE VIRAL INFECTION. HERE, WE INVESTIGATE THE ROLES OF CELLULAR FACTORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF HBV REPLICATION TO REVEAL THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING HBV INFECTION AND PATHOGENESIS. WE SHOW THAT COLLAGEN TRIPLE HELIX REPEAT CONTAINING 1 (CTHRC1) EXPRESSION IS ELEVATED IN HBV-INFECTED PATIENTS AND IN HBV-TRANSFECTED CELLS THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. CTHRC1 FACILITATES HBV REPLICATION IN CULTURED CELLS AND BALB/C MICE BY ACTIVATING THE PKCALPHA/ERK/JNK/C-JUN CASCADE TO REPRESS THE IFN/JAK/STAT PATHWAY. HBV-ACTIVATED CTHRC1 DOWNREGULATES THE ACTIVITY OF TYPE I INTERFERON (IFN), THE PRODUCTION OF IFN-STIMULATED GENES (ISGS), AND THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 1/2 (STAT1/2), WHEREAS IT UPREGULATES THE PHOSPHORYLATION AND UBIQUITINATION OF TYPE I IFN RECEPTORS (IFNARALPHA/BETA). THUS, OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT HBV USES A NOVEL MECHANISM TO HIJACK CELLULAR FACTORS AND SIGNAL CASCADES IN ORDER TO EVADE HOST ANTIVIRAL IMMUNITY AND MAINTAIN PERSISTENT INFECTION. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATE THAT CTHRC1 HAS A NOVEL ROLE IN VIRAL INFECTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7  155  35 ABERRANT METHYLATION OF POLO-LIKE KINASE CPG ISLANDS IN PLK4 HETEROZYGOUS MICE. BACKGROUND: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CANCERS WORLD-WIDE OCCURS TWICE AS OFTEN IN MEN COMPARED TO WOMEN. PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS SUCH AS ALCOHOLISM, CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS, AFLATOXIN B1 INGESTION, AND CIRRHOSIS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. METHODS: WE USED A COMBINATION OF METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING, QREAL-TIME PCR (QPCR), AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS TO EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CHANGES FOR THE POLO-LIKE KINASES (PLKS) DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IN PLK4 HETEROZYGOUS MICE AND MURINE EMBRYONIC FIBROBLASTS (MEFS). RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT THAT THE PROMOTER METHYLATION OF PLK4 CPG ISLANDS INCREASES WITH AGE, WAS MORE PREVALENT IN MALES AND THAT PLK4 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND SUBSEQUENT DOWNREGULATION OF EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC IN PLK4 MUTANT MICE. INTERESTINGLY, THE OPPOSITE OCCURS WITH ANOTHER PLK FAMILY MEMBER, PLK1 WHICH WAS TYPICALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NORMAL LIVER TISSUE BUT BECAME HYPOMETHYLATED AND UPREGULATED IN LIVER TUMOURS. FURTHERMORE, UPON ALCOHOL EXPOSURE MURINE EMBRYONIC FIBROBLASTS EXHIBITED INCREASED PLK4 HYPERMETHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION ALONG WITH INCREASED CENTROSOME NUMBERS AND MULTINUCLEATION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT PLK METHYLATION IS CORRELATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC IN MICE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8 3476  41 IDENTIFICATION OF A TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN INVOLVED IN SHEAR STRESS SIGNALING AND HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AFTER A SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE TO HEPATITIS C VIRUS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: THE RISK OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) REMAINS AFTER ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE (SVR) IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C (CHC). EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES MIGHT BE KEY REGULATORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. THIS STUDY AIMED TO IDENTIFY THE GENES INVOLVED IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AFTER AN SVR. METHODS: DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER TISSUE WAS COMPARED BETWEEN 21 CHC PATIENTS WITHOUT HCC AND 28 CHC PATIENTS WITH HCC, ALL OF WHOM HAD ACHIEVED AN SVR. ADDITIONAL COMPARISONS WITH 23 CHC PATIENTS BEFORE TREATMENT AND 10 NORMAL LIVERS WERE PERFORMED. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A NEWLY IDENTIFIED GENE WERE EXPLORED IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT THE TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN NO. 164 (TMEM164) GENE WAS DEMETHYLATED BY HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION AND HCC DEVELOPMENT AFTER ACHIEVING AN SVR. TMEM164 WAS EXPRESSED MAINLY IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN-POSITIVE CELLS, AND SOME CAPILLARIZED LIVER SINUSOIDAL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. TMEM164 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH LIVER FIBROSIS AND RELAPSE-FREE SURVIVAL IN HCC PATIENTS. TMEM164 WAS INDUCED BY SHEAR STRESS, INTERACTED WITH GRP78/BIP, ACCELERATED ATF6 (ACTIVATING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 6)-MEDIATED ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS SIGNALING, AND ACTIVATED INTERLEUKIN-6/STAT3 (SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 3) SIGNALING IN THE TMNK1 LIVER ENDOTHELIAL CELL LINE. THEREFORE, WE TERMED TMEM164 "SHEAR STRESS-INDUCED TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN ASSOCIATED WITH ER STRESS SIGNALING" (SHERMER). SHERMER KNOCKOUT MICE WERE PROTECTED AGAINST CCL4-INDUCED LIVER FIBROSIS. SHERMER OVEREXPRESSION IN TMNK1 CELLS ACCELERATED HCC GROWTH IN A XENOGRAFT MODEL. CONCLUSIONS: WE IDENTIFIED A NEW TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN, SHERMER, IN CHC PATIENTS WITH HCC AFTER ACHIEVING AN SVR. SHERMER WAS INDUCED BY SHEAR STRESS AND ACCELERATED ATF6-MEDIATED ER STRESS SIGNALING IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. THUS, SHERMER IS A NOVEL ENDOTHELIAL MARKER ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FIBROSIS, HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, AND PROGRESSION OF HCC.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9 6294  29 THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TNFALPHA INDUCES DNA DEMETHYLATION-DEPENDENT AND -INDEPENDENT ACTIVATION OF INTERLEUKIN-32 EXPRESSION. IL-32 IS A CYTOKINE INVOLVED IN PROINFLAMMATORY IMMUNE RESPONSES TO BACTERIAL AND VIRAL INFECTIONS. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN THE REGULATION OF IL-32 GENE EXPRESSION IS UNDERSTUDIED. HERE WE SHOW THAT IL-32 IS REPRESSED BY DNA METHYLATION IN HEK293 CELLS. USING CHIP SEQUENCING, LOCUS-SPECIFIC METHYLATION ANALYSIS, CRISPR/CAS9-MEDIATED GENOME EDITING, AND RT-QPCR (QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR) AND IMMUNOBLOT ASSAYS, WE FOUND THAT SHORT-TERM TREATMENT (A FEW HOURS) WITH THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNFALPHA) ACTIVATES IL-32 IN A DNA DEMETHYLATION-INDEPENDENT MANNER. IN CONTRAST, PROLONGED TNFALPHA TREATMENT (SEVERAL DAYS) INDUCED DNA DEMETHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER AND A CPG ISLAND IN THE IL-32 GENE IN A TET (TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION) FAMILY ENZYME- AND NF-KAPPAB-DEPENDENT MANNER. NOTABLY, THE HYPOMETHYLATION STATUS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY ELEMENTS IN IL-32 WAS MAINTAINED FOR A LONG TIME (SEVERAL WEEKS), CAUSING ELEVATED IL-32 EXPRESSION EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF TNFALPHA. CONSIDERING THAT IL-32 CAN, IN TURN, INDUCE TNFALPHA EXPRESSION, WE SPECULATE THAT SUCH FEEDFORWARD EVENTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE TRANSITION FROM AN ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
10 3718  40 INHIBITION OF BCL6B PROMOTES GASTRIC CANCER BY AMPLIFYING INFLAMMATION IN MICE. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC GASTRITIS HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE A KEY CAUSE OF GASTRIC CANCER (GC), AND CONTROL OF GASTRIC INFLAMMATION IS REGARDED AS AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR THE CLINICAL PREVENTION OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. HOWEVER, THERE REMAINS AN UNMET NEED TO IDENTIFY THE DOMINANT REGULATORS OF GASTRIC ONCOGENESIS-ASSOCIATED INFLAMMATION IN VIVO. METHODS: THE MOUSE MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED GC WAS INDUCED BY BENZO[A]PYRENE (BAP) INTRAGASTRIC ADMINISTRATION IN BCL6B(-/-) AND WILDTYPE MICE ON A C57BL/6 BACKGROUND. 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA), THE DEMETHYLATION DRUG, WAS INTRAPERITONEALLY INJECTED TO RESTORE BCL6B EXPRESSION. HUMAN GC TISSUE ARRAY WAS USED TO ANALYSE PATIENT SURVIVAL BASED ON BCL6B AND CD3 PROTEIN EXPRESSION. RESULTS: BCL6B WAS GRADUALLY DOWNREGULATED BY ITS OWN PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN PARALLEL TO AN INCREASING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE DURING THE PROGRESSION OF BAP-INDUCED GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS IN MICE. MOREOVER, KNOCKOUT OF BCL6B DRAMATICALLY WORSENED THE SEVERITY OF GASTRIC CANCER AND AGGRAVATED THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE BAP-INDUCED MICE GC MODEL. RE-ACTIVATION OF BCL6B BY 5-AZA IMPEDED INFLAMMATORY AMPLIFICATION AND BAP-INDUCED GC DEVELOPMENT, PROLONGING SURVIVAL TIME IN WILDTYPE MICE, WHEREAS NO NOTABLE CURATIVE EFFECT OCCURRED IN BCL6B(-/-) MICE WITH 5-AZA TREATMENT. FINALLY, SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATIONS WERE DETECTED BETWEEN THE MRNA LEVELS OF BCL6B AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN HUMAN GC TISSUES; PATIENTS HARBOURING BCL6B-NEGETIVE AND SEVERE-INFLAMMATION GC TUMOURS WERE FOUND TO EXHIBIT THE SHORTEST SURVIVAL TIME. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF BCL6B PROMOTES GASTRIC CANCER THROUGH AMPLIFICATION OF THE GASTRIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN VIVO AND OFFERS A NEW APPROACH FOR GC TREATMENT AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11 1190  41 CORRELATION BETWEEN HEPATIC HUMAN MALES ABSENT ON THE FIRST (HMOF) AND VIRAL PERSISTENCE IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) REMAINS A GLOBAL HEALTH DILEMMA WITH HIGH MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. HUMAN MALES ABSENT ON THE FIRST (HMOF) (A HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DNA DAMAGE REPAIR, TUMORIGENESIS AND CELL CYCLE REGULATION. PERSISTENCE OF HBV DNA CONTRIBUTES TO CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IN CHB PATIENTS. HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ENHANCES HBV REPLICATION, HOWEVER THE PRECISE UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF HMOF IN HBV REPLICATION IN CHB PATIENTS REMAINS TO BE EXPLORED. THIS STUDY AIMS TO INVESTIGATE THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HEPATIC HMOF AND HBV DNA REPLICATION IN CHB PATIENTS, AND MAY PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS TOWARDS THE TREATMENT OF CHB PATIENTS. METHODS: HMOF IN LIVER BIOPSY (CHB, N = 33 HBEAG(+); N = 20 HBEAG(-), AND THREE HEALTHY CONTROLS) WAS DETERMINED, USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, QPCR AND WESTERN BLOT. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HMOF AND HBSAG, AS WELL AS, HBEAG WERE DETERMINED. RESULTS: A POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN HMOF AND HBV DNA IN OVERALL CHB PATIENTS WAS OBSERVED. A DISTINCT POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN HMOF AND HBSAG AND/OR HBEAG IN HBEAG(+) CHB PATIENTS WAS ALSO DETECTED, HOWEVER NOT OBSERVED BETWEEN HMOF AND HBSAG IN HBEAG(-) CHB PATIENTS. NO CORRELATION WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN HMOF AND HEPATIC INFLAMMATION SEVERITY AND FIBROTIC STAGE IN CHB PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: HEPATIC HMOF MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO HOST HBV CLEARANCE IN CHB PATIENTS AND POSSIBLE PATHOGENESIS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12 6448  50 THERAPEUTIC SHUTDOWN OF HBV TRANSCRIPTS PROMOTES REAPPEARANCE OF THE SMC5/6 COMPLEX AND SILENCING OF THE VIRAL GENOME IN VIVO. OBJECTIVE: THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES SILENCING AND REDUCING THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) RESERVOIR, THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO CURE CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF SMALL INTERFERRING RNA (SIRNA) TARGETING ALL HBV TRANSCRIPTS OR PEGYLATED INTERFERON-ALPHA (PEG-IFNALPHA) ON THE VIRAL REGULATORY HBX PROTEIN AND THE STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOME 5/6 COMPLEX (SMC5/6), A HOST FACTOR SUPPRESSING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION. IN PARTICULAR, WE ASSESSED WHETHER INTERVENTIONS LOWERING HBV TRANSCRIPTS CAN ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN SILENCING OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION IN VIVO. DESIGN: HBV-INFECTED HUMAN LIVER CHIMERIC MICE WERE TREATED WITH SIRNA OR PEG-IFNALPHA. VIROLOGICAL AND HOST CHANGES WERE ANALYSED AT THE END OF TREATMENT AND DURING THE REBOUND PHASE BY QUALITATIVE PCR, ELISA, IMMUNOBLOTTING AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. RNA IN SITU HYBRIDISATION WAS COMBINED WITH IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TO DETECT SMC6 AND HBV RNAS AT SINGLE CELL LEVEL. THE ENTRY INHIBITOR MYRCLUDEX-B WAS USED DURING THE REBOUND PHASE TO AVOID NEW INFECTION EVENTS. RESULTS: BOTH SIRNA AND PEG-IFNALPHA STRONGLY REDUCED ALL HBV MARKERS, INCLUDING HBX LEVELS, THUS ENABLING THE REAPPEARANCE OF SMC5/6 IN HEPATOCYTES THAT ACHIEVED HBV-RNA NEGATIVISATION AND SMC5/6 ASSOCIATION WITH THE CCCDNA. ONLY IFN REDUCED CCCDNA LOADS AND ENHANCED IFN-STIMULATED GENES. HOWEVER, THE ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS DID NOT PERSIST OFF TREATMENT AND SMC5/6 WAS AGAIN DEGRADED. REMARKABLY, THE BLOCKADE OF VIRAL ENTRY THAT STARTED AT THE END OF TREATMENT HINDERED RENEWED DEGRADATION OF SMC5/6. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS REVEAL THAT THERAPEUTICS ABROGATING ALL HBV TRANSCRIPTS INCLUDING HBX PROMOTE EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF THE HBV MINICHROMOSOME, WHEREAS STRATEGIES PROTECTING THE HUMAN HEPATOCYTES FROM REINFECTION ARE NEEDED TO MAINTAIN CCCDNA SILENCING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
13 3728  37 INHIBITION OF REPLICATION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS USING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSORS THAT TARGET THE VIRAL DNA. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A SERIOUS GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM. PERSISTENCE OF THE VIRUS OCCURS AS A RESULT OF STABILITY OF THE REPLICATION INTERMEDIATE COMPRISING COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA). DEVELOPMENT OF DRUGS THAT ARE CAPABLE OF DISABLING THIS CCCDNA IS VITAL. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE AN EPIGENETIC APPROACH TO INACTIVATING VIRAL DNA, WE ENGINEERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSORS THAT COMPRISE AN HBV DNA-BINDING DOMAIN OF TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR LIKE EFFECTORS (TALES) AND A FUSED KRUPPEL ASSOCIATED BOX (KRAB). THESE REPRESSOR TALES (RTALES) TARGETED THE VIRAL SURFACE OPEN READING FRAME AND WERE PLACED UNDER TRANSCRIPTION CONTROL OF CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE OR LIVER-SPECIFIC PROMOTERS. RESULTS: EVALUATION IN CULTURED CELLS AND FOLLOWING HYDRODYNAMIC INJECTION OF MICE REVEALED THAT THE RTALES SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED PRODUCTION OF MARKERS OF HBV REPLICATION WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF HEPATOTOXICITY. INCREASED METHYLATION OF HBV DNA AT CPG ISLAND II SHOWED THAT THE RTALES CAUSED INTENDED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF HBV DNA IS A NEW AND EFFECTIVE MEANS OF INACTIVATING THE VIRUS IN VIVO. THE APPROACH HAS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AND AVOIDS POTENTIALLY PROBLEMATIC UNINTENDED MUTAGENESIS OF GENE EDITING.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14 3049  31 GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS REVEALS ZINC TRANSPORTER ZIP9 REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS VIA THE TGF-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY. RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS IS A DETRIMENTAL AND CHRONIC DISORDER THAT OCCURS AFTER RADIATION EXPOSURE. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN CHARACTERIZED AS AN IMPORTANT REGULATORY MECHANISM OF MULTIPLE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES. IN THIS STUDY, WE COMPARED THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN RADIATION-INDUCED FIBROTIC SKIN AND ADJACENT NORMAL TISSUES OF RATS BY METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING. RADIATION-INDUCED FIBROTIC SKIN SHOWED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH 3,650 PROTEIN-CODING GENES, 72 MICRORNAS, 5,836 LONG NONCODING RNAS AND 3 PIWI-INTERACTING RNAS. BY INTEGRATING THE MRNA AND METHYLATION PROFILES, THE ZINC TRANSPORTER SLC39A9/ZIP9 WAS INVESTIGATED IN GREATER DETAIL. THE PROTEIN LEVEL OF ZIP9 WAS INCREASED IN IRRADIATED SKIN TISSUES OF HUMANS, MONKEYS, AND RATS, ESPECIALLY IN RADIOGENIC FIBROTIC SKIN TISSUES. RADIATION INDUCED THE DEMETHYLATION OF A CPG DINUCLEOTIDE IN EXON 1 OF ZIP9 THAT RESULTED IN RECRUITMENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTOR SP1 AND INCREASED ZIP9 EXPRESSION. OVEREXPRESSION OF ZIP9 RESULTED IN ACTIVATION OF THE PROFIBROTIC TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY THROUGH PROTEIN KINASE B IN HUMAN FIBROBLASTS. IN ADDITION, RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ZINC ACCUMULATION. THE ZINC CHELATOR N,N,N',N'-TETRAKIS(2-PYRIDYLMETHYL)-1,2-ETHYLENEDIAMINE ABROGATED ZIP9-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY AND ATTENUATED RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS IN A RAT MODEL. IN SUMMARY, OUR FINDINGS ILLUSTRATE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ZIP9 AND ITS CRITICAL ROLE IN PROMOTING RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15 2453  37 EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF THE IMMUNOREGULATOR MZB1 IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MALIGNANT PHENOTYPE OF GASTRIC CANCER. PREDICTION OF TUMOR RECURRENCE AFTER CURATIVE RESECTION IS CRITICAL FOR DETERMINING THE PROGNOSIS OF PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC CANCER (GC). THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF GC ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INAPPROPRIATE IMMUNE RESPONSES CAUSED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE GASTRIC MUCOSA. TO IDENTIFY IMMUNOREGULATORY MOLECULES INVOLVED IN GC PROGRESSION, GC CELL LINES AND 200 PAIRS OF TUMOR AND NORMAL TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITH GC WERE ANALYZED FOR GENE EXPRESSION, AMPLIFICATION AND METHYLATION AS WELL AS FUNCTION OF A DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENE. THE TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT MARGINAL ZONE B AND B1 CELL SPECIFIC PROTEIN (MZB1) WAS EXPRESSED AT SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED LEVELS IN PRIMARY GC TISSUES WHEN COMPARED WITH THE CORRESPONDING NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA. PCR ARRAY ANALYSIS EXPLORING GENES EXPRESSED COOPERATIVELY WITH MZB1 REVEALED THAT DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF MZB1 MRNA IN GC CELL LINES CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH THE LEVELS OF THE MRNAS ENCODING ESTROGEN RECEPTOR 1 AND DESUMOYLATING ISOPEPTIDASE 1. HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE MZB1 PROMOTER WAS FREQUENT IN CELL LINES WITH DECREASED LEVELS OF MZB1 MRNA. SIRNA-MEDIATED KNOCKDOWN OF MZB1 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED PROLIFERATION, INVASION AND MIGRATION OF GC CELL LINES. LOW MZB1 EXPRESSION WAS AN INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC FACTOR FOR RECURRENCE AFTER CURATIVE GASTRECTOMY AND WAS ASSOCIATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH INCREASED HEMATOGENOUS RECURRENCE. MZB1 ACTS AS A SUPPRESSOR OF GC. LOW MZB1 EXPRESSION IN THE PRIMARY GC TISSUE IS PREDICTIVE OF RECURRENCE AFTER CURATIVE RESECTION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16 1121  30 COMPARISON OF EPIGENETIC PROFILES OF HUMAN ORAL EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM HIV-POSITIVE (ON HAART) AND HIV-NEGATIVE SUBJECTS. HIV-INFECTED SUBJECTS ON HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (HAART) ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO COMORBID MICROBIAL INFECTIONS IN THE ORAL CAVITY. WE OBSERVED THAT PRIMARY ORAL EPITHELIAL CELLS (POECS) ISOLATED FROM HIV+ SUBJECTS ON HAART GROW MORE SLOWLY AND ARE LESS INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSIVE TO MICROBIAL CHALLENGE WHEN COMPARED WITH POECS FROM NORMAL SUBJECTS. THESE ABERRANT CELLS ALSO DEMONSTRATE EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES THAT INCLUDE REDUCTION IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 (HDAC-1) LEVELS AND REDUCED TOTAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) ACTIVITY SPECIFIC TO ENZYMES DNMT1 AND DNMT3A. THE DNMT ACTIVITY CORRELATES WELL WITH GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, INDICATING THAT ABERRANT DNMT ACTIVITY IN HIV+ (ON HAART) POECS LEADS TO AN ABERRANTLY METHYLATED EPITHELIAL CELL PHENOTYPE. OVERALL, OUR RESULTS LEAD US TO HYPOTHESIZE THAT, IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HIV INFECTION ON HAART, EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN KEY GENES RESULT IN INCREASED VULNERABILITY TO MICROBIAL INFECTION IN THE ORAL CAVITY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17 4771  45 NUCLEAR SENSOR INTERFERON-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 16 INHIBITS THE FUNCTION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA BY INTEGRATING INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: NUCLEAR-LOCATED COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A DETERMINING FACTOR FOR HBV PERSISTENCE AND THE KEY OBSTACLE FOR A CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR WHETHER AND HOW THE HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM SENSES HBV CCCDNA AND ITS BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES. APPROACH AND RESULTS: HERE, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT INTERFERON-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 16 (IFI16) COULD SERVE AS A UNIQUE INNATE SENSOR TO RECOGNIZE AND BIND TO HBV CCCDNA IN HEPATIC NUCLEI, LEADING TO THE INHIBITION OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION. MECHANISTICALLY, OUR DATA SHOWED THAT IFI16 PROMOTED THE EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF HBV CCCDNA BY TARGETING AN INTERFERON-STIMULATED RESPONSE ELEMENT (ISRE) PRESENT IN CCCDNA. IT IS OF INTEREST THAT THIS ISRE WAS ALSO REVEALED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN IFI16-ACTIVATED TYPE I INTERFERON RESPONSES. FURTHERMORE, OUR DATA REVEALED THAT HBV COULD DOWN-REGULATE THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF IFI16 IN HEPATOCYTES, AND THERE WAS A NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN IFI16 AND HBV TRANSCRIPTS IN LIVER BIOPSIES, SUGGESTING THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF IFI16 IN SUPPRESSING CCCDNA FUNCTION UNDER PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. CONCLUSIONS: THE NUCLEAR SENSOR IFI16 SUPPRESSES CCCDNA FUNCTION BY INTEGRATING INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY TARGETING THE ISRE OF CCCDNA, AND IFI16 MAY PRESENT AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET AGAINST HBV INFECTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18  499  50 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HMLH1 HYPERMETHYLATION AND JC VIRUS (JCV) INFECTION IN HUMAN COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC). INCORPORATION OF VIRAL DNA MAY INTERFERE WITH THE NORMAL SEQUENCE OF HUMAN DNA BASES ON THE GENETIC LEVEL OR CAUSE SECONDARY EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION OR HISTONE ACETYLATION. COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) IS THE SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER MORTALITY IN THE USA. CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY (CIN) WAS ESTABLISHED AS THE KEY MECHANISM IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT. LATER, IT WAS FOUND THAT CRC RESULTS NOT ONLY FROM THE PROGRESSIVE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS BUT ALSO FROM EPIGENETIC CHANGES. JC VIRUS (JCV) IS A CANDIDATE ETIOLOGIC FACTOR IN SPORADIC CRC. IT MAY ACT BY STABILIZING BETA-CATENIN, FACILITATING ITS ENTRANCE TO THE CELL NUCLEUS, INITIALING PROLIFERATION AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT. DIPLOID CRC CELL LINES TRANSFECTED WITH JCV-CONTAINING PLASMIDS DEVELOPED CIN. THIS RESULT PROVIDES DIRECT EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR THE ABILITY OF JCV T-AG TO INDUCE CIN IN THE GENOME OF COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. THE ASSOCIATION OF CRC HMLH1 METHYLATION AND TUMOR POSITIVITY FOR JCV WAS RECENTLY DOCUMENTED. JC VIRUS T-AG DNA SEQUENCES WERE FOUND IN 77% OF CRCS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH PROMOTER METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES. HMLH1 WAS METHYLATED IN 25 OUT OF 80 CRC PATIENTS POSITIVE FOR T-AG (31%) IN COMPARISON WITH ONLY ONE OUT OF 11 T-AG NEGATIVE CASES (9%). THUS, JCV CAN MEDIATE BOTH CIN AND ABERRANT METHYLATION IN CRC. LIKE OTHER VIRUSES, CHRONIC INFECTION WITH JCV MAY INDUCE CRC BY DIFFERENT MECHANISMS WHICH SHOULD BE FURTHER INVESTIGATED. THUS, GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION INDUCED BY JCV MAY BE AN IMPORTANT PROCESS IN CRC AND THE POLYP-CARCINOMA SEQUENCE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19 4233  37 METHYLATION OF SEPTIN9 MEDIATED BY DNMT3A ENHANCES HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROGENESIS. LIVER FIBROSIS, RESULTING FROM CHRONIC AND PERSISTENT INJURY TO THE LIVER, IS A WORLDWIDE HEALTH PROBLEM. ADVANCED LIVER FIBROSIS RESULTS IN CIRRHOSIS, LIVER FAILURE AND EVEN HEPATOCELLULAR CANCER (HCC), OFTEN EVENTUALLY REQUIRING LIVER TRANSPLANTATION, POSES A HUGE HEALTH BURDEN ON THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FIBROSIS REMAINS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. NUMEROUS BASIC AND CLINICAL STUDIES HAVE PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ESPECIALLY DNA METHYLATION, MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE ACTIVATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS), THE PIVOTAL CELL TYPE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FIBROUS SCAR IN LIVER. HERE, REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) AND BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING PCR (BSP) ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED HYPERMETHYLATION STATUS OF SEPTIN9 (SEPT9) GENE IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS. SEPT9 PROTEIN WAS DRAMATICALLY DECREASED IN LIVERS OF CCL4-TREATED MICE AND IMMORTALIZED HSC-T6 CELLS EXPOSED TO TGF-BETA1. NEVERTHELESS, THE SUPPRESSION OF SEPT9 COULD BE BLOCKED BY DNMT3A-SIRNA AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZADC). OVEREXPRESSED SEPT9 ATTENUATED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF MYOFIBROBLAST MARKERS ALPHA-SMA AND COL1A1, ACCOMPANIED BY UP-REGULATION OF CELL APOPTOSIS-RELATED PROTEINS. CONVERSELY, RNAI-MEDIATED SILENCING OF SEPT9 ENHANCED ACCUMULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. THESE OBSERVATIONS SUGGESTED THAT SEPT9 CONTRIBUTED TO ALLEVIATE LIVER FIBROSIS MIGHT PARTIALLY THROUGH PROMOTING ACTIVATED HSCS APOPTOSIS AND THIS ANTI-FIBROGENESIS EFFECT MIGHT BE BLOCKED BY DNMT-3A MEDIATED METHYLATION OF SEPT9. THEREFORE, PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS THAT INHIBIT SEPT9 METHYLATION AND INCREASE ITS EXPRESSION COULD BE CONSIDERED AS VALUABLE TREATMENTS FOR LIVER FIBROSIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20 6385  37 THE ROLE OF PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PROTEIN IN STEATOSIS-ASSOCIATED HEPATIC TUMORS RELATED TO CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. THE PERSISTENCE OF HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBSAG) IS A RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STEATOSIS-ASSOCIATED TUMORS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION, YET LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE METABOLIC LINK WITH THIS FACTOR. WE CORRELATED HBV-RELATED PATHOGENESIS IN GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MICE AND HUMAN CARRIERS WITH METABOLIC PROTEOMICS AND LIPOGENIC GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES. THE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY SHOWED THAT THE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PROTEIN (PML, A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR INVOLVED IN GENOME MAINTENANCE AND FATTY ACID OXIDATION), BEING INVERSELY INFLUENCED BY THE DYNAMIC HBSAG LEVELS FROM ACUTE PHASE TO SEROCLEARANCE, APPEARED AS A LIPO-METABOLIC SWITCH LINKING HBSAG-INDUCED STEATOSIS (LIPOGENESIS) TO HBSAG-LOST FAT-BURNING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS (LIPOLYSIS). KNOCKDOWN OF PML IN HBSAG-TRANSGENIC MICE PREDISPOSED TO OBESITY AND DROVE EARLY STEATOSIS-SPECIFIC LIVER TUMORIGENESIS. PROTEOME ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT THE SIGNALING PATHWAYS CORRESPONDING TO ENERGY METABOLISM AND ITS REGULATORS WERE FREQUENTLY ALTERED BY SUPPRESSION OR DEPLETION OF PML IN THE HBSAG-TRANSGENIC MICE, MAINLY INCLUDING OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND FATTY ACID METABOLISM. EXPRESSION PROFILING FURTHER IDENTIFIED UPREGULATION OF STEAROYL-COA DESATURASE 1 (SCD1) AND EPIGENETIC METHYLATION OF NDUFA13 IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN AND THE CELL CYCLE INHIBITOR CDKN1C IN CONCORDANCE TO THE INCREASED SEVERITY OF LIPODYSTROPHY AND NEOPLASIA IN THE LIVERS OF HBSAG-TRANSGENIC MICE WITH PML INSUFFICIENCY. THE DEFECT IN LIPOLYSIS IN PML-DEFICIENT HBSAG-TRANSGENIC MICE MADE THE HBSAG-INDUCED ADIPOSE-LIKE LIVER TUMORS VULNERABLE TO SYNTHETIC LETHALITY FROM TOXIC SATURATED FAT ACCUMULATION WITH A SCD1 INHIBITOR. OUR FINDINGS PROVIDE MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO THE EVOLUTION OF STEATOSIS-ASSOCIATED HEPATIC TUMORS DRIVEN BY RECIPROCAL INTERACTIONS OF HBSAG AND PML, AND A POTENTIAL UTILITY OF LIPID METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING AS A TREATMENT TARGET.	2018