1 3246 94 HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF INTERLEUKIN-8 THAT IN TURN REDUCES HBV SENSITIVITY TO INTERFERON-ALPHA. HIGH LEVELS OF SERUM INTERLEUKIN-8 (IL-8) HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) PATIENTS DURING EPISODES OF HEPATITIS FLARES. WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) MAY DIRECTLY INDUCE IL-8 PRODUCTION AND WHETHER IL-8 MAY ANTAGONIZE INTERFERON-ALPHA (IFN-ALPHA) ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HBV. WE SHOWED THAT CHB PATIENTS HAD SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IL-8 LEVELS BOTH IN SERUM AND IN LIVER TISSUE THAN CONTROLS. IN HBV-REPLICATING HEPG2 CELLS, IL-8 TRANSCRIPTION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ACTIVATED. AP-1, C/EBP AND NF-KB TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS WERE CONCURRENTLY NECESSARY FOR MAXIMUM IL-8 INDUCTION. MOREOVER, HBX VIRAL PROTEIN WAS RECRUITED ONTO THE IL-8 PROMOTER AND THIS WAS PARALLELED BY IL8-BOUND HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION AND BY ACTIVE RECRUITMENT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATORS. INHIBITION OF IL-8 INCREASES THE ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF IFN-ALPHA AGAINST HBV. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT HBV ACTIVATES IL-8 GENE EXPRESSION BY TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE IL-8 PROMOTER AND THAT IL-8 MAY CONTRIBUTE TO REDUCE HBV SENSITIVITY TO IFN-ALPHA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2 4239 34 METHYLATION PROFILE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS IS NOT INFLUENCED BY INTERFERON ALPHA IN HUMAN LIVER CANCER CELLS. INTERFERON (IFN) ALPHA IS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION, BUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ITS ANTIVIRAL EFFECT HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS REGULATE THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) IN CELLS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. IFN?ALPHA HAS BEEN SHOWN TO MODIFY CCCDNA?BOUND HISTONES, BUT IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER THE ANTI?HBV EFFECT OF IFN?ALPHA INVOLVES METHYLATION OF CCCDNA. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO DETERMINE WHETHER IFN?ALPHA INDUCED METHYLATION OF HBV CCCDNA IN A CELL?BASED MODEL IN WHICH HEPG2 CELLS WERE DIRECTLY INFECTED WITH WILD?TYPE HBV VIRIONS. METHYLATION STATUS OF HBV CCCDNA WAS ASSESSED USING GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION ELISA ASSAY, METHYLATION?SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING. IFN?ALPHA SUPPRESSED HBV DNA AND RNA TRANSCRIPTS, BUT METHYLATION PROFILES WERE SIMILAR BETWEEN THE CONTROL AND IFN?ALPHA TREATED GROUPS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION RESULTS REVEALED BINDING OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) 3A AND DNMT3B TO HBV CCCDNA AND TREATMENT WITH IFN?ALPHA SUPPRESSED THE RECRUITMENT OF DNMT3B TO CCCDNA. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT IFN?ALPHA DOES NOT INDUCE METHYLATION OF HBV CCCDNA. THEREFORE, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT METHYLATION IS UNLIKELY TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE ANTI?HBV EFFECT OF IFN?ALPHA IN HEPG2 CELLS, AND THAT ALTERNATIVE MECHANISMS NEED TO BE SOUGHT TO ENHANCE CCCDNA METHYLATION AS A NOVEL THERAPY AGAINST HBV.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3 5547 27 ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN INTERFERON TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. HUMAN HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A SMALL, ENVELOPED DNA VIRUS THAT CAUSES ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) IS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATHOGENESIS. INTERFERONS (IFNS) HAVE BEEN USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHB FOR A LONG TIME, WITH ADVANTAGES INCLUDING LESS TREATMENT DURATION AND SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE. PRESENTLY, VARIOUS EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE VIRAL COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) AND THE HOST GENOME IS CRUCIAL FOR THE REGULATION OF VIRAL ACTIVITY. THIS MODIFICATION INCLUDES HISTONE ACETYLATION, DNA METHYLATION, N6-METHYLADENOSINE, AND NON-CODING RNA MODIFICATION. IFN TREATMENT FOR CHB CAN STIMULATE MULTIPLE IFN-STIMULATED GENES FOR INHIBITING VIRUS REPLICATION. IFNS CAN ALSO AFFECT THE HBV LIFE CYCLE THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODULATION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED THE DIFFERENT MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH IFN-ALPHA INHIBITS HBV REPLICATION, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC REGULATION. MOREOVER, THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING IFN ACTIVITY ARE DISCUSSED, WHICH INDICATED ITS POTENTIAL AS A NOVEL TREATMENT FOR CHB. IT IS PROPOSED THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS HISTONE ACETYLATION, DNA METHYLATION, M6A METHYLATION COULD BE THE TARGETS OF IFN, WHICH MAY OFFER A NOVEL APPROACH TO HBV TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4 5955 28 TELBIVUDINE TREATMENT CORRECTS HBV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN LIVER CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OF HOST CELLULAR GENES TO SUPPORT ITS REPLICATION AND SURVIVAL AND TO PROMOTE THE LIVER CELL INJURY. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINED INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED HBV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HEPG2 CELLS BY PROFILING THE LANDSCAPES OF THE ACTIVE HISTONE MODIFICATION MARK H3K4ME3 AND REPRESSIVE MARK H3K27ME3 USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-SEQUENCING. HBV CAUSED THE ALTERED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THOUSANDS OF GENOMIC LOCI, WHICH ARE CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN HBV ENTRY, INFLAMMATION, FIBROSIS AND CARCINOGENESIS OF HOST CELLS. INTERESTINGLY, TREATMENT OF THE HBV-TRANSFORMED HEPG2 CELLS WITH THE ANTI-HBV DRUG TELBIVUDINE SUBSTANTIALLY RESTORED THE H3K4ME3 LEVEL TO THAT OF UNTRANSFORMED HEPG2 CELLS. MORE IMPORTANTLY, OUR ANALYSIS OF LIVER SAMPLES FROM CONTROL AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS REVEALED THAT TREATMENT OF THE PATIENTS WITH TELBIVUDINE NOT ONLY CORRECTED THE TARGET GENE EXPRESSION BUT ALSO THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF CRITICAL GENES. IN ADDITION, THE EXPRESSION OF THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES SMYD3 AND EZH2 THAT REGULATE HISTONE H3-SPECIFIC METHYLATION SHOWED NO DIFFERENCE IN HEPG2 CELL WITH OR WITHOUT HBV EXISTENCE. THUS, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ABNORMAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MIGHT CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN HBV-MEDIATED LIVER PATHOGENESIS AND TELBIVUDINE THERAPY MIGHT BENEFIT PATIENTS WITH HBV-RELATED CHRONIC INFECTION, LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND EVEN HEPATIC CARCINOMA. SUMMARY: TELBIVUDINE SUBSTANTIALLY RESTORES IN VITRO AND IN VIVO HBV-CAUSED ABNORMAL EXPRESSIONS AND HISTONE H3K4ME3 AND H3K27ME3 MODIFICATIONS AT THOUSANDS OF GENOMIC LOCI THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER CELLS, REVEALING A NOVEL MECHANISM FOR HBV-MEDIATED LIVER DAMAGE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5 3189 34 HBX RELIEVES CHROMATIN-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRAL CCCDNA INVOLVING SETDB1 HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE. BACKGROUND & AIMS: MAINTENANCE OF THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR HBV DNA (CCCDNA) THAT SERVES AS A TEMPLATE FOR HBV TRANSCRIPTION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FAILURE OF ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES. WHILE STUDIES IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS PATIENTS HAVE SHOWN THAT HIGH VIREMIA CORRELATES WITH HYPERACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONES, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING CCCDNA STABILITY AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION ARE STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THIS STUDY AIMED TO DECIPHER THE ROLE OF CHROMATIN AND CHROMATIN MODIFIER PROTEINS ON HBV TRANSCRIPTION. METHODS: WE ANALYZED THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE OF ACTIVELY TRANSCRIBED OR SILENCED CCCDNA BY INFECTING PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES AND DIFFERENTIATED HEPARG CELLS WITH WILD-TYPE VIRUS OR VIRUS DEFICIENT (HBVX-) FOR THE EXPRESSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS X PROTEIN (HBX), THAT IS REQUIRED FOR HBV EXPRESSION. RESULTS: IN THE ABSENCE OF HBX, HBV CCCDNA WAS TRANSCRIPTIONALLY SILENCED WITH THE CONCOMITANT DECREASE OF HISTONE 3 (H3) ACETYLATION AND H3K4ME3, INCREASE OF H3 DI- AND TRI-METHYLATION (H3K9ME) AND THE RECRUITMENT OF HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 FACTORS (HP1) THAT CORRELATE WITH CONDENSED CHROMATIN. SETDB1 WAS FOUND TO BE THE MAIN HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEPOSITION OF H3K9ME3 AND HBV REPRESSION. FINALLY, FULL TRANSCRIPTIONAL REACTIVATION OF HBVX- UPON HBX RE-EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH AN INCREASE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND H3K4ME3, AND A CONCOMITANT DECREASE OF HP1 BINDING AND OF H3K9ME3 ON THE CCCDNA. CONCLUSION: UPON HBV INFECTION, CELLULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVING SETDB1-MEDIATED H3K9ME3 AND HP1 INDUCE SILENCING OF HBV CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH MODULATION OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. HBX IS ABLE TO RELIEVE THIS REPRESSION AND ALLOW THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ACTIVE CHROMATIN.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 6337 19 THE ROLE OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS AND PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B IS CAUSED BY A PERSISTENT FORM OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS, COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA). STABILITY OF CCCDNA IS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF CCCDNA AND FORMATION OF MINICHROMOSOME, REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. ONE OF THE KEY MECHANISMS IN EPIGENETICS IS METHYLATION OF DNA ON CPG ISLANDS. EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS WERE SHOWN TO BE UPREGULATED. NEVERTHELESS, THE ROLE OF DNMTS IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF HBV AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE CELL REMAIN ELUSIVE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS LATEST ACHIEVEMENTS ON THE ROLE OF DNMTS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B AND HBV IN VITRO MODELS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7 3186 35 HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA MINICHROMOSOMES IN DISTINCT EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES DIFFER IN THEIR VULNERABILITY TO DAMAGE. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) IS A MAJOR OBSTACLE FOR A CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS REGULATE THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR HOW THE EPIGENETIC STATE OF CCCDNA AFFECTS ITS STABILITY. APPROACHES AND RESULTS: BY USING HBV INFECTION CELL MODELS AND IN VITRO AND IN VIVO RECOMBINANT CCCDNA (RCCCDNA) AND HBVCIRCLE MODELS, THE REDUCTION RATE OF HBV CCCDNA AND THE EFFICACY OF APOLIPOPROTEIN B MRNA EDITING ENZYME CATALYTIC SUBUNIT 3A (APOBEC3A)-MEDIATED AND CRISPR/CRISPR-ASSOCIATED 9 (CAS9)-MEDIATED CCCDNA TARGETING WERE COMPARED BETWEEN CCCDNAS WITH DISTINCT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITIES. INTERFERON-ALPHA TREATMENT AND HEPATITIS B X PROTEIN (HBX) DELETION WERE APPLIED AS TWO STRATEGIES FOR CCCDNA REPRESSION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND MICROCOCCAL NUCLEASE ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE EPIGENETIC PATTERN OF CCCDNA. HBV CCCDNA LEVELS REMAINED STABLE IN NONDIVIDING HEPATOCYTES; HOWEVER, THEY WERE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED DURING CELL DIVISION, AND THE REDUCTION RATE WAS SIMILAR BETWEEN CCCDNAS IN TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE AND TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REPRESSED STATES. STRIKINGLY, HBV RCCCDNA WITHOUT HBX EXPRESSION EXHIBITED A SIGNIFICANTLY LONGER PERSISTENCE IN MICE. THE CCCDNA WITH LOW TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY EXHIBITED AN EPIGENETICALLY INACTIVE PATTERN AND WAS MORE DIFFICULT TO ACCESS BY APOBEC3A AND ENGINEERED CRISPR-CAS9. THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR ACTIVATING CCCDNA INCREASED ITS VULNERABILITY TO APOBEC3A. CONCLUSIONS: HBV CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES IN DISTINCT EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES SHOWED A SIMILAR REDUCTION RATE DURING CELL DIVISION BUT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERED IN THEIR ACCESSIBILITY AND VULNERABILITY TO TARGETED NUCLEASES AND ANTIVIRAL AGENTS. EPIGENETIC SENSITIZATION OF CCCDNA MAKES IT MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DAMAGE AND MAY POTENTIALLY CONTRIBUTE TO AN HBV CURE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8 3264 30 HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION AFFECTS DNA METHYLATION IN MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVERS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: CELLS OF TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION FREQUENTLY HAVE ALTERED PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION, INCLUDING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. CHRONIC HEPATITIS HAS ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THEIR RELATIONSHIP. METHODS: PYROSEQUENCING WAS USED TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CULTURED HUH7.5.1 HEPATOMA CELLS AFTER HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION. WE ALSO STUDIED MICE WITH SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY CARRYING THE UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR TRANSGENE CONTROLLED BY AN ALBUMIN PROMOTER (UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR/SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE), IN WHICH UP TO 85% OF HEPATOCYTES WERE REPLACED BY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES (CHIMERIC MICE). MICE WERE GIVEN INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) OR HCV, LIVER TISSUES WERE COLLECTED, AND DNA METHYLATION PROFILES WERE DETERMINED AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS AFTER INFECTION. WE ALSO COMPARED METHYLATION PATTERNS BETWEEN PAIRED SAMPLES OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS AND ADJACENT NONTUMOR LIVER TISSUES FROM PATIENTS. RESULTS: NO REPRODUCIBLE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION WERE OBSERVED AFTER INFECTION OF HUH7.5.1 CELLS WITH HCV. LIVERS FROM HBV- AND HCV-INFECTED MICE HAD GENOME-WIDE, TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION, COMPARED WITH UNINFECTED UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR/SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE. THERE WERE CHANGES IN 160 +/- 63 GENES IN HBV-INFECTED AND 237 +/- 110 GENES IN HCV-INFECTED MICE. METHYLATION OF 149 COMMON GENES INCREASED IN HBV- AND HCV-INFECTED MICE; METHYLATION OF SOME OF THESE GENES ALSO INCREASED IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS COMPARED WITH NONTUMOR TISSUES. EXPRESSION OF IFNG, WHICH IS EXPRESSED BY NATURAL KILLER CELLS, INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN CHIMERIC LIVERS, IN CONCORDANCE WITH INDUCTION OF DNA METHYLATION, AFTER INFECTION WITH HBV OR HCV. INDUCTION OF IFNG WAS REDUCED AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF AN INHIBITOR OF NATURAL KILLER CELL FUNCTION (ANTI-ASIALO GM1). CONCLUSIONS: IN CHIMERIC MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVERS, INFECTION WITH HBV AND HCV APPEARS TO ACTIVATE A NATURAL KILL CELL-DEPENDENT INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE. THIS CONTRIBUTES TO THE INDUCTION AND ACCUMULATION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCYTES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9 5226 31 PRMT5 RESTRICTS HEPATITIS B VIRUS REPLICATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA TRANSCRIPTION AND INTERFERENCE WITH PREGENOMIC RNA ENCAPSIDATION. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION REMAINS A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE. THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) MINICHROMOSOME, WHICH SERVES AS THE TEMPLATE FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION OF VIRAL RNAS, PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN VIRAL PERSISTENCE. WHILE ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION IS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MACHINERY, PARTICULARLY THE ACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-BOUND HISTONE 3 (H3) AND H4, THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF HISTONE METHYLATION AND RELATED HOST FACTORS REMAIN OBSCURE. HERE, BY SCREENING A SERIES OF METHYLTRANSFERASES AND DEMETHYLASES, WE IDENTIFIED PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 5 (PRMT5) AS AN EFFECTIVE RESTRICTOR OF HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION. IN CELL CULTURE-BASED MODELS FOR HBV INFECTION AND IN LIVER TISSUES OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION, WE FOUND THAT SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLATION OF ARGININE 3 ON H4 ON CCCDNA WAS A REPRESSIVE MARKER OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND WAS REGULATED BY PRMT5 DEPENDING ON ITS METHYLTRANSFERASE DOMAIN. MOREOVER, PRMT5-TRIGGERED SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLATION OF ARGININE 3 ON H4 ON THE CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOME INVOLVED AN INTERACTION WITH THE HBV CORE PROTEIN AND THE BRG1-BASED HUMAN SWI/SNF CHROMATIN REMODELER, WHICH RESULTED IN DOWN-REGULATION OF THE BINDING OF RNA POLYMERASE II TO CCCDNA. IN ADDITION TO THE INHIBITORY EFFECT ON CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION, PRMT5 INHIBITED HBV CORE PARTICLE DNA PRODUCTION INDEPENDENTLY OF ITS METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY. FURTHER STUDY REVEALED THAT PRMT5 INTERFERED WITH PREGENOMIC RNA ENCAPSIDATION BY PREVENTING ITS INTERACTION WITH VIRAL POLYMERASE PROTEIN THROUGH BINDING TO THE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-RIBONUCLEASE H REGION OF POLYMERASE, WHICH IS CRUCIAL FOR THE POLYMERASE-PREGENOMIC RNA INTERACTION. CONCLUSION: PRMT5 RESTRICTS HBV REPLICATION THROUGH A TWO-PART MECHANISM INCLUDING EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND INTERFERENCE WITH PREGENOMIC RNA ENCAPSIDATION; THESE FINDINGS IMPROVE THE UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND HOST-HBV INTERACTION, THUS PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO TARGETED THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. (HEPATOLOGY 2017;66:398-415).	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10 4055 31 MAPPING OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN EPISOMAL HBV CCCDNA UNCOVERS AN UNUSUAL CHROMATIN ORGANIZATION AMENABLE TO EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION AFFECTS 240 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE AND IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR LIVER FAILURE AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. CURRENT ANTIVIRAL THERAPY INHIBITS CYTOPLASMIC HBV GENOMIC REPLICATION, BUT IS NOT CURATIVE BECAUSE IT DOES NOT DIRECTLY AFFECT NUCLEAR HBV CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), THE GENOMIC FORM THAT TEMPLATES VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION AND SUSTAINS VIRAL PERSISTENCE. NOVEL APPROACHES THAT DIRECTLY TARGET CCCDNA REGULATION WOULD THEREFORE BE HIGHLY DESIRABLE. CCCDNA IS ASSEMBLED WITH CELLULAR HISTONE PROTEINS INTO CHROMATIN, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE REGULATION OF HBV CHROMATIN BY HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS (PTMS). HERE, USING A NEW CCCDNA CHIP-SEQ APPROACH, WE REPORT, TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, THE FIRST GENOME-WIDE MAPS OF PTMS IN CCCDNA-CONTAINING CHROMATIN FROM DE NOVO INFECTED HEPG2 CELLS, PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES, AND FROM HBV-INFECTED LIVER TISSUE. WE FIND HIGH LEVELS OF PTMS ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE TRANSCRIPTION ENRICHED AT SPECIFIC SITES WITHIN THE HBV GENOME AND, SURPRISINGLY, VERY LOW LEVELS OF PTMS LINKED TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION EVEN AT SILENT HBV PROMOTERS. WE SHOW THAT TRANSCRIPTION AND ACTIVE PTMS IN HBV CHROMATIN ARE REDUCED BY THE ACTIVATION OF AN INNATE IMMUNITY PATHWAY, AND THAT THIS EFFECT CAN BE RECAPITULATED WITH A SMALL MOLECULE EPIGENETIC MODIFYING AGENT, OPENING THE POSSIBILITY THAT CHROMATIN-BASED REGULATION OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION COULD BE A NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO CHRONIC HBV INFECTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11 3782 29 INTERFERON THERAPY OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) RESULTS FROM THE INABILITY OF THE HOST'S IMMUNE SYSTEM TO CONTROL VIRAL REPLICATION. INTERFERON-ALPHA (IFN-ALPHA) THERAPY CAN CONVERT CHB INTO INACTIVE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IN 20-30% OF THE TREATED PATIENTS. IN SPITE OF THE LOW RESPONSE RATE, IFN-ALPHA THERAPY HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF HAVING A LIMITED DURATION AND BEING EFFECTIVE EVEN AFTER THERAPY, AS DEMONSTRATED BY A MUCH HIGHER INCIDENCE OF HBSAG CLEARANCE IN RESPONDERS TO IFN-ALPHA THAN IN NATURALLY OCCURRING INACTIVE HBSAG CARRIERS. IFN-ALPHA HAS MULTIPLE ANTIVIRAL, ANTIPROLIFERATIVE, AND IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITIES AND TARGETS: CELLULAR GENES (IFN-STIMULATED GENES) ACTIVATING DIFFERENT PATHWAYS OF ANTIVIRAL DEFENSE IN INFECTED AND NONINFECTED CELLS, HBV REPLICATION BLOCKING THE RNA-CONTAINING CORE PARTICLE FORMATION AND ACCELERATING THEIR DECAY, DEGRADING PREGENOMIC RNA, AND MODULATING THE NUCLEAR VIRAL MINICHROMOSOME (COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA) ACTIVITY BY TARGETING ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND BOTH INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE. THE INTERFERENCE OF VIRAL HETEROGENEITY AND GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS OF THE HOST ON IFN-ALPHA SUSCEPTIBILITY IS UNDER INVESTIGATION. ONLY A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES OF IFN-ALPHA WOULD WARRANT THE AMELIORATION OF CURRENT THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES AND THE DESIGN OF NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. THE STUDY OF ON-TREATMENT DYNAMICS OF HBV INFECTION BY MEANS OF COMBINED QUANTITATIVE MONITORING OF SERUM HBV DNA AND HBSAG WARRANT TAILORING TREATMENT AT THE SINGLE-PATIENT LEVEL AND CAN HELP TO MAKE TREATMENT MORE COST-EFFECTIVE BY USING THE DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF CURRENTLY AVAILABLE ANTIVIRALS, INCLUDING IFN, MORE APPROPRIATELY. INTEGRATED MOLECULAR AND CLINICAL KNOWLEDGE IN A SYSTEMS MEDICINE FASHION IS MANDATORY TO FURTHER IMPROVE ANTIVIRAL THERAPY IN CHB.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12 4056 35 MAPPING THE HETEROGENEITY OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ON HEPATITIS B VIRUS DNA USING LIVER NEEDLE BIOPSIES OBTAINED FROM CHRONICALLY INFECTED PATIENTS. COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) FORMS THE BASIS FOR REPLICATION AND PERSISTENCE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IN THE CHRONICALLY INFECTED LIVER. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION IS SUBJECT TO REGULATION BY POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS (PTMS) OF HISTONE PROTEINS BOUND TO CCCDNA THROUGH ANALYSIS OF DE NOVO HBV-INFECTED CELL LINES. WE NOW REPORT THE SUCCESSFUL ADAPTATION OF THIS CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING (CHIPSEQ) APPROACH FOR ANALYSIS OF FINE-NEEDLE PATIENT LIVER BIOPSY SPECIMENS TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF HISTONE PTMS IN CHRONICALLY HBV-INFECTED PATIENTS. USING 18 SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF CHRONIC HBV INFECTION, OUR WORK SHOWS THAT THE PROFILE OF HISTONE PTMS IN CHRONIC INFECTION IS MORE NUANCED THAN PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED IN IN VITRO MODELS OF ACUTE INFECTION. IN LINE WITH OUR PREVIOUS FINDINGS, WE FIND THAT THE MAJORITY OF HBV-DERIVED SEQUENCES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACTIVATING HISTONE PTM H3K4ME3. HOWEVER, WE SHOW A STRIKING INTERPATIENT VARIABILITY OF ITS DEPOSITION IN THIS PATIENT COHORT CORRELATED WITH VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION AND PATIENT HBV EARLY ANTIGEN (HBEAG) STATUS. UNEXPECTEDLY, WE DETECTED DEPOSITION OF THE CLASSICAL INHIBITORY HISTONE PTM H3K9ME3 ON HBV-DNA IN AROUND HALF OF THE PATIENT BIOPSY SPECIMENS, WHICH COULD NOT BE LINKED TO REDUCED LEVELS OF VIRAL TRANSCRIPTS. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT CURRENT IN VITRO MODELS ARE UNABLE TO FULLY RECAPITULATE THE COMPLEX EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF CHRONIC HBV INFECTION OBSERVED IN VIVO AND DEMONSTRATE THAT FINE-NEEDLE LIVER BIOPSY SPECIMENS CAN PROVIDE SUFFICIENT MATERIAL TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE INTERACTION OF VIRAL AND HOST PROTEINS ON HBV-DNA.IMPORTANCE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A MAJOR GLOBAL HEALTH CONCERN, CHRONICALLY INFECTING MILLIONS OF PATIENTS AND CONTRIBUTING TO A RISING BURDEN OF LIVER DISEASE. THE VIRAL GENOME FORMS THE BASIS FOR CHRONIC INFECTION AND HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE SUBJECT TO REGULATION BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF HISTONE PROTEINS. HERE, WE CONFIRM AND EXPAND ON PREVIOUS RESULTS BY ADAPTING A HIGH-RESOLUTION TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYSIS OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS FOR USE WITH PATIENT-DERIVED FINE-NEEDLE LIVER BIOPSY SPECIMENS. OUR WORK HIGHLIGHTS THAT THE SITUATION IN VIVO IS MORE COMPLEX THAN PREDICTED BY CURRENT IN VITRO MODELS, FOR EXAMPLE, BY SUGGESTING A NOVEL, NONCANONICAL ROLE OF THE HISTONE MODIFICATION H3K9ME3 IN THE HBV LIFE CYCLE. IMPORTANTLY, ENABLING THE USE OF FINE-NEEDLE LIVER BIOPSY SPECIMENS FOR SUCH HIGH-RESOLUTION ANALYSES MAY FACILITATE FURTHER RESEARCH INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE HBV GENOME.	2019	

13 1657 27 DOWN-EXPRESSION OF MIR-152 LEAD TO IMPAIRED ANTI-TUMOR EFFECT OF NK VIA UPREGULATION OF HLA-G. IT IS KNOWN THAT CHRONIC HBV INFECTION (CHB) IS THE MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) BECAUSE CHB COULD NOT ONLY CAUSE LIVER TUMORIGENESIS BUT ALSO LEAD TO CHANGE OF LOCAL MICROENVIROMENT AND LOWER IMMUNE RESPONSE TO INFECTED AND CANCEROUS CELLS (IMMUNE TOLERANCE). HUMAN LEUCOCYTE ANTIGEN-G (HLA-G) BELONGS TO A NON-CLASSIC MHC-I FAMILY AND WAS CONSIDERED TO BE AN IMMUNE TOLERANCE MOLECULE, WHICH COULD BIND TO IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE RECEPTORS OF NATURAL KILLER CELL (NK) AND T CELLS AND TRIGGER IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE SIGNALING. RECENTLY, NUMEROUS STUDIES HIGHLIGHTED THAT MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN HCC TUMORIGENESIS, AND THE EXPRESSION WAS TISSUE-SPECIFIC, INDICATING THAT MIRNAS MAY CAUSE GREAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HCC TUMORIGENESIS. IN THIS STUDY, WE FOUND THAT THE EXPRESSION OF HLA-G WAS UPREGULATED BY HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION AND MIR-152; A HLA-G-TARGETING MIRNA WAS DOWNREGULATED BY HBV INFECTION. AND HIGH EXPRESSION OF HLA-G FURTHER SUPPRESSED NK AGAINST CANCER CELLS, PROVIDING A NEW CONCEPT THAT MIR-152 WAS INVOLVED IN HBV-INDUCED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14 5715 35 SIRT3 RESTRICTS HEPATITIS B VIRUS TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA INVOLVING SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION 3-9 HOMOLOG 1 AND SET DOMAIN CONTAINING 1A HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION REMAINS A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE. MAINTENANCE OF THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), WHICH SERVES AS A TEMPLATE FOR HBV RNA TRANSCRIPTION, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FAILURE OF ERADICATING CHRONIC HBV DURING CURRENT ANTIVIRAL THERAPY. CCCDNA IS ASSEMBLED WITH CELLULAR HISTONE PROTEINS INTO CHROMATIN, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE REGULATION OF HBV CHROMATIN BY HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE IDENTIFIED SILENT MATING TYPE INFORMATION REGULATION 2 HOMOLOG 3 (SIRT3) AS A HOST FACTOR RESTRICTING HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION BY SCREENING SEVEN MEMBERS OF THE SIRTUIN FAMILY, WHICH IS THE CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE. ECTOPIC SIRT3 EXPRESSION SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED TOTAL HBV RNAS, 3.5-KB RNA, AS WELL AS REPLICATIVE INTERMEDIATE DNA IN HBV-INFECTED HEPG2-NA(+) /TAUROCHOLATE COTRANSPORTING POLYPEPTIDE CELLS AND PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES. IN CONTRAST, GENE SILENCING OF SIRT3 PROMOTED HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION. A MECHANISTIC STUDY FOUND THAT NUCLEAR SIRT3 WAS RECRUITED TO THE HBV CCCDNA, WHERE IT DEACETYLATED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9. IMPORTANTLY, OCCUPANCY OF SIRT3 ON CCCDNA COULD INCREASE THE RECRUITMENT OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION 3-9 HOMOLOG 1 TO CCCDNA AND DECREASE RECRUITMENT OF SET DOMAIN CONTAINING 1A, LEADING TO A MARKED INCREASE OF TRIMETHYL-HISTONE H3 (LYS9) AND A DECREASE OF TRIMETHYL-HISTONE H3 (LYS4) ON CCCDNA. MOREOVER, SIRT3-MEDIATED HBV CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION INVOLVED DECREASED BINDING OF HOST RNA POLYMERASE II AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YIN YANG 1 TO CCCDNA. FINALLY, HEPATITIS B VIRAL X PROTEIN COULD RELIEVE SIRT3-MEDIATED CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION BY INHIBITING BOTH SIRT3 EXPRESSION AND ITS RECRUITMENT TO CCCDNA. CONCLUSION: SIRT3 IS A HOST FACTOR EPIGENETICALLY RESTRICTING HBV CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION BY ACTING COOPERATIVELY WITH HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE; THESE DATA PROVIDE A RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF SIRT3 ACTIVATORS IN THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF HBV INFECTION. (HEPATOLOGY 2018).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15 3795 28 INTERLEUKIN-6 CONTRIBUTES TO GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA CELLS BY ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF MALIGNANCY IS EXEMPLIFIED IN THE BILIARY TRACT WHERE PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION STRONGLY PREDISPOSES TO CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) ENHANCES TUMOR GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA BY ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION VIA AUTOCRINE MECHANISMS. IL-6 CAN REGULATE THE ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND MOREOVER, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CARCINOGENESIS. WE THEREFORE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO IL-6 ON METHYLATION-DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH IN HUMAN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AUTOCRINE IL-6 PATHWAYS, DNA METHYLATION, AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH WAS ASSESSED USING MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES STABLY TRANSFECTED TO OVEREXPRESS IL-6. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE DECREASED CELL PROLIFERATION, GROWTH IN SOFT AGAR, AND METHYLCYTOSINE CONTENT OF MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES. HOWEVER, THIS EFFECT WAS NOT OBSERVED IN IL-6-OVEREXPRESSING CELLS. IL-6 OVEREXPRESSION RESULTED IN THE ALTERED EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION OF SEVERAL GENES, INCLUDING THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR). EGFR PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS DECREASED AND GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED BY IL-6. THUS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY IL-6 CAN CONTRIBUTE TO TUMOR PROGRESSION BY ALTERING PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF GROWTH-REGULATORY PATHWAYS, SUCH AS THOSE INVOLVING EGFR. MOREOVER, ENHANCED IL-6 EXPRESSION MAY DECREASE THE SENSITIVITY OF TUMOR CELLS TO THERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS USING METHYLATION INHIBITORS. THESE OBSERVATIONS HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER TREATMENT AND PROVIDE A MECHANISM BY WHICH PERSISTENT CYTOKINE STIMULATION CAN PROMOTE TUMOR GROWTH.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16 6016 22 THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AND INTRACELLULAR ALTERATIONS DUE TO HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS A WORLDWIDE HEALTH PROBLEM LEADING TO SEVERE LIVER DYSFUNCTION, INCLUDING LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. ALTHOUGH CURRENT ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES FOR CHRONIC HBV INFECTION HAVE BEEN IMPROVED AND CAN LEAD TO A STRONG SUPPRESSION OF VIRAL REPLICATION, IT IS DIFFICULT TO COMPLETELY ELIMINATE THE VIRUS WITH THESE THERAPIES ONCE CHRONIC HBV INFECTION IS ESTABLISHED IN THE HOST. FURTHERMORE, CHRONIC HBV INFECTION ALTERS INTRACELLULAR METABOLISM AND SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, RESULTING IN THE ACTIVATION OF CARCINOGENESIS IN THE LIVER. HBV PRODUCES FOUR VIRAL PROTEINS: HEPATITIS B SURFACE-, HEPATITIS B CORE-, HEPATITIS B X PROTEIN, AND POLYMERASE; EACH PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN HBV REPLICATION AND THE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EXPERIMENTAL MODELS FOR ANALYZING HBV INFECTION AND REPLICATION HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED, AND GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSES USING MICROARRAYS OR NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING HAVE ALSO BEEN DEVELOPED. THUS, IT IS POSSIBLE TO CLARIFY THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR INTRACELLULAR ALTERATIONS, SUCH AS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. IN THIS REVIEW, THE IMPACT OF HBV VIRAL PROTEINS AND INTRACELLULAR ALTERATIONS IN HBV-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS ARE DISCUSSED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17 1646 34 DOES THE HEPATITIS B ANTIGEN HBX PROMOTE THE APPEARANCE OF LIVER CANCER STEM CELLS? HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A MAJOR ETIOLOGIC AGENT OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). HBV-ENCODED X ANTIGEN, HBX, AND PATHWAYS IMPLICATED IN THE SELF-RENEWAL OF STEM CELLS CONTRIBUTE TO HCC, BUT IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER HBX EXPRESSION PROMOTES "STEMNESS." THUS, EXPERIMENTS WERE DESIGNED TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HBX TRIGGERS MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION BY PROMOTING PROPERTIES THAT ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER STEM CELLS (CSC). TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, HEPG2 CELLS WERE STABLY TRANSDUCED WITH HBX AND THEN ASSAYED FOR PHENOTYPIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF "STEMNESS." THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HBX AND "STEMNESS"-ASSOCIATED MARKERS WAS ALSO EVALUATED BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING OF LIVER AND TUMOR TISSUE SECTIONS FROM HBV-INFECTED PATIENTS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT OCT-4, NANOG, KLF-4, BETA-CATENIN, AND EPITHELIAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULE (EPCAM) WERE ACTIVATED BY HBX IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. EPCAM WAS DETECTED IN THE NUCLEI OF HUMAN HCC CELLS FROM INFECTED PATIENTS. HBX PROMOTES "STEMNESS" BY ACTIVATING BETA-CATENIN AND EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF MIR-181, BOTH OF WHICH TARGET EPCAM. HBX EXPRESSION WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSED LEVELS OF E-CADHERIN. MOREOVER, HBX STIMULATED CELL MIGRATION, GROWTH IN SOFT AGAR, AND SPHEROID FORMATION. THIS WORK IS THE FIRST TO PROPOSE THAT HBV PROMOTES "STEMNESS" IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HCC. HBX-ASSOCIATED UPREGULATED EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE "STEMNESS" MARKERS SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HBX CONTRIBUTES TO HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, AT LEAST IN PART, BY PROMOTING CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF CSCS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18 3646 29 INCREASED PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 IS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE MALIGNANT POTENTIAL AND POOR PROGNOSIS OF HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN CANCERS. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 IS A MAJOR ENZYME INVOLVED IN ESTABLISHING GENOMIC METHYLATION PATTERNS. MOST OF THE STUDIES CONCERNING DNMT1 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN CANCERS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED ONLY AT THE MRNA LEVEL. TO DIRECTLY EXAMINE DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS DURING HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, 16 HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL LIVER TISSUES, 51 NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES EXHIBITING CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS, WHICH ARE CONSIDERED TO BE PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS, AND 53 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS) WERE SUBJECTED TO IMMUNOHISTOCHEMIC EXAMINATION. IF MORE THAN 20% OF THE CELLS EXHIBITED NUCLEAR DNMT1 STAINING, THE TISSUE SAMPLE WAS CONSIDERED TO BE DNMT1-POSITIVE. DNMT1 IMMUNOREACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED IN 23 (43%) OF THE HCCS, BUT IN NONE (0%) OF THE HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL LIVER OR NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES EXHIBITING CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS. THE INCIDENCE OF INCREASED DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HCCS CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH POOR TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION (P = 0.0006) AND PORTAL VEIN INVOLVEMENT (P = 0.0002). MOREOVER, THE RECURRENCE-FREE (P = 0.0001) AND OVERALL (P < 0.0001) SURVIVAL RATES OF PATIENTS WITH HCCS EXHIBITING INCREASED DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THOSE OF PATIENTS WITH HCCS THAT DID NOT EXHIBIT INCREASED EXPRESSION. INCREASED DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION MAY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE MALIGNANT PROGRESSION OF HCCS AND BE A BIOLOGIC PREDICTOR OF BOTH HCC RECURRENCE AND A POOR PROGNOSIS IN HCC PATIENTS.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19 3825 34 INVESTIGATION OF CTNNB1 GENE MUTATIONS AND EXPRESSION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND CIRRHOSIS IN ASSOCIATION WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV), ALONG WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS CHRONIC INFECTION, REPRESENTS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) DEVELOPMENT. HOWEVER, MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC ARE NOT YET COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT MUTATIONS IN CTNNB1 GENE ENCODING FOR BETA-CATENIN PROTEIN LEAD TO ABERRANT ACTIVATION OF THE WNT/ BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY. THE MUTATIONS IN TURN ACTIVATE SEVERAL DOWNSTREAM GENES, INCLUDING C-MYC, PROMOTING THE NEOPLASTIC PROCESS. THE PRESENT STUDY EVALUATED THE MUTATIONAL PROFILE OF THE CTNNB1 GENE AND EXPRESSION LEVELS OF CTNNB1 AND C-MYC GENES IN HBV-RELATED HCC, AS WELL AS IN CIRRHOTIC AND CONTROL TISSUES. MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE BETA-CATENIN GENE AND HBV GENOTYPING WERE CONDUCTED BY DIRECT SEQUENCING. EXPRESSION OF BETA-CATENIN AND C-MYC GENES WAS ASSESSED USING REAL-TIME PCR. AMONG THE HCC CASES, 18.1% SHOWED MISSENSE POINT MUTATION IN EXON 3 OF CTNNB1, MORE FREQUENTLY IN CODONS 32, 33, 38 AND 45. THE FREQUENCY OF MUTATION IN THE HOTSPOTS OF EXON 3 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN NON-VIRAL HCCS (29.4%) RATHER THAN HBV-RELATED CASES (12.7%, P = 0.021). THE EXPRESSION OF BETA-CATENIN AND C-MYC GENES WAS FOUND UPREGULATED IN CIRRHOTIC TISSUES IN ASSOCIATION WITH HBV INFECTION. MUTATIONS AT BOTH PHOSPHORYLATION AND NEIGHBORING SITES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ACTIVITY OF THE WNT PATHWAY. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT MUTATED BETA-CATENIN CAUSED ACTIVATION OF THE WNT PATHWAY, BUT THE RATE OF CTNNB1 GENE MUTATIONS WAS NOT RELATED TO HBV INFECTION. HBV FACTORS MAY DEREGULATE THE WNT PATHWAY BY CAUSING EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE HBV-RELATED HCC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20 3794 36 INTERLEUKIN-33 MEDIATES BOTH IMMUNE-RELATED AND NON-IMMUNE-RELATED INHIBITORY EFFECTS AGAINST HEPATITIS B VIRUS. CHRONIC INFECTION BY HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH RISKS OF LIVER FIBROSIS, CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) IN THE NUCLEUS OF INFECTED HEPATOCYTE SERVES AS TRANSCRIPTION TEMPLATE. NEITHER NATURAL RESOLUTION OF ACUTE INFECTION NOR CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CHRONIC INFECTION ARE BELIEVED TO CAUSE CCCDNA CLEARANCE. WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT INJECTION OF IL-33-EXPRESSING PLASMID FACILITATED CLEARANCE OF INTRAHEPATIC HBV DNA IN A MOUSE MODEL OF HBV PERSISTENCE. IN THIS WORK, HBV-TARGETING THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF IL-33 WERE FURTHER EXPLORED. MURINE IL-33 DELIVERED BY RECOMBINANT ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS (AAV-MIL-33) INDUCED CLEARANCE OF BOTH SERUM HBV MARKERS AND INTRAHEPATIC HBV DNA IN TWO MOUSE MODELS OF HBV PERSISTENCE BASED ON REPLICON PLASMID AND RECOMBINANT CCCDNA (RCCCDNA) RESPECTIVELY. CLEARANCE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SERUM ALT ELEVATIONS AND LIVER INFILTRATIONS BY CD4(+) AND CD8(+) T CELLS, INDICATING IL-33-INDUCED CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST HBV-HARBORING CELLS. ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF SPLENOCYTES FROM AAV-MIL-33-CURED MICE WAS INDEED SUFFICIENT TO ENGENDER SIMILAR CLEARANCE IN RECIPIENT MICE. IN VITRO, INTRACELLULAR, INSTEAD OF EXTRACELLULAR, IL-33 WAS MAINLY RESPONSIBLE FOR REPRESSING VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION, PROTEIN PRODUCTION AND GENOME REPLICATION IN HUH7 CELLS TRANSFECTED WITH HBV REPLICON OR RCCCDNA. IL-33 WAS SHOWN TO BE RECRUITED ONTO RCCCDNA MINICHROMOSOME ACCOMPANIED BY LOSS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION EPIGENETIC MARKS. FINALLY, TRANSFECTION OF IL-33 INTO HBV-INFECTED HEPG2/NTCP CELLS RESULTED IN REDUCED TRANSCRIPTION, ANTIGEN EXPRESSION AND GENOME REPLICATION, SUGGESTING REPRESSION OF CANONICAL CCCDNA. THESE DATA DEMONSTRATED DIVERSE INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON HBV AND HBV-INFECTED CELLS MEDIATED BY IL-33, AND SUGGEST IL-33 AS AN INTERESTING THERAPEUTIC CANDIDATE.	2022