1 3192 104 HDAC INHIBITION COUNTERACTS METASTATIC RE-ACTIVATION OF PROSTATE CANCER CELLS INDUCED BY CHRONIC MTOR SUPPRESSION. THIS STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITION MIGHT CIRCUMVENT RESISTANCE TOWARDS THE MECHANISTIC TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR) INHIBITOR TEMSIROLIMUS IN A PROSTATE CANCER CELL MODEL. PARENTAL (PAR) AND TEMSIROLIMUS-RESISTANT (RES) PC3 PROSTATE CANCER CELLS WERE EXPOSED TO THE HDAC INHIBITOR VALPROIC ACID (VPA), AND TUMOR CELL ADHESION, CHEMOTAXIS, MIGRATION, AND INVASION WERE EVALUATED. TEMSIROLIMUS RESISTANCE WAS CHARACTERIZED BY REDUCED BINDING OF PC3(RES) CELLS TO ENDOTHELIUM, IMMOBILIZED COLLAGEN, AND FIBRONECTIN, BUT INCREASED ADHESION TO LAMININ, AS COMPARED TO THE PARENTAL CELLS. CHEMOTAXIS, MIGRATION, AND INVASION OF PC3(RES) CELLS WERE ENHANCED FOLLOWING TEMSIROLIMUS RE-TREATMENT. INTEGRIN ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTORS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED IN PC3(RES) COMPARED TO PC3(PAR) CELLS. VPA SIGNIFICANTLY COUNTERACTED TEMSIROLIMUS RESISTANCE BY DOWN-REGULATING TUMOR CELL(-)MATRIX INTERACTION, CHEMOTAXIS, AND MIGRATION. EVALUATION OF INTEGRIN EXPRESSION IN THE PRESENCE OF VPA REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT DOWN-REGULATION OF INTEGRIN ALPHA5 IN PC3(RES) CELLS. BLOCKING STUDIES DEMONSTRATED A CLOSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ALPHA5 EXPRESSION ON PC3(RES) AND CHEMOTAXIS. IN THIS IN VITRO MODEL, TEMSIROLIMUS RESISTANCE DROVE PROSTATE CANCER CELLS TO BECOME HIGHLY MOTILE, WHILE HDAC INHIBITION REVERSED THE METASTATIC ACTIVITY. THE VPA-INDUCED INHIBITION OF METASTATIC ACTIVITY WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A LOWERED INTEGRIN ALPHA5 SURFACE LEVEL ON THE TUMOR CELLS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2 1966  31 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF PRKCDBP IN COLORECTAL CANCERS AND ITS IMPLICATION IN TUMOR CELL RESISTANCE TO TNFALPHA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. PURPOSE: PRKCDBP IS A PUTATIVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN WHICH ALTERATION HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN SEVERAL HUMAN CANCERS. WE INVESTIGATED EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF PRKCDBP IN COLORECTAL CELLS AND TISSUES TO EXPLORE ITS CANDIDACY AS A SUPPRESSOR IN COLORECTAL TUMORIGENESIS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF PRKCDBP AND ITS EFFECT ON TUMOR GROWTH WERE EVALUATED. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING WAS DEFINED BY LUCIFERASE REPORTER AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: PRKCDBP EXPRESSION WAS HARDLY DETECTABLE IN 29 OF 80 (36%) PRIMARY TUMORS AND 11 OF 19 (58%) CELL LINES, AND ITS ALTERATION CORRELATED WITH TUMOR STAGE AND GRADE. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION WAS COMMONLY FOUND IN CANCERS. PRKCDBP EXPRESSION INDUCED THE G(1) CELL-CYCLE ARREST AND INCREASED CELLULAR SENSITIVITY TO VARIOUS APOPTOTIC STRESSES. PRKCDBP WAS INDUCED BY TNFALPHA, AND ITS LEVEL CORRELATED WITH TUMOR CELL SENSITIVITY TO TNFALPHA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. PRKCDBP INDUCTION BY TNFALPHA WAS DISRUPTED BY BLOCKING NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING WHILE IT WAS ENHANCED BY RELA TRANSFECTION. THE PRKCDBP PROMOTER ACTIVITY WAS INCREASED IN RESPONSE TO TNFALPHA, AND THIS RESPONSE WAS ABOLISHED BY DISRUPTION OF A KAPPAB SITE IN THE PROMOTER. PRKCDBP DELAYED THE FORMATION AND GROWTH OF XENOGRAFT TUMORS AND IMPROVED TUMOR RESPONSE TO TNFALPHA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. CONCLUSIONS: PRKCDBP IS A PROAPOPTOTIC TUMOR SUPPRESSOR WHICH IS COMMONLY ALTERED IN COLORECTAL CANCER BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, AND ITS GENE TRANSCRIPTION IS DIRECTLY ACTIVATED BY NF-KAPPAB IN RESPONSE TO TNFALPHA. THIS SUGGESTS THAT PRKCDBP INACTIVATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO TUMOR PROGRESSION BY REDUCING CELLULAR SENSITIVITY TO TNFALPHA AND OTHER STRESSES, PARTICULARLY UNDER CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY MICROENVIRONMENT.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3 3122  28 GESTATIONAL VALPROIC ACID EXPOSURE INDUCES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN MURINE DECIDUA. INTRODUCTION: VALPROIC ACID (VPA), A WIDELY PRESCRIBED ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUG AND AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN, RESULTS IN MULTIPLE DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS FOLLOWING IN UTERO EXPOSURE. UTERINE DECIDUA PROVIDES NUTRITIONAL AND PHYSICAL SUPPORT DURING IMPLANTATION AND EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. PERTURBATIONS IN THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS WITHIN DECIDUAL TISSUE DURING EARLY PREGNANCY MIGHT AFFECT EARLY EMBRYONIC GROWTH, RESULT IN EARLY PREGNANCY LOSS OR CAUSE COMPLICATIONS IN THE LATER GESTATIONAL STAGE. VPA IS A KNOWN HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION AND METHYLATION HAVE BEEN PROPOSED AS A MECHANISM OF VPA-INDUCED TERATOGENESIS. METHODS: THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF IN UTERO VPA EXPOSURE ON HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN MURINE DECIDUAL TISSUE. PREGNANT CD-1 MICE WERE EXPOSED TO 400 MG/KG VPA OR SALINE ON GD9 VIA SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION. DECIDUAL TISSUE FROM EACH GESTATIONAL SAC WAS HARVESTED AT 1, 3 AND 6 H FOLLOWING EXPOSURE. LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HISTONES H3, H4 AND H3K56, AS WELL AS METHYLATED HISTONES H3K9 AND H3K27 WERE ACID EXTRACTED AND ASSESSED BY WESTERN BLOTTING FOLLOWED BY ACID HISTONE EXTRACTION. RESULTS: VPA EXPOSURE INDUCED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE (P < 0.05) IN THE LEVELS OF ACETYLATED H3 AT 1, 3 H; ACETYLATED H4 AT 1, 3 AND 6 H AND TRIMETHYLATED H3K9 AT 6 H. IN CONTRAST, NO SIGNIFICANT PERTURBATIONS WERE NOTED IN THE LEVELS OF MONOMETHYLATED H3K9, TRIMETHYLATED H3K27 AND ACETYLATED H3K56. DISCUSSION: THE RESULTS FROM THIS STUDY SUGGEST THAT VPA-INDUCED DECIDUAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MIGHT PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS A MECHANISM OF VPA-INDUCED TERATOGENESIS DURING EARLY EMBRYONIC GROWTH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4 3660  33 INDUCTION OF HEPATIC DIFFERENTIATION OF MOUSE BONE MARROW STROMAL STEM CELLS BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR VPA. BONE MARROW STROMAL STEM CELLS (BMSSCS) MAY HAVE POTENTIAL TO DIFFERENTIATE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO INTO HEPATOCYTES. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF VALPROIC ACID (VPA) INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, A DIRECT INHIBITOR OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE, ON HEPATIC DIFFERENTIATION OF MOUSE BMSSCS. FOLLOWING THE TREATMENT OF 2.5 MM VPA FOR 72 HRS, THE IN VITRO EXPANDED, HIGHLY PURIFIED AND FUNCTIONALLY ACTIVE MOUSE BMSSCS FROM BONE MARROW WERE EITHER EXPOSED TO SOME WELL-DEFINED CYTOKINES AND GROWTH FACTORS IN A SEQUENTIAL WAY (FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR-4 [FGF-4], FOLLOWED BY HGF, AND HGF + OSM + ITS + DEXAMETHASONE, RESEMBLING THE ORDER OF SECRETION DURING LIVER EMBRYOGENESIS) OR TRANSPLANTED (CAUDAL VEIN) IN MICE SUBMITTED TO A PROTOCOL OF CHRONIC INJURY (CHRONIC I.P. INJECTION OF CCL4). ADDITIONAL EXPOSURE OF THE CELLS TO VPA CONSIDERABLY IMPROVED THE IN VITRO DIFFERENTIATION, AS DEMONSTRATED BY A MORE HOMOGENEOUS CELL POPULATION EXHIBITED EPITHELIAL MORPHOLOGY, INCREASING EXPRESSION OF HEPATIC SPECIAL GENES AND ENHANCED HEPATIC FUNCTIONS. FURTHER MORE, IN VIVO RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE PRE-TREATMENT OF VPA SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE HOMING EFFICIENCY OF BMSSCS TO THE SITE OF LIVER INJURY AND, ADDITIONALLY, FOR SUPPORTING HEPATIC DIFFERENTIATION AS WELL AS IN VITRO. WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE USEFULNESS OF VPA IN THE TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF BMSSCS INTO HEPATOCYTES BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, AND REGULATION OF FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS (FGFRS) AND C-MET GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF CORE HISTONES MIGHT BE THE PRIMARY INITIATING EVENT FOR THESE EFFECTS. THIS MODE COULD BE HELPFUL FOR LIVER ENGINEERING AND CLINICAL THERAPY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5 6586  26 TUBASTATIN, A SELECTIVE HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 INHIBITOR SHOWS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-RHEUMATIC EFFECTS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS REPRESENT A PROMISING NEW APPROACH TO MODULATE CELL FUNCTIONS AS OBSERVED IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THE UTILITY OF HDAC INHIBITORS IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS. HOWEVER, CLASS AND ISOFORM SELECTIVE INHIBITION OF HDAC IS CURRENTLY FAVORED AS IT LIMITS THE TOXICITY THAT HAS BEEN OBSERVED WITH PAN-HDAC INHIBITORS. HDAC6, A MEMBER OF THE HDAC FAMILY, WHOSE MAJOR SUBSTRATE IS ALPHA-TUBULIN, IS BEING INCREASINGLY IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT TO STUDY THE POTENTIAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-RHEUMATIC EFFECTS OF HDAC6 SELECTIVE INHIBITOR TUBASTATIN. TUBASTATIN, A POTENT HUMAN HDAC6 INHIBITOR WITH AN IC50 OF 11 NM SHOWED SIGNIFICANT INHIBITION OF TNF-ALPHA AND IL-6 IN LPS STIMULATED HUMAN THP-1 MACROPHAGES WITH AN IC50 OF 272 NM AND 712 NM RESPECTIVELY. ADDITIONALLY, TUBASTATIN INHIBITED NITRIC OXIDE (NO) SECRETION IN MURINE RAW 264.7 MACROPHAGES DOSE DEPENDENTLY WITH AN IC50 OF 4.2 MUM AND INDUCED ALPHA-TUBULIN HYPERACETYLATION CORRESPONDING TO HDAC6 INHIBITION IN THP-1 CELLS WITHOUT AFFECTING THE CELL VIABILITY. TUBASTATIN SHOWED SIGNIFICANT INHIBITION OF PAW VOLUME AT 30 MG/KG I.P. IN A FREUND'S COMPLETE ADJUVANT (FCA) INDUCED ANIMAL MODEL OF INFLAMMATION. THE DISEASE MODIFYING ACTIVITY OF TUBASTATIN WAS ALSO EVIDENT IN COLLAGEN INDUCED ARTHRITIS DBA1 MOUSE MODEL AT 30 MG/KG I.P. THE SIGNIFICANT ATTENUATION OF CLINICAL SCORES (~70%) BY TUBASTATIN WAS CONFIRMED HISTOPATHOLOGICALLY AND WAS FOUND COMPARABLE TO DEXAMETHASONE (~90% INHIBITION OF CLINICAL SCORES). TUBASTATIN SHOWED SIGNIFICANT INHIBITION OF IL-6 IN PAW TISSUES OF ARTHRITIC MICE. THE PRESENT WORK HAS DEMONSTRATED ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIRHEUMATIC EFFECTS OF A SELECTIVE HDAC6 INHIBITOR TUBASTATIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6 3468  29 HYPOXIA-INDUCED DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN PULMONARY FIBROBLASTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PRO-FIBROTIC PHENOTYPE. BACKGROUND: PULMONARY FIBROSIS IS A DEBILITATING AND LETHAL DISEASE WITH NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AT PLAY WILL DIRECT THE APPLICATION OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AVENUES. HYPOXIA HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY FIBROSIS YET THE PRECISE MECHANISM BY WHICH IT CONTRIBUTES TO DISEASE PROGRESSION REMAINS TO BE FULLY ELUCIDATED. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA CAN ALTER DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN TUMOUR-DERIVED CELL LINES. THIS EPIGENETIC ALTERATION CAN INDUCE CHANGES IN CELLULAR PHENOTYPE WITH PROMOTER METHYLATION BEING ASSOCIATED WITH GENE SILENCING. OF PARTICULAR RELEVANCE TO IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS THE OBSERVATION THAT THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MYOFIBROBLAST PHENOTYPE WHERE LOSS OF THY-1 OCCURS ALONGSIDE INCREASED ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) EXPRESSION. THE INITIAL AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER HYPOXIA REGULATES DNA METHYLATION IN NORMAL HUMAN LUNG FIBROBLASTS (CCD19LU). AS IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT HYPOXIA SUPPRESSES THY-1 EXPRESSION DURING LUNG DEVELOPMENT WE ALSO STUDIED THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. METHODS: CCD19LU WERE GROWN FOR UP TO 8 DAYS IN HYPOXIA AND ASSESSED FOR GLOBAL CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION USING FLOW CYTOMETRY. REAL-TIME PCR WAS USED TO QUANTIFY EXPRESSION OF THY-1, ALPHA-SMA, COLLAGEN I AND III. GENOMIC DNA WAS BISULPHITE TREATED AND METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR (MSPCR) WAS USED TO EXAMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE THY-1 PROMOTER. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANT GLOBAL HYPERMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN HYPOXIC FIBROBLASTS RELATIVE TO NORMOXIC CONTROLS AND WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF MYOFIBROBLAST MARKERS. THY-1 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS SUPPRESSED IN HYPOXIC CELLS, WHICH WAS RESTORED WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. MSPCR REVEALED THAT THY-1 BECAME METHYLATED FOLLOWING FIBROBLAST EXPOSURE TO 1% O2. CONCLUSION: THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN FIBROBLAST FUNCTION IN HYPOXIA.	2012	
                                                                                                        
7 2032  28 EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN P21 EXPRESSION IN RENAL CELLS AFTER EXPOSURE TO BROMATE. THIS STUDY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT BROMATE (KBRO3)-INDUCED RENAL CELL DEATH IS MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, AS ASSESSED BY 5-METHYLCYTOSINE STAINING, WAS NOT CHANGED IN NORMAL RAT KIDNEY CELLS TREATED WITH ACUTE CYTOTOXIC DOSES OF KBRO3 (100 AND 200 PPM), AS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. HOWEVER, KBRO3 TREATMENT DID INCREASE P38, P53 AND HISTONE 2AX (H2AX) PHOSPHORYLATION, AND P21 EXPRESSION. TREATMENT OF CELLS WITH INHIBITORS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (5-AZACYTIDINE OR 5-AZA) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (TRICHOSTATIN A OR TSA) IN ADDITION TO KBRO3 INCREASED CYTOTOXICITY, AS COMPARED WITH CELLS EXPOSED TO KBRO3 ALONE. 5-AZA AND TSA CO-TREATMENT DID NOT ALTER P38 OR P53 PHOSPHORYLATION, BUT SLIGHTLY DECREASED H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION AND SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED P21 EXPRESSION. WE ALSO ASSESSED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CELLS TREATED UNDER SUB-CHRONIC CONDITIONS WITH ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATIONS OF KBRO3. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS (0-10PPM KBRO3 FOR UP TO 18 DAYS), WE DETECTED NO INCREASES IN CELL DEATH OR DNA DAMAGE. IN CONTRAST, SLIGHT ALTERATIONS WERE DETECTED IN THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF H2AX, P38, AND P53. SUB-CHRONIC LOW-DOSE KBRO3 TREATMENT ALSO INDUCED A BIPHASIC RESPONSE IN P21 EXPRESSION, WITH LOWER CONCENTRATIONS INCREASING EXPRESSION, BUT HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS DECREASING EXPRESSION. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR DEMONSTRATED THAT SUB-CHRONIC KBRO3 TREATMENT ALTERED THE METHYLATION OF CYTOSINE BASES IN THE P21 GENE, AS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, CORRELATING TO ALTERATIONS IN P21 PROTEIN EXPRESSION. COLLECTIVELY, THESE DATA SHOW THE NOVEL FINDING THAT KBRO3-INDUCED RENAL CELL DEATH IS ALTERED BY INHIBITORS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYMES AND THAT KBRO3 ITSELF INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE P21 GENE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
8 5088  26 PIPERLONGUMINE REGULATES EPIGENETIC MODULATION AND ALLEVIATES PSORIASIS-LIKE SKIN INFLAMMATION VIA INHIBITION OF HYPERPROLIFERATION AND INFLAMMATION. PSORIASIS IS AN AUTOIMMUNE SKIN DISEASE, WHERE CHRONIC IMMUNE RESPONSES DUE TO EXAGGERATED CYTOKINE SIGNALING, ABNORMAL DIFFERENTIATION, AND EVASION OF KERATINOCYTES APOPTOSIS PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN MEDIATING ABNORMAL KERATINOCYTES HYPERPROLIFERATION. FROM THE THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVE, THE MOLECULES WITH STRONG ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES COULD HAVE TREMENDOUS RELEVANCE. IN THIS STUDY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT PIPERLONGUMINE (PPL) TREATMENT EFFECTIVELY ABROGATED THE HYPERPROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF KERATINOCYTES BY INDUCING ROS-MEDIATED LATE APOPTOSIS WITH LOSS OF MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL. BESIDES, THE ARREST OF CELL CYCLE WAS FOUND AT SUB-G1 PHASE AS A RESULT OF DNA FRAGMENTATION. MOLECULARLY, INHIBITION OF STAT3 AND AKT SIGNALING WAS OBSERVED WITH A DECREASE IN PROLIFERATIVE MARKERS SUCH AS PCNA, KI67, AND CYCLIN D1 ALONG WITH ANTI-APOPTOTIC BCL-2 PROTEIN EXPRESSION. KERATIN 17 IS A CRITICAL REGULATOR OF KERATINOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION, AND IT WAS FOUND TO BE DOWNREGULATED WITH PPL SIGNIFICANTLY. FURTHERMORE, PROMINENT ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED BY INHIBITION OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS)/IMIQUIMOD (IMQ)-INDUCED P65 NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING CASCADE AND STRONGLY INHIBITED THE PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINE STORM INVOLVED IN PSORIASIS-LIKE SKIN INFLAMMATION, THUS LED TO THE RESTORATION OF NORMAL EPIDERMAL ARCHITECTURE WITH REDUCTION OF EPIDERMAL HYPERPLASIA AND SPLENOMEGALY. IN ADDITION, PPL EPIGENETICALLY INHIBITED HISTONE-MODIFYING ENZYMES, WHICH INCLUDE HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) OF CLASS I (HDAC1-4) AND CLASS II (HDAC6) EVALUATED BY IMMUNOBLOTTING AND HDAC ENZYME ASSAY KIT. IN ADDITION, OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT PPL EFFECTIVELY INHIBITS THE NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF P65 AND A HISTONE MODULATOR HDAC3, THUS SEQUESTERED IN THE CYTOPLASM OF MACROPHAGES. FURTHERMORE, PPL EFFECTIVELY ENHANCED THE PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS OF HDAC3 AND P65 WITH IKAPPABALPHA, WHICH WAS DISRUPTED BY LPS STIMULATION AND WERE EVALUATED BY CO-IP AND MOLECULAR MODELING. COLLECTIVELY, OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT PIPERLONGUMINE MAY SERVE AS AN ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT AND COULD SERVE AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTION IN TREATING PSORIASIS.	2020	

9 2395  28 EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN MIST1(-/-) MICE PREDICTS THE MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO CERULEIN-INDUCED PANCREATITIS. GENE EXPRESSION IS AFFECTED BY MODIFICATIONS TO HISTONE CORE PROTEINS WITHIN CHROMATIN. CHANGES IN THESE MODIFICATIONS, OR EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, CAN DICTATE CELL FATE AND PROMOTE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC STRESS THAT OCCURS FOLLOWING ABLATION OF MIST1 (MIST1(-/-) ), WHICH IS REPRESSED IN PANCREATIC DISEASE. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOR TRIMETHYLATION OF LYSINE RESIDUE 4 ON HISTONE 3 (H3K4ME3) IN PURIFIED ACINAR CELLS FROM WILD TYPE AND MIST1(-/-) MICE WAS FOLLOWED BY NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) OR CHIP-QPCR. H3K4ME3-ENRICHED GENES WERE ASSESSED FOR EXPRESSION BY QRT-PCR IN PANCREATIC TISSUE BEFORE AND AFTER INDUCTION OF CERULEIN-INDUCED PANCREATITIS. WHILE MOST OF H3K4ME3-ENRICHMENT IS RESTRICTED TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITES, >25% OF ENRICHMENT SITES ARE FOUND WITHIN, DOWNSTREAM OR BETWEEN ANNOTATED GENES. LESS THAN 10% OF THESE SITES WERE ALTERED IN MIST1(-/-) ACINI, WITH MOST CHANGES IN H3K4ME3 ENRICHMENT NOT REFLECTING ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION. INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF GENES DIFFERENTIALLY-ENRICHED FOR H3K4ME3 REVEALED AN ASSOCIATION WITH PANCREATITIS AND PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA IN MIST1(-/-) TISSUE. MOST OF THESE GENES WERE NOT DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BUT SEVERAL WERE READILY INDUCED BY ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL PANCREATITIS, WITH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED EXPRESSION IN MIST1(-/-) TISSUE RELATIVE TO WILD TYPE MICE. WE SUGGEST THAT THE CHRONIC CELL STRESS OBSERVED IN THE ABSENCE OF MIST1 RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF GENES INVOLVED IN PROMOTING PANCREATITIS TO A POISED STATE, THEREBY INCREASING THE SENSITIVITY TO EVENTS THAT PROMOTE DISEASE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10 6294  16 THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TNFALPHA INDUCES DNA DEMETHYLATION-DEPENDENT AND -INDEPENDENT ACTIVATION OF INTERLEUKIN-32 EXPRESSION. IL-32 IS A CYTOKINE INVOLVED IN PROINFLAMMATORY IMMUNE RESPONSES TO BACTERIAL AND VIRAL INFECTIONS. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN THE REGULATION OF IL-32 GENE EXPRESSION IS UNDERSTUDIED. HERE WE SHOW THAT IL-32 IS REPRESSED BY DNA METHYLATION IN HEK293 CELLS. USING CHIP SEQUENCING, LOCUS-SPECIFIC METHYLATION ANALYSIS, CRISPR/CAS9-MEDIATED GENOME EDITING, AND RT-QPCR (QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR) AND IMMUNOBLOT ASSAYS, WE FOUND THAT SHORT-TERM TREATMENT (A FEW HOURS) WITH THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNFALPHA) ACTIVATES IL-32 IN A DNA DEMETHYLATION-INDEPENDENT MANNER. IN CONTRAST, PROLONGED TNFALPHA TREATMENT (SEVERAL DAYS) INDUCED DNA DEMETHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER AND A CPG ISLAND IN THE IL-32 GENE IN A TET (TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION) FAMILY ENZYME- AND NF-KAPPAB-DEPENDENT MANNER. NOTABLY, THE HYPOMETHYLATION STATUS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY ELEMENTS IN IL-32 WAS MAINTAINED FOR A LONG TIME (SEVERAL WEEKS), CAUSING ELEVATED IL-32 EXPRESSION EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF TNFALPHA. CONSIDERING THAT IL-32 CAN, IN TURN, INDUCE TNFALPHA EXPRESSION, WE SPECULATE THAT SUCH FEEDFORWARD EVENTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE TRANSITION FROM AN ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11  984  29 CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS ALTERS GENE EXPRESSION IN RAT COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS PROMOTING CHROMATIN REMODELING, BARRIER DYSFUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION. CHRONIC STRESS IS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED ABDOMINAL PAIN (VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY), BUT THE CELLULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HOW CHRONIC STRESS INDUCES VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXAMINED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM A RAT MODEL USING RNA-SEQUENCING TO EXAMINE STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES TO THE TRANSCRIPTOME. FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS, THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED GENES INCLUDED ATG16L1, COQ10B, DCAF13, NAT2, PTBP2, RRAS2, SPINK4 AND DOWN-REGULATED GENES INCLUDING ABAT, CITED2, CNNM2, DAB2IP, PLEKHM1, SCD2, AND TAB2. THE PRIMARY ALTERED BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES REVEALED BY NETWORK ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS WERE INFLAMMATION/IMMUNE RESPONSE, TISSUE MORPHOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT, AND NUCLEOSOME/CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY. THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN-REGULATED PROCESS WAS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT/FUNCTION, WHEREAS THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED PROCESSES WERE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, ORGANISMAL INJURY, AND CHROMATIN REMODELING MEDIATED BY H3K9 METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, A SUBPOPULATION OF STRESSED RATS DEMONSTRATED VERY SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AND TRANSCRIPT ISOFORMS, ENRICHED FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, INCLUDING UPREGULATION OF CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION COUPLED WITH DOWNREGULATION OF EPITHELIAL ADHERENS AND TIGHT JUNCTION MRNAS. IN SUMMARY, THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THAT CHRONIC STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES, THEIR DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING PATHWAYS COUPLED TO DYSREGULATION OF INTESTINAL CELL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELING LIKELY PLAYS A PROMINENT ROLE IN THIS PROCESS. RESULTS ALSO SUGGEST THAT SUPER ENHANCERS PLAY A PRIMARY ROLE IN CHRONIC STRESS-ASSOCIATED INTESTINAL BARRIER DYSFUNCTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12  272  27 AGE-DEPENDENT DECREASE IN THE INDUCTION OF REGULATORY T CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED EXPRESSION OF RALDH2 IN MESENTERIC LYMPH NODE DENDRITIC CELLS. A DECLINE IN IMMUNE FUNCTION WITH AGING HAS BEEN REPORTED. REGULATORY T CELL (TREG) INDUCTION IS KNOWN TO DECREASE WITH AGE, AND ELUCIDATING THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM IS IMPORTANT FOR PREVENTING AGE-RELATED DISEASES DUE TO AGE-RELATED CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. IN THE INTESTINE, DENDRITIC CELLS (DCS) PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN INDUCING TREGS SPECIFIC TO ORAL ANTIGENS, AND THEY EFFICIENTLY INDUCE TREGS VIA PRODUCTION OF RETINOIC ACID (RA), A VITAMIN A METABOLITE, CATALYZED BY THE ENZYME RETINALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE 2 (RALDH2). WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT IN THE MESENTERIC LYMPH NODE (MLN), A SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUE IN WHICH IMMUNE RESPONSES TO ORAL ANTIGENS ARE INDUCED, FOUR DC SUBSETS EXPRESS DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CD11B, CD103, AND PD-L1, AND WE HAVE REPORTED THAT THE CD11B(-)CD103(+)PD-L1(HIGH) SUBSET EXPRESSES THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF THE RALDH2 GENE AND INDUCES TREGS IN VITRO. WE EXAMINED TREG INDUCTION IN YOUNG AND AGED MICE USING A TREG INDUCTION MODEL BY ADMINISTERING A FOOD ANTIGEN, AND WE FOUND THAT ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC TREG INDUCTION WAS DECREASED IN AGED MICE. WE FURTHER INVESTIGATED THE MLN DCS, AND A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN RALDH2 GENE EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED IN MLN DCS FROM AGED MICE. AS FACTORS, WE FOUND THAT THE PROPORTION OF THE CD11B(-)CD103(+)PD-L1(HIGH) SUBSET WAS DECREASED IN AGED MICE COMPARED WITH THAT IN YOUNG MICE AND THAT RALDH ENZYME ACTIVITY WAS DECREASED IN THE CD11B(-)CD103(+)PD-L1(HIGH) AND CD11B(+)CD103(+)PD-L1(HIGH) SUBSETS. FURTHERMORE, ANALYSIS OF THE METHYLATION OF THE RALDH2 GENE PROMOTER REGION REVEALED THAT CPG MOTIFS WERE MORE METHYLATED IN THE MLN DCS OF AGED MICE, SUGGESTING THAT RALDH2 EXPRESSION WAS SUPPRESSED BY EPIGENETIC CHANGES. FINALLY, WE FOUND THAT RA TREATMENT TENDED TO INCREASE TREG INDUCTION. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE REGULATION OF RA PRODUCTION MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE AGE-RELATED DECREASE IN ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC TREG INDUCTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13 5043  25 PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF CURCUMIN IN REGULATING ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND EPIGENETIC GENE EXPRESSION. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS A KEY DRIVER OF CANCER DEVELOPMENT. NITRITE LEVELS, WHICH ARE REGULATED BY INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS), PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN INFLAMMATION. WHILE THE ANTI-OXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN, A NATURAL PRODUCT PRESENT IN THE ROOTS OF CURCUMA LONGA HAVE BEEN STUDIED WIDELY, THE ACUTE PHARMACOKINETICS (PK) AND PHARMACODYNAMICS (PD) OF CURCUMIN IN SUPPRESSING PRO-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND EPIGENETIC MODULATORS REMAIN UNCLEAR. THIS STUDY EVALUATED THE PK AND PD OF CURCUMIN-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS)-MEDIATED INFLAMMATION IN RAT LYMPHOCYTES. LPS WAS ADMINISTERED INTRAVENOUSLY EITHER ALONE OR WITH CURCUMIN TO FEMALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. PLASMA SAMPLES WERE ANALYSED FOR CURCUMIN CONCENTRATION AND MRNA EXPRESSION WAS QUANTIFIED IN LYMPHOCYTES. THE RELATIVE GENE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL INFLAMMATORY AND EPIGENETIC MODULATORS WAS ANALYSED. TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CURCUMIN CONCENTRATION AND INOS, TNF-ALPHA, AND IL-6 GENE EXPRESSION, PK/PD MODELING USING JUSKO'S INDIRECT RESPONSE MODEL (IDR) INTEGRATING TRANSIT COMPARTMENTS (TC) DESCRIBING THE DELAYED RESPONSE WAS CONDUCTED. THE CONCENTRATION-TIME PROFILE OF CURCUMIN EXHIBITED A BI-EXPONENTIAL DECLINE, WHICH WAS WELL DESCRIBED BY A TWO-COMPARTMENTAL PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL. IMPORTANTLY THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT LPS INDUCED GENE EXPRESSION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN LYMPHOCYTES, WITH PEAK EXPRESSION AT APPROXIMATELY 3 H AND CURCUMIN SUPPRESSED THE GENE EXPRESSION IN ANIMALS ADMINISTERED WITH LPS. THESE EFFECTS WERE WELL CAPTURED USING THE IDR MODEL AND AN IDR MODEL WITH THE TRANSIT COMPARTMENTS. IN SUMMARY, THE PK/PD MODELING APPROACH COULD POTENTIALLY PROVIDE A ROBUST QUANTITATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING THE ACUTE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN IN FUTURE CLINICAL TRIALS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14 3195  30 HDAC INHIBITORS AUGMENTED CELL MIGRATION AND METASTASIS THROUGH INDUCTION OF PKCS LEADING TO IDENTIFICATION OF LOW TOXICITY MODALITIES FOR COMBINATION CANCER THERAPY. PURPOSE: HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI) ARE ACTIVELY EXPLORED AS NEW-GENERATION EPIGENETIC DRUGS BUT HAVE LOW EFFICACY IN CANCER MONOTHERAPY. TO REVEAL NEW MECHANISM FOR COMBINATION THERAPY, WE SHOW THAT HDACI INDUCE CELL DEATH BUT SIMULTANEOUSLY ACTIVATE TUMOR-PROGRESSIVE GENES TO RUIN THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY. COMBINED TREATMENTS TO TARGET TUMORIGENESIS AND HDACI-ACTIVATED METASTASIS WITH LOW TOXIC MODALITIES COULD DEVELOP NEW STRATEGIES FOR LONG-TERM CANCER THERAPY. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: BECAUSE METASTASIS IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF CANCER MORTALITY, WE MEASURED CELL MIGRATION ACTIVITY AND PROFILED METASTASIS-RELATED GENE EXPRESSIONS IN HDACI-TREATED CANCER CELLS. WE DEVELOPED LOW TOXIC COMBINATION MODALITIES TARGETING TUMORIGENESIS AND HDACI-ACTIVATED METASTASIS FOR PRECLINICAL THERAPIES IN MICE. RESULTS: WE SHOWED THAT CELL MIGRATION ACTIVITY WAS DRAMATICALLY AND DOSE DEPENDENTLY ENHANCED BY VARIOUS CLASSES OF HDACI TREATMENTS IN 13 OF 30 EXAMINED HUMAN BREAST, GASTRIC, LIVER, AND LUNG CANCER CELL LINES. TUMOR METASTASIS WAS ALSO ENHANCED IN HDACI-TREATED MICE. HDACI TREATMENTS ACTIVATED MULTIPLE PKCS AND DOWNSTREAM SUBSTRATES ALONG WITH UPREGULATED PROAPOPTOTIC P21. FOR TARGETING TUMORIGENESIS AND METASTASIS WITH IMMEDIATE CLINICAL IMPACT, WE SHOWED THAT NEW MODALITIES OF HDACI COMBINED DRUGS WITH PKC INHIBITORY AGENT, CURCUMIN OR TAMOXIFEN, NOT ONLY SUPPRESSED HDACI-ACTIVATED TUMOR PROGRESSIVE PROTEINS AND CELL MIGRATION IN VITRO BUT ALSO INHIBITED TUMOR GROWTH AND METASTASIS IN VIVO. CONCLUSION: TREATMENTS OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL CLASSES OF HDACI SIMULTANEOUSLY INDUCED CELL DEATH AND PROMOTED CELL MIGRATION AND METASTASIS IN MULTIPLE CANCER CELL TYPES. SUPPRESSION OF HDACI-INDUCED PKCS LEADS TO DEVELOPMENT OF LOW TOXIC AND LONG-TERM THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO POTENTIALLY TREAT CANCER AS A CHRONIC DISEASE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
15  889  25 CHRONIC DIETARY ADMINISTRATION OF VALPROIC ACID PROTECTS NEURONS OF THE RAT NUCLEUS BASALIS MAGNOCELLULARIS FROM IBOTENIC ACID NEUROTOXICITY. VALPROIC ACID (VPA) HAS BEEN USED FOR MANY YEARS AS A DRUG OF CHOICE FOR EPILEPSY AND MOOD DISORDERS. RECENTLY, EVIDENCE HAS BEEN PROPOSED FOR A WIDE SPECTRUM OF ACTIONS OF THIS DRUG, INCLUDING ANTITUMORAL AND NEUROPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES. VALPROIC ACID-MEDIATED NEUROPROTECTION IN VIVO HAS BEEN SO FAR DEMONSTRATED IN A LIMITED NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTAL MODELS. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE TESTED THE NEUROPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF CHRONIC (4 + 1 WEEKS) DIETARY ADMINISTRATION OF VPA ON DEGENERATION OF CHOLINERGIC AND GABAERGIC NEURONS OF THE RAT NUCLEUS BASALIS MAGNOCELLULARIS (NBM), INJECTED WITH THE EXCITOTOXIN, IBOTENIC ACID (IBO), AN ANIMAL MODELS THAT IS RELEVANT FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE-LIKE NEURODEGENERATION. WE SHOW THAT VPA TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY PROTECTS BOTH CHOLINERGIC AND GABAERGIC NEURONS PRESENT IN THE INJECTED AREA FROM THE EXCITOTOXIC INSULT. A SIGNIFICANT LEVEL OF NEUROPROTECTION, IN PARTICULAR, IS EXERTED TOWARDS THE CHOLINERGIC NEURONS OF THE NBM PROJECTING TO THE CORTEX, AS DEMONSTRATED BY THE SUBSTANTIALLY HIGHER LEVELS OF CHOLINERGIC MARKERS MAINTAINED IN THE TARGET CORTICAL AREA OF VPA-TREATED RATS AFTER IBO INJECTION IN THE NBM. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT CHRONIC VPA ADMINISTRATION RESULTS IN INCREASED ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 IN BRAIN, CONSISTENT WITH THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORY ACTION OF VPA AND PUTATIVELY LINKED TO A NEUROPROTECTIVE ACTION OF THE DRUG MEDIATED AT THE EPIGENETIC LEVEL.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16 4877  33 OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-4433 BY SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID SUPPRESSES GROWTH OF CML CELLS AND INDUCES APOPTOSIS THROUGH TARGETING BCR-ABL. BACKGROUND: TARGETING BCR-ABL IS THE KEY FOR THE TREATMENT OF CML. ALTHOUGH GREAT PROGRESS HAS BEEN ACHIEVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF CML PATIENTS IN CHRONIC STAGE, EFFECTIVE DRUGS WITH GOOD SAFETY ARE NOT AVAILABLE FOR THOSE IN ADVANCED STAGES OF CML PATIENTS. IN PRESENT STUDY, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), WAS USED TO SCREEN FOR MICRORNA THAT CAN TARGET BCR-ABL. METHODS: RT-QPCR WAS USED TO DETERMINE BCR-ABL AND MIR-4433 TRANSCRIPTION LEVEL IN CML CELLS. IN CML CELLS, PROTEINS INCLUDING PARP, CASPASE-3, ACETYL-HISTONE 3, HISTONE 3 AND BCR-ABL, AS WELL AS BCR-ABL DOWNSTREAM PROTEINS WERE DETECTED USING WESTERN BLOT. CELL VIABILITY AND APOPTOSIS WERE MONITORED RESPECTIVELY BY MTS ASSAY AND FLOW CYTOMETRY. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN MIR-4433 AND BCR-ABL WAS DETERMINED BY LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY. THE ANTI-TUMOR EFFECT OF MIR-4433 TO K562 CELLS WAS EVALUATED BY NUDE MOUSE XENOGRAFT MODEL IN VIVO. RESULTS: SAHA UP-REGULATED THE ACETYLATION LEVEL OF HISTONE 3, AND EFFECTIVELY INHIBITED BCR-ABL MRNA LEVEL AND ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY, WHILE INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF CML CELLS AND INDUCING APOPTOSIS. FURTHERMORE, BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS PREDICTED THAT MIR-4433 IS A PUTATIVE MICRORNA TARGETING BCR-ABL AND THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MIR-4433 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AFTER SAHA TREATMENT IN K562 CELLS. LUCIFERASE ACTIVITY ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT MIR-4433 DIRECTLY TARGETS BCR-ABL. ADDITIONALLY, TRANSIENT EXPRESSION OF MIR-4433 ABROGATED BCR-ABL ACTIVITY AND ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING PATHWAYS WHILE INDUCING APOPTOSIS IN K562 CELLS. MOREOVER, STABLE EXPRESSION OF MIR-4433 SUPPRESSED BCR-ABL AND ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING PATHWAY, AND INHIBITED THE GROWTH OF K562 CELLS IN VITRO AND THE GROWTH OF K562-XENOGRAFTS IN NUDE MICE. CONCLUSION: MIR-4433 WAS IDENTIFIED AS A MICRORNA TARGETING BCR-ABL, WHICH MAY BE SUBJECT TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SAHA, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR THAT HAS BEEN APPROVED BY THE US FDA FOR THE TREATMENT OF CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA. THE FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY PROVIDE A MOLECULAR BASIS FROM ANOTHER ANGLE FOR THE USE OF SAHA IN THE TREATMENT OF CML.	2019	
                                                          
17   26  29 A 6-ALKYLSALICYLATE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR INHIBITS HISTONE ACETYLATION AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION IN MURINE PRECISION-CUT LUNG SLICES. LYSINE ACETYLATIONS ARE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF CELLULAR PROTEINS, THAT ARE CRUCIAL IN THE REGULATION OF MANY CELLULAR PROCESSES. LYSINE ACETYLATIONS ON HISTONE PROTEINS ARE PART OF THE EPIGENETIC CODE REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION AND ARE INSTALLED BY HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES. OBSERVATIONS THAT INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES, SUCH AS ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, ARE CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY INDICATE THAT DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS FOR THESE ENZYMES MIGHT BE A VALUABLE APPROACH TOWARDS NEW THERAPIES FOR THESE DISEASES. THE 6-ALKYLSALICYLATE MG149 IS A CANDIDATE TO EXPLORE THIS HYPOTHESIS BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO INHIBIT THE MYST TYPE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE K(I) VALUE FOR INHIBITION OF THE MYST TYPE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE KAT8 BY MG149 TO BE 39 +/- 7.7 MUM. UPON INVESTIGATING WHETHER THE INHIBITION OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES BY MG149 CORRELATES WITH INHIBITION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN MURINE PRECISION-CUT LUNG SLICES, INHIBITION OF ACETYLATION WAS OBSERVED USING AN LC-MS/MS BASED ASSAY ON HISTONE H4 RES 4-17, WHICH CONTAINS THE TARGET LYSINE OF KAT8. FOLLOWING UP ON THIS, UPON TREATMENT WITH MG149, REDUCED PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED IN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AND INTERFERON GAMMA STIMULATED MURINE PRECISION-CUT LUNG SLICES. BASED ON THIS, WE PROPOSE THAT 6-ALKYLSALICYLATES SUCH AS MG149 HAVE POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS APPLICATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18 2068  21 EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF MICROSOMAL PROSTAGLANDIN E SYNTHASE-1 BY HDAC-MEDIATED RECRUITMENT OF P300. NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS ARE THE MOST WIDELY USED MEDICINE TO TREAT PAIN AND INFLAMMATION, AND TO INHIBIT PLATELET FUNCTION. UNDERSTANDING THE EXPRESSION REGULATION OF ENZYMES OF THE PROSTANOID PATHWAY IS OF GREAT MEDICAL RELEVANCE. HISTONE ACETYLATION CRUCIALLY CONTROLS GENE EXPRESSION. WE SET OUT TO IDENTIFY THE IMPACT OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ON THE GENERATION OF PROSTANOIDS AND EXAMINE THE CONSEQUENCES ON VASCULAR FUNCTION. HDAC INHIBITION (HDACI) WITH THE PAN-HDAC INHIBITOR, VORINOSTAT, ATTENUATED PROSTAGLANDIN (PG)E(2) GENERATION IN THE MURINE VASCULATURE AND IN HUMAN VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. IN LINE WITH THIS, THE EXPRESSION OF THE KEY ENZYME FOR PGE(2) SYNTHESIS, MICROSOMAL PGE SYNTHASE-1 (PTGES1), WAS REDUCED BY HDACI. ACCORDINGLY, THE RELAXATION TO ARACHIDONIC ACID WAS DECREASED AFTER EX VIVO INCUBATION OF MURINE VESSELS WITH HDACI. TO IDENTIFY THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) AND CHIP-SEQUENCING ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HDACS ARE INVOLVED IN THE RECRUITMENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATOR P300 TO THE PTGES1 GENE AND THAT HDACI PREVENTED THIS EFFECT. IN LINE WITH THE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY OF P300, H3K27 ACETYLATION WAS REDUCED AFTER HDACI AND RESULTED IN THE FORMATION OF HETEROCHROMATIN IN THE PTGES1 GENE. IN CONCLUSION, HDAC ACTIVITY MAINTAINS PTGES1 EXPRESSION BY RECRUITING P300 TO ITS GENE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19 3330  28 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR GIVINOSTAT ALLEVIATES LIVER FIBROSIS BY REGULATING HEPATIC STELLATE CELL ACTIVATION. HEPATIC FIBROSIS, A COMMON PATHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATION OF CHRONIC LIVER INJURY, IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO BE THE END RESULT OF AN INCREASE IN EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCED BY ACTIVATED HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS). THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO TARGET THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HSC ACTIVATION IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A POWERFUL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF LIVER FIBROSIS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, A HIGH?THROUGHPUT SCREENING ASSAY WAS ESTABLISHED, AND THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR GIVINOSTAT WAS IDENTIFIED AS A POTENT INHIBITOR OF HSC ACTIVATION IN VITRO. GIVINOSTAT SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED HSC ACTIVATION IN VIVO, AMELIORATED CARBON TETRACHLORIDE?INDUCED MOUSE LIVER FIBROSIS AND LOWERED PLASMA AMINOTRANSFERASES. TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS REVEALED THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY REGULATED GENES IN THE GIVINOSTAT TREATMENT GROUP IN COMPARISON WITH THOSE IN THE SOLVENT GROUP, AMONG WHICH, DERMOKINE (DMKN), MESOTHELIN (MSLN) AND UROPLAKIN?3B (UPK3B) WERE IDENTIFIED AS POTENTIAL REGULATORS OF HSC ACTIVATION. GIVINOSTAT SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF DMKN, MSLN AND UPK3B IN BOTH A MOUSE LIVER FIBROSIS MODEL AND IN HSC?LX2 CELLS. KNOCKDOWN OF ANY OF THE AFOREMENTIONED GENES INHIBITED THE TGF?BETA1?INDUCED EXPRESSION OF ALPHA?SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN AND COLLAGEN TYPE I, INDICATING THAT THEY ARE CRUCIAL FOR HSC ACTIVATION. IN SUMMARY, USING A NOVEL STRATEGY TARGETING HSC ACTIVATION, THE PRESENT STUDY IDENTIFIED A POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC DRUG FOR THE TREATMENT OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS AND REVEALED NOVEL REGULATORS OF HSC ACTIVATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20 1210  26 COX2 ENHANCES NEOVASCULARIZATION OF INFLAMMATORY TENOCYTES THROUGH THE HIF-1ALPHA/VEGFA/PDGFB PATHWAY. TENDON INJURIES ARE AMONG THE MOST CHALLENGING IN ORTHOPEDICS. DURING THE EARLY TENDON REPAIR, NEW BLOOD VESSEL FORMATION IS NECESSARY. HOWEVER, EXCESSIVE ANGIOGENESIS ALSO EXACERBATES SCAR FORMATION, LEADING TO PAIN AND DYSFUNCTION. A SIGNIFICANTLY WORSE OUTCOME WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1 ALPHA (HIF-1ALPHA), AND ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL TARGETS VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A (VEGFA) AND PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR B (PDGFB), BUT THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS) WAS USED TO INDUCE AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN TENOCYTES. LPS INCREASED THE TENOCYTES' INFLAMMATORY FACTOR COX2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATED THE HIF-1ALPHA/VEGFA/PDGFB PATHWAY. MOREOVER, THE CONDITIONED MEDIUM FROM THE TENOCYTES BOOSTED RAT AORTIC VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL (RAOEC) ANGIOGENESIS. FURTHERMORE, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), AN INHIBITOR OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE, WAS USED TO TREAT INFLAMMATORY TENOCYTES. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HIF-1ALPHA AND ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL TARGETS VEGFA AND PDGFB DECREASED, RESULTING IN RAOEC ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITION. FINALLY, THE DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER GENE ASSAY AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY PROVED THAT THE HIF-1ALPHA/PDGFB PATHWAY PLAYED A MORE CRITICAL ROLE IN TENOCYTE ANGIOGENESIS THAN THE HIF-1ALPHA/VEGFA PATHWAY. TSA COULD ALLEVIATE ANGIOGENESIS MAINLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE HIF-1ALPHA/PDGFB PATHWAY. TAKEN TOGETHER, TSA MIGHT BE A PROMISING ANTI-ANGIOGENESIS DRUG FOR ABNORMAL ANGIOGENESIS, WHICH IS INDUCED BY TENDON INJURIES.	2021