1 3087 148 GENOME?WIDE EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION ANALYSES REVEAL ABERRANT CELL ADHESION SIGNALING IN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR?RESISTANT CML CELLS. ALTHOUGH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CAN BE EFFECTIVELY TREATED USING BCR?ABL1 KINASE INHIBITORS, RESISTANCE DUE TO KINASE ALTERATIONS OR TO BCR?ABL1 INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS REMAIN A THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGE. FOR THE LATTER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE WIDELY DISCUSSED; FOR INSTANCE, GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES, EPIGENETIC FACTORS AND ALTERNATIVE SIGNALING PATHWAY ACTIVATION. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, IN VITRO?CML CELL MODELS OF RESISTANCE AGAINST THE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) IMATINIB (0.5 AND 2 MICROM) AND NILOTINIB (0.1 MICROM) WITH BIOLOGICAL REPLICATES WERE GENERATED TO IDENTIFY NOVEL MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE. SUBSEQUENTLY, GENOME?WIDE MRNA EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION WERE ANALYZED. WHILE MRNA EXPRESSION PATTERNS DIFFERED LARGELY BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL REPLICATES, THERE WAS AN OVERLAP OF 71 GENES DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BETWEEN CELLS RESISTANT AGAINST IMATINIB OR NILOTINIB. MOREOVER, ALL TKI RESISTANT CELL LINES DEMONSTRATED A SLIGHT HYPERMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH NATIVE CELLS. IN A COMBINED ANALYSIS OF 151 GENES DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE BIOLOGICAL REPLICATES OF IMATINIB RESISTANCE, CELL ADHESION SIGNALING, IN PARTICULAR THE CELLULAR MATRIX PROTEIN FIBRONECTIN 1 (FN1), WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DYSREGULATED. THIS GENE WAS ALSO DOWNREGULATED IN NILOTINIB RESISTANCE. FURTHER ANALYSES SHOWED SIGNIFICANT FN1?DOWNREGULATION IN IMATINIB RESISTANCE ON MRNA (P<0.001) AND PROTEIN LEVEL (P<0.001). SIRNA?MEDIATED FN1?KNOCKDOWN IN NATIVE CELLS REDUCED CELL ADHESION (P=0.02), DECREASED IMATINIB SUSCEPTIBILITY VISIBLE BY HIGHER KI?67 EXPRESSION (1.5?FOLD, P=0.04) AND INCREASED CELL NUMBER (1.5?FOLD, P=0.03). VICE VERSA, RECOVERY OF FN1?EXPRESSION IN IMATINIB RESISTANT CELLS WAS SUFFICIENT TO PARTIALLY RESTORE THE RESPONSE TO IMATINIB. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED A ROLE OF CELL ADHESION SIGNALING AND FIBRONECTIN 1 IN TKI RESISTANT CML AND A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR NOVEL STRATEGIES IN TREATMENT OF RESISTANT CML.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2 3532  44 IMATINIB INDEPENDENT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF NOV/CCN3 IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA PATIENTS: A MECHANISM UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION? BACKGROUND: THE NOV GENE PRODUCT, CCN3, HAS BEEN REPORTED IN A DIVERSE RANGE OF TUMORS TO SERVE AS A NEGATIVE GROWTH REGULATOR, WHILE ACTING AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, THE PRECISE MECHANISM OF ITS SILENCING IN CML IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO QUERY IF THE GENE REGULATION OF CCN3 IS MEDIATED BY THE PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE PATIENTS WITH CML. IN ADDITION, TO CLARIFY WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC SILENCING IS AFFECTED BY BCR-ABL1 INHIBITION, WE ASSESSED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS FOLLOWING THE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITION USING IMATINIB THERAPY, AS THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT FOR THIS TYPE OF LEUKEMIA. METHODS: TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, WE APPLIED BISULFITE-SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE AS A HIGH-RESOLUTION METHOD TO STUDY THE REGULATORY SEGMENT OF THE CCN3 GENE. THE RESULTS WERE ANALYZED IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED CML PATIENTS AS WELL AS FOLLOWING IMATINIB THERAPY. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE CORRELATION OF CCN3 PROMOTER METHYLATION WITH BCR-ABL1 LEVELS. RESULTS: OUR FINDINGS REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURS FREQUENTLY IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF CML PATIENTS SHOWING A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF THE METHYLATED PERCENTAGE AT THE CPG SITES COMPARED TO NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. INTERESTINGLY, THIS HYPERMETHYLATION WAS INDICATED TO BE INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 TITERS IN BOTH GROUPS, WHICH MIGHT SUGGEST A MECHANISM BEYOND THE BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: DESPITE SUGGESTING THAT THE CCN3 HYPERMETHYLATION ACTS AS A MOLECULAR MECHANISM INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION IN CML PATIENTS, THIS SCENARIO REQUIRES FURTHER VALIDATION BY COMPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTS. IN THE CASE OF ACTING UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 SIGNALING, THE METHYLATION MARKER CAN PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION AND A NOVEL PLATFORM FOR TARGETED EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS FOR EFFICIENT TREATMENT IN IMATINIB RESISTANT PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
3  149  40 ABERRANT HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN PROMOTER CPG REGIONS OF GENES RELATED TO THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS CHARACTERIZES ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA DISEASE, POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS AND POOR SURVIVAL. BACKGROUND: THERE IS STRONG EVIDENCE THAT DISEASE PROGRESSION, DRUG RESPONSE AND OVERALL CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF CML DISEASE ARE NOT ONLY DECIDED BY BCR/ABL1 ONCOPROTEIN BUT DEPEND ON ACCUMULATION OF ADDITIONAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS. DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IS IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIETY OF DISEASES. DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN GENE PROMOTERS PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN DISEASE PROGRESSION, DRUG RESPONSE AND CLINICAL OUTCOME OF VARIOUS DISEASES. THEREFORE IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE ROLE OF ABERRANT HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN PROMOTER REGIONS OF DIFFERENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN RELATION TO CML DISEASE PROGRESSION, RESPONSE TO IMATINIB THERAPY AND CLINICAL OUTCOME. METHODS: WE RECRUITED 150 CML PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT CLINICAL STAGES OF THE DISEASE. PATIENTS WERE FOLLOWED UP FOR 48 MONTHS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL/MOLECULAR RESPONSES WERE ANALYSED. HAEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE WAS ANALYSED BY PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR. BCR/ABL1 SPECIFIC TAQMAN PROBE BASED QRT-PCR WAS USED FOR ASSESSING THE MOLECULAR RESPONSE OF CML PATIENTS ON IMATINIB THERAPY. PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF THE GENES WAS CHARACTERIZED USING MS-PCR. RESULTS: WE OBSERVED THAT PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A AND P14ARF(ARF) GENES CHARACTERIZE ADVANCED CML DISEASE AND POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS. ALTHOUGH, CYTOKINE SIGNALLING (SOCS1) GENE WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN ADVANCED STAGES OF CML AND ACCUMULATED IN PATIENTS WITH POOR IMATINIB RESPONSE, BUT THE DIFFERENCES WERE NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. MOREOVER, WE FOUND HYPERMETHYLATION OF P14(ARF), RASSF1 AND P16(INK4A) GENES AND CYTOKINE SIGNALLING GENE (SOCS1) SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POOR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS ON IMATINIB THERAPY. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY ARE IN AGREEMENT OF THE ROLE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF DIFFERENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSION, POOR IMATINIB RESPONSE AND OVERALL CLINICAL OUTCOME. CONCLUSION: IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT THAT PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A AND P14ARF(ARF) GENES IS A CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSIONS, DEFINES POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS AND POOR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS TO IMATINIB THERAPY.	2022	

4 1669  39 DOWNREGULATION OF THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE SETD2 PROMOTES IMATINIB RESISTANCE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA CELLS. OBJECTIVES: EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS WERE IMPORTANT PLAYERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AND SENSITIVITY TO THERAPY. MUTATIONS OF SET DOMAIN-CONTAINING 2 (SETD2), A METHYLTRANSFERASE THAT CATALYSES THE TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE 3 ON LYSINE 36 (H3K36ME3), WERE FOUND IN VARIOUS MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. HOWEVER, THE DETAILED MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH SETD2 CONFERS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA PROGRESSION AND RESISTANCE TO THERAPY TARGETING ON BCR-ABL REMAIN UNCLEAR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE LEVEL OF SETD2 IN IMATINIB-SENSITIVE AND IMATINIB-RESISTANT CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) CELLS WAS EXAMINED BY IMMUNOBLOTTING AND QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. WE ANALYSED CD34(+) CD38(-) LEUKAEMIC STEM CELLS BY FLOW CYTOMETRY AND COLONY FORMATION ASSAYS UPON SETD2 KNOCKDOWN OR OVEREXPRESSION. THE IMPACT OF SETD2 EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS OR SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITOR JIB-04 TARGETING H3K36ME3 LOSS ON IMATINIB SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED BY IC50, CELL APOPTOSIS AND PROLIFERATION ASSAYS. FINALLY, RNA SEQUENCING AND CHIP-QUANTITATIVE PCR WERE PERFORMED TO VERIFY PUTATIVE DOWNSTREAM TARGETS. RESULTS: SETD2 WAS FOUND TO ACT AS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR IN CML. THE NOVEL ONCOGENIC TARGETS MYCN AND ERG WERE SHOWN TO BE THE DIRECT DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF SETD2, WHERE THEIR OVEREXPRESSION INDUCED BY SETD2 KNOCKDOWN CAUSED IMATINIB INSENSITIVITY AND LEUKAEMIC STEM CELL ENRICHMENT IN CML CELL LINES. TREATMENT WITH JIB-04, AN INHIBITOR THAT RESTORES H3K36ME3 LEVELS THROUGH BLOCKADE OF ITS DEMETHYLATION, SUCCESSFULLY IMPROVED THE CELL IMATINIB SENSITIVITY AND ENHANCED THE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY NOT ONLY EMPHASIZES THE REGULATORY MECHANISM OF SETD2 IN CML, BUT ALSO PROVIDES PROMISING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING THE IMATINIB RESISTANCE IN PATIENTS WITH CML.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  390  46 AN INTEGRATIVE MODEL OF PATHWAY CONVERGENCE IN GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS BLAST CRISIS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. TARGETED THERAPIES AGAINST THE BCR-ABL1 KINASE HAVE REVOLUTIONIZED TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PHASE (CP) CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). IN CONTRAST, MANAGEMENT OF BLAST CRISIS (BC) CML REMAINS CHALLENGING BECAUSE BC CELLS ACQUIRE COMPLEX MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS THAT CONFER STEMNESS FEATURES TO PROGENITOR POPULATIONS AND RESISTANCE TO BCR-ABL1 TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS. COMPREHENSIVE MODELS OF BC TRANSFORMATION HAVE PROVED ELUSIVE BECAUSE OF THE RARITY AND GENETIC HETEROGENEITY OF BC, BUT ARE IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPING BIOMARKERS PREDICTING BC PROGRESSION AND EFFECTIVE THERAPIES. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND BC, WE PERFORMED AN INTEGRATED MULTIOMICS ANALYSIS OF 74 CP AND BC SAMPLES USING WHOLE-GENOME AND EXOME SEQUENCING, TRANSCRIPTOME AND METHYLOME PROFILING, AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING. EMPLOYING PATHWAY-BASED ANALYSIS, WE FOUND THE BC GENOME WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED FOR MUTATIONS AFFECTING COMPONENTS OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX (PRC) PATHWAY. WHILE TRANSCRIPTOMICALLY, BC PROGENITORS WERE ENRICHED AND DEPLETED FOR PRC1- AND PRC2-RELATED GENE SETS RESPECTIVELY. BY INTEGRATING OUR DATA SETS, WE DETERMINED THAT BC PROGENITORS UNDERGO PRC-DRIVEN EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING TOWARD A CONVERGENT TRANSCRIPTOMIC STATE. SPECIFICALLY, PRC2 DIRECTS BC DNA HYPERMETHYLATION, WHICH IN TURN SILENCES KEY GENES INVOLVED IN MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR FUNCTION VIA SO-CALLED EPIGENETIC SWITCHING, WHEREAS PRC1 REPRESSES AN OVERLAPPING AND DISTINCT SET OF GENES, INCLUDING NOVEL BC TUMOR SUPPRESSORS. ON THE BASIS OF THESE OBSERVATIONS, WE DEVELOPED AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF BC THAT FACILITATED THE IDENTIFICATION OF COMBINATORIAL THERAPIES CAPABLE OF REVERSING BC REPROGRAMMING (DECITABINE+PRC1 INHIBITORS), NOVEL PRC-SILENCED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (NR4A2), AND GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURES PREDICTIVE OF DISEASE PROGRESSION AND DRUG RESISTANCE IN CP.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6  139  42 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION, RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB AND SHORTENED SURVIVAL IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. THE EPIGENETIC IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) IS NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. TO ELUCIDATE ITS ROLE WE ANALYZED 120 PATIENTS WITH CML FOR METHYLATION OF PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED CPG ISLANDS OF 10 GENES. FIVE GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY DNA METHYLATION SCREENING IN THE K562 CELL LINE AND 3 GENES IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. THE CDKN2B GENE WAS SELECTED FOR ITS FREQUENT METHYLATION IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES AND ABL1 AS THE TARGET OF BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION. THIRTY PATIENTS WERE IMATINIB-NAIVE (MOSTLY TREATED BY INTERFERON-ALPHA BEFORE THE IMATINIB ERA), 30 WERE IMATINIB-RESPONSIVE, 50 WERE IMATINIB-RESISTANT, AND 10 WERE IMATINIB-INTOLERANT. WE QUANTIFIED DNA METHYLATION BY BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES WAS 4.5 PER PATIENT IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, INCREASING SIGNIFICANTLY TO 6.2 IN THE ACCELERATED AND 6.4 IN THE BLASTIC PHASE. HIGHER NUMBERS OF METHYLATED GENES WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN PATIENTS RESISTANT OR INTOLERANT TO IMATINIB. THESE PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED ALMOST EXCLUSIVE METHYLATION OF A PUTATIVE TRANSPORTER OSCP1. ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF A SRC SUPPRESSOR GENE PDLIM4 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTENED SURVIVAL INDEPENDENTLY OF CML STAGE AND IMATINIB RESPONSIVENESS. WE CONCLUDE THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CML PROGRESSION AND THAT DNA METHYLATION COULD BE A MARKER ASSOCIATED WITH IMATINIB RESISTANCE. FINALLY, DNA METHYLATION OF PDLIM4 MAY HELP IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF CML PATIENTS THAT WOULD BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT WITH SRC/ABL INHIBITORS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7  825  31 CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT ENHANCERS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS (TES) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE IMPORTANT GENE REGULATORY FUNCTIONS AND THEIR ALTERATION COULD LEAD TO DISEASE PHENOTYPES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) DEVELOPS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF A SERIES OF GENETIC CHANGES IN HEMATOPOIETIC PRECURSOR CELLS, INCLUDING MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC FACTORS. HERE, WE SET OUT TO STUDY THE GENE REGULATORY ROLE OF TES IN AML. WE FIRST EXPLORED THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF TES IN AML PATIENTS USING ATAC-SEQ DATA. WE SHOW THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF TES IN GENERAL, AND MORE SPECIFICALLY MAMMALIAN-WIDE INTERSPERSED REPEATS (MIRS), ARE MORE ENRICHED IN AML CELLS THAN IN NORMAL BLOOD CELLS. WE OBTAINED A SIMILAR FINDING WHEN ANALYZING HISTONE MODIFICATION DATA IN AML PATIENTS. GENE ONTOLOGY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT GENES NEAR MIRS IN OPEN CHROMATIN REGIONS ARE INVOLVED IN LEUKEMOGENESIS. TO FUNCTIONALLY VALIDATE THEIR REGULATORY ROLE, WE SELECTED 19 MIR REGIONS IN AML CELLS, AND TESTED THEM FOR ENHANCER ACTIVITY IN AN AML CELL LINE (KASUMI-1) AND A CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CELL LINE (K562); THE RESULTS REVEALED SEVERAL MIRS TO BE FUNCTIONAL ENHANCERS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TES ARE POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN MYELOID LEUKEMOGENESIS AND HIGHLIGHT THESE SEQUENCES AS POTENTIAL CANDIDATES HARBORING AML-ASSOCIATED VARIATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8   59  45 A GENOME-WIDE SCREEN IDENTIFIES FREQUENTLY METHYLATED GENES IN HAEMATOLOGICAL AND EPITHELIAL CANCERS. BACKGROUND: GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE A HALLMARK OF BOTH EPITHELIAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENS ARE REQUIRED TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT CAN BE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC PURPOSES ACROSS MALIGNANCIES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THE USE OF THE MIRA ASSAY (METHYLATED CPG ISLAND RECOVERY ASSAY) IN COMBINATION WITH GENOME-WIDE CPG ISLAND ARRAYS TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MARKERS IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE. WE IDENTIFIED 30 GENES DEMONSTRATING METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF > OR =25% IN CHILDHOOD ALL, NINE GENES SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT METHYLATION FREQUENCIES IN B VS T-ALL. FOR MAJORITY OF THE GENES EXPRESSION COULD BE RESTORED IN METHYLATED LEUKEMIA LINES AFTER TREATMENT WITH 5-AZADC. FORTY-FOUR PERCENT OF THE GENES REPRESENT TARGETS OF THE POLYCOMB COMPLEX. IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) TWO OF THE GENES, (TFAP2A AND EBF2), DEMONSTRATED INCREASED METHYLATION IN BLAST CRISIS COMPARED TO CHRONIC PHASE (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE HYPERMETHYLATION OF AN AUTOPHAGY RELATED GENE ATG16L2 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB TREATMENT. LASTLY WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TEN OF THESE GENES WERE ALSO FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS. CONCLUSION: IN SUMMARY WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES SHOWING FREQUENT METHYLATION IN CHILDHOOD ALL, METHYLATION STATUS OF TWO OF THESE GENES IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE IN CML AND METHYLATION STATUS OF ANOTHER GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGNOSIS. IN ADDITION A SUBSET OF THESE GENES MAY ACT AS EPIGENETIC MARKERS ACROSS HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AS WELL AS COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9 5259  30 PROGRESSIVE DE NOVO DNA METHYLATION AT THE BCR-ABL LOCUS IN THE COURSE OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. DE NOVO METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IS A RARE EVENT IN MAMMALIAN CELLS. IT HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES, SUCH AS X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION AND GENOMIC IMPRINTING. THE METHYLATION OF DNA, AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION, MAY ALSO BE INVOLVED IN TUMORIGENESIS. AFTER THE T(9;22) CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION AND GENERATION OF THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME, THE INITIATING EVENT IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML), MOST OF THE ABL CODING SEQUENCE IS FUSED TO THE 5' REGION OF THE BCR GENE. EXPRESSION OF THE HYBRID BCR-ABL GENE IS, THEREFORE, REGULATED BY THE BCR PROMOTER. IN MOST CASES OF CML, ONE OF THE TWO ABL PROMOTERS (PA) IS NESTED WITHIN THE BCR-ABL TRANSCRIPTIONAL UNIT AND SHOULD BE ABLE TO TRANSCRIBE THE TYPE IA 6-KB NORMAL ABL MRNA FROM THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME. HOWEVER, WE HAVE FOUND THAT THE 6-KB TRANSCRIPT IS PRESENT ONLY IN CML CELL LINES CONTAINING A NORMAL ABL ALLELE AND THAT THE APPARENT INACTIVATION OF THE NESTED PA PROMOTER IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALLELE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, WE HAVE NOTICED THAT THE PA PROMOTER IS CONTAINED WITHIN A CPG ISLAND AND UNDERGOES PROGRESSIVE DE NOVO METHYLATION IN THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE. THIS IS ATTESTED TO BY THE FACT THAT DNA SAMPLES FROM CML PATIENTS THAT ARE METHYLATION-FREE AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS INVARIABLY BECOME METHYLATED IN ADVANCED CML. SINCE TUMOR PROGRESSION IN CML CANNOT ALWAYS BE INFERRED FROM THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION, ASSESSMENT OF DE NOVO CPG METHYLATION MAY PROVE TO BE OF CRITICAL VALUE IN MANAGEMENT OF THE DISEASE. IT COULD HERALD BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION AT A STAGE WHEN BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, THE ONLY POTENTIALLY CURATIVE THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURE IN CML, IS STILL EFFECTIVE.	1994	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10  572  43 BCR-ABL1 KINASE-DEPENDENT ALTERATION OF MRNA METABOLISM: POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVES FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. THE USE OF FIRST- AND SECOND-GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVES PROGNOSIS FOR PATIENTS WITH EARLY CHRONIC PHASE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) AND EFFICIENTLY COUNTERACTS LEUKEMIA IN MOST PATIENTS WITH CML BEARING A DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THE EXPRESSION OF BCR-ABL1 MUTANTS. HOWEVER, THE SO-CALLED 'TINIB' TKIS (E.G. IMATINIB, NILOTINIB, DASATINIB, AND BOSUTINIB) ARE BOTH INEFFECTIVE IN PATIENTS WHO UNDERGO BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION AND UNABLE TO ERADICATE CML AT THE STEM CELL LEVEL. THIS RAISES A FEW IMPORTANT QUESTIONS. IS BCR-ABL1 EXPRESSION AND/OR ACTIVITY ESSENTIAL FOR BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION? IS BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION THE RESULT OF GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC EVENTS THAT OCCUR AT THE STEM CELL LEVEL WHICH ONLY BECOME APPARENT IN THE GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE PROGENITOR (GMP) CELL POOL, OR DOES IT ARISE DIRECTLY AT THE GMP LEVEL? AS ALTERED MRNA METABOLISM CONTRIBUTES TO THE PHENOTYPE OF BLAST CRISIS CML PROGENITORS (DECREASED TRANSLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ESSENTIAL FOR TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INCREASED TRANSLATION OF ANTI-APOPTOTIC GENES), ONE ATTRACTIVE CONCEPT IS TO RESTORE LEVELS OF THESE ESSENTIAL MOLECULES TO THEIR NORMAL LEVELS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH MRNA PROCESSING, TRANSLATION, AND DEGRADATION ARE DEREGULATED IN BCR-ABL1 MYELOID BLAST CRISIS CML PROGENITORS, AND PRESENT ENCOURAGING RESULTS FROM STUDIES WITH PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITORS WHICH SUPPORT THEIR INCLUSION IN THE CLINIC.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11 1507  41 DNA METHYLATION AND INTRA-CLONAL HETEROGENEITY: THE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA MODEL. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MODEL TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF TUMOR INTRA-CLONAL HETEROGENEITY IN PERSONALIZED MEDICINE. INDEED, TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) TARGET THE BCR-ABL FUSION PROTEIN, WHICH IS CONSIDERED THE MAJOR CML DRIVER. TKI USE HAS HIGHLIGHTED THE EXISTENCE OF INTRA-CLONAL HETEROGENEITY, AS INDICATED BY THE PERSISTENCE OF A MINORITY SUBCLONE FOR SEVERAL YEARS DESPITE THE PRESENCE OF THE TARGET FUSION PROTEIN IN ALL CELLS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS COULD PARTLY EXPLAIN THIS HETEROGENEITY. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE RESULTS OF DNA METHYLATION STUDIES IN CML. NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES ALLOWED FOR MOVING FROM SINGLE-GENE TO GENOME-WIDE ANALYSES SHOWING THAT METHYLATION ABNORMALITIES ARE MUCH MORE WIDESPREAD IN CML CELLS. THESE DATA SHOWED THAT GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC SITES ALREADY AT DIAGNOSIS IN THE EARLY PHASE OF CML. THE BCR-ABL-INDEPENDENCE OF SOME METHYLATION PROFILE ALTERATIONS AND THE RECENT DEMONSTRATION OF THE INITIAL INTRA-CLONAL DNA METHYLATION HETEROGENEITY SUGGESTS THAT SOME DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS MAY BE BIOMARKERS OF TKI SENSITIVITY/RESISTANCE AND OF DISEASE PROGRESSION RISK. THESE RESULTS ALSO OPEN PERSPECTIVES FOR UNDERSTANDING THE EPIGENETIC/GENETIC BACKGROUND OF CML PREDISPOSITION AND FOR DEVELOPING NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12 5718  36 SIRTUIN1 AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: A COMPREHENSIVE GLANCE AT DRUG RESISTANCE. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER, WHICH IS CAUSED BY BCR-ABL FUSION THAT HAS TYROSINE KINASE ACTIVITY. THE EMERGENCE OF THE FIRST GENERATION OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS INCREASED SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS. CML PATIENTS REMAIN IN SILENT PHASE FOR A LONG TIME BY USING DRUGS SUCH AS IMATINIB. RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB CAUSES RELAPSE OF DISEASE AFTER USING IT. DIFFERENT FACTORS SUCH AS MUTATIONS, EPIGENETIC FACTORS, AND CHANGES IN THE DRUG'S RECEPTOR CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DRUG RESISTANCE. SIRT1 IS AN NAD-DEPENDENT DEACETYLASE THAT HAS A ROLE IN REGULATION OF METABOLIC ACTIVITIES. IT HAS BEEN RECENTLY CONSIDERED AS A KEY REGULATOR OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN MALIGNANCIES SUCH AS CML. METHODS: THE RESOURCES OF THIS STUDY ARE FROM DIFFERENT SITES AND JOURNALS SUCH AS NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV/PUBMED, SCOPUS.COM, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY, ETC. RESULTS: EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 IS INCREASED IN PATIENTS WITH IMATINIB RESISTANCE. THE MECHANISM OF THIS RESISTANCE IS NOT EXACTLY UNDERSTOOD. THE INHIBITION OF SIRT1 IN CML CAUSES INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO IMATINIB. CONCLUSIONS: RECOGNITION OF DRUG RESISTANCE FACTORS, REDUCTION OR NEUTRALIZATION OF THEM IS SO IMPORTANT IN PATIENTS' SURVIVAL. THIS STUDY INDICATES THE ROLE OF SIRT1 AS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN MANY CANCERS SUCH AS CML.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13 2781  42 EZH2 IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES HAS GREATLY ADVANCED IN THE PAST DECADE. ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) IS THE CATALYTIC CORE COMPONENT OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2), WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR GENE SILENCING THROUGH TRIMETHYLATION OF H3K27. EZH2 DYSREGULATION IS HIGHLY TUMORIGENIC AND HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN VARIOUS CANCERS, WITH EZH2 ACTING AS AN ONCOGENE OR A TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR DEPENDING ON CELLULAR CONTEXT. WHILE LOSS-OF-FUNCTION MUTATIONS OF EZH2 FREQUENTLY AFFECT PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS, MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND MYELOFIBROSIS, CASES OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) SEEM TO BE LARGELY CHARACTERIZED BY EZH2 OVEREXPRESSION. A VARIETY OF OTHER FACTORS FREQUENTLY ABERRANT IN MYELOID LEUKEMIA CAN AFFECT PRC2 FUNCTION AND DISEASE PATHOGENESIS, INCLUDING ADDITIONAL SEX COMBS LIKE 1 (ASXL1) AND SPLICING GENE MUTATIONS. AS THE GENETIC BACKGROUND OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES IS LARGELY HETEROGENEOUS, IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT EZH2 MUTATIONS ACT IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER ABERRATIONS. SINCE EZH2 MUTATIONS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE EARLY EVENTS IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS, THEY ARE OF THERAPEUTIC INTEREST TO RESEARCHERS, THOUGH TARGETING OF EZH2 LOSS-OF-FUNCTION DOES PRESENT UNIQUE CHALLENGES. PRELIMINARY RESEARCH INDICATES THAT COMBINED TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (TKI) AND EZH2 INHIBITOR THERAPY MAY PROVIDE A STRATEGY TO ELIMINATE THE RESIDUAL DISEASE BURDEN IN CML TO ALLOW PATIENTS TO REMAIN IN TREATMENT-FREE REMISSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14  206  37 ACTIVATION OF NOTCH AND MYC SIGNALING VIA B-CELL-RESTRICTED DEPLETION OF DNMT3A GENERATES A CONSISTENT MURINE MODEL OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY DISORDERED DNA METHYLATION, SUGGESTING THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES MIGHT PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN DISEASE ONSET AND PROGRESSION. THE METHYLTRANSFERASE DNMT3A IS A KEY REGULATOR OF DNA METHYLATION. ALTHOUGH DNMT3A SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN CLL ARE RARE, WE FOUND THAT LOW DNMT3A EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH MORE AGGRESSIVE DISEASE. A CONDITIONAL KNOCKOUT MOUSE MODEL SHOWED THAT HOMOZYGOUS DEPLETION OF DNMT3A FROM B CELLS RESULTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLL WITH 100% PENETRANCE AT A MEDIAN AGE OF ONSET OF 5.3 MONTHS, AND HETEROZYGOUS DNMT3A DEPLETION YIELDS A DISEASE PENETRANCE OF 89% WITH A MEDIAN ONSET AT 18.5 MONTHS, CONFIRMING ITS ROLE AS A HAPLOINSUFFICIENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR. B1A CELLS WERE CONFIRMED AS THE CELL OF ORIGIN OF DISEASE IN THIS MODEL, AND DNMT3A DEPLETION RESULTED IN FOCAL HYPOMETHYLATION AND ACTIVATION OF NOTCH AND MYC SIGNALING. AMPLIFICATION OF CHROMOSOME 15 CONTAINING THE MYC GENE WAS DETECTED IN ALL CLL MICE TESTED, AND INFILTRATION OF HIGH-MYC-EXPRESSING CLL CELLS IN THE SPLEEN WAS OBSERVED. NOTABLY, HYPERACTIVATION OF NOTCH AND MYC SIGNALING WAS EXCLUSIVELY OBSERVED IN THE DNMT3A CLL MICE, BUT NOT IN THREE OTHER CLL MOUSE MODELS TESTED (SF3B1-ATM, IKZF3, AND MDR), AND DNMT3A-DEPLETED CLL WERE SENSITIVE TO PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITION OF NOTCH SIGNALING IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. CONSISTENT WITH THESE FINDINGS, HUMAN CLL SAMPLES WITH LOWER DNMT3A EXPRESSION WERE MORE SENSITIVE TO NOTCH INHIBITION THAN THOSE WITH HIGHER DNMT3A EXPRESSION. ALTOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DNMT3A DEPLETION INDUCES CLL THAT IS HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON ACTIVATION OF NOTCH AND MYC SIGNALING. SIGNIFICANCE: LOSS OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION IS A DRIVING EVENT IN CLL AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH AGGRESSIVE DISEASE, ACTIVATION OF NOTCH AND MYC SIGNALING, AND ENHANCED SENSITIVITY TO NOTCH INHIBITION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15 1465  28 DISSECTING THE ROLE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN HUMAN LEUKAEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY THE GENETIC TRANSLOCATION T(9;22)(Q34;Q11.2) ENCODING FOR THE BCR-ABL FUSION ONCOGENE. HOWEVER, MANY MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF THE DISEASE PROGRESSION STILL REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ARE INVOLVED IN TYROSINE KINASE RESISTANCE IN CML, LEADING TO LEUKAEMIC CLONE ESCAPE AND DISEASE PROPAGATION. HERE WE SHOW THAT, BY APPLYING CELLULAR REPROGRAMMING TO PRIMARY CML CELLS, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CONTRIBUTES TO THE DISEASE EVOLUTION. IMPORTANTLY, USING A BCR-ABL INDUCIBLE MURINE MODEL, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT A SINGLE ONCOGENIC LESION TRIGGERS DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, WHICH IN TURN ACT AS A PRECIPITATING EVENT IN LEUKAEMIA PROGRESSION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16 2765  36 EXPRESSION, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND HUMORAL IMMUNOGENICITY OF CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVE: CANCER-TESTIS (CT) ANTIGENS REPRESENT ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPY BASED ON THEIR TUMOR-RESTRICTED EXPRESSION AND IMMUNOGENICITY. HOWEVER, A BROAD PICTURE OF THE EXPRESSION OF CT ANTIGENS AND ASSOCIATED HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS STILL MISSING. METHODS: WE SCREENED CML CELL LINES AND BONE MARROW (BM) SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY DONORS BY RT-PCR FOR THE EXPRESSION OF 31 CT ANTIGENS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC AGENTS. EXPRESSION OF TUMOR-RESTRICTED ANTIGENS WAS FURTHER EXAMINED IN 60 CML PATIENTS AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST 15 CT ANTIGENS WERE SCREENED BY ELISA. RESULTS: IN UNTREATED CELL LINES WE DETECTED THE EXPRESSION OF 17 CT ANTIGENS THAT WERE ABSENT FROM NORMAL BM. EXPRESSION OF MOST ANTIGENS INCREASED FOLLOWING DEMETHYLATING TREATMENT WITH 5'-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. IN THESE SAMPLES, ONLY PRAME WAS REPEATEDLY DETECTED AND EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH SEVERAL CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND DECREASED OVERALL SURVIVAL. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT A LOWER FREQUENCY OF PRAME-POSITIVE SAMPLES DURING IMATINIB TREATMENT WAS NOT CAUSED BY GENE-SPECIFIC DOWNREGULATION. ANALYZING THE PATIENTS' ANTIBODY RESPONSES WE FOUND THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF PATIENTS LACKED SPONTANEOUS IMMUNITY AGAINST CT ANTIGENS INCLUDING PRAME. CONCLUSIONS: CT ANTIGEN EXPRESSION CAN BE INCREASED BY THE APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC AGENTS AND THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME CORRELATES WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND OVERALL SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH CML, BUT DOES NOT LEAD TO HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES. PRAME-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY MIGHT REPRESENT A PROMISING APPROACH FOR THE ERADICATION OF RESIDUAL THERAPY-RESISTANT LEUKEMIC CELLS DUE TO ITS FREQUENT EXPRESSION AND STABILITY UNDER IMATINIB TREATMENT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17 2752  28 EXPRESSION OF ANGIOGENIC FACTORS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA: ROLE OF THE BCR/ABL ONCOGENE, BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS, AND POTENTIAL CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) IS A STEM CELL DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY AN INCREASED PRODUCTION AND ACCUMULATION OF CLONAL BCR/ABL-POSITIVE CELLS IN HAEMATOPOIETIC TISSUES. THE CHRONIC PHASE OF CML IS INEVITABLY FOLLOWED BY AN ACCELERATED PHASE OF THE DISEASE, WITH CONSECUTIVE BLAST CRISIS. HOWEVER, DEPENDING ON GENETIC STABILITY, EPIGENETIC EVENTS, AND SEVERAL OTHER FACTORS, THE CLINICAL COURSE AND SURVIVAL APPEAR TO VARY AMONG PATIENTS. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT ANGIOGENIC CYTOKINES SUCH AS VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF), ARE UP-REGULATED IN CML, AND PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. THESE FACTORS APPEAR TO BE PRODUCED AND RELEASED IN LEUKAEMIC CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH CML. IN LINE WITH THIS NOTION, INCREASED SERUM-LEVELS OF ANGIOGENIC GROWTH FACTORS ARE MEASURABLE IN CML PATIENTS. IN THIS STUDY WE PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF ANGIOGENIC GROWTH FACTORS EXPRESSED IN CML CELLS, DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE PATHOGENETIC ROLE OF THESE CYTOKINES, THE BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF THEIR PRODUCTION IN LEUKAEMIC CELLS, AND THEIR POTENTIAL CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18 2494  31 EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS GENERALLY LOWER THAN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. ALTHOUGH DNA METHYLATION IS GLOBALLY DECREASED, REGIONAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF GENE PROMOTERS LEADS TO GENE SILENCING. MANY OF THESE GENES HAVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PHENOTYPES. UNLIKE MUTATIONS OR DELETIONS, HYPERMETHYLATION IS POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE AFTER INHIBITION WITH DNA METHYLATION MODULATORS. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME HAS BEEN A MODEL DISEASE IN WHICH TREATMENT OF PATIENTS RESULTS IN DEMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES. THE STORY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS SLOWLY UNRAVELING AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LIKELY ALSO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE. ONGOING CLINICAL TRIALS CORRELATING CLINICAL RESPONSE TO GENE EXPRESSION AFTER TREATMENT WITH DNA METHYLATION INHIBITORS WILL ULTIMATELY ALLOW US TO BETTER RISK STRATIFY AND PREDICT THE SUBGROUP OF PATIENTS WHO WILL BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT WITH THIS CLASS OF DRUGS.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19 1660  33 DOWN-REGULATION OF HEMATOPOIESIS MASTER REGULATOR PU.1 VIA ABERRANT METHYLATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. THE PU.1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IS A CRUCIAL REGULATOR OF HEMATOPOIESIS, AND ITS EXPRESSION IS ALTERED IN VARIOUS LEUKEMIC PROCESSES. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT EXPRESSION OF PU.1 IS SEVERELY IMPAIRED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), BUT THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THIS EFFECT REMAINS UNKNOWN. THROUGH BISULFITE SEQUENCING, SEMI-QUANTITATIVE PCR, AND INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE AND WESTERN BLOT TECHNIQUES, WE FOUND ABERRANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 IN CML PATIENTS BOTH IN THE CHRONIC AND BLAST CRISIS PHASES, AS WELL AS IN THE CML BLAST K562 CELL LINE. OF THESE, SEVERAL CPG SITES WERE MORE HIGHLY METHYLATED IN BLAST CRISIS THAN CHRONIC PHASE, WHILE NO METHYLATION OF THESE SITES WAS OBSERVED IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. INTERESTINGLY, CML PATIENTS ACHIEVED COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION UNDER IMATINIB MESYLATE TREATMENT, BUT THE ABERRANT METHYLATION STATUS OF PU.1 WAS NOT REVERSED. DOWN-REGULATION OF PU.1 EXPRESSION AT THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WAS ALSO OBSERVED IN ASSOCIATION WITH ABERRANT METHYLATION. THUS, FOR THE FIRST TIME, WE HAVE REVEALED A POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF PU.1 IN CML, WHICH MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOWN-REGULATION OF PU.1. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PU.1 MAY PLAY A ROLE IN CML PATHOGENESIS, AND MAY THEREFORE SERVE AS A USEFUL BIOMARKER AND POTENTIAL TARGET FOR DEMETHYLATING DRUGS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20 2971  21 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MICRORNA-203 ENHANCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 ONCOGENE EXPRESSION. THE MAMMALIAN GENOME CONTAINS SEVERAL HUNDRED MICRORNAS THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH MODULATION OF TARGET MRNAS. HERE, WE REPORT A FRAGILE CHROMOSOMAL REGION LOST IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. THIS 7 MB REGION ENCODES ABOUT 12% OF ALL GENOMIC MICRORNAS, INCLUDING MIR-203. THIS MICRORNA IS ADDITIONALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN SEVERAL HEMATOPOIETIC TUMORS, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIAS AND SOME ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIAS. A PUTATIVE MIR-203 TARGET, ABL1, IS SPECIFICALLY ACTIVATED IN THESE HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES IN SOME CASES AS A BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN (PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME). RE-EXPRESSION OF MIR-203 REDUCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN LEVELS AND INHIBITS TUMOR CELL PROLIFERATION IN AN ABL1-DEPENDENT MANNER. THUS, MIR-203 FUNCTIONS AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND RE-EXPRESSION OF THIS MICRORNA MIGHT HAVE THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES.	2008