1 3045 124 GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF ABERRANT METHYLATION OF ENHANCER DNA IN HUMAN OSTEOARTHRITIS. BACKGROUND: OSTEOARTHRITIS IS A CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY AGE-RELATED GRADUAL THINNING AND A HIGH RISK IN FEMALES. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT DNA METHYLATION PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN OSTEOARTHRITIS. HOWEVER, THE GENOME-WIDE PATTERN OF METHYLATION IN ENHANCERS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS REMAINS UNCLEAR. METHODS: TO EXPLORE THE FUNCTION OF ENHANCERS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS, WE QUANTIFIED CPG METHYLATION IN HUMAN ENHANCERS BASED ON A PUBLIC DATASET THAT INCLUDED METHYLATION PROFILES OF 470,870 CPG PROBES IN 108 SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH HIP AND KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS AND HIP TISSUES FROM HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. COMBINING VARIOUS BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS TOOLS, WE SYSTEMATICALLY ANALYZED ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF THE ENHANCERS THROUGHOUT THE GENOME IN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS AND HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 16,816 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPGS, AND NEARLY HALF (8111) OF THEM WERE FROM ENHANCERS, SUGGESTING MAJOR DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN BOTH TYPES OF OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE ENHANCER REGIONS. A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS IDENTIFIED 2426 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPGS IN ENHANCERS BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE PATIENTS, AND 84.5% OF THEM WERE HYPOMETHYLATED IN FEMALE PATIENTS AND ENRICHED IN PHENOTYPES RELATED TO HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS IN FEMALES. NEXT, WE EXPLORED THE ENHANCER METHYLATION DYNAMICS AMONG PATIENTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS AND IDENTIFIED 280 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED ENHANCER CPGS THAT WERE ENRICHED IN THE HUMAN PHENOTYPES AND DISEASE ONTOLOGIES RELATED TO OSTEOARTHRITIS. FINALLY, A COMPARISON OF ENHANCER METHYLATION BETWEEN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS AND HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS REVEALED ORGAN SOURCE-DEPENDENT DIFFERENCES IN ENHANCER METHYLATION. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF ENHANCERS IS RELATED TO OSTEOARTHRITIS PHENOTYPES, AND A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS OF ENHANCER METHYLATION IS USEFUL FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF OSTEOARTHRITIS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLINICAL DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2 1587  37 DNA METHYLATION PROFILING IDENTIFIES NOVEL MARKERS OF PROGRESSION IN HEPATITIS B-RELATED CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION IS CHARACTERIZED BY HEPATIC IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE WITH CONSIDERABLE VARIATION IN THE RATES OF PROGRESSION TO CIRRHOSIS. GENETIC VARIANTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CUES INFLUENCE PREDISPOSITION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; HOWEVER, IT REMAINS UNKNOWN IF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH FIBROSIS PROGRESSION IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. RESULTS: TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MARKS ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATORY AND FIBROTIC PROCESSES OF THE HEPATITIS B-INDUCED CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, WE CARRIED OUT HEPATIC GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION PROFILING USING ILLUMINA INFINIUM BEADARRAYS COMPARING MILD AND SEVERE FIBROTIC DISEASE IN A DISCOVERY COHORT OF 29 PATIENTS. WE OBTAINED 310 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS AND SELECTED FOUR LOCI COMPRISING THREE GENES FROM THE TOP DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS: HYPERMETHYLATION OF HOXA2 AND HDAC4 ALONG WITH HYPOMETHYLATION OF PPP1R18 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LINKED TO SEVERE FIBROSIS. WE REPLICATED THE PROMINENT METHYLATION MARKS IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT OF 102 PATIENTS BY BISULFITE MODIFICATION AND PYROSEQUENCING. THE TIMING AND CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WITH DISEASE SEVERITY WAS FURTHER INVESTIGATED USING A COHORT OF PATIENTS WITH SERIAL BIOPSIES. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST A LINKAGE OF WIDESPREAD EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION. CPG METHYLATION AT NOVEL GENES SHEDS LIGHT ON NEW MOLECULAR PATHWAYS, WHICH CAN BE POTENTIALLY EXPLOITED AS A BIOMARKER OR TARGETED TO ATTENUATE INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3 1519  28 DNA METHYLATION AT ATP11A CG11702988 IS A BIOMARKER OF LUNG DISEASE SEVERITY IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY. CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF) IS A CHRONIC GENETIC DISEASE THAT MAINLY AFFECTS THE RESPIRATORY AND GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMS. NO CURATIVE TREATMENTS ARE AVAILABLE, BUT THE FOLLOW-UP IN SPECIALIZED CENTERS HAS GREATLY IMPROVED THE PATIENT LIFE EXPECTANCY. ROBUST BIOMARKERS ARE REQUIRED TO MONITOR THE DISEASE, GUIDE TREATMENTS, STRATIFY PATIENTS, AND PROVIDE OUTCOME MEASURES IN CLINICAL TRIALS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE OUTLINE A STRATEGY TO SELECT PUTATIVE DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKERS OF LUNG DISEASE SEVERITY IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS. IN THE DISCOVERY STEP, WE SELECTED SEVEN POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS USING A GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION DATASET THAT WE GENERATED IN NASAL EPITHELIAL SAMPLES FROM THE METHYLCF COHORT. IN THE REPLICATION STEP, WE ASSESSED THE SAME BIOMARKERS USING SPUTUM CELL SAMPLES FROM THE METHYLBIOMARK COHORT. OF INTEREST, DNA METHYLATION AT THE CG11702988 SITE (ATP11A GENE) POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUNG FUNCTION AND BMI, AND NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUNG DISEASE SEVERITY, P. AERUGINOSA CHRONIC INFECTION, AND THE NUMBER OF EXACERBATIONS. THESE RESULTS WERE REPLICATED IN PROSPECTIVE SPUTUM SAMPLES COLLECTED AT FOUR TIME POINTS WITHIN AN 18-MONTH PERIOD AND LONGITUDINALLY. TO CONCLUDE, (I) WE IDENTIFIED A DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKER THAT CORRELATES WITH CF SEVERITY, (II) WE PROVIDED A METHOD TO EASILY ASSESS THIS BIOMARKER, AND (III) WE CARRIED OUT THE FIRST LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION IN CF PATIENTS. THIS NEW EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER COULD BE USED TO STRATIFY CF PATIENTS IN CLINICAL TRIALS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4 1739  38 EARLY DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN CHILDREN DEVELOPING BETA CELL AUTOIMMUNITY AT A YOUNG AGE. AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: TYPE 1 DIABETES IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE OF COMPLEX AETIOLOGY, INCLUDING A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION. PREVIOUS EPIGENOMIC STUDIES FOCUSED MAINLY ON CLINICALLY DIAGNOSED INDIVIDUALS. THE AIM OF THE STUDY WAS TO ASSESS EARLY DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES ALREADY BEFORE THE DIAGNOSIS OR EVEN BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF AUTOANTIBODIES. METHODS: REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULPHITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) WAS APPLIED TO STUDY DNA METHYLATION IN PURIFIED CD4(+) T CELL, CD8(+) T CELL AND CD4(-)CD8(-) CELL FRACTIONS OF 226 PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL SAMPLES LONGITUDINALLY COLLECTED FROM SEVEN TYPE 1 DIABETES-SPECIFIC AUTOANTIBODY-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS MATCHED FOR AGE, SEX, HLA RISK AND PLACE OF BIRTH. WE ALSO EXPLORED CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION USING RNA SEQUENCING DATA FROM THE SAME SAMPLES. TECHNICAL VALIDATION OF RRBS RESULTS WAS PERFORMED USING PYROSEQUENCING. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 79, 56 AND 45 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN CD4(+) T CELLS, CD8(+) T CELLS AND CD4(-)CD8(-) CELL FRACTIONS, RESPECTIVELY, BETWEEN TYPE 1 DIABETES-SPECIFIC AUTOANTIBODY-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS AND CONTROL PARTICIPANTS. THE ANALYSIS OF PRE-SEROCONVERSION SAMPLES IDENTIFIED DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES AT THE VERY EARLY STAGE OF DISEASE, INCLUDING DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER OF IRF5 IN CD4(+) T CELLS. FURTHER, WE VALIDATED RRBS RESULTS USING PYROSEQUENCING AT THE FOLLOWING CPG SITES: CHR19:18118304 IN THE PROMOTER OF ARRDC2; CHR21:47307815 IN THE INTRON OF PCBP3; AND CHR14:81128398 IN THE INTERGENIC REGION NEAR TRAF3 IN CD4(+) T CELLS. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: THESE PRELIMINARY RESULTS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENTIAL EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENES, WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO TYPE 1 DIABETES PATHOGENESIS AT THE VERY EARLY STAGE OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. SHOULD THESE FINDINGS BE VALIDATED, THEY MAY SERVE AS A POTENTIAL SIGNATURE USEFUL FOR DISEASE PREDICTION AND MANAGEMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
5 2653  37 EPIGENOTYPING IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELL DNA AND BREAST CANCER RISK: A PROOF OF PRINCIPLE STUDY. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE EMERGING AS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS IN CARCINOGENESIS. TWO ALTERATIONS IN THE PATTERN OF DNA METHYLATION IN BREAST CANCER (BC) HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY REPORTED; ACTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-ALPHA (ER-ALPHA) IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED METHYLATION OF ER-ALPHA TARGET (ERT) GENES, AND POLYCOMB GROUP TARGET (PCGT) GENES ARE MORE LIKELY THAN OTHER GENES TO HAVE PROMOTER DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN CANCER. HOWEVER, WHETHER DNA METHYLATION IN NORMAL UNRELATED CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH BC RISK AND WHETHER THESE IMPRINTS CAN BE RELATED TO FACTORS WHICH CAN BE MODIFIED BY THE ENVIRONMENT, IS UNCLEAR. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: USING QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS IN A CASE-CONTROL STUDY (N = 1,083) WE FOUND THAT DNA METHYLATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELL DNA PROVIDES GOOD PREDICTION OF BC RISK. WE ALSO REPORT THAT INVASIVE DUCTAL AND INVASIVE LOBULAR BC IS CHARACTERIZED BY TWO DIFFERENT SETS OF GENES, THE LATTER PARTICULAR BY GENES INVOLVED IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE MESENCHYME (PITX2, TITF1, GDNF AND MYOD1). FINALLY WE DEMONSTRATE THAT ONLY ERT GENES PREDICT ER POSITIVE BC; LACK OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELL DNA METHYLATION OF ZNF217 PREDICTED BC INDEPENDENT OF AGE AND FAMILY HISTORY (ODDS RATIO 1.49; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL 1.12-1.97; P = 0.006) AND WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ER-ALPHA BIOACTIVITY IN THE CORRESPONDING SERUM. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: THIS FIRST LARGE-SCALE EPIGENOTYPING STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY SERVE AS A LINK BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE GENOME. FACTORS THAT CAN BE MODULATED BY THE ENVIRONMENT (LIKE ESTROGENS) LEAVE AN IMPRINT IN THE DNA OF CELLS THAT ARE UNRELATED TO THE TARGET ORGAN AND INDICATE THE PREDISPOSITION TO DEVELOP A CANCER. FURTHER RESEARCH WILL NEED TO DEMONSTRATE WHETHER DNA METHYLATION PROFILES WILL BE ABLE TO SERVE AS A NEW TOOL TO PREDICT THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES WITH SUFFICIENT ACCURACY TO GUIDE PREVENTIVE MEASURES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6 1607  33 DNA METHYLATION, COLON CANCER AND MEDITERRANEAN DIET: RESULTS FROM THE EPIC-ITALY COHORT. THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH ADHERENCE TO MEDITERRANEAN DIET (MD) PROTECTS AGAINST COLON CANCER (CC) ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CHRONIC INFLAMMATION MAY BE IMPLICATED IN THE PATHWAY. BOTH DIET AND CC ARE RELATED TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION. WE PERFORMED A NESTED CASE-CONTROL STUDY ON 161 PAIRS FROM THE ITALIAN COMPONENT OF THE EUROPEAN PROSPECTIVE INVESTIGATION INTO CANCER AND NUTRITION (EPIC) COHORT, IN WHICH WE LOOKED FOR THE METHYLATION SIGNALS IN DNA EXTRACTED FROM LEUCOCYTES ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH CC AND MD IN 995 CPGS LOCATED IN 48 INFLAMMATION GENES. THE DNA METHYLATION SIGNALS DETECTED IN THIS ANALYSIS WERE VALIDATED IN A SUBGROUP OF 47 CASE-CONTROL PAIRS AND FURTHER REPLICATED (WHERE VALIDATED) IN 95 NEW PAIRS BY MEANS OF PYROSEQUENCING. AMONG THE CPG SITES SELECTED A-PRIORI IN INFLAMMATION-RELATED GENES, SEVEN CPG SITES WERE FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH CC STATUS AND WITH MD, IN LINE WITH ITS PROTECTIVE EFFECT. ONLY TWO CPG SITES (CG17968347-SERPINE1 AND CG20674490-RUNX3) WERE VALIDATED USING BISULPHITE PYROSEQUENCING AND, AFTER REPLICATION, WE FOUND THAT DNA METHYLATION OF CG20674490-RUNX3 MAY BE A POTENTIAL MOLECULAR MEDIATOR EXPLAINING THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF MD ON CC ONSET. THE USE OF A 'MEET-IN-THE-MIDDLE' APPROACH TO IDENTIFY THE OVERLAP BETWEEN EXPOSURE AND PREDICTIVE MARKERS OF DISEASE IS INNOVATIVE IN STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIET AND CANCER, IN WHICH EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT IS DIFFICULT AND THE MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE NUTRIENTS EXERT THEIR PROTECTIVE EFFECT IS LARGELY UNKNOWN.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7 3473  34 IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL, METHYLATION-DEPENDENT, RUNX2 REGULATORY REGION ASSOCIATED WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS RISK. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS A COMMON, MULTIFACTORIAL AND POLYGENIC SKELETAL DISEASE THAT, IN ITS SEVEREST FORM, REQUIRES JOINT REPLACEMENT SURGERY TO RESTORE MOBILITY AND TO RELIEVE CHRONIC PAIN. USING TISSUES FROM THE ARTICULATING JOINTS OF 260 PATIENTS WITH OA AND A RANGE OF IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS, INCLUDING CRISPR-CAS9, WE HAVE CHARACTERIZED AN INTERGENIC REGULATORY ELEMENT. HERE, GENOTYPE AT AN OA RISK LOCUS CORRELATES WITH DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION, WITH ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION OF BOTH A TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR (RUNX2), AND A CHROMATIN REMODELLING PROTEIN (SUPT3H). RUNX2 IS A STRONG CANDIDATE FOR OA SUSCEPTIBILITY, WITH ITS ENCODED PROTEIN BEING ESSENTIAL FOR SKELETOGENESIS AND HEALTHY JOINT FUNCTION. THE OA RISK LOCUS INCLUDES SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) LOCATED WITHIN AND FLANKING THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION (DMR). THE OA ASSOCIATION SNP, RS10948172, DEMONSTRATES PARTICULARLY STRONG CORRELATION WITH METHYLATION, AND TWO INTERGENIC SNPS FALLING WITHIN THE DMR (RS62435998 AND RS62435999) DEMONSTRATE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON THE REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF THIS REGION. WE THEREFORE POSIT THAT THE OA SIGNAL MEDIATES ITS EFFECT BY MODULATING THE METHYLATION OF THE REGULATORY ELEMENT, WHICH THEN IMPACTS ON GENE EXPRESSION, WITH RUNX2 BEING THE PRINCIPAL TARGET. OUR STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION, OA GENETIC RISK AND THE DOWNSTREAM REGULATION OF GENES CRITICAL TO NORMAL JOINT FUNCTION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8 1909  40 ENRICHMENT OF GENOMIC PATHWAYS BASED ON DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN IN OLDER ADULTS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY. OUR STUDY AIMED TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPGS/REGIONS AND THEIR ENRICHED GENOMIC PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH UNDERLYING CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN IN OLDER INDIVIDUALS. WE RECRUITED COGNITIVELY HEALTHY OLDER ADULTS WITH (N = 20) AND WITHOUT (N = 9) SELF-REPORTED MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND COLLECTED DNA FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD THAT WAS ANALYZED USING METHYLATIONEPIC ARRAYS. WE IDENTIFIED 31,739 HYPERMETHYLATED CPG AND 10,811 HYPOMETHYLATED CPG PROBES (PS </= 0.05). ALL CPG PROBES WERE CLUSTERED INTO 5966 REGIONS, AMONG WHICH 600 REGIONS WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED AT P </= 0.05 LEVEL, INCLUDING 294 HYPERMETHYLATED REGIONS AND 306 HYPOMETHYLATED REGIONS (DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS). INGENUITY PATHWAY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT THE PAIN-RELATED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS WERE ENRICHED ACROSS MULTIPLE PATHWAYS. THE TOP 10 CANONICAL PATHWAYS WERE LINKED TO CELLULAR SIGNALING PROCESSES RELATED TO IMMUNE RESPONSES (I.E. ANTIGEN PRESENTATION, PROGRAMED CELL DEATH 1 RECEPTOR/PD-1 LIGAND 1, INTERLEUKIN-4, OX40 SIGNALING, T CELL EXHAUSTION, AND APOPTOSIS) AND GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR SIGNALING. FURTHER, WEIGHTED GENE CORRELATION NETWORK ANALYSIS REVEALED A COMETHYLATION NETWORK MODULE IN THE PAIN GROUP THAT WAS NOT PRESERVED IN THE CONTROL GROUP, WHERE THE HUB GENE WAS THE CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ATF-2. OUR PRELIMINARY FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW EPIGENETIC INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF ABERRANT IMMUNE SIGNALING IN MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN IN OLDER ADULTS WHILE FURTHER SUPPORTING INVOLVEMENT OF DYSFUNCTIONAL GABAERGIC SIGNALING MECHANISMS IN CHRONIC PAIN. OUR FINDINGS NEED TO BE URGENTLY REPLICATED IN LARGER COHORTS AS THEY MAY SERVE AS A BASIS FOR DEVELOPING AND TARGETING FUTURE INTERVENTIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9 1345  37 DETECTION OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS USING BAYES FACTOR FOR ORDINAL GROUP RESPONSES. RESEARCHERS IN GENOMICS ARE INCREASINGLY INTERESTED IN EPIGENETIC FACTORS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, BECAUSE THEY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT CHANGES IN THE DNA SEQUENCE. THERE HAVE BEEN SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES IN DEVELOPING STATISTICAL METHODS TO DETECT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) ASSOCIATED WITH BINARY DISEASE STATUS. MOST OF THESE METHODS ARE BEING DEVELOPED FOR DETECTING DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION RATES BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS. WE CONSIDER MULTIPLE SEVERITY LEVELS OF DISEASE, AND DEVELOP A BAYESIAN STATISTICAL METHOD TO DETECT THE REGION WITH INCREASING (OR DECREASING) METHYLATION RATES AS THE DISEASE SEVERITY INCREASES. PATIENTS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO MORE THAN TWO GROUPS, BASED ON THE DISEASE SEVERITY (E.G., STAGES OF CANCER), AND DMRS ARE DETECTED BY USING MOVING WINDOWS ALONG THE GENOME. WITHIN EACH WINDOW, THE BAYES FACTOR IS CALCULATED TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS OF MONOTONIC INCREASE IN METHYLATION RATES CORRESPONDING TO SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE VERSUS NO DIFFERENCE. A MIXED-EFFECT MODEL IS USED TO INCORPORATE THE CORRELATION OF METHYLATION RATES OF NEARBY CPG SITES IN THE REGION. RESULTS FROM EXTENSIVE SIMULATION INDICATE THAT OUR PROPOSED METHOD IS STATISTICALLY VALID AND REASONABLY POWERFUL. WE DEMONSTRATE OUR APPROACH ON A BISULFITE SEQUENCING DATASET FROM A CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) STUDY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10 1567  30 DNA METHYLATION OF THE KLF14 GENE REGION IN WHOLE BLOOD CELLS PROVIDES PREDICTION FOR THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE. KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR 14 (KLF14) GENE, WHICH APPEARS TO BE A MASTER REGULATOR OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH BMI AND TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2D) BY LARGE GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES. IN ORDER TO FIND PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF T2D, IT IS NECESSARY TO TAKE EPIGENOMIC CHANGES AFFECTED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INTO ACCOUNT. THIS STUDY FOCUSES ON AGEING AND OBESITY, WHICH ARE T2D RISK FACTORS, AND EXAMINES EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND INFLAMMATORY CHANGES. WE INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE KLF14 PROMOTER REGION IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF MICE FOR COMPARING AGING AND WEIGHT. WE FOUND THAT METHYLATION LEVELS OF THESE SITES WERE INCREASED WITH AGING AND WEIGHT IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE, THE KIDNEY, THE LUNG, THE COLON AND THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS. IN ADDITION, IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE WHOLE BLOOD, THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATORY LEVELS. MOREOVER, NOT ONLY KLF14, BUT ALSO EXPRESSION LEVELS OF SOME DOWNSTREAM GENES WERE DECREASED WITH METHYLATION IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT METHYLATION CHANGES OF KLF14 IN THOSE TISSUES MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND INFLAMMATION ON THE ADIPOSE TISSUE OF OBESITY AND T2D. IN ADDITION, THE METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS MAY SERVE AS A PREDICTIVE EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF T2D.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11 1584  26 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF SELECTED PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN ALZHEIMER DISEASE. BY MEANS OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS ANALYSIS, WE RECENTLY DESCRIBED THE MRNA EXPRESSION PROFILES OF VARIOUS GENES INVOLVED IN THE NEUROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE BRAINS OF SUBJECTS WITH LATE-ONSET ALZHEIMER DISEASE (LOAD). SOME OF THESE GENES, NAMELY INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6, SHOWED DISTINCT EXPRESSION PROFILES WITH PEAK EXPRESSION DURING THE FIRST STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND CONTROL-LIKE LEVELS AT LATER STAGES. IL-1BETA AND IL-6 GENES ARE MODULATED BY DNA METHYLATION IN DIFFERENT CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES; IT IS ALSO WELL KNOWN THAT LOAD MAY HAVE AN EPIGENETIC BASIS. INDEED, WE AND OTHERS HAVE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED GENE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN LOAD AND IN RELATED ANIMAL MODELS. BASED ON THESE DATA, WE STUDIED THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES, AT SINGLE CYTOSINE RESOLUTION, OF IL-1BETA AND IL-6 5'-FLANKING REGION BY BISULPHITE MODIFICATION IN THE CORTEX OF HEALTHY CONTROLS AND LOAD PATIENTS AT 2 DIFFERENT DISEASE STAGES: BRAAK I-II/A AND BRAAK V-VI/C. OUR ANALYSIS PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT NEUROINFLAMMATION IN LOAD IS ASSOCIATED WITH (AND POSSIBLY MEDIATED BY) EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  276  35 AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN MONOCYTE DNA METHYLATION AND IMMUNE FUNCTION IN HEALTHY KENYAN ADULTS AND CHILDREN. BACKGROUND: AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN ADAPTIVE AND INNATE IMMUNE CELLS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A DECLINE IN EFFECTIVE IMMUNITY AND CHRONIC, LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION. EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN MONOCYTES OCCUR WITH AGING, THOUGH MOST STUDIES TO DATE HAVE FOCUSED ON DIFFERENCES BETWEEN YOUNG ADULTS AND THE ELDERLY IN POPULATIONS WITH EUROPEAN ANCESTRY; FEW DATA EXIST REGARDING CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN CIRCULATING MONOCYTES DURING THE FIRST FEW DECADES OF LIFE OR IN AFRICAN POPULATIONS. WE ANALYZED DNA METHYLATION PROFILES, CYTOKINE PRODUCTION, AND INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES IN MONOCYTES FROM YOUNG ADULTS AND CHILDREN FROM WESTERN KENYA. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED SEVERAL HYPO- AND HYPER-METHYLATED CPG SITES IN MONOCYTES FROM KENYAN YOUNG ADULTS VS. CHILDREN THAT REPLICATED FINDINGS IN THE CURRENT LITERATURE OF DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION IN MONOCYTES FROM ELDERLY PERSONS VS. YOUNG ADULTS ACROSS DIVERSE POPULATIONS. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES WERE ALSO NOTED IN GENE REGIONS IMPORTANT TO INFLAMMATION AND INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES. MONOCYTES FROM KENYAN YOUNG ADULTS VS. CHILDREN DISPLAYED INCREASED PRODUCTION OF IL-8, IL-10, AND IL-12P70 IN RESPONSE TO TLR4 AND TLR2/1 STIMULATION AS WELL AS DISTINCT INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS COMPLEMENT PREVIOUS REPORTS OF AGE-RELATED METHYLATION CHANGES IN ISOLATED MONOCYTES AND PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF AGE-ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN INNATE IMMUNE FUNCTIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
13 3069  38 GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING IDENTIFIES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CD4+ AND CD14+ CELLS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATIENTS. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, WHICH DEVELOPS IN GENETICALLY PREDISPOSED INDIVIDUALS UPON EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES. ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS OF MS, SUCH AS VIRAL INFECTIONS OR SMOKING, WERE DEMONSTRATED TO AFFECT DNA METHYLATION, AND THUS TO INVOLVE THIS IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS. TO IDENTIFY MS-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION HALLMARKS, WE PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING OF TWO CELL POPULATIONS (CD4+ T-LYMPHOCYTES AND CD14+ MONOCYTES), COLLECTED FROM THE SAME TREATMENT-NAIVE RELAPSING-REMITTING MS PATIENTS AND HEALTHY SUBJECTS, USING ILLUMINA 450 K METHYLATION ARRAYS. WE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION FOR BOTH CELL POPULATIONS IN MS. IN CD4+ CELLS OF MS PATIENTS THE MAJORITY OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS) WERE SHOWN TO BE HYPOMETHYLATED, WHILE IN CD14+ CELLS - HYPERMETHYLATED. DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF HLA-DRB1 GENE IN CD4+ AND CD14+ CELLS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CARRIAGE OF DRB1*15 ALLELE INDEPENDENTLY FROM THE DISEASE STATUS. BESIDES, ABOUT 20% OF IDENTIFIED DMPS WERE SHARED BETWEEN TWO CELL POPULATIONS AND HAD THE SAME DIRECTION OF METHYLATION CHANGES; THEY MAY BE INVOLVED IN BASIC EPIGENETIC PROCESSES OCCURING IN MS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF DNA METHYLATION IN IMMUNE CELLS CONTRIBUTES TO MS; FURTHER STUDIES ARE NOW REQUIRED TO VALIDATE THESE RESULTS AND UNDERSTAND THEIR FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14 1508  36 DNA METHYLATION AND MRNA AND MICRORNA EXPRESSION OF SLE CD4+ T CELLS CORRELATE WITH DISEASE PHENOTYPE. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WELL KNOWN FOR ITS CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY, AND ITS ETIOLOGY SECONDARY TO A CROSS-TALK INVOLVING GENETIC PREDISPOSITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI. ALTHOUGH GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS HAS CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE GENETIC BASIS OF SLE, THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE OF EPIGENETICS. INDEED, RECENT DATA HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT IN PATIENTS WITH SLE, THERE ARE STRIKING ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND DEREGULATED MICRORNA EXPRESSION, THE SUM OF WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO OVER-EXPRESSION OF SELECT AUTOIMMUNE-RELATED GENES AND LOSS OF TOLERANCE. TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE AT THE LEVEL OF CLINICAL PHENOTYPE, WE PERFORMED DNA METHYLATION, MRNA AND MICRORNA EXPRESSION SCREENING USING HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING OF PURIFIED CD4+ T CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH SLE, COMPARED TO AGE AND SEX MATCHED CONTROLS. IN PARTICULAR, WE STUDIED 42 PATIENTS WITH SLE AND DIVIDED THIS GROUP INTO THREE CLINICAL PHENOTYPES: A) THE PRESENCE OF SKIN LESIONS WITHOUT SIGNS OF SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY; B) SKIN LESIONS BUT ALSO CHRONIC RENAL PATHOLOGY; AND C) SKIN LESIONS, CHRONIC RENAL PATHOLOGY AND POLYARTICULAR DISEASE. INTERESTINGLY, AND AS EXPECTED, SEQUENCING DATA REVEALED CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN SLE COMPARED TO CONTROLS. HOWEVER, AND MORE IMPORTANTLY, ALTHOUGH THERE WERE COMMON METHYLATION CHANGES FOUND IN ALL GROUPS OF SLE COMPARED TO CONTROLS, THERE WAS SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION CHANGES THAT CORRELATED WITH CLINICAL PHENOTYPE. THESE INCLUDED CHANGES IN THE NOVEL KEY TARGET GENES NLRP2, CD300LB AND S1PR3, AS WELL AS CHANGES IN THE CRITICAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING THE ADHERENS JUNCTION AND LEUKOCYTE TRANSENDOTHELIAL MIGRATION. WE ALSO NOTED THAT A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF GENES UNDERGOING DNA METHYLATION CHANGES WERE INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION AND THAT MIRNA SCREENING REVEALED THE EXISTENCE OF SUBSETS WITH CHANGES IN EXPRESSION. INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF THIS DATA HIGHLIGHTS SPECIFIC SETS OF MIRNAS CONTROLLED BY DNA METHYLATION, AND GENES THAT ARE ALTERED BY METHYLATION AND TARGETED BY MIRNAS. IN CONCLUSION, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST SELECT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO CLINICAL PHENOTYPES AND FURTHER SHED LIGHT ON A NEW VENUE FOR BASIC SLE RESEARCH.	2014	

15 5638  31 SERUM METABOLOMICS REVEALS PATHWAYS AND BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA PATHOGENESIS. BACKGROUND: ASTHMA IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE CAUSED BY COMPLEX INTERACTIONS OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. FOR THIS REASON, NEW APPROACHES ARE REQUIRED TO CLARIFY THE PATHOGENESIS OF ASTHMA BY SYSTEMIC REVIEW. OBJECTIVE: WE APPLIED A (1)H-NMR METABOLOMICS APPROACH TO INVESTIGATE THE ALTERED METABOLIC PATTERN IN SERA FROM PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA AND SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING ASTHMA AND POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS. METHOD: A GLOBAL PROFILE OF SERA FROM PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA (N = 39) AND CONTROLS (N = 26) WAS GENERATED USING (1)H-NMR SPECTROSCOPY COUPLED WITH MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. ENDOGENOUS METABOLITES IN SERUM WERE RAPIDLY MEASURED USING THE TARGET-PROFILING PROCEDURE. RESULTS: MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SHOWED A CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA AND HEALTHY SUBJECTS. SERA OF ASTHMA PATIENTS WERE CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED LEVELS OF METHIONINE, GLUTAMINE, AND HISTIDINE AND BY DECREASED LEVELS OF FORMATE, METHANOL, ACETATE, CHOLINE, O-PHOSPHOCHOLINE, ARGININE, AND GLUCOSE. THE METABOLITES DETECTED IN THE SERA OF PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA ARE INVOLVED IN HYPERMETHYLATION, RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA, AND IMMUNE REACTION. FURTHERMORE, THE LEVELS OF SERUM METABOLITES FROM PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA CORRELATED WITH ASTHMA SEVERITY; IN PARTICULAR, LIPID METABOLISM WAS ALTERED IN PATIENTS WITH LOWER FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN 1 S PERCENTAGE (FEV(1)%) PREDICTED VALUES. IN ADDITION, POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS SHOWED STRONG PREDICTIVE POWER IN ROC ANALYSIS, AND THE PRESENCE OF ASTHMA IN EXTERNAL VALIDATION MODELS WAS PREDICTED WITH HIGH ACCURACY (90.9% FOR ASTHMA AND 100% FOR CONTROL SUBJECTS). CONCLUSION & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: THESE DATA SHOWED THAT (1)H-NMR-BASED METABOLITE PROFILING OF SERUM MAY BE USEFUL FOR THE EFFECTIVE DIAGNOSIS OF ASTHMA AND A FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF ITS PATHOGENESIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16 1545  32 DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER TUMORIGENESIS IN FISH FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, ALTERATION IN DNA METHYLATION AND CANCER HAS BEEN WELL ESTABLISHED IN HUMANS; YET, IT IS UNDER-STUDIED IN UNSEQUENCED NON-MODEL ORGANISMS. THE OCCURRENCE OF LIVER TUMORS IN THE FLATFISH DAB COLLECTED AT CERTAIN UK SAMPLING SITES EXCEEDS 20%, YET THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS AND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TUMOR FORMATION ARE NOT KNOWN, ESPECIALLY REGARDING THE BALANCE BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC FACTORS. METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP) COMBINED WITH DE NOVO HIGH-THROUGHPUT DNA SEQUENCING WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN DAB HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA TUMORS FOR THE FIRST TIME IN AN UNSEQUENCED SPECIES. NOVEL CUSTOM-MADE DAB GENE EXPRESSION ARRAYS WERE DESIGNED AND USED TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. IN ADDITION, THE CONFIRMATORY TECHNIQUES OF BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR (BSP) AND RT-PCR WERE APPLIED. GENES INVOLVED IN PATHWAYS RELATED TO CANCER, INCLUDING APOPTOSIS, WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING AND GENOMIC AND NON-GENOMIC ESTROGEN RESPONSES, WERE ALTERED BOTH IN METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION. GLOBAL METHYLATION WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY 1.8-FOLD REDUCED IN HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA AND NON-CANCEROUS SURROUNDING TISSUES COMPARED WITH LIVER FROM NON-CANCER BEARING DAB. BASED ON THE IDENTIFIED CHANGES AND CHEMICAL EXPOSURE DATA, OUR STUDY SUPPORTS THE EPIGENETIC MODEL OF CANCER. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO A MIXTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS CONTRIBUTES TO A GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION FOLLOWED BY FURTHER EPIGENETIC AND GENOMIC CHANGES. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST A LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, EPIGENETICS AND CANCER IN FISH TUMORS IN THE WILD AND SHOW THE UTILITY OF THIS METHODOLOGY FOR STUDIES IN NON-MODEL ORGANISMS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17 6720  32 VITAMIN D METABOLISM GENES ARE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC KNEE PAIN. CONTEXT: RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VITAMIN D MAY INTERACT WITH THE EPIGENOME AND PLAY A ROLE IN THE PAIN EXPERIENCE. IN ORDER FOR PROPER FUNCTIONING TO OCCUR, THERE MUST BE AN ADEQUATE LEVEL OF VITAMIN D PRESENT, MADE POSSIBLE BY ENZYMATIC REACTIONS THAT ALLOW VITAMIN D TO BE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXPLORE THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF GENES INVOLVED IN VITAMIN D METABOLISM IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT CHRONIC KNEE PAIN. PROCEDURES: COMMUNITY-DWELLING INDIVIDUALS RECRUITED AS PART OF A LARGER STUDY FOCUSED ON KNEE PAIN PROVIDED DEMOGRAPHIC, CLINICAL AND PAIN-RELATED INFORMATION, AS WELL AS AN INTRAVENOUS BLOOD SAMPLE TO DETERMINE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AT CPG SITES. MAIN FINDINGS: THERE WERE DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION BETWEEN THOSE WITH AND WITHOUT PAIN IN GENES THAT CODE FOR ENZYMES RELATED TO VITAMIN D METABOLISM: CYP24A1 (24-HYDROXYLASE) AND CYP27B1 (1-?-HYDROXYLASE). THERE WAS ALSO HYPERMETHYLATION ON THE GENE THAT CODES FOR THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR (VDR). PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EXPRESSION OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN VITAMIN D METABOLISM AND CELLULAR FUNCTION. THESE RESULTS LAY GROUNDWORK IN UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND CHRONIC PAIN.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18 3076  36 GENOME-WIDE EPIGENOMIC ANALYSES IN PATIENTS WITH NOCICEPTIVE AND NEUROPATHIC CHRONIC PAIN SUBTYPES REVEALS ALTERATIONS IN METHYLATION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE NEURO-MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. NOCICEPTIVE PAIN INVOLVES THE ACTIVATION OF NOCICEPTORS WITHOUT DAMAGE TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, WHEREAS NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS RELATED TO AN ALTERATION IN THE CENTRAL OR PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CHRONIC PAIN ITSELF AND THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN MAY BE EPIGENETICALLY CONTROLLED. IN THIS CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY, A GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING THE BLOOD DNA REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) TECHNIQUE. THREE PROSPECTIVE COHORTS INCLUDING 20 HEALTHY CONTROLS (CTL), 18 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NOCICEPTIVE PAIN (NOCI), AND 19 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NEURO) WERE COMPARED AT BOTH THE SINGLE CPG AND DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION (DMR) LEVELS. GENES WITH DMRS WERE SEEN IN THE NOCI AND NEURO GROUPS BELONGED TO THE NEURO-MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM AND DIFFERED BETWEEN NOCI AND NEURO PATIENTS. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC DISTURBANCES ACCOMPANYING NOCICEPTIVE PAIN ARE VERY DIFFERENT FROM THOSE ACCOMPANYING NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THE FORMER, AMONG OTHERS, THE EPIGENETIC DISTURBANCE OBSERVED WOULD AFFECT THE FUNCTION OF THE OPIOID ANALGESIC SYSTEM, WHEREAS IN THE LATTER IT WOULD AFFECT THAT OF THE GABAERGIC REWARD SYSTEM. THIS STUDY PRESENTS BIOLOGICAL FINDINGS THAT HELP TO CHARACTERIZE NOCI- AND NEURO-AFFECTED PATHWAYS AND OPENS THE POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING EPIGENETIC DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS. PERSPECTIVE: OUR RESULTS HELP TO EXPLAIN THE VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS MODIFICATIONS UNDERLYING THE DIFFERENT CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NOCICEPTIVE AND NEUROPATHIC PAINS. FURTHERMORE, THE NEW TARGETS IDENTIFIED IN OUR STUDY MIGHT HELP TO DISCOVER MORE SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR NOCICEPTIVE OR NEUROPATHIC PAINS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19 2631  40 EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF WHOLE BLOOD GENE EXPRESSION IN FRAMINGHAM HEART STUDY PARTICIPANTS PROVIDES MOLECULAR INSIGHT INTO THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF CHRNA5 IN CIGARETTE SMOKING-RELATED LUNG DISEASES. BACKGROUND: DNA METHYLATION IS A KEY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT CAN DIRECTLY AFFECT GENE REGULATION. DNA METHYLATION IS HIGHLY INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS CIGARETTE SMOKING, WHICH IS CAUSALLY RELATED TO CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND LUNG CANCER. TO DATE, THERE HAVE BEEN FEW LARGE-SCALE, COMBINED ANALYSES OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION AND THEIR INTERRELATIONS WITH LUNG DISEASES. RESULTS: WE PERFORMED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF WHOLE BLOOD GENE EXPRESSION IN ~ 6000 INDIVIDUALS FROM FOUR COHORTS. WE DISCOVERED AND REPLICATED NUMEROUS CPGS ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXPRESSION OF CIS GENES WITHIN 500 KB OF EACH CPG, WITH 148 TO 1,741 CIS CPG-TRANSCRIPT PAIRS IDENTIFIED ACROSS COHORTS. WE FOUND THAT THE CLOSER A CPG RESIDED TO A TRANSCRIPTION START SITE, THE LARGER ITS EFFECT SIZE, AND THAT 36% OF CIS CPG-TRANSCRIPT PAIRS SHARE THE SAME CAUSAL GENETIC VARIANT. MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSES REVEALED THAT HYPOMETHYLATION AND LOWER EXPRESSION OF CHRNA5, WHICH ENCODES A SMOKING-RELATED NICOTINIC RECEPTOR, ARE CAUSALLY LINKED TO INCREASED RISK OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER. THIS PUTATIVELY CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP WAS FURTHER VALIDATED IN LUNG TISSUE DATA. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS PROVIDE A LARGE AND COMPREHENSIVE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF WHOLE BLOOD DNA METHYLATION WITH GENE EXPRESSION. EXPRESSION PLATFORM DIFFERENCES RATHER THAN POPULATION DIFFERENCES ARE CRITICAL TO THE REPLICATION OF CIS CPG-TRANSCRIPT PAIRS. THE LOW REPRODUCIBILITY OF TRANS CPG-TRANSCRIPT PAIRS SUGGESTS THAT DNA METHYLATION REGULATES NEARBY RATHER THAN REMOTE GENE EXPRESSION. THE PUTATIVELY CAUSAL ROLES OF METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF CHRNA5 IN RELATION TO COPD AND LUNG CANCER PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR A MECHANISTIC LINK BETWEEN PATTERNS OF SMOKING-RELATED EPIGENETIC VARIATION AND LUNG DISEASES, AND HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR LUNG DISEASES AND SMOKING CESSATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20 2820  27 FINE-MAPPING INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE LOCI TO SINGLE-VARIANT RESOLUTION. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES ARE CHRONIC GASTROINTESTINAL INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS THAT AFFECT MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED 200 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE-ASSOCIATED LOCI, BUT FEW HAVE BEEN CONCLUSIVELY RESOLVED TO SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS. HERE WE REPORT FINE-MAPPING OF 94 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE LOCI USING HIGH-DENSITY GENOTYPING IN 67,852 INDIVIDUALS. WE PINPOINT 18 ASSOCIATIONS TO A SINGLE CAUSAL VARIANT WITH GREATER THAN 95% CERTAINTY, AND AN ADDITIONAL 27 ASSOCIATIONS TO A SINGLE VARIANT WITH GREATER THAN 50% CERTAINTY. THESE 45 VARIANTS ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED FOR PROTEIN-CODING CHANGES (N = 13), DIRECT DISRUPTION OF TRANSCRIPTION-FACTOR BINDING SITES (N = 3), AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MARKS (N = 10), WITH THE LAST CATEGORY SHOWING ENRICHMENT IN SPECIFIC IMMUNE CELLS AMONG ASSOCIATIONS STRONGER IN CROHN'S DISEASE AND IN GUT MUCOSA AMONG ASSOCIATIONS STRONGER IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SUGGEST THAT HIGH-RESOLUTION FINE-MAPPING IN LARGE SAMPLES CAN CONVERT MANY DISCOVERIES FROM GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES INTO STATISTICALLY CONVINCING CAUSAL VARIANTS, PROVIDING A POWERFUL SUBSTRATE FOR EXPERIMENTAL ELUCIDATION OF DISEASE MECHANISMS.	2017