1 3026 139 GENETICS OF BEHCET'S DISEASE: FUNCTIONAL GENETIC ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATING DISEASE HERITABILITY. BEHCET'S DISEASE IS A CHRONIC MULTISYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT ORAL AND GENITAL ULCERS. ALTHOUGH ITS ETIOLOGY REMAINS UNCLEAR, IT IS THOUGHT THAT BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF BEHCET'S DISEASE. HERE, WE PROVIDE AN UPDATED VIEW OF THE GENETIC LANDSCAPE AND ARCHITECTURE OF BEHCET'S DISEASE. LARGE-SCALE GENETIC STUDIES PERFORMED TO DATE REVEALED 21 GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE AT A GWAS LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (P-VALUE = 5 X 10(-8)). WE PERFORMED EPIGENETIC PATTERN ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS IN BEHCET'S DISEASE ASSOCIATED LOCI, PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ITS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. OUR DATA SUGGEST THE CRUCIAL INVOLVEMENT OF SEVERAL IMMUNE CELL TYPES, INCLUDING NATURAL KILLER CELLS, MONOCYTES, AND B CELLS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. PATHWAY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES INVOLVED. USING LARGE-SCALE GENETIC DATA AVAILABLE FROM ~200 IMMUNE-RELATED LOCI (IMMUNOCHIP), WE ESTIMATE BEHCET'S DISEASE HERITABILITY TO BE AT LEAST 16%. WE FURTHER USED THE SAME APPROACH TO ESTIMATE THE HERITABILITY EXPLAINED BY THE KNOWN BEHCET'S DISEASE-ASSOCIATED LOCI, SUGGESTING THAT THEY EXPLAIN ~ 60% OF THE GENETIC COMPONENT UNDERLYING BEHCET'S DISEASE. THESE RESULTS INDICATE A SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF NON-GENETIC FACTORS IN CAUSING BEHCET'S DISEASE AND THAT ADDITIONAL GENETIC VARIATION INFLUENCING THE RISK OF BEHCET'S DISEASE REMAINS TO BE IDENTIFIED. FINALLY, WE CALCULATED A CUMULATIVE GENETIC RISK SCORE ACROSS POPULATIONS REINFORCING THE LINK BETWEEN GEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS IN DISEASE PREVALENCE WITH ITS GENETIC COMPONENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2  822  31 CHARACTERIZATION OF BLOOD SURROGATE IMMUNE-METHYLATION BIOMARKERS FOR IMMUNE CELL INFILTRATION IN CHRONIC INFLAMMAGING DISORDERS. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS ARE BOTH CHRONIC AGE- AND INFLAMMATION-DEPENDENT DISEASES. IN ADDITION, ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN AD PATIENTS INDICATING COMMON INVOLVEMENT OF VASCULAR COMPONENTS IN BOTH DISEASE ETIOLOGIES. RECENTLY, EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, AND IN PARTICULARLY DNA METHYLATION CHANGES FOR BOTH DISORDERS. WE HYPOTHESIZED THE EXISTENCE OF A COMMON DNA METHYLATION PROFILE IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND AD WHICH MAY BE VALUABLE AS A BLOOD-BASED DNA METHYLATION INFLAMMAGING BIOMARKER. USING PUBLICLY AVAILABLE 450K ILLUMINA METHYLATION DATASETS, WE IDENTIFIED A CO-METHYLATION NETWORK ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND AD IN WHOLE BLOOD SAMPLES. THIS METHYLATION PROFILE APPEARED TO INDICATE SHIFTS IN BLOOD IMMUNE CELL TYPE DISTRIBUTION. REMARKABLY, SIMILAR METHYLATION CHANGES WERE ALSO DETECTED IN DISEASE TISSUES, INCLUDING AD BRAIN TISSUES, ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES, AND TUMORS AND WERE FOUND TO CORRELATE WITH IMMUNE CELL INFILTRATION. IN ADDITION, THIS IMMUNE-RELATED METHYLATION PROFILE COULD ALSO BE DETECTED IN OTHER INFLAMMAGING DISEASES, INCLUDING PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND OBESITY, BUT NOT IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, SCHIZOPHRENIA, AND OSTEOPOROSIS. IN CONCLUSION, WE IDENTIFIED A BLOOD-BASED IMMUNE-RELATED DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE IN MULTIPLE INFLAMMAGING DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN BLOOD IMMUNE CELL COUNTS AND PREDICTIVE FOR IMMUNE CELL INFILTRATION IN DISEASED TISSUES. IN ADDITION TO EPIGENETIC CLOCK MEASUREMENTS, THIS IMMUNE-METHYLATION SIGNATURE MAY BECOME A VALUABLE BLOOD-BASED BIOMARKER TO PREVENT CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE DEVELOPMENT OR MONITOR LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION STRATEGIES WHICH PROMOTE HEALTHY AGING.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3 3023  33 GENETICS AND IMMUNODYSFUNCTION UNDERLYING BEHCET'S DISEASE AND IMMUNOMODULANT TREATMENT APPROACHES. BEHCET'S DISEASE (BD) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE CONDITION PRIMARILY PREVALENT IN POPULATIONS ALONG THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. THE EXACT ETIOLOGY OF BD HAS NOT BEEN FULLY EXPLAINED YET, BUT THE DISEASE OCCURRENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A GENETIC FACTOR, HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA)-B51 ANTIGEN. AMONG THE VARIOUS IMMUNODYSFUNCTIONS THAT ARE FOUND IN BD, PATIENTS ARE INCREASED NEUTROPHIL MOTILITY AND SUPEROXIDE PRODUCTION, AS WELL AS ELEVATED PRODUCTION OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)-ALPHA AND DECREASED PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-10. ELEVATED LEVELS OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES LIKE IL-1 AND IL-17 IN BD HAVE BEEN FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF MICRORNA. GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN BD PATIENTS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN MOLECULES INVOLVED IN RESPONSES TO PATHOGENS THAT CAN ULTIMATELY MODULATE THE HOST ANTIMICROBIAL RESPONSE. MOREOVER, SEVERAL SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN GENES ENCODING CHEMOKINES AND ADHESION MOLECULES; MANY OF THESE CHANGES MANIFEST AS INCREASES IN VASCULAR INFLAMMATION AND VASCULAR DAMAGE. LASTLY, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED AS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BD. MODIFICATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION HAVE BEEN FOUND IN BD PATIENT MONOCYTES AND LYMPHOCYTES, LEADING TO ADVERSE FUNCTION OF THESE CELLS. THIS REVIEW PRESENTS A COMPREHENSIVE COMPILATION OF THE LITERATURE WITH REGARD TO THE IMMUNODYSFUNCTION UNDERLYING BD, AS WELL AS OF THE GENETICS, NEWLY DESCRIBED CLINICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGIES USING IMMUNOMODULANTS BASED ON THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF BD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4 2945  30 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BASIS OF PSORIASIS PATHOGENESIS. PSORIASIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE WHOSE PREVALENCE VARIES AMONG DIFFERENT POPULATIONS WORLDWIDE. IT IS A COMPLEX MULTI-FACTORIAL DISEASE AND THE EXACT ETIOLOGY IS LARGELY UNKNOWN. FAMILY BASED STUDIES HAVE INDICATED A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HOWEVER THEY CANNOT FULLY EXPLAIN THE DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. IN ADDITION TO GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL AS WELL AS GENDER AND AGE RELATED FACTORS WERE ALSO BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED. RECENTLY, IMBALANCES IN EPIGENETIC NETWORKS ARE INDICATED TO BE CAUSATIVE ELEMENTS IN PSORIASIS. THE PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF EPIGENETIC INVOLVEMENT, MAINLY THE DNA METHYLATION, CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AND MIRNA DEREGULATION IS SURVEYED HERE. AN INTEGRATED APPROACH CONSIDERING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ANOMALIES IN THE LIGHT OF IMMUNOLOGICAL NETWORK MAY EXPLORE THE PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
5 1518  32 DNA METHYLATION AS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION ARE A GROUP OF THE KEY CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PATHWAYS THAT LEAD TO INHERITED ALTERATIONS IN GENES' ACTIVITY WITHOUT CHANGING THEIR CODING SEQUENCE. DNA METHYLATION AT THE C5 POSITION OF CYTOSINE IN CPG DINUCLEOTIDES IS AMONGST THE CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. CURRENTLY, THE NUMBER OF STUDIES THAT ARE DEVOTED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF METHYLATION PATTERNS SPECIFIC TO MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS), A SEVERE CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, IS ON A RAPID RISE. HOWEVER, THE ISSUE OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF DNA METHYLATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIFFERENT CLINICAL PHENOTYPES OF THIS HIGHLY HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE HAS ONLY BEGUN TO ATTRACT THE ATTENTION OF RESEARCHERS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE DATA ON THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DNA METHYLATION AND THE MS RISK FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AND, THEREBY, MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF THE GENES INVOLVED IN THE DISEASE'S PATHOGENESIS. THE FOCUS OF OUR ATTENTION IS CENTERED ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE PUBLISHED DATA ON THE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF DNA FROM VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES OF MS PATIENTS OBTAINED USING BOTH THE CANDIDATE GENE APPROACH AND HIGH-THROUGHPUT METHODS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6 3027  36 GENETICS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A COMPLEX DISEASE WITH MULTIFACTORIAL BACKGROUND, BASED ON THE INTERACTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE CLEARLY RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE. HOWEVER, FAMILY AND TWIN STUDIES SUGGESTED GENETICS FACTORS TO BE ONE OF THE IMPORTANT DETERMINANTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COPD. DIFFERENT APPROACHES HAVE BEEN USED TO IDENTIFY GENES OF INTEREST. GENOMEWIDE LINKAGE ANALYSIS FOUND AREAS OF INTEREST ON DIFFERENT CHROMOSOMES, WITH SOME GENES LOCATED IN THIS REGIONS BEING IDENTIFIED AND REPLICATED AS SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES. NUMEROUS OF CANDIDATE GENES THAT COULD BE LINKED TO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN COPD GENETICS. HOWEVER, THE CANDIDATE GENE APPROACH IS OFTEN LIMITED BY INCONSISTENT RESULTS IN OTHER STUDY POPULATIONS. RECENTLY, A COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT METHODS IS USED GIVING MORE EVIDENCE FOR SOME CANDIDATE GENES, INCLUDING TGFBETA-1, SURFACTANT, SERPINE2 AND MICROSOMAL EPOXIDE HYDROLASE. IN THE FUTURE ONGOING EXACT PHENOTYPE DEFINITION, COMBINATION OF SEVERAL APPROACHES, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES AND ANIMAL MODEL GENETICS WILL LEAD TO NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE GENETICS OF COPD, WITH EPIGENETIC FACTORS NEEDS TO BE FURTHER INVESTIGATED AND CONSIDERED IN CONCERT WITH GENETIC FINDINGS.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7 2017  31 EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS IN RHEUMATOLOGY - THE FUTURE? EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE STABLE MODIFICATIONS OF DNA OR HISTONES THAT PROFOUNDLY ALTER GENE EXPRESSION. THEY CAN BE CHANGED BY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND CAN THEN BE PASSED ON TO DAUGHTER CELLS OR VIA THE GERM LINE TO OFFSPRING. A VARIETY OF CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC MARKS AND IN THE EXPRESSION OF NONCODING RNA HAS BEEN FOUND IN CANCER AS WELL AS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. INTERESTINGLY, IN BOTH DISEASES SIMILAR MECHANISMS AND PATHWAYS ARE AFFECTED ALBEIT OFTEN TO A DIFFERENT EXTENT. DNA METHYLATION IS OFTEN LOST IN REPETITIVE SEQUENCES, WHILE IN PROMOTER REGIONS HYPO- AS WELL AS HYPERMETHYLATION IS FOUND. CHANGES IN MICRORNA LEVELS TYPICALLY AFFECT MICRORNAS THAT ARE CHANGED BY AN INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENT, BUT DISEASE SPECIFIC CHANGES HAVE ALSO BEEN FOUND IN THE BLOOD AND VARIOUS CELL TYPES OF PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND OTHER RHEUMATIC DISEASES. THEREFORE, CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF MICRORNA IN PARTICULAR, BUT ALSO DEMETHYLATED GENE LOCI, HAVE BEEN PROPOSED AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES AND IN CANCER. POTENTIALLY, THESE CHANGES COULD BE USED FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND ALSO TO PREDICT TREATMENT RESPONSE. UNFORTUNATELY MOST STUDIES IN RHEUMATOLOGY UP TO NOW WERE NOT DESIGNED TO VALIDATE THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES AS BIOMARKERS. SINCE THE CANCER FIELD IS MUCH MORE ADVANCED IN THE USAGE OF BIOMARKERS FOR DISEASE SUBCLASSIFICATIONS AND SUBSEQUENT THERAPEUTIC DECISIONS, IT IS WORTHWHILE TO TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT THE BIOMARKERS, METHODS AND PROCEDURES USED IN ONCOLOGY AND TO SEE WHICH OF THESE COULD ALSO BE APPLIED TO PREDICTING DISEASE SEVERITY AND THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES. THIS ARTICLE WILL HIGHLIGHT COMMON EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS ACTIVATED IN CANCER AND VARIOUS RHEUMATIC DISEASES AND SUMMARISE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO BECOME BIOMARKERS IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8 2558  37 EPIGENETICS IN SUSCEPTIBILITY, PROGRESSION, AND DIAGNOSIS OF PERIODONTITIS. PERIODONTITIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY IRREVERSIBLE DESTRUCTION OF PERIODONTAL TISSUE. AT PRESENT, THE ACCEPTED ETIOLOGY OF PERIODONTITIS IS BASED ON A THREE-FACTOR THEORY INCLUDING PATHOGENIC BACTERIA, HOST FACTORS, AND ACQUIRED FACTORS. PERIODONTITIS DEVELOPMENT USUALLY TAKES A DECADE OR LONGER AND IS THEREFORE CALLED CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS (CP). TO SEARCH FOR GENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CP, SEVERAL GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (GWAS) ANALYSES WERE CONDUCTED; HOWEVER, POLYMORPHISMS ASSOCIATED WITH CP HAVE NOT BEEN IDENTIFIED. EPIGENETICS, ON THE OTHER HAND, INVOLVES ACQUIRED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS DUE TO REVERSIBLY ALTERED CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY. EPIGENETIC STATUS IS A CONDITION SPECIFIC TO EACH TISSUE AND CELL, MOSTLY DETERMINED BY THE RESPONSES OF HOST CELLS TO STIMULATIONS BY LOCAL FACTORS, LIKE BACTERIAL INFLAMMATION, AND SYSTEMIC FACTORS SUCH AS NUTRITION STATUS, METABOLIC DISEASES, AND HEALTH CONDITIONS. SIGNIFICANTLY, EPIGENETIC STATUS HAS BEEN LINKED WITH THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF SEVERAL ACQUIRED DISEASES. THUS, EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN PERIODONTAL TISSUES ARE ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR PERIODONTITIS DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE INTRODUCE ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE TO REVEAL THE EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND EFFECTS RELATED TO PERIODONTITIS CAUSED BY GENETIC FACTORS, SYSTEMIC DISEASES, AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS SMOKING, AND CLARIFY THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH EPIGENETIC ALTERATION INFLUENCES THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PERIODONTITIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9 2920  42 GENE-SET ANALYSIS IS SEVERELY BIASED WHEN APPLIED TO GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION DATA. MOTIVATION: DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MARK THAT CAN STABLY REPRESS GENE EXPRESSION. BECAUSE OF ITS BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, SEVERAL METHODS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO COMPARE GENOME-WIDE PATTERNS OF METHYLATION BETWEEN GROUPS OF SAMPLES. THE APPLICATION OF GENE SET ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY RELEVANT GROUPS OF GENES THAT ARE ENRICHED FOR DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES IS OFTEN A MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE ANALYSIS OF THESE DATA. THIS CAN BE USED, FOR EXAMPLE, TO IDENTIFY PROCESSES OR PATHWAYS THAT ARE PERTURBED IN DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. WE SHOW THAT GENE-SET ANALYSIS, AS IT IS TYPICALLY APPLIED TO GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION ASSAYS, IS SEVERELY BIASED AS A RESULT OF DIFFERENCES IN THE NUMBERS OF CPG SITES ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT CLASSES OF GENES AND GENE PROMOTERS. RESULTS: WE DEMONSTRATE THIS BIAS USING PUBLISHED DATA FROM A STUDY OF DIFFERENTIAL CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN LUNG CANCER AND A DATASET WE GENERATED TO STUDY METHYLATION CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH LONG-STANDING ULCERATIVE COLITIS. WE SHOW THAT SEVERAL OF THE GENE SETS THAT SEEM ENRICHED WOULD ALSO BE IDENTIFIED WITH RANDOMIZED DATA. WE SUGGEST TWO EXISTING APPROACHES THAT CAN BE ADAPTED TO CORRECT THE BIAS. ACCOUNTING FOR THE BIAS IN THE LUNG CANCER AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS DATASETS PROVIDES NOVEL BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF METHYLATION IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, RESPECTIVELY. OUR RESULTS HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS FOR MANY PREVIOUS GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION STUDIES THAT HAVE DRAWN CONCLUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF SUCH STRONGLY BIASED ANALYSIS. CONTACT: CATHAL.SEOIGHE@NUIGALWAY.IE SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ARE AVAILABLE AT BIOINFORMATICS ONLINE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10 4961  34 PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS IN THE "OMIC" ERA. PART II. GENETIC, GENOMIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN PSORIASIS. PSORIASIS IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE IN WHICH GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION PLAY A KEY ROLE. IN THE "GENOMIC ERA", GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES TOGETHER WITH TARGET GENOTYPING PLATFORMS PERFORMED IN DIFFERENT ETHNIC POPULATIONS HAVE FOUND MORE THAN 50 GENETIC SUSCEPTIBLE MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE RISK OF PSORIASIS WHICH HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED SO FAR. UP TILL NOW, THE STRONGEST ASSOCIATION WITH THE RISK OF THE DISEASE HAS BEEN PROVED FOR HLA-C*06 GENE. THE MAJORITY OF OTHER PSORIASIS RISK SNPS ARE SITUATED NEAR THE GENES ENCODING MOLECULES INVOLVED IN ADAPTIVE AND INNATE IMMUNITY, AND SKIN BARRIER FUNCTION. MANY CONTEMPORARY STUDIES INDICATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES: HISTONE MODIFICATION, PROMOTER METHYLATIONS, LONG NON-CODING AND MICRO-RNA HYPEREXPRESSION ARE CONSIDERED AS FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO PSORIASIS PATHOGENESIS AS THEY REGULATE ABNORMAL KERATINOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATION, ABERRANT KERATINOCYTES - INFLAMMATORY CELLS COMMUNICATION, NEOANGIOGENESIS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THE CIRCULATING MIRNAS DETECTED IN THE BLOOD MAY BECOME SPECIFIC MARKERS IN THE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS AND RESPONSE TO THE TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE. THE INHIBITION OF EXPRESSION IN SELECTED MIRNAS MAY BE A NEW PROMISING THERAPY OPTION FOR PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11 5643  33 SEX AND AUTOIMMUNITY: PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF DISEASE ONSET AND SEVERITY. CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AFFECT 5-10% OF THE POPULATION WORLDWIDE AND ARE LARGELY PREDOMINANT IN WOMEN. SEX HORMONE CHANGES HAVE BEEN WIDELY INVESTIGATED BASED ON CHANGES IN THE CLINICAL PHENOTYPES OBSERVED DURING PREGNANCY AND MENOPAUSE. IT IS KNOWN THAT FEMALES WITH AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES MANIFEST A HIGHER RATE OF CIRCULATING LEUKOCYTES WITH A SINGLE X CHROMOSOME, AND THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL REPORTS ON THE ROLE OF X CHROMOSOME GENE DOSAGE THROUGH INACTIVATION OR DUPLICATION IN AUTOIMMUNITY. HOWEVER, IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT NOT TO OVERLOOK MEN WITH AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, WHO MIGHT MANIFEST A MORE FREQUENT LOSS OF THE Y CHROMOSOME IN CIRCULATING LEUKOCYTES. AREAS COVERED: IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, WE WILL DISCUSS THE CURRENT EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE MECHANISMS OF FEMALE PREDOMINANCE IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES, BY DISCUSSING THE ROLE OF REPRODUCTIVE HISTORY, SEX HORMONES AND ABNORMALITIES RELATED TO THEM, CLINICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE PATIENTS, AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT HAVE BEEN EVALUATED THROUGH TWIN STUDIES ON GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN RHEUMATIC PATIENTS. EXPERT OPINION: THE INFLUENCE OF SEX HORMONES AND CHROMOSOMES ON THE FUNCTION OF THE INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEMS NEEDS TO BE CLARIFIED, TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE RISK OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, EARLY DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS, AND THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12 3038  33 GENOME ENGINEERING FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS: FROM DESIGNER CELLS TO DISEASE-MODIFYING DRUGS. BACKGROUND: OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE INVOLVING JOINT CARTILAGE AND ITS SURROUNDING TISSUES. OA IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF PAIN AND DISABILITY WORLDWIDE. AT PRESENT, THERE ARE NO DISEASE-MODIFYING OA DRUGS, AND THE PRIMARY THERAPIES INCLUDE EXERCISE AND NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS UNTIL TOTAL JOINT REPLACEMENT AT THE END-STAGE OF THE DISEASE. METHODS: IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ASSOCIATIONS AND RISK FACTORS FOR OA AND THEIR POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS. RESULTS: GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES AND ANALYSIS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS (SUCH AS MIRNA EXPRESSION, DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS) CONDUCTED ACROSS VARIOUS POPULATIONS SUPPORT THE NOTION THAT THERE IS A GENETIC BASIS FOR CERTAIN SUBSETS OF OA PATHOGENESIS. CONCLUSION: WITH RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENOME EDITING TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS THE CRISPR-CAS9 SYSTEM, THESE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS IN OA CAN BE USED AS PLATFORMS FROM WHICH POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, DRUG RESPONSE, AND DEVELOPMENT OF POTENTIAL PERSONALIZED THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR OA CAN BE APPROACHED. FURTHERMORE, GENOME EDITING HAS ALLOWED THE DEVELOPMENT OF "DESIGNER" CELLS, WHEREBY THE RECEPTORS, GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS, OR TRANSGENES CAN BE MODIFIED AS A BASIS FOR NEW CELL-BASED THERAPIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13 2483  39 EPIGENETIC VARIATION AND HUMAN DISEASE. CYTOSINE GUANINE DINUCLEOTIDE (CPG) ISLAND METHYLATION IS A KNOWN MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE IN POSTMEIOTIC CELLS. THROUGH ASSOCIATED CHROMATIN CHANGES AND SILENCING, SUCH EPIGENETIC STATES CAN INFLUENCE CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND AFFECT DISEASE RISK AND SEVERITY. OUR STUDIES OF CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN NORMAL COLORECTAL MUCOSA REVEALED PROGRESSIVE AGE-RELATED INCREASES AT MULTIPLE GENE LOCI, SUGGESTING GENOME-WIDE MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS WITH POTENTIAL TO SILENCE GENE EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, THERE WAS CONSIDERABLE VARIATION IN THE DEGREE OF METHYLATION AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF COMPARABLE AGES. SUCH VARIATION COULD BE RELATED TO GENETIC FACTORS, LIFESTYLE, OR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. STUDIES IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CIRRHOSIS AND NEOPLASIA REVEALED THAT CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY STATES ARE ACCOMPANIED BY MARKED INCREASES IN CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN NORMAL-APPEARING TISSUES, CONFIRMING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PROINFLAMMATORY EXPOSURES COULD ACCOUNT FOR PART OF THE EPIGENETIC VARIATION IN HUMAN POPULATIONS. PRELIMINARY DATA ALSO SUGGEST POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF LIFESTYLE AND EXPOSURE FACTORS ON CPG ISLAND METHYLATION. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT EPIGENETIC VARIATION RELATED TO AGING, LIFESTYLE, EXPOSURES AND POSSIBLY GENETIC FACTORS, IS ONE OF THE MODULATORS OF ACQUIRED, AGE-RELATED HUMAN DISEASES, INCLUDING NEOPLASIA.	2002	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14 6013  37 THE APPLICATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION AS A BIOMARKER IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION IMPROVES PATIENT SURVIVAL AND QUALITY OF LIFE, LONG-TERM RESULTS ARE HAMPERED BY BOTH IMMUNE- AND NON-IMMUNE-MEDIATED COMPLICATIONS. CURRENT BIOMARKERS OF POST-TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS, SUCH AS ALLOGRAFT REJECTION, CHRONIC RENAL ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTION, AND CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, HAVE A SUBOPTIMAL PREDICTIVE VALUE. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT DIRECTLY AFFECTS GENE EXPRESSION AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PROCESSES SUCH AS ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY, FIBROSIS, AND ALLOREACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE. NOVEL TECHNIQUES CAN QUICKLY ASSESS THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF MULTIPLE LOCI IN DIFFERENT CELL TYPES, ALLOWING A DEEP AND INTERESTING STUDY OF CELLS' ACTIVITY AND FUNCTION. THEREFORE, DNA METHYLATION HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BECOME AN IMPORTANT BIOMARKER FOR PREDICTION AND MONITORING IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER OF GRAFT SURVIVAL AND COMPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF SEVERAL DATABASES HAS BEEN CONDUCTED. THE NEWCASTLE-OTTAWA SCALE AND THE JADAD SCALE HAVE BEEN USED TO ASSESS THE RISK OF BIAS FOR OBSERVATIONAL AND RANDOMIZED STUDIES, RESPECTIVELY. RESULTS: TWENTY ARTICLES REPORTING ON DNA METHYLATION AS A BIOMARKER FOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION WERE INCLUDED, ALL USING DNA METHYLATION FOR PREDICTION AND MONITORING. DNA METHYLATION PATTERN ALTERATIONS IN CELLS ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT TISSUES, SUCH AS KIDNEY BIOPSIES, URINE, AND BLOOD, HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY AND CHRONIC RENAL ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTION. THESE ALTERATIONS OCCURRED IN DIFFERENT AND SPECIFIC LOCI. DNA METHYLATION STATUS HAS ALSO PROVED TO BE IMPORTANT FOR IMMUNE RESPONSE MODULATION, HAVING A CRUCIAL ROLE IN REGULATORY T CELL DEFINITION AND ACTIVITY. RESEARCH ALSO FOCUSED ON A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF THIS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ASSESSMENT FOR REGULATORY T CELLS ISOLATION AND EXPANSION FOR FUTURE TOLERANCE INDUCTION-ORIENTED THERAPIES. CONCLUSIONS: STUDIES INCLUDED IN THIS REVIEW ARE HETEROGENEOUS IN STUDY DESIGN, BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES, AND OUTCOME. MORE COORDINATED INVESTIGATIONS ARE NEEDED TO AFFIRM DNA METHYLATION AS A CLINICALLY RELEVANT BIOMARKER IMPORTANT FOR PREVENTION, MONITORING, AND INTERVENTION.	2022	

15 3690  51 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, AND PATHOGENESIS. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBDS) ARE COMPLEX, MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC RELAPSING INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. ALTHOUGH ETIOLOGY REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN, RECENT RESEARCH HAS SUGGESTED THAT GENETIC FACTORS, ENVIRONMENT, MICROBIOTA, AND IMMUNE RESPONSE ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR A GENETIC CONTRIBUTION IS DEFINED: 15% OF PATIENTS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) HAVE AN AFFECTED FAMILY MEMBER WITH IBD, AND TWIN STUDIES FOR CD HAVE SHOWN 50% CONCORDANCE IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS COMPARED TO <10% IN DIZYGOTICS. THE MOST RECENT AND LARGEST GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES, WHICH EMPLOYED GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION DATA FOR OVER 75,000 PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, IDENTIFIED 163 SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI FOR IBD. MORE RECENTLY, A TRANS-ETHNIC ANALYSIS, INCLUDING OVER 20,000 INDIVIDUALS, IDENTIFIED AN ADDITIONAL 38 NEW IBD LOCI. ALTHOUGH MOST CASES ARE CORRELATED WITH POLYGENIC CONTRIBUTION TOWARD GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, THERE IS A SPECTRUM OF RARE GENETIC DISORDERS THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO EARLY-ONSET IBD (BEFORE 5 YEARS) OR VERY EARLY ONSET IBD (BEFORE 2 YEARS). GENETIC VARIANTS THAT CAUSE THESE DISORDERS HAVE A WIDE EFFECT ON GENE FUNCTION. THESE VARIANTS ARE SO RARE IN ALLELE FREQUENCY THAT THE GENETIC SIGNALS ARE NOT DETECTED IN GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF PATIENTS WITH IBD. WITH RECENT ADVANCES IN SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES, ~50 GENETIC DISORDERS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND ASSOCIATED WITH IBD-LIKE IMMUNOPATHOLOGY. MONOGENIC DEFECTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO ALTER INTESTINAL IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS THROUGH MANY MECHANISMS. CANDIDATE GENE RESEQUENCING SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT IN EARLY-ONSET PATIENTS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. THE EVIDENCE THAT GENETIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTE IN SMALL PART TO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS CONFIRMS THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICROBIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. EPIGENETIC FACTORS CAN MEDIATE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND GENOME. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS COULD AFFECT DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF IBD. EPIGENOMICS IS AN EMERGING FIELD, AND FUTURE STUDIES COULD PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16 4228  23 METHYLATION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN LUNG DISEASES. THIS CHAPTER OVERVIEWS ROLES OF DNA METHYLATION IN INFLAMMATORY CELL BIOLOGY WITH THE FOCUSES ON LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES/MONOCYTES IN LUNG DISEASES, ALTHOUGH THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH TARGET GENES ARE METHYLATED AND REGULATED IN LUNG DISEASES REMAIN UNCLEAR. MOST OF EPIGENETIC STUDIES ON DNA METHYLATION OF TARGET GENES IN LUNG DISEASES MAINLY DEMONSTRATED THE CORRELATION OF DNA METHYLATION OF TARGET GENES WITH THE LEVELS OF OTHER CORRESPONDING FACTORS, WITH THE SPECIFICITY OF CLINICAL PHENOMES, AND WITH THE SEVERITY OF LUNG DISEASES. THERE IS AN URGENT NEED TO IDENTIFY AND VALIDATE THE SPECIFICITY AND REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF INFLAMMATORY CELL EPIGENETICS IN DEPTH. THE EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY AMONG DIFFERENT SUBSETS OF T CELLS AND AMONG PROMOTERS OR NON-PROMOTERS OF TARGET GENES SHOULD BE FURTHERMORE CLARIFIED IN ACUTE OR CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES AND CANCERS. THE HYPER/HYPO-METHYLATION AND MODIFICATIONS OF CHROMOSOL AND EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA MAY RESULT IN ALTERNATIONS IN PROTEINS WITHIN INFLAMMATORY CELLS, WHICH CAN BE IDENTIFIED AS DISEASE-SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17 1844  34 EFFECTS OF THE LIFESTYLE HABITS IN BREAST CANCER TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. THROUGH RESEARCH CARRIED OUT IN THE LAST 25 YEARS ABOUT THE BREAST CANCER ETIOLOGY, IT HAS BEEN POSSIBLE TO ESTIMATE THAT LESS THAN 10 % OF PATIENTS WHO ARE DIAGNOSED WITH THE CONDITION ARE CARRIERS OF SOME GERMLINE OR SOMATIC MUTATION. THE CLINICAL REPORTS OF BREAST CANCER PATIENTS WITH HEALTHY TWINS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE IN WOMEN WITHOUT HIGH PENETRANCE MUTATIONS DETECTED, WARN THE PARTICIPATION MORE FACTORS IN THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS. THE HIGH INCIDENCE OF MAMMARY ADENOCARCINOMA IN THE MODERN WOMAN AND THE URGENT NEED FOR NEW METHODS OF PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION HAVE DEMANDED MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE ROLE THAT ENVIRONMENT AND LIFESTYLE HAVE ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF MAMMARY GLAND EPITHELIAL CELLS. OBESITY, ALCOHOLISM AND SMOKING ARE FACTORS THAT HAVE SHOWN A CLOSE CORRELATION WITH THE RISK OF DEVELOPING BREAST CANCER. AND ALTHOUGH THESE CONDITIONS AFFECT DIFFERENT CELL REGULATION LEVELS, THE STUDY OF ITS EFFECTS IN THE MECHANISMS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS CONSIDERED CRITICAL FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE LOSS OF IDENTITY OF EPITHELIAL CELLS DURING CARCINOGENESIS OF THIS TISSUE. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO ESTABLISH THE IMPORTANCE OF CHANGES OCCURRING TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL IN THE MAMMARY GLAND AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ACUTE OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HARMFUL PRODUCTS SUCH AS OBESITY-CAUSING FOODS, ETHANOL AND CIGARETTE SMOKE COMPONENTS. AT ANALYZE THE MAIN STUDIES RELATED TO TOPIC, IT HAS CONCLUDED THAT THE UNDERSTANDING OF EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE LIFESTYLE FACTORS IN PERFORMANCE OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS THAT DETERMINE GENE EXPRESSION OF THE MAMMARY GLAND EPITHELIAL CELLS, MAY HELP EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DISEASE IN WOMEN WITHOUT GENETIC PROPENSITY AND DIFFERENT PHENOTYPIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THIS CANCER TYPE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18 1546  27 DNA METHYLATION IN NASAL EPITHELIUM: STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF AN EMERGENT BIOMARKER FOR CHILDHOOD ASTHMA. ASTHMA IS ONE OF THE MOST WIDESPREAD CHRONIC RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS. THIS DISEASE PRIMARILY DEVELOPS IN CHILDHOOD AND IS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT FACTORS, MAINLY GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM WHICH MAY REPRESENT A BRIDGE BETWEEN THESE TWO FACTORS, PROVIDING A TOOL TO COMPREHEND THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENT. MOST EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THIS FIELD HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED USING BLOOD SAMPLES, ALTHOUGH DNA METHYLATION MARKS IN BLOOD MAY NOT BE RELIABLE FOR DRAWING EXHAUSTIVE CONCLUSIONS ABOUT DNA METHYLATION IN THE AIRWAYS. BECAUSE OF THE ROLE OF NASAL EPITHELIUM IN ASTHMA AND THE TISSUE SPECIFICITY OF DNA METHYLATION, STUDYING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND CHILDHOOD ASTHMA MIGHT REVEAL CRUCIAL INFORMATION ABOUT THIS WIDESPREAD RESPIRATORY DISEASE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO DESCRIBE CURRENT FINDINGS IN THIS FIELD OF RESEARCH. WE WILL PRESENT A VIEWPOINT OF SELECTED STUDIES, CONSIDER STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS, AND PROPOSE FUTURE RESEARCH IN THIS AREA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19 2507  37 EPIGENETICS AND OBESITY: THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAILS. OBESITY IS A COMPLEX DISEASE WITH MULTIPLE WELL-DEFINED RISK FACTORS. NEVERTHELESS, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OBESITY AND ITS SEQUELAE WITHIN OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENTS VARIES GREATLY FROM ONE PERSON TO THE NEXT, SUGGESTING A ROLE FOR GENE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF THE DISORDER. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE HUMAN GENOME PROVIDES A PUTATIVE MECHANISM BY WHICH SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES CONVEY RISK FOR OBESITY AND OTHER HUMAN DISEASES AND IS ONE POSSIBLE MECHANISM THAT UNDERLIES THE GENE X ENVIRONMENT/TREATMENT INTERACTIONS OBSERVED IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES AND CLINICAL TRIALS. A STUDY PUBLISHED IN BMC MEDICINE THIS MONTH BY WANG ET AL. REPORTS ON AN EXAMINATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES OF LEAN AND OBESE ADOLESCENTS, COMPARING METHYLATION PATTERNS BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS. THE AUTHORS IDENTIFIED TWO GENES THAT WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED, BOTH OF WHICH HAVE ROLES IN IMMUNE FUNCTION. HERE WE OVERVIEW THE FINDINGS FROM THIS STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF THOSE EMERGING FROM OTHER RECENT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES, DISCUSS THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE STUDY AND SPECULATE ON THE FUTURE OF EPIGENETICS IN CHRONIC DISEASE RESEARCH.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20 6159  37 THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. FATIGUE IS A COMMON SYMPTOM AND INCLUDES BOTH PHYSICAL AND MENTAL COMPONENTS. IT CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT SYNDROMES AND DISEASES, BUT IN MANY CASES IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER COMORBID CONDITIONS. MOST HUMANS HAVE EXPERIENCED ACUTE FATIGUE IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT STRESSORS. ACUTE FATIGUE TYPICALLY DECREASES AS THE EFFECT OF THE TRIGGERING FACTOR IS REDUCED AND A NORMAL HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE IS RESTORED. FATIGUE THAT PERSISTS FOR 6 MONTHS OR MORE IS TERMED CHRONIC FATIGUE. CHRONIC FATIGUE (CF) IN COMBINATION WITH A MINIMUM OF 4 OF 8 SYMPTOMS AND THE ABSENCE OF DISEASES THAT COULD EXPLAIN THESE SYMPTOMS, CONSTITUTE THE CASE DEFINITION FOR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. IN SPITE OF ITS PREVALENCE, THE BIOLOGY OF FATIGUE IS RELATIVELY POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAVE NOT YET BEEN IDENTIFIED. THIS LITERATURE SEARCH WAS PERFORMED IN PUBMED TO IDENTIFY RESEARCH ON THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. PUBLICATIONS WERE INCLUDED IF FATIGUE WAS A MAJOR TOPIC AND THE TOPIC WAS COMBINED WITH GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC MEASUREMENTS IN ADULT HUMANS. A TOTAL OF 40 PUBLICATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED. ALTHOUGH ALTERED FUNCTIONING IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, THE SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM, AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH INFECTIOUS AGENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, THE SEARCH FOR GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF FATIGUE, EITHER IN THE CONTEXT OF CF OR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS) HAS BEEN RELATIVELY UNPRODUCTIVE OR, IN THE CASE OF EPIGENETICS, NONEXISTENT. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL STUDIES, BOTH HYPOTHESIS-TESTING AND HYPOTHESIS-GENERATING, HAVE BEEN PERFORMED TO SEARCH FOR BIOMARKERS, THEY HAVE MOSTLY BEEN UNDERPOWERED, RESTRICTED BY THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE PHENOTYPE, OR LIMITED BY AN UNSYSTEMATIC STUDY DESIGN. TO BE ABLE TO CONFIRM THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RISK FOR, OR LEVELS OF, FATIGUE ARE INFLUENCED BY THE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND OF AN INDIVIDUAL, STUDIES NEED TO BE BASED ON LARGER SAMPLE SIZES WITH A MORE CLEARLY DEFINED PHENOTYPE. STUDIES NEED TO FOCUS NOT ONLY ON THE INFLUENCE OF A SINGLE ASPECT SUCH AS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) OR DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION ON DISEASE RISK OR STATE, BUT ALSO ON THE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY BEHIND THE DISEASE IN COMBINATION WITH INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND VALIDATION OF FINDINGS IN FUNCTIONAL STUDIES.	2010