1 2911 171 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF LOSS OF TET2 AND/OR JAK2V617F MUTANT HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS FROM MOUSE MODELS OF MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPNS) ARE CLINICALLY CHARACTERIZED BY THE CHRONIC OVERPRODUCTION OF DIFFERENTIATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS AND THE GRADUAL EXPANSION OF MALIGNANT INTRAMEDULLARY/EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS. IN MPNS MUTATIONS IN JAK2 MPL OR CALR ARE DETECTED MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE IN MORE THAN 90% OF CASES [1,2]. MUTATIONS IN THEM LEAD TO THE ABNORMAL ACTIVATION OF JAK/STAT SIGNALING AND THE AUTONOMOUS GROWTH OF DIFFERENTIATED CELLS THEREFORE THEY ARE CONSIDERED AS "DRIVER" GENE MUTATIONS. IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE DRIVER GENE MUTATIONS MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORS SUCH AS TET2 DNMT3A ASXL1 EZH2 OR IDH1/2 ARE DETECTED IN ABOUT 5%-30% OF CASES RESPECTIVELY [3]. MUTATIONS IN TET2 DNMT3A EZH2 OR IDH1/2 COMMONLY CONFER THE INCREASED SELF-RENEWAL CAPACITY ON NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS) BUT THEY DO NOT LEAD TO THE AUTONOMOUS GROWTH OF DIFFERENTIATED CELLS AND ONLY EXHIBIT SUBTLE CLINICAL PHENOTYPES [4,6-8,5]. IT WAS UNCLEAR HOW MUTATIONS IN SUCH EPIGENETIC REGULATORS INFLUENCED ABNORMAL HSCS WITH DRIVER GENE MUTATIONS HOW THEY INFLUENCED THE DISEASE PHENOTYPE OR WHETHER A SINGLE DRIVER GENE MUTATION WAS SUFFICIENT FOR THE INITIATION OF HUMAN MPNS. THEREFORE WE FOCUSED ON JAK2V617F AND LOSS OF TET2-THE FORMER AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF DRIVER GENE MUTATIONS AND THE LATTER AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORS-AND EXAMINED THE INFLUENCE OF SINGLE OR DOUBLE MUTATIONS ON HSCS (LINEAGE(-)SCA-1(+)C-KIT(+) CELLS (LSKS)) BY FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES AND MICROARRAY WHOLE-GENOME EXPRESSION ANALYSES [9]. GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING SHOWED THAT THE HSC FINGERPRINT GENES [10] WAS STATISTICALLY EQUALLY ENRICHED IN TET2-KNOCKDOWN-LSKS BUT NEGATIVELY ENRICHED IN JAK2V617F-LSKS COMPARED TO THAT IN WILD-TYPE-LSKS. DOUBLE-MUTANT-LSKS SHOWED THE SAME TENDENCY AS JAK2V617F-LSKS IN TERMS OF THEIR HSC FINGERPRINT GENES BUT THE EXPRESSION OF INDIVIDUAL GENES DIFFERED BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS. AMONG 245 HSC FINGERPRINT GENES 100 WERE MORE HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN DOUBLE-MUTANT-LSKS THAN IN JAK2V617F-LSKS. THESE ALTERED GENE EXPRESSIONS MIGHT PARTLY EXPLAIN THE MECHANISMS OF INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF MPNS WHICH WAS OBSERVED IN THE FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES [9]. HERE WE DESCRIBE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES DEPOSITED AT THE GENE EXPRESSION OMNIBUS (GEO) UNDER THE ACCESSION NUMBER GSE62302 INCLUDING EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND QUALITY CONTROL ANALYSES.	2015	

2 1043  55 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND WHOLE EXOME/TRANSCRIPTOME SEQUENCING OF COEXISTING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND MYELOFIBROSIS. MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPNS) ARE CLONAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL (HSC) DISORDERS THAT CAN BE CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF GENETIC, CLINICAL, PHENOTYPIC FEATURES. GENETIC LESIONS SUCH AS JAK2 MUTATIONS AND BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION ARE OFTEN MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE IN MPN PATIENTS AND LEAD TO ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA, POLYCYTHEMIA VERA, OR MYELOFIBROSIS OR CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, RESPECTIVELY. NEVERTHELESS, COEXISTENCE OF THESE GENETIC ABERRATIONS IN THE SAME PATIENT HAS BEEN REPORTED. WHETHER THESE ABERRATIONS OCCUR IN THE SAME STEM CELL OR A DIFFERENT CELL IS UNCLEAR, BUT AN UNSTABLE GENOME IN THE HSCS SEEMS TO BE THE COMMON ANTECEDENT. IN AN EFFORT TO CHARACTERIZE THE UNDERLYING GENETIC EVENTS THAT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE APPEARANCE OF MORE THAN ONE MPN IN A PATIENT, WE STUDIED NEOPLASTIC CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH DUAL MPNS BY NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING. WE OBSERVED THAT MOST PATIENTS WITH TWO MPNS HARBORED MUTATIONS IN GENES KNOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS THROUGH ALTERED EPIGENETIC REGULATION SUCH AS TET2, ASXL1/2, SRSF2, AND IDH2 AT VARYING FREQUENCIES (1%-47%). IN ADDITION, WE FOUND THAT SOME PATIENTS ALSO HARBORED ONCOGENIC MUTATIONS IN N/KRAS, TP53, BRAF, EZH2, AND GNAS AT LOW FREQUENCIES, WHICH PROBABLY REPRESENT CLONAL EVOLUTION. THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS FROM MPN PATIENTS HARBOR MULTIPLE GENETIC ABERRATIONS, SOME OF WHICH CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CLONAL DOMINANCE. ACQUIRING MUTATIONS IN JAK2/CALR/MPL OR THE BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION PROBABLY DRIVE THE ONCOGENIC PHENOTYPE TOWARDS A SPECIFIC MPN. FURTHER, WE PROPOSE THAT THE ACQUISITION OF BCR-ABL IN THESE PATIENTS IS FREQUENTLY A SECONDARY EVENT RESULTING FROM AN UNSTABLE GENOME.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3  144  32 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PROFILE OF CHRONIC AND TRANSFORMED CLASSIC PHILADELPHIA-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. MOST DNA METHYLATION STUDIES IN CLASSIC PHILADELPHIA-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED ON A GENE-BY-GENE BASIS. THEREFORE, A MORE COMPREHENSIVE METHYLATION PROFILING IS NEEDED TO STUDY THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS EPIGENETIC MARKER IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. HERE, WE HAVE ANALYZED 71 CHRONIC (24 POLYCYTHEMIA VERA, 23 ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA AND 24 PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS) AND 13 TRANSFORMED MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS USING GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ARRAYS. THE THREE TYPES OF CHRONIC PHILADELPHIA-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS SHOWED A SIMILAR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERN WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROL SAMPLES. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS WERE ENRICHED IN A GENE NETWORK CENTERED ON THE NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, INDICATING THAT THEY MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THESE DISEASES. IN THE CASE OF TRANSFORMED MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS, WE DETECTED AN INCREASED NUMBER OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS WITH RESPECT TO CHRONIC MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. INTERESTINGLY, THESE GENES WERE ENRICHED IN A LIST OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN PRIMARY ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND IN A GENE NETWORK CENTERED AROUND THE IFN PATHWAY. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ALTERATIONS IN THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND LEUKEMIC TRANSFORMATION OF MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. THE THERAPEUTIC MODULATION OF EPIGENETICALLY-DEREGULATED PATHWAYS MAY ALLOW US TO DESIGN TARGETED THERAPIES FOR THESE PATIENTS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4 1628  36 DNMT3A AND TET2 DOMINATE CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS AND DEMONSTRATE BENIGN PHENOTYPES AND DIFFERENT GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS. AGE-ASSOCIATED CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS CAUSED BY ACQUIRED MUTATIONS IN MYELOID CANCER-ASSOCIATED GENES IS HIGHLY PREVALENT IN THE NORMAL POPULATION. ITS ETIOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL IMPACT ON HEMATOPOIESIS, AND ONCOGENIC RISK IS POORLY DEFINED AT THIS TIME. TO GAIN INSIGHT INTO THIS PHENOMENON, WE ANALYZED A COHORT OF 2530 RELATED AND UNRELATED HEMATOLOGICALLY NORMAL INDIVIDUALS (AGES 55 TO 101 YEARS). WE USED A SENSITIVE GENE-TARGETED DEEP SEQUENCING APPROACH TO GAIN PRECISION ON THE EXACT PREVALENCE OF DRIVER MUTATIONS AND THE PROPORTIONS OF AFFECTED GENES. MUTATIONAL STATUS WAS CORRELATED WITH BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS. WE REPORT A HIGHER OVERALL PREVALENCE OF DRIVER MUTATIONS (13.7%), WHICH OCCURRED MOSTLY (93%) IN DNMT3A OR TET2 AND WERE HIGHLY AGE-CORRELATED. MUTATION IN THESE 2 GENES HAD SOME DISTINCTIVE EFFECTS ON END POINTS. TET2 MUTATIONS WERE MORE AGE-DEPENDENT, ASSOCIATED WITH A MODEST NEUTROPENIC EFFECT (9%, P = .012), DEMONSTRATED FAMILIAL AGGREGATION, AND ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. MUTATIONS IN DNMT3A HAD NO IMPACT ON BLOOD COUNTS OR INDICES. MUTATIONAL BURDEN OF BOTH GENES CORRELATED WITH X-INACTIVATION SKEWING BUT NO SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WITH AGE-ADJUSTED TELOMERE LENGTH REDUCTION WAS DOCUMENTED. THE DISCORDANCE BETWEEN THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF MUTATIONS IN THESE 2 GENES AND THEIR LIMITED BIOLOGICAL IMPACT RAISE THE QUESTION OF THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF DYSREGULATED EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS IN NORMAL AGING HEMATOPOIESIS, WHICH MAY INCLUDE SUPPORT TO FAILING HEMATOPOIESIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5 4680  46 NEW MUTATIONS AND PATHOGENESIS OF MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPNS) ARE CLONAL DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF MATURE BLOOD CELLS. IN THE MAJORITY OF CLASSIC MPN--POLYCYTHEMIA VERA, ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA, AND PRIMITIVE MYELOFIBROSIS--DRIVER ONCOGENIC MUTATIONS AFFECTING JANUS KINASE 2 (JAK2) OR MPL LEAD TO CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF CYTOKINE-REGULATED INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS. LNK, C-CBL, OR SOCSS (ALL NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF SIGNALING PATHWAYS), ALTHOUGH INFREQUENTLY TARGETED, MAY EITHER DRIVE THE DISEASE OR SYNERGIZE WITH JAK2 AND MPL MUTATIONS. IZF1 DELETIONS OR TP53 MUTATIONS ARE MAINLY FOUND AT TRANSFORMATION PHASES AND ARE PRESENT AT GREATER FREQUENCY THAN IN DE NOVO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIAS. LOSS-OF-FUNCTION MUTATIONS IN 3 GENES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION, TET2, ASXL1, AND EZH2, MAY BE EARLY EVENTS PRECEDING JAK2V617F BUT MAY ALSO OCCUR LATE DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION. THEY ARE MORE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN PMF THAN PV AND ET AND ARE ALSO PRESENT IN OTHER TYPES OF MALIGNANT MYELOID DISEASES. A LIKELY HYPOTHESIS IS THAT THEY FACILITATE CLONAL SELECTION, ALLOWING THE DOMINANCE OF THE JAK2V617F SUBCLONE DURING THE CHRONIC PHASE AND, TOGETHER WITH COOPERATING MUTATIONS, PROMOTE BLAST CRISIS. THEIR PRECISE ROLES IN HEMATOPOIESIS AND IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MPN, AS WELL AS THEIR PROGNOSTIC IMPACT AND POTENTIAL AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET, ARE CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6  535  39 ASXL1 MUTATION CORRECTION BY CRISPR/CAS9 RESTORES GENE FUNCTION IN LEUKEMIA CELLS AND INCREASES SURVIVAL IN MOUSE XENOGRAFTS. RECURRENT SOMATIC MUTATIONS OF THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIER AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ASXL1 ARE COMMON IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR CLINICAL OUTCOME. CRISPR/CAS9 HAS RECENTLY EMERGED AS A POWERFUL AND VERSATILE GENOME EDITING TOOL FOR GENOME ENGINEERING IN VARIOUS SPECIES. WE HAVE USED THE CRISPR/CAS9 SYSTEM TO CORRECT THE ASXL1 HOMOZYGOUS NONSENSE MUTATION PRESENT IN THE CML CELL LINE KBM5, WHICH LACKS ASXL1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION. CRISPR/CAS9-MEDIATED ASXL1 HOMOZYGOUS CORRECTION RESULTED IN PROTEIN RE-EXPRESSION WITH RESTORED NORMAL FUNCTION, INCLUDING DOWN-REGULATION OF POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 TARGET GENES. SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED CELL GROWTH AND INCREASED MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION WERE OBSERVED IN ASXL1 MUTATION-CORRECTED CELLS, PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF ASXL1 IN HUMAN MYELOID CELL DIFFERENTIATION. MICE XENOGRAFTED WITH MUTATION-CORRECTED KBM5 CELLS SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY LONGER SURVIVAL THAN UNCORRECTED XENOGRAFTS. THESE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE SOLE CORRECTION OF A DRIVER MUTATION IN LEUKEMIA CELLS INCREASES SURVIVAL IN VIVO IN MICE. THIS STUDY PROVIDES PROOF-OF-CONCEPT FOR DRIVER GENE MUTATION CORRECTION VIA CRISPR/CAS9 TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN LEUKEMIA CELLS AND PRESENTS A STRATEGY TO ILLUMINATE THE IMPACT OF ONCOGENIC MUTATIONS ON CELLULAR FUNCTION AND SURVIVAL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7 4547  27 MUTATION ALLELE BURDEN REMAINS UNCHANGED IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA RESPONDING TO HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS. THE CYTIDINE ANALOGUES AZACYTIDINE AND 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (DECITABINE) ARE COMMONLY USED TO TREAT MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, WITH OR WITHOUT A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE COMPONENT. IT REMAINS UNCLEAR WHETHER THE RESPONSE TO THESE HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS RESULTS FROM A CYTOTOXIC OR AN EPIGENETIC EFFECT. IN THIS STUDY, WE ADDRESS THIS QUESTION IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA. WE DESCRIBE A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MUTATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF THESE TUMOURS, COMBINING WHOLE-EXOME AND WHOLE-GENOME SEQUENCING. WE IDENTIFY AN AVERAGE OF 14+/-5 SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN CODING SEQUENCES OF SORTED MONOCYTE DNA AND THE SIGNATURES OF THREE MUTATIONAL PROCESSES. SERIAL SEQUENCING DEMONSTRATES THAT THE RESPONSE TO HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION, WITHOUT ANY DECREASE IN THE MUTATION ALLELE BURDEN, NOR PREVENTION OF NEW GENETIC ALTERATION OCCURENCE. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT CYTOSINE ANALOGUES RESTORE A BALANCED HAEMATOPOIESIS WITHOUT DECREASING THE SIZE OF THE MUTATED CLONE, ARGUING FOR A PREDOMINANTLY EPIGENETIC EFFECT.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8 2781  36 EZH2 IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES HAS GREATLY ADVANCED IN THE PAST DECADE. ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) IS THE CATALYTIC CORE COMPONENT OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2), WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR GENE SILENCING THROUGH TRIMETHYLATION OF H3K27. EZH2 DYSREGULATION IS HIGHLY TUMORIGENIC AND HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN VARIOUS CANCERS, WITH EZH2 ACTING AS AN ONCOGENE OR A TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR DEPENDING ON CELLULAR CONTEXT. WHILE LOSS-OF-FUNCTION MUTATIONS OF EZH2 FREQUENTLY AFFECT PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS, MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND MYELOFIBROSIS, CASES OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) SEEM TO BE LARGELY CHARACTERIZED BY EZH2 OVEREXPRESSION. A VARIETY OF OTHER FACTORS FREQUENTLY ABERRANT IN MYELOID LEUKEMIA CAN AFFECT PRC2 FUNCTION AND DISEASE PATHOGENESIS, INCLUDING ADDITIONAL SEX COMBS LIKE 1 (ASXL1) AND SPLICING GENE MUTATIONS. AS THE GENETIC BACKGROUND OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES IS LARGELY HETEROGENEOUS, IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT EZH2 MUTATIONS ACT IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER ABERRATIONS. SINCE EZH2 MUTATIONS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE EARLY EVENTS IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS, THEY ARE OF THERAPEUTIC INTEREST TO RESEARCHERS, THOUGH TARGETING OF EZH2 LOSS-OF-FUNCTION DOES PRESENT UNIQUE CHALLENGES. PRELIMINARY RESEARCH INDICATES THAT COMBINED TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (TKI) AND EZH2 INHIBITOR THERAPY MAY PROVIDE A STRATEGY TO ELIMINATE THE RESIDUAL DISEASE BURDEN IN CML TO ALLOW PATIENTS TO REMAIN IN TREATMENT-FREE REMISSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9 6852  38 [MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS: UPDATES ON MOLECULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES]. MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPNS) ARE CHRONIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DISORDERS, INCLUDING POLYCYTHEMIA VERA, ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTOSIS, AND PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS. THE JAK2V617F MUTATION WAS IDENTIFIED IN 2005, FOLLOWED BY THE DISCOVERY OF THE JAK2 EXON12, MPNW515 MUTATION, AND CALR MUTATION. ABOUT 90% OF PATIENTS WITH BCR/ABL NEGATIVE MPNS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE ONE OF THESE DRIVER MUTATIONS. IN ADDITION, MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORS AND RNA SPLICING GENES WERE FOUND TO CO-EXIST WITH DRIVER MUTATIONS AND TO PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN THE DISEASE PROGRESSION OF MPNS. CURRENTLY, EVALUATIONS OF THESE GENE MUTATIONS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF MPNS, AND ARE ALSO NECESSARY FOR ESTIMATING THE CLINICAL COURSE AND THE RISK OF DISEASE PROGRESSION. GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MPNS WERE BASED ON THE RESULTS OF LARGE CLINICAL TRIALS. FURTHERMORE, RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENESIS OF MPNS ARE ANTICIPATED TO PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF MPN-TARGETED THERAPIES SUCH AS JAK2 INHIBITORS. CLINICAL TRIALS FOR PATIENTS WITH PMF AND PV HAVE CONFIRMED THE EFFICACIES OF JAK2 INHIBITORS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10 3098  41 GENOMIC DISRUPTION OF THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE SETD2 IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA. HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES (HMTS) ARE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND ARE DISRUPTED AT THE GENOMIC LEVEL IN A SPECTRUM OF HUMAN TUMOURS INCLUDING HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. USING HIGH-RESOLUTION SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM (SNP) ARRAYS, WE IDENTIFIED RECURRENT DELETIONS OF THE SETD2 LOCUS IN 3% (8/261) OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) PATIENTS. FURTHER VALIDATION IN TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS SHOWED THAT SETD2 DELETIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH LOSS OF TP53, GENOMIC COMPLEXITY AND CHROMOTHRIPSIS. WITH NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING WE DETECTED MUTATIONS OF SETD2 IN AN ADDITIONAL 3.8% OF PATIENTS (23/602). IN MOST CASES, SETD2 DELETIONS OR MUTATIONS WERE OFTEN OBSERVED AS A CLONAL EVENT AND ALWAYS AS A MONO-ALLELIC LESION, LEADING TO REDUCED MRNA EXPRESSION IN SETD2-DISRUPTED CASES. PATIENTS WITH SETD2 ABNORMALITIES AND WILD-TYPE TP53 AND ATM FROM FIVE CLINICAL TRIALS EMPLOYING CHEMOTHERAPY OR CHEMO-IMMUNOTHERAPY HAD REDUCED PROGRESSION-FREE AND OVERALL SURVIVAL COMPARED WITH CASES WILD TYPE FOR ALL THREE GENES. CONSISTENT WITH ITS POSTULATED ROLE AS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR, OUR DATA HIGHLIGHT SETD2 ABERRATION AS A RECURRENT, EARLY LOSS-OF-FUNCTION EVENT IN CLL PATHOBIOLOGY LINKED TO AGGRESSIVE DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
11 1674  40 DRIVER MUTATIONS IN LEUKEMIA PROMOTE DISEASE PATHOGENESIS THROUGH A COMBINATION OF CELL-AUTONOMOUS AND NICHE MODULATION. STUDIES OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) HAVE LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF MUTATIONS THAT AFFECT DIFFERENT CELLULAR PATHWAYS. SOME OF THESE HAVE BEEN CLASSIFIED AS PRELEUKEMIC, AND A STEPWISE EVOLUTION PROGRAM WHEREBY CELLS ACQUIRE ADDITIONAL MUTATIONS HAS BEEN PROPOSED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AML. HOW THE TIMING OF ACQUISITION OF THESE MUTATIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON TRANSFORMATION AND THE BONE MARROW (BM) MICROENVIRONMENT OCCURS HAS ONLY RECENTLY BEGUN TO BE INVESTIGATED. WE SHOW THAT CONSTITUTIVE AND EARLY LOSS OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR, TET2, WHEN COMBINED WITH CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF FLT3, RESULTS IN TRANSFORMATION OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA-LIKE OR MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM-LIKE PHENOTYPE TO AML, WHICH IS MORE PRONOUNCED IN DOUBLE-MUTANT MICE RELATIVE TO MICE CARRYING MUTATIONS IN SINGLE GENES. FURTHERMORE, WE SHOW THAT IN PRELEUKEMIC AND LEUKEMIC MICE THERE ARE ALTERATIONS IN THE BM NICHE AND SECRETED CYTOKINES, WHICH CREATES A PERMISSIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR THE GROWTH OF MUTATION-BEARING CELLS RELATIVE TO NORMAL CELLS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12 2966  28 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILING OF CLL DISEASE PROGRESSION REVEALS LIMITED SOMATIC EVOLUTION AND SUGGESTS A RELATIONSHIP TO MEMORY-CELL DEVELOPMENT. WE EXAMINED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION FROM INDOLENT TO AGGRESSIVE FORMS OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) USING SERIAL SAMPLES FROM 27 PATIENTS. ANALYSIS OF DNA MUTATIONS GROUPED THE LEUKEMIA CASES INTO THREE CATEGORIES: EVOLVING (26%), EXPANDING (26%) AND STATIC (47%). THUS, APPROXIMATELY THREE-QUARTERS OF THE CLL CASES HAD LITTLE TO NO GENETIC SUBCLONAL EVOLUTION. HOWEVER, WE IDENTIFIED SIGNIFICANT RECURRENT DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING PROGRESSION AT 4752 CPGS ENRICHED FOR REGIONS NEAR POLYCOMB 2 REPRESSIVE COMPLEX (PRC2) TARGETS. PROGRESSION-ASSOCIATED CPGS NEAR THE PRC2 TARGETS UNDERGO METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE SAME DIRECTION DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION AS DURING NORMAL DEVELOPMENT FROM NAIVE TO MEMORY B CELLS. OUR STUDY SHOWS THAT CLL PROGRESSION DOES NOT TYPICALLY OCCUR VIA SUBCLONAL EVOLUTION, BUT THAT CERTAIN CPG SITES UNDERGO RECURRENT METHYLATION CHANGES. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST CLL PROGRESSION MAY INVOLVE DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES SHARED IN COMMON WITH THE GENERATION OF NORMAL MEMORY B CELLS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13   59  34 A GENOME-WIDE SCREEN IDENTIFIES FREQUENTLY METHYLATED GENES IN HAEMATOLOGICAL AND EPITHELIAL CANCERS. BACKGROUND: GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE A HALLMARK OF BOTH EPITHELIAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENS ARE REQUIRED TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT CAN BE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC PURPOSES ACROSS MALIGNANCIES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THE USE OF THE MIRA ASSAY (METHYLATED CPG ISLAND RECOVERY ASSAY) IN COMBINATION WITH GENOME-WIDE CPG ISLAND ARRAYS TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MARKERS IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE. WE IDENTIFIED 30 GENES DEMONSTRATING METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF > OR =25% IN CHILDHOOD ALL, NINE GENES SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT METHYLATION FREQUENCIES IN B VS T-ALL. FOR MAJORITY OF THE GENES EXPRESSION COULD BE RESTORED IN METHYLATED LEUKEMIA LINES AFTER TREATMENT WITH 5-AZADC. FORTY-FOUR PERCENT OF THE GENES REPRESENT TARGETS OF THE POLYCOMB COMPLEX. IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) TWO OF THE GENES, (TFAP2A AND EBF2), DEMONSTRATED INCREASED METHYLATION IN BLAST CRISIS COMPARED TO CHRONIC PHASE (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE HYPERMETHYLATION OF AN AUTOPHAGY RELATED GENE ATG16L2 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB TREATMENT. LASTLY WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TEN OF THESE GENES WERE ALSO FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS. CONCLUSION: IN SUMMARY WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES SHOWING FREQUENT METHYLATION IN CHILDHOOD ALL, METHYLATION STATUS OF TWO OF THESE GENES IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE IN CML AND METHYLATION STATUS OF ANOTHER GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGNOSIS. IN ADDITION A SUBSET OF THESE GENES MAY ACT AS EPIGENETIC MARKERS ACROSS HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AS WELL AS COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
14 4530  35 MULTILAYER INTRACLONAL HETEROGENEITY IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF CELLS THAT COMPOSE MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, I.E., THE RESPECTIVE ROLES OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY IN THIS DIVERSITY, REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THIS QUESTION IS ADDRESSED IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, A MYELOID NEOPLASM IN WHICH CLINICAL DIVERSITY CONTRASTS WITH LIMITED GENETIC HETEROGENEITY. TO GENERATE INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL CLONES, WE REPROGRAMMED CD34(+) CELLS COLLECTED FROM A PATIENT WITH A CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IN WHICH WHOLE EXOME SEQUENCING OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTE DNA HAD IDENTIFIED 12 GENE MUTATIONS, INCLUDING A MUTATION IN KDM6A AND TWO HETEROZYGOUS MUTATIONS IN TET2 IN THE FOUNDING CLONE AND A SECONDARY KRAS(G12D) MUTATION. CD34(+) CELLS FROM AN AGE-MATCHED HEALTHY DONOR WERE ALSO REPROGRAMMED. WE CAPTURED A PART OF THE GENETIC HETEROGENEITY OBSERVED IN THE PATIENT, I.E. WE ANALYZED FIVE CLONES WITH TWO GENETIC BACKGROUNDS, WITHOUT AND WITH THE KRAS(G12D) MUTATION. HEMATOPOIETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF THESE CLONES RECAPITULATED THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE PATIENT'S DISEASE, INCLUDING OVERPRODUCTION OF GRANULOMONOCYTES AND DYSMEGAKARYOPOIESIS. THESE ANALYSES ALSO DISCLOSED SIGNIFICANT DISCREPANCIES IN THE BEHAVIOR OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS DERIVED FROM INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL CLONES WITH SIMILAR GENETIC BACKGROUND, CORRELATING WITH LIMITED EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THESE ANALYSES SUGGEST THAT, BEYOND THE CODING MUTATIONS, SEVERAL LEVELS OF INTRACLONAL HETEROGENEITY MAY PARTICIPATE IN THE YET UNEXPLAINED CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY OF THE DISEASE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15 1076  38 CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS CONFERS A PREDISPOSITION TO BOTH THROMBOSIS AND CANCER. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPN) AND MORE SPECIFICALLY AIMS TO DISCUSS THE CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE EXISTENCE OF A LINK BETWEEN CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS, CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS (CVE), AND SOLID CANCER (SC). RECENT FINDINGS: THE MPN NATURAL HISTORY IS DRIVEN BY UNCONTROLLED CLONAL MYELOPROLIFERATION SUSTAINED BY ACQUIRED SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN DRIVER (JAK2, CALR, AND MPL) AND NON-DRIVER GENES, INVOLVING EPIGENETIC (E.G., TET2, DNMT3A) REGULATORS, CHROMATIN REGULATOR GENES (E.G., ASXL1, EZH2), AND SPLICING MACHINERY GENES (E.G., SF3B1). THE GENOMIC ALTERATIONS AND ADDITIONAL THROMBOSIS ACQUIRED RISK FACTORS ARE DETERMINANTS FOR CVE. THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS CAN ELICIT A CHRONIC AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION STATUS THAT ACTS AS DRIVING FORCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THROMBOSIS, MPN EVOLUTION, AND SECOND CANCER (SC). THIS NOTION MAY EXPLAIN THE MECHANISM THAT LINKS ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS IN MPN PATIENTS AND SUBSEQUENT SOLID TUMORS. IN THE LAST DECADE, CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS OF INDETERMINATE POTENTIAL (CHIP) HAS BEEN DETECTED IN THE GENERAL POPULATION PARTICULARLY IN THE ELDERLY AND INITIALLY FOUND IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND STROKE, RISING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE INFLAMMATORY STATUS CHIP-ASSOCIATED COULD CONFER PREDISPOSITION TO BOTH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND CANCER. IN SUMMARY, CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS IN MPN AND CHIP CONFER A PREDISPOSITION TO CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS AND CANCER THROUGH CHRONIC AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION. THIS ACQUISITION COULD OPEN NEW AVENUES FOR ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY BOTH IN MPNS AND IN GENERAL POPULATION BY TARGETING BOTH CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS AND INFLAMMATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
16 3641  38 INCREASED GENE EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES IN PATIENTS WITH PHILADELPHIA-NEGATIVE CHRONIC MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. MYELOPROLIFERATION, MYELOACCUMULATION (DECREASED APOPTOSIS), INFLAMMATION, BONE MARROW FIBROSIS AND ANGIOGENESIS ARE CARDINAL FEATURES OF THE PHILADELPHIA-NEGATIVE CHRONIC MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS: ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA (ET), POLYCYTHEMIA VERA (PV) AND PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS (PMF). HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) HAVE A CRITICAL ROLE IN MODULATING GENE EXPRESSION AND, ACCORDINGLY, IN THE CONTROL OF CELL PATHOBIOLOGY AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT. HDAC INHIBITION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INHIBIT TUMOR GROWTH (IMPAIRED MYELOPROLIFERATION), TO MODULATE THE BALANCE BETWEEN PRO- AND ANTIAPOPTOTIC PROTEINS IN FAVOR OF APOPTOSIS (ENHANCED APOPTOSIS) AND ALSO TO INHIBIT ANGIOGENESIS. RECENTLY, ENHANCED HDAC ENZYME ACTIVITY HAS BEEN FOUND IN CD34+CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH PMF, ENZYME ACTIVITY LEVELS HIGHLY EXCEEDING THOSE RECORDED IN OTHER CHRONIC MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (CMPNS). THE RAISED LEVELS CORRELATED TO THE DEGREE OF SPLENOMEGALY, SUGGESTING THAT HDAC MIGHT BE RECRUITED AS ET OR PV PROGRESSES INTO MYELOFIBROSIS OR PMF PROGRESSES INTO A MORE ADVANCED STAGE. ACCORDINGLY, HDAC INHIBITION IS AN OBVIOUS NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH IN THESE NEOPLASMS. USING GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF WHOLE BLOOD FROM PATIENTS WITH CMPNS, WE HAVE FOUND A PRONOUNCED DEREGULATION OF HDAC GENES, INVOLVING SIGNIFICANT UP-REGULATION OF THE HDAC GENES 9 AND 11, WITH THE HIGHEST EXPRESSION LEVELS BEING FOUND IN PATIENTS WITH ET (HDAC9 AND 11), PMF (HDAC9) AND CMPNS (BOTH HDAC9 AND HDAC11). FURTHERMORE, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THAT THE HDAC6 GENE IS PROGRESSIVELY EXPRESSED IN PATIENTS WITH ET, PV AND PMF, REFLECTING A STEADY ACCUMULATION OF ABNORMALLY EXPRESSED HDAC6 DURING DISEASE EVOLUTION. OUR RESULTS LEND FURTHER SUPPORT TO HDACS AS IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC TARGETS IN THE FUTURE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CMPNS. SINCE THE HIGHEST EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC GENES WERE RECORDED IN ET, IN PMF AND IN THE ENTIRE CMPN GROUP, THEIR DOWN-REGULATION BY HDAC INHIBITORS MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED DISEASE ACTIVITY, INCLUDING REDUCTION OF SPLENOMEGALY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17  825  37 CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT ENHANCERS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS (TES) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE IMPORTANT GENE REGULATORY FUNCTIONS AND THEIR ALTERATION COULD LEAD TO DISEASE PHENOTYPES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) DEVELOPS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF A SERIES OF GENETIC CHANGES IN HEMATOPOIETIC PRECURSOR CELLS, INCLUDING MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC FACTORS. HERE, WE SET OUT TO STUDY THE GENE REGULATORY ROLE OF TES IN AML. WE FIRST EXPLORED THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF TES IN AML PATIENTS USING ATAC-SEQ DATA. WE SHOW THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF TES IN GENERAL, AND MORE SPECIFICALLY MAMMALIAN-WIDE INTERSPERSED REPEATS (MIRS), ARE MORE ENRICHED IN AML CELLS THAN IN NORMAL BLOOD CELLS. WE OBTAINED A SIMILAR FINDING WHEN ANALYZING HISTONE MODIFICATION DATA IN AML PATIENTS. GENE ONTOLOGY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT GENES NEAR MIRS IN OPEN CHROMATIN REGIONS ARE INVOLVED IN LEUKEMOGENESIS. TO FUNCTIONALLY VALIDATE THEIR REGULATORY ROLE, WE SELECTED 19 MIR REGIONS IN AML CELLS, AND TESTED THEM FOR ENHANCER ACTIVITY IN AN AML CELL LINE (KASUMI-1) AND A CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CELL LINE (K562); THE RESULTS REVEALED SEVERAL MIRS TO BE FUNCTIONAL ENHANCERS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TES ARE POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN MYELOID LEUKEMOGENESIS AND HIGHLIGHT THESE SEQUENCES AS POTENTIAL CANDIDATES HARBORING AML-ASSOCIATED VARIATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18 5210  30 PRENEOPLASTIC ALTERATIONS DEFINE CLL DNA METHYLOME AND PERSIST THROUGH DISEASE PROGRESSION AND THERAPY. MOST HUMAN CANCERS CONVERGE TO A DEREGULATED METHYLOME WITH REDUCED GLOBAL LEVELS AND ELEVATED METHYLATION AT SELECT CPG ISLANDS. TO INVESTIGATE THE EMERGENCE AND DYNAMICS OF THE CANCER METHYLOME, WE CHARACTERIZED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION IN PRE-NEOPLASTIC MONOCLONAL B CELL LYMPHOCYTOSIS (MBL) AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), INCLUDING SERIAL SAMPLES COLLECTED ACROSS DISEASE COURSE. WE DETECTED THE ABERRANT TUMOR-ASSOCIATED METHYLATION LANDSCAPE AT CLL DIAGNOSIS AND FOUND NO SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN THE HIGH-COUNT MBL-TO-CLL TRANSITION. PATIENT METHYLOMES SHOWED REMARKABLE STABILITY WITH NATURAL DISEASE AND POST-THERAPY PROGRESSION. SINGLE CLL CELLS WERE CONSISTENTLY ABERRANTLY METHYLATED, INDICATING A HOMOGENEOUS TRANSITION TO THE ALTERED EPIGENETIC STATE, AND A DISTINCT EXPRESSION PROFILE TOGETHER WITH MBL CELLS COMPARED TO NORMAL B CELLS. OUR LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS REVEALS THE CANCER METHYLOME TO EMERGE EARLY, WHICH MAY PROVIDE A PLATFORM FOR SUBSEQUENT GENETICALLY-DRIVEN GROWTH DYNAMICS AND TOGETHER WITH ITS PERSISTENT PRESENCE SUGGESTS A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE NORMAL-TO-CANCER TRANSITION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19 2237  35 EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES: THE ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. MYELOID HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES ARE CLONAL BONE MARROW NEOPLASMS, COMPRISING OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), THE MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), THE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPN) AND SYSTEMIC MASTOCYTOSIS (SM). THE FIELD OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NORMAL AND MALIGNANT HEMATOPOIESIS IS RAPIDLY GROWING. IN RECENT YEARS, HETEROZYGOUS SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN GENES ENCODING EPIGENETIC REGULATORS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN ALL SUBTYPES OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, SUPPORTING THE RATIONALE FOR TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI) ARE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS THAT, IN VITRO, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE GROWTH ARREST, APOPTOTIC OR AUTOPHAGIC CELL DEATH, AND TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION OF MYELOID TUMOR CELLS. THESE EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED BOTH AT THE BULK TUMOR LEVEL AND IN THE MOST IMMATURE CD34(+)38(-) CELL COMPARTMENTS CONTAINING THE LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS. THUS, THERE IS A STRONG RATIONALE SUPPORTING HDACI THERAPY IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. HOWEVER, DESPITE INITIAL PROMISING RESULTS IN PHASE I TRIALS, HDACI IN MONOTHERAPY AS WELL AS IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER DRUGS, HAVE FAILED TO IMPROVE RESPONSES OR SURVIVAL. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE RATIONALE FOR HDACI IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, CLINICAL RESULTS AND SPECULATIONS ON WHY CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE THUS FAR NOT MET THE EXPECTATIONS, AND HOW THIS MAY BE IMPROVED IN THE FUTURE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20 2689  22 EVOLUTION OF DNA METHYLATION IS LINKED TO GENETIC ABERRATIONS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. ALTHOUGH CLONAL SELECTION BY GENETIC DRIVER ABERRATIONS IN CANCER IS WELL DOCUMENTED, THE ABILITY OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS TO PROMOTE TUMOR EVOLUTION IS UNDEFINED. WE USED 450K ARRAYS AND NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TO EVALUATE INTRATUMOR HETEROGENEITY AND EVOLUTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENETIC ABERRATIONS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). CLL CASES EXHIBIT VAST INTERPATIENT DIFFERENCES IN INTRATUMOR METHYLATION HETEROGENEITY, WITH GENETICALLY CLONAL CASES MAINTAINING LOW METHYLATION HETEROGENEITY AND UP TO 10% OF TOTAL CPGS IN A MONOALLELICALLY METHYLATED STATE. INCREASING METHYLATION HETEROGENEITY CORRELATES WITH ADVANCED GENETIC SUBCLONAL COMPLEXITY. SELECTION OF NOVEL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IS OBSERVED ONLY IN CASES THAT UNDERGO GENETIC EVOLUTION, AND INDEPENDENT GENETIC EVOLUTION IS UNCOMMON AND IS RESTRICTED TO LOW-RISK ALTERATIONS. THESE RESULTS REVEAL THAT ALTHOUGH EVOLUTION OF DNA METHYLATION OCCURS IN HIGH-RISK, CLINICALLY PROGRESSIVE CASES, POSITIVE SELECTION OF NOVEL METHYLATION PATTERNS ENTAILS COEVOLUTION OF GENETIC ALTERATION(S) IN CLL.	2014