1 2848 129 FREQUENT SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORS IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ALTHOUGH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE PROGNOSIS OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), THE ABILITY OF TKIS TO ERADICATE CML REMAINS UNCERTAIN AND PATIENTS MUST CONTINUE TKI THERAPY FOR INDEFINITE PERIODS. IN THIS STUDY, WE PERFORMED WHOLE-EXOME SEQUENCING TO IDENTIFY SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN 24 PATIENTS WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED CHRONIC PHASE CML WHO WERE REGISTERED IN THE JALSG CML212 STUDY. WE IDENTIFIED 191 SOMATIC MUTATIONS OTHER THAN THE BCR-ABL1 FUSION GENE (MEDIAN 8, RANGE 1-17). AGE, HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION AND WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS WERE CORRELATED WITH THE NUMBER OF MUTATIONS. PATIENTS WITH MUTATIONS ?6 SHOWED HIGHER RATE OF ACHIEVING MAJOR MOLECULAR RESPONSE THAN THOSE<6 (P=0.0381). MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR, ASXL1, TET2, TET3, KDM1A AND MSH6 WERE FOUND IN 25% OF PATIENTS. TET2 OR TET3, AKT1 AND RUNX1 WERE MUTATED IN ONE PATIENT EACH. ASXL1 WAS MUTATED WITHIN EXON 12 IN THREE CASES. MUTATED GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED WITH CELL SIGNALING AND CELL DIVISION PATHWAYS. FURTHERMORE, DNA COPY NUMBER ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT 2 OF 24 PATIENTS HAD UNIPARENTAL DISOMY OF CHROMOSOME 1P OR 3Q, WHICH DISAPPEARED MAJOR MOLECULAR RESPONSE WAS ACHIEVED. THESE MUTATIONS MAY PLAY SIGNIFICANT ROLES IN CML PATHOGENESIS IN ADDITION TO THE STRONG DRIVER MUTATION BCR-ABL1.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2  536  43 ASXL1 MUTATIONS PREDICT INFERIOR MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO NILOTINIB TREATMENT IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. GENE MUTATIONS INDEPENDENT OF BCR::ABL1 HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IN CHRONIC PHASE, WHEREBY MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MODIFIER GENES WERE MOST COMMON. THESE FINDINGS PROMPTED THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF PREVALENCE, DYNAMICS, AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SUCH MUTATIONS, IN A CLINICALLY WELL-CHARACTERIZED PATIENT POPULATION OF 222 CML PATIENTS FROM THE TIGER STUDY (CML-V) BY TARGETED NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING COVERING 54 MYELOID LEUKEMIA-ASSOCIATED GENES. IN TOTAL, 53/222 CML PATIENTS (24%) CARRIED 60 MUTATIONS AT DIAGNOSIS WITH ASXL1 BEING MOST COMMONLY AFFECTED (N = 20). TO STUDY MUTATION DYNAMICS, LONGITUDINAL DEEP SEQUENCING ANALYSIS OF SERIAL SAMPLES WAS PERFORMED IN 100 PATIENTS AFTER 12, 24, AND 36 MONTHS OF THERAPY. TYPICAL PATTERNS OF CLONAL EVOLUTION INCLUDED ERADICATION, PERSISTENCE, AND EMERGENCE OF MUTATED CLONES. PATIENTS CARRYING AN ASXL1 MUTATION AT DIAGNOSIS SHOWED A LESS FAVORABLE MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO NILOTINIB TREATMENT, AS A MAJOR MOLECULAR RESPONSE (MMR) WAS ACHIEVED LESS FREQUENTLY AT MONTH 12, 18, AND 24 COMPARED TO ALL OTHER PATIENTS. PATIENTS WITH ASXL1 MUTATIONS WERE ALSO YOUNGER AND MORE FREQUENTLY FOUND IN THE HIGH RISK CATEGORY, SUGGESTING A CENTRAL ROLE OF CLONAL EVOLUTION ASSOCIATED WITH ASXL1 MUTATIONS IN CML PATHOGENESIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3 2719  40 EXOME SEQUENCING REVEALS DNMT3A AND ASXL1 VARIANTS ASSOCIATE WITH PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AFTER TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR THERAPY. OBJECTIVE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) HAS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, APPROXIMATELY ONE THIRD OF PATIENTS ARE RESISTANT TO TKI AND/OR PROGRESS TO ADVANCED DISEASE STAGES. TKI THERAPY FAILURE HAS A WELL-KNOWN ASSOCIATION WITH ABL1 KINASE DOMAIN (KD) MUTATIONS, BUT ONLY AROUND HALF OF TKI NON-RESPONDERS HAVE DETECTABLE ABL1 KD MUTATIONS. METHOD: WE ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY GENETIC MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH TKI THERAPY FAILURE IN 13 PATIENTS (5 RESISTANT, 8 PROGRESSED) WITHOUT ABL1 KD MUTATIONS USING WHOLE-EXOME SEQUENCING. RESULTS: IN 6 PATIENTS, WE DETECTED MUTATIONS IN 6 GENES COMMONLY MUTATED IN OTHER MYELOID NEOPLASMS: ABL1, ASXL1, DNMT3A, IDH1, SETBP1, AND TP63. WE THEN USED TARGETED DEEP SEQUENCING TO VALIDATE OUR FINDING IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT CONSISTING OF 100 CML PATIENTS WITH VARYING DRUG RESPONSES (74 RESPONSIVE, 18 RESISTANT, AND 8 PROGRESSED PATIENTS). MUTATIONS IN GENES ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS SUCH AS DNMT3A AND ASXL1 SEEM TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CML PROGRESSION AND TKI-RESISTANCE INDEPENDENT OF ABL1 KD MUTATIONS. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THE INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TKI RESISTANT PROGRESSION TO ADVANCED DISEASE STAGES IN CML, PARTICULARLY IN PATIENTS LACKING ABL1 KD MUTATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4 4555  31 MUTATIONAL SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA INCLUDES GENES ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REGULATION: UTX, EZH2, AND DNMT3A. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), A MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM, IS CHARACTERIZED BY MONOCYTIC PROLIFERATION, DYSPLASIA, AND PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CMML HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN DIVERSE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED GENES. WE ANALYZED 72 WELL-CHARACTERIZED PATIENTS WITH CMML (N = 52) AND CMML-DERIVED ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (N = 20) FOR RECURRENT CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES WITH THE USE OF ROUTINE CYTOGENETICS AND SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAYS ALONG WITH COMPREHENSIVE MUTATIONAL SCREENING. CYTOGENETIC ABERRATIONS WERE PRESENT IN 46% OF CASES, WHEREAS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAY INCREASED THE DIAGNOSTIC YIELD TO 60%. AT LEAST 1 MUTATION WAS FOUND IN 86% OF ALL CASES; NOVEL UTX, DNMT3A, AND EZH2 MUTATIONS WERE FOUND IN 8%, 10%, AND 5.5% OF PATIENTS, RESPECTIVELY. TET2 MUTATIONS WERE PRESENT IN 49%, ASXL1 IN 43%, CBL IN 14%, IDH1/2 IN 4%, KRAS IN 7%, NRAS IN 4%, AND JAK2 V617F IN 1% OF PATIENTS. VARIOUS MUTANT GENOTYPE COMBINATIONS WERE OBSERVED, INDICATING MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY IN CMML. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT MOLECULAR DEFECTS AFFECTING DISTINCT PATHWAYS CAN LEAD TO SIMILAR CLINICAL PHENOTYPES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5 5979  29 TET2 MUTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC 5-METHYLCYTOSINE AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) HAS RECENTLY BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGH INCIDENCE OF DIVERSE MUTATIONS IN GENES SUCH AS TET2 OR EZH2 THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. WE HAVE PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ARRAYS AND MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF TET2, IDH1, IDH2, EZH2 AND JAK2 IN A GROUP OF 24 PATIENTS WITH CMML. 249 GENES WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BETWEEN CMML PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. USING INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS, WE IDENTIFIED ENRICHMENT IN A GENE NETWORK CENTERED AROUND PLC, JNK AND ERK SUGGESTING THAT THESE PATHWAYS, WHOSE DEREGULATION HAS BEEN RECENTLY DESCRIBED IN CMML, ARE AFFECTED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. MUTATIONS OF TET2, JAK2 AND EZH2 WERE FOUND IN 15 PATIENTS (65%), 4 PATIENTS (17%) AND 1 PATIENT (4%) RESPECTIVELY WHILE NO MUTATIONS IN THE IDH1 AND IDH2 GENES WERE IDENTIFIED. INTERESTINGLY, PATIENTS WITH WILD TYPE TET2 CLUSTERED SEPARATELY FROM PATIENTS WITH TET2 MUTATIONS, SHOWED A HIGHER DEGREE OF HYPERMETHYLATION AND WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER RISK KARYOTYPES. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THE PRESENCE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN CMML AND IDENTIFIES TET2 MUTANT CMML AS A BIOLOGICALLY DISTINCT DISEASE SUBTYPE WITH A DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC PROFILE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6  149  34 ABERRANT HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN PROMOTER CPG REGIONS OF GENES RELATED TO THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS CHARACTERIZES ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA DISEASE, POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS AND POOR SURVIVAL. BACKGROUND: THERE IS STRONG EVIDENCE THAT DISEASE PROGRESSION, DRUG RESPONSE AND OVERALL CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF CML DISEASE ARE NOT ONLY DECIDED BY BCR/ABL1 ONCOPROTEIN BUT DEPEND ON ACCUMULATION OF ADDITIONAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS. DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IS IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIETY OF DISEASES. DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN GENE PROMOTERS PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN DISEASE PROGRESSION, DRUG RESPONSE AND CLINICAL OUTCOME OF VARIOUS DISEASES. THEREFORE IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE ROLE OF ABERRANT HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN PROMOTER REGIONS OF DIFFERENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN RELATION TO CML DISEASE PROGRESSION, RESPONSE TO IMATINIB THERAPY AND CLINICAL OUTCOME. METHODS: WE RECRUITED 150 CML PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT CLINICAL STAGES OF THE DISEASE. PATIENTS WERE FOLLOWED UP FOR 48 MONTHS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL/MOLECULAR RESPONSES WERE ANALYSED. HAEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE WAS ANALYSED BY PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR. BCR/ABL1 SPECIFIC TAQMAN PROBE BASED QRT-PCR WAS USED FOR ASSESSING THE MOLECULAR RESPONSE OF CML PATIENTS ON IMATINIB THERAPY. PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF THE GENES WAS CHARACTERIZED USING MS-PCR. RESULTS: WE OBSERVED THAT PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A AND P14ARF(ARF) GENES CHARACTERIZE ADVANCED CML DISEASE AND POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS. ALTHOUGH, CYTOKINE SIGNALLING (SOCS1) GENE WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN ADVANCED STAGES OF CML AND ACCUMULATED IN PATIENTS WITH POOR IMATINIB RESPONSE, BUT THE DIFFERENCES WERE NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. MOREOVER, WE FOUND HYPERMETHYLATION OF P14(ARF), RASSF1 AND P16(INK4A) GENES AND CYTOKINE SIGNALLING GENE (SOCS1) SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POOR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS ON IMATINIB THERAPY. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY ARE IN AGREEMENT OF THE ROLE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF DIFFERENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSION, POOR IMATINIB RESPONSE AND OVERALL CLINICAL OUTCOME. CONCLUSION: IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT THAT PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A AND P14ARF(ARF) GENES IS A CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSIONS, DEFINES POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS AND POOR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS TO IMATINIB THERAPY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7   32  44 A CASE OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR-RESISTANT CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC PHASE WITH ASXL1 MUTATION. HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), EXHIBIT ASXL1 MUTATIONS; HOWEVER, THE FUNCTION AND MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF THESE MUTATIONS REMAIN UNCLEAR. ASXL1 WAS ORIGINALLY IDENTIFIED AS TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE, IN WHICH LOSS OF FUNCTION CAUSES MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS). ASXL1 MUTATIONS ARE COMMON AND ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING MDS, ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA, AND SIMILARLY IN CML. IN MDS, ASXL1 MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS; HOWEVER, THE IMPACT OF ASXL1 MUTATIONS IN CML HAS NOT BEEN WELL DESCRIBED. A 31-YEAR-OLD MALE WAS DIAGNOSED AS CML-CHRONIC PHASE (CP). LABORATORY FINDINGS SHOWED A WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT OF 187,200/MICROL, WITH ASYMPTOMATIC SPLENOMEGALY. BLAST COUNT WAS 5.0% IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND 7.3% IN BONE MARROW. THERE WAS NO ADDITIONAL CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY EXCEPT FOR T(9;22)(Q34;Q11.2) BY CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS. AT ONSET, THE SOKAL SCORE WAS 1.4, INDICATING HIGH RISK. THE PATIENT RECEIVED TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (TKI) THERAPY, COMPRISING NILOTINIB APPROXIMATELY 600 MG/DAY, BOSUTINIB APPROXIMATELY 600 MG/DAY, PONATINIB APPROXIMATELY 45 MG/DAY, AND DASATINIB APPROXIMATELY 100 MG/DAY. NEVERTHELESS, AFTER 1.5 YEARS OF CONTINUOUS TKI THERAPY, THE BEST OUTCOME WAS A HEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE. ALTHOUGH ADDITIONAL CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND ABL1 KINASE MUTATIONS WERE ANALYZED REPEATEDLY BEFORE AND DURING TKI THERAPY, KNOWN GENETIC ABNORMALITIES WERE NOT DETECTED. THEREAFTER, THE PATIENT UNDERWENT BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FROM AN HLA 7/8 MATCHED UNRELATED DONOR (HLA-CW 1 LOCUS MISMATCH, GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DIRECTION). THE PATIENT ACHIEVED NEUTROPHIL ENGRAFTMENT, 18 DAYS AFTER TRANSPLANTATION, LEADING TO COMPLETE REMISSION WITH AN UNDETECTABLE LEVEL OF BCR-ABL1 MRNA. THE PATIENT, HOWEVER, DIED FROM GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE AND THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHY AFTER 121 DAYS. GENE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF HIS CML CELL BEFORE STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION REVEALED ASXL1 MUTATIONS. PHYSIOLOGICALLY, ASXL1 CONTRIBUTES TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION. IN THE CML-CP PATIENT IN THIS CASE REPORT, ASXL1 MUTATION CONFERRED RESISTANCE TO TKI THROUGH OBSCURE RESISTANCE MECHANISMS. EVEN THOUGH A MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR TKI RESISTANCE IN ASXL1 MUTATION IN CML HAS REMAINED OBSCURE, EPIGENETIC MODULATION IS A PLAUSIBLE MODE OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSION. THE CLINICAL IMPACT INCLUDING PROGNOSIS OF ASXL1 FOR CML IS UNDERSCORED. AND THE TREATMENT STRATEGY OF CML WITH ASXL1 MUTATION HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. A DISCUSSION OF THIS CASE WAS EXPECTED TO FACILITATE TREATMENT OPTIONS.	2020	

8  139  34 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION, RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB AND SHORTENED SURVIVAL IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. THE EPIGENETIC IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) IS NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. TO ELUCIDATE ITS ROLE WE ANALYZED 120 PATIENTS WITH CML FOR METHYLATION OF PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED CPG ISLANDS OF 10 GENES. FIVE GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY DNA METHYLATION SCREENING IN THE K562 CELL LINE AND 3 GENES IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. THE CDKN2B GENE WAS SELECTED FOR ITS FREQUENT METHYLATION IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES AND ABL1 AS THE TARGET OF BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION. THIRTY PATIENTS WERE IMATINIB-NAIVE (MOSTLY TREATED BY INTERFERON-ALPHA BEFORE THE IMATINIB ERA), 30 WERE IMATINIB-RESPONSIVE, 50 WERE IMATINIB-RESISTANT, AND 10 WERE IMATINIB-INTOLERANT. WE QUANTIFIED DNA METHYLATION BY BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES WAS 4.5 PER PATIENT IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, INCREASING SIGNIFICANTLY TO 6.2 IN THE ACCELERATED AND 6.4 IN THE BLASTIC PHASE. HIGHER NUMBERS OF METHYLATED GENES WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN PATIENTS RESISTANT OR INTOLERANT TO IMATINIB. THESE PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED ALMOST EXCLUSIVE METHYLATION OF A PUTATIVE TRANSPORTER OSCP1. ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF A SRC SUPPRESSOR GENE PDLIM4 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTENED SURVIVAL INDEPENDENTLY OF CML STAGE AND IMATINIB RESPONSIVENESS. WE CONCLUDE THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CML PROGRESSION AND THAT DNA METHYLATION COULD BE A MARKER ASSOCIATED WITH IMATINIB RESISTANCE. FINALLY, DNA METHYLATION OF PDLIM4 MAY HELP IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF CML PATIENTS THAT WOULD BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT WITH SRC/ABL INHIBITORS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9  535  31 ASXL1 MUTATION CORRECTION BY CRISPR/CAS9 RESTORES GENE FUNCTION IN LEUKEMIA CELLS AND INCREASES SURVIVAL IN MOUSE XENOGRAFTS. RECURRENT SOMATIC MUTATIONS OF THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIER AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ASXL1 ARE COMMON IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR CLINICAL OUTCOME. CRISPR/CAS9 HAS RECENTLY EMERGED AS A POWERFUL AND VERSATILE GENOME EDITING TOOL FOR GENOME ENGINEERING IN VARIOUS SPECIES. WE HAVE USED THE CRISPR/CAS9 SYSTEM TO CORRECT THE ASXL1 HOMOZYGOUS NONSENSE MUTATION PRESENT IN THE CML CELL LINE KBM5, WHICH LACKS ASXL1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION. CRISPR/CAS9-MEDIATED ASXL1 HOMOZYGOUS CORRECTION RESULTED IN PROTEIN RE-EXPRESSION WITH RESTORED NORMAL FUNCTION, INCLUDING DOWN-REGULATION OF POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 TARGET GENES. SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED CELL GROWTH AND INCREASED MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION WERE OBSERVED IN ASXL1 MUTATION-CORRECTED CELLS, PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF ASXL1 IN HUMAN MYELOID CELL DIFFERENTIATION. MICE XENOGRAFTED WITH MUTATION-CORRECTED KBM5 CELLS SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY LONGER SURVIVAL THAN UNCORRECTED XENOGRAFTS. THESE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE SOLE CORRECTION OF A DRIVER MUTATION IN LEUKEMIA CELLS INCREASES SURVIVAL IN VIVO IN MICE. THIS STUDY PROVIDES PROOF-OF-CONCEPT FOR DRIVER GENE MUTATION CORRECTION VIA CRISPR/CAS9 TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN LEUKEMIA CELLS AND PRESENTS A STRATEGY TO ILLUMINATE THE IMPACT OF ONCOGENIC MUTATIONS ON CELLULAR FUNCTION AND SURVIVAL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10 5762  38 SOMATIC VARIANTS IN EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS CAN PREDICT FAILURE OF RESPONSE TO IMATINIB BUT NOT TO SECOND-GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS. THERE ARE NO VALIDATED MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS TO IDENTIFY NEWLY-DIAGNOSED INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC-PHASE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA LIKELY TO RESPOND POORLY TO IMATINIB AND WHO MIGHT BENEFIT FROM FIRST-LINE TREATMENT WITH A MORE POTENT SECOND-GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR. OUR INABILITY TO PREDICT THESE 'HIGH-RISK' INDIVIDUALS REFLECTS THE POORLY UNDERSTOOD HETEROGENEITY OF THE DISEASE. TO INVESTIGATE THE POTENTIAL OF GENETIC VARIANTS IN EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS AS BIOMARKERS AT DIAGNOSIS, WE USED ION TORRENT NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING OF 71 CANDIDATE GENES FOR PREDICTING RESPONSE TO TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS AND PROBABILITY OF DISEASE PROGRESSION. A TOTAL OF 124 SUBJECTS WITH NEWLY-DIAGNOSED CHRONIC-PHASE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA BEGAN WITH IMATINIB (N=62) OR SECOND-GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (N=62) AND WERE CLASSIFIED AS RESPONDERS OR NON-RESPONDERS BASED ON THE BCRABL1 TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR AND THE EUROPEAN LEUKEMIANET CRITERIA FOR FAILURE. SOMATIC VARIANTS AFFECTING 21 GENES (E.G. ASXL1, IKZF1, DNMT3A, CREBBP) WERE DETECTED IN 30% OF SUBJECTS, MOST OF WHOM WERE NON-RESPONDERS (41% NON-RESPONDERS, 18% RESPONDERS TO IMATINIB, 38% NON-RESPONDERS, 25% RESPONDERS TO SECOND-GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS). THE PRESENCE OF VARIANTS PREDICTED THE RATE OF ACHIEVING A MAJOR MOLECULAR RESPONSE, EVENT-FREE SURVIVAL, PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA-RELATED SURVIVAL IN THE IMATINIB BUT NOT THE SECOND-GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS COHORT. RARE GERMLINE VARIANTS HAD NO PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE IRRESPECTIVE OF TREATMENT WHILE SOME PRE-LEUKEMIA VARIANTS SUGGEST A MULTI-STEP DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT IDENTIFICATION OF SOMATIC VARIANTS AT DIAGNOSIS FACILITATES STRATIFICATION INTO IMATINIB RESPONDERS/NON-RESPONDERS, THEREBY ALLOWING EARLIER USE OF SECOND-GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, WHICH, IN TURN, MAY OVERCOME THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF SUCH VARIANTS ON DISEASE PROGRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11 3532  34 IMATINIB INDEPENDENT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF NOV/CCN3 IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA PATIENTS: A MECHANISM UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION? BACKGROUND: THE NOV GENE PRODUCT, CCN3, HAS BEEN REPORTED IN A DIVERSE RANGE OF TUMORS TO SERVE AS A NEGATIVE GROWTH REGULATOR, WHILE ACTING AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, THE PRECISE MECHANISM OF ITS SILENCING IN CML IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO QUERY IF THE GENE REGULATION OF CCN3 IS MEDIATED BY THE PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE PATIENTS WITH CML. IN ADDITION, TO CLARIFY WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC SILENCING IS AFFECTED BY BCR-ABL1 INHIBITION, WE ASSESSED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS FOLLOWING THE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITION USING IMATINIB THERAPY, AS THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT FOR THIS TYPE OF LEUKEMIA. METHODS: TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, WE APPLIED BISULFITE-SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE AS A HIGH-RESOLUTION METHOD TO STUDY THE REGULATORY SEGMENT OF THE CCN3 GENE. THE RESULTS WERE ANALYZED IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED CML PATIENTS AS WELL AS FOLLOWING IMATINIB THERAPY. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE CORRELATION OF CCN3 PROMOTER METHYLATION WITH BCR-ABL1 LEVELS. RESULTS: OUR FINDINGS REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURS FREQUENTLY IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF CML PATIENTS SHOWING A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF THE METHYLATED PERCENTAGE AT THE CPG SITES COMPARED TO NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. INTERESTINGLY, THIS HYPERMETHYLATION WAS INDICATED TO BE INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 TITERS IN BOTH GROUPS, WHICH MIGHT SUGGEST A MECHANISM BEYOND THE BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: DESPITE SUGGESTING THAT THE CCN3 HYPERMETHYLATION ACTS AS A MOLECULAR MECHANISM INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION IN CML PATIENTS, THIS SCENARIO REQUIRES FURTHER VALIDATION BY COMPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTS. IN THE CASE OF ACTING UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 SIGNALING, THE METHYLATION MARKER CAN PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION AND A NOVEL PLATFORM FOR TARGETED EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS FOR EFFICIENT TREATMENT IN IMATINIB RESISTANT PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12 4243  28 METHYLATION STATUS OF CEBPA GENE PROMOTER IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CCAAT/ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA IS ONE OF THE CRUCIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS FOR MYELOID CELL DEVELOPMENT THAT HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE INVOLVED IN HEMATOPOIETIC DIFFERENTIATION AND LEUKEMIOGENESIS. RECENTLY, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CEBPA EXPRESSION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN LEUKEMIA. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CEBPA GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) PATIENTS. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CEBPA PROMOTER WAS STUDIED IN 100 PATIENTS WITH CML AND 98 NORMAL HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS FROM HYDERABAD, INDIA, USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE ABERRANT METHYLATION OF CEBPA GENE PROMOTER WAS FOUND IN 32 OF THE 100 CML CASES. A HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE FREQUENCY OF CEBPA GENE PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND THE CML STAGES (P = 0.017), BUT ASSOCIATION WITH RESPECT TO AGE AND GENDER OF THE PATIENT WAS NOT FOUND. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION IN THE CPG ISLAND OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF THIS GENE MIGHT BE A COMMON EVENT IN CML, AND SYSTEMIC EXPRESSION STUDIES WILL BE NEEDED TO UNFOLD THE ROLE OF CEBPA PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT, PROGRESSION, AND PROGNOSIS OF CML.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13   18  28 5-AZACYTIDINE MODULATES CPG METHYLATION LEVELS OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. PURPOSE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF RESPONSE TO HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS IN PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) STILL REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. THEREFORE, THE EFFECTS OF 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA) ON CLONAL ARCHITECTURE AND DNA METHYLATION WERE INVESTIGATED IN THIS STUDY. METHODS: USING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), 30 MYELOID LEUKEMIA-ASSOCIATED GENES WERE ANALYZED IN 15 MDS/CMML PATIENTS WITH EXCELLENT RESPONSE TO AZA. EFFECTS ON METHYLATION LEVELS WERE ANALYZED BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS USING PYROSEQUENCING FOR THE GLOBAL METHYLATION MARKER LINE-1 IN PATIENTS AND MYELOID CELL LINES. VARIOUS MYELOID CELL LINES AND A HEALTHY COHORT WERE SCREENED FOR METHYLATION LEVELS IN 23 GENES. SELECTED TARGETS WERE VERIFIED ON THE MDS/CMML COHORT. RESULTS: THE STUDY PRESENTED HERE SHOWED A STABLE VARIANT ALLELE FREQUENCY AND STABLE GLOBAL METHYLATION LEVELS IN RESPONDING PATIENTS. A SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 WAS REVEALED IN PATIENTS WITH AZA RESPONSE. CONCLUSIONS: A RESPONSE TO AZA IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ERADICATION OF MALIGNANT CLONES, BUT RATHER WITH A STABILIZATION OF THE CLONAL ARCHITECTURE. WE SUGGEST CHANGES IN CPG METHYLATION LEVELS OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 AS POTENTIAL TARGETS OF EPIGENETIC RESPONSE TO AZA TREATMENT WHICH MAY ALSO SERVE AS USEFUL BIOMARKERS AFTER CLINICAL EVALUATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
14 5669  28 SFRP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP GENES HAS BEEN SHOWN TO LEAD TO CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF THE CANONICAL WNT-SIGNALING PATHWAY. THE FIRST DESCRIPTION OF DEREGULATED WNT-SIGNALING ACTIVATION IN A HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY WAS REPORTED IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OBSERVED WNT ACTIVATION IN CML, WE STUDIED THE METHYLATION AND MUTATIONAL STATUS OF THE SFRP1 PROMOTER IN 48 CHRONIC PHASE CML PATIENTS. OF THE 48 CML PATIENTS 41 WERE SHOWN TO BE UNMETHYLATED, 6 PATIENTS HEMI-METHYLATED AND 1 PATIENT FULLY METHYLATED AT THE SFRP1 PROMOTER. ALBEIT OBSERVED INFREQUENTLY IN CHRONIC PHASE CML, SFRP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH PRIMARY CYTOGENETIC RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB MESYLATE. SFRP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION MAY INDICATE A GENETICALLY MORE UNSTABLE FORM OF DISEASE RESISTANT TO THERAPY AND PROVIDE A KEY BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE IN THERAPY RESISTANT PATIENTS, IN ADDITION TO A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE OBSERVED ACTIVATION OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING IN CML.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15  144  32 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PROFILE OF CHRONIC AND TRANSFORMED CLASSIC PHILADELPHIA-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. MOST DNA METHYLATION STUDIES IN CLASSIC PHILADELPHIA-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED ON A GENE-BY-GENE BASIS. THEREFORE, A MORE COMPREHENSIVE METHYLATION PROFILING IS NEEDED TO STUDY THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS EPIGENETIC MARKER IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. HERE, WE HAVE ANALYZED 71 CHRONIC (24 POLYCYTHEMIA VERA, 23 ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA AND 24 PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS) AND 13 TRANSFORMED MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS USING GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ARRAYS. THE THREE TYPES OF CHRONIC PHILADELPHIA-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS SHOWED A SIMILAR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERN WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROL SAMPLES. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS WERE ENRICHED IN A GENE NETWORK CENTERED ON THE NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, INDICATING THAT THEY MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THESE DISEASES. IN THE CASE OF TRANSFORMED MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS, WE DETECTED AN INCREASED NUMBER OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS WITH RESPECT TO CHRONIC MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. INTERESTINGLY, THESE GENES WERE ENRICHED IN A LIST OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN PRIMARY ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND IN A GENE NETWORK CENTERED AROUND THE IFN PATHWAY. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ALTERATIONS IN THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND LEUKEMIC TRANSFORMATION OF MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. THE THERAPEUTIC MODULATION OF EPIGENETICALLY-DEREGULATED PATHWAYS MAY ALLOW US TO DESIGN TARGETED THERAPIES FOR THESE PATIENTS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16   59  35 A GENOME-WIDE SCREEN IDENTIFIES FREQUENTLY METHYLATED GENES IN HAEMATOLOGICAL AND EPITHELIAL CANCERS. BACKGROUND: GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE A HALLMARK OF BOTH EPITHELIAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENS ARE REQUIRED TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT CAN BE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC PURPOSES ACROSS MALIGNANCIES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THE USE OF THE MIRA ASSAY (METHYLATED CPG ISLAND RECOVERY ASSAY) IN COMBINATION WITH GENOME-WIDE CPG ISLAND ARRAYS TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MARKERS IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE. WE IDENTIFIED 30 GENES DEMONSTRATING METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF > OR =25% IN CHILDHOOD ALL, NINE GENES SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT METHYLATION FREQUENCIES IN B VS T-ALL. FOR MAJORITY OF THE GENES EXPRESSION COULD BE RESTORED IN METHYLATED LEUKEMIA LINES AFTER TREATMENT WITH 5-AZADC. FORTY-FOUR PERCENT OF THE GENES REPRESENT TARGETS OF THE POLYCOMB COMPLEX. IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) TWO OF THE GENES, (TFAP2A AND EBF2), DEMONSTRATED INCREASED METHYLATION IN BLAST CRISIS COMPARED TO CHRONIC PHASE (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE HYPERMETHYLATION OF AN AUTOPHAGY RELATED GENE ATG16L2 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB TREATMENT. LASTLY WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TEN OF THESE GENES WERE ALSO FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS. CONCLUSION: IN SUMMARY WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES SHOWING FREQUENT METHYLATION IN CHILDHOOD ALL, METHYLATION STATUS OF TWO OF THESE GENES IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE IN CML AND METHYLATION STATUS OF ANOTHER GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGNOSIS. IN ADDITION A SUBSET OF THESE GENES MAY ACT AS EPIGENETIC MARKERS ACROSS HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AS WELL AS COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17 4571  24 MYELOMONOCYTIC SKEWING IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: PHENOTYPIC, MOLECULAR AND BIOLOGIC FEATURES AND IMPACT ON SURVIVAL. BACKGROUND: MYELOMONOCYTIC SKEWING IS CONSIDERED AS A KEY PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC PHENOMENON IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), BUT ITS PREVALENCE AND POTENTIAL CORRELATION WITH PHENOTYPIC, GENOTYPIC, AND CLINICAL FEATURES ARE POORLY DEFINED. METHODS: SKEWED DIFFERENTIATION TOWARD THE MYELOMONOCYTIC OVER ERYTHROID COMMITMENT AS INDICATED BY AN INVERSE RATIO OF MYELOMONOCYTIC/ERYTHROID COLONIES WAS INVESTIGATED IN 146 PATIENTS WITH CMML BY SEMISOLID IN VITRO CULTURES. RESULTS: THERE WAS A HIGH PREVALENCE OF MYELOMONOCYTIC SKEWING IN PATIENTS WITH CMML (120/146, 82%); WHEREAS, THIS PHENOMENON WAS RARE IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS (1/98, 1%). PATIENTS WITH CMML WITH MYELOMONOCYTIC SKEWING HAD HIGHER WHITE BLOOD CELL AND PERIPHERAL BLAST CELL COUNTS, AND LOWER PLATELET VALUES. THE NUMBER OF MUTATIONS IN GENES OF THE EPIGENETIC AND/OR SPLICING CATEGORY WAS HIGHER IN CMML PATIENTS WITH AS COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITHOUT SKEWING. PATIENTS WITH MYELOMONOCYTIC SKEWING HAD MORE FREQUENTLY MUTATIONS IN RASOPATHY GENES AND HIGHER GROWTH FACTOR INDEPENDENT MYELOID COLONY FORMATION. INTERESTINGLY, THE LACK OF MYELOMONOCYTIC SKEWING DISCRIMINATED PATIENTS WITH CMML WITH A PARTICULARLY FAVORABLE PROGNOSIS (60 VS 19 MONTHS, P = .003) AND A MINIMAL RISK OF TRANSFORMATION. CONCLUSION: MYELOMONOCYTIC SKEWING AS DETERMINED BY SEMISOLID CULTURES CAN DISCRIMINATE SUBGROUPS OF PATIENTS WITH CMML WITH A DIFFERENT PHENOTYPE, A DIFFERENT GENOTYPE, AND A DIFFERENT PROGNOSIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18 2465  36 EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH HYDRALAZINE AND MAGNESIUM VALPROATE REVERSES IMATINIB RESISTANCE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. THE EPIGENETIC DRUGS HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE WERE ADMINISTERED IN A COMPASSIONATE MANNER TO 8 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REFRACTORY TO IMATINIB. TWO PATIENTS HAD A COMPLETE HEMATOLOGIC RESPONSE (25%),1 MAJOR CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE, 1 COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE (25% ANY CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE), AND 3 (37.5%)STABLE DISEASE. NO GRADE 3 OR 4 TOXICITY WAS OBSERVED. THESE RESULTS SHOW THE ABILITY OF EPIGENETIC THERAPY TO REVERT IMATINIB RESISTANCE. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS PARTICIPATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB, HENCE, THE DNA METHYLATION, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE, RESPECTIVELY, HAS THE POTENTIAL TO OVERCOME IT. PATIENT AND METHODS: A SERIES OF 8 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REFRACTORY TO IMATINIB MESYLATE WITH NO ACCESS TO SECOND-GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS WERE TREATED WITH HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE IN A COMPASSIONATE MANNER. CLINICAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF THESE DRUGS ADDED TO IMATINIB MESYLATE WERE EVALUATED. RESULTS: TWO PATIENTS WERE IN THE BLAST PHASE, 5 WERE IN THE ACCELERATED PHASE, AND 1 WAS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE. ALL THE PATIENTS CONTINUED WITH THE SAME DOSE OF IMATINIB THAT THEY HAD BEEN RECEIVING AT THE TIME OF DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE, WITH A MEDIAN DOSE OF 600 MG DAILY (RANGE, 400-800 MG). THE MEDIAN TIME FROM DIAGNOSIS OF CML TO THE START OF HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE WAS 53.6 MONTHS (RANGE, 19-84 MONTHS). TWO (25%) PATIENTS HAD A COMPLETE HEMATOLOGIC RESPONSE, ONE (12.5%) HAD AN MAJOR CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE, AND ONE (12.5%) HAD A COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE. THREE (37.5%) PATIENTS HAD STABLE DISEASE, AND ONLY ONE (12.5%) PATIENT FAILED TO RESPOND. AT A MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP TIME OF 18 MONTHS (RANGE, 3-18 MONTHS), THE MEDIAN SURVIVAL HAD NOT BEEN REACHED, AND THE PROJECTED OVERALL SURVIVAL WAS 63%. ALL THE PATIENTS HAD MILD NEUROLOGIC TOXICITY, INCLUDING DISTAL TREMOR AND SOMNOLENCE. NO GRADE 3 OR 4 TOXICITY WAS OBSERVED. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE EPIGENETIC DRUGS HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE REVERT THE RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB IN PATIENTS WITH CML.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19 3087  38 GENOME?WIDE EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION ANALYSES REVEAL ABERRANT CELL ADHESION SIGNALING IN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR?RESISTANT CML CELLS. ALTHOUGH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CAN BE EFFECTIVELY TREATED USING BCR?ABL1 KINASE INHIBITORS, RESISTANCE DUE TO KINASE ALTERATIONS OR TO BCR?ABL1 INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS REMAIN A THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGE. FOR THE LATTER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE WIDELY DISCUSSED; FOR INSTANCE, GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES, EPIGENETIC FACTORS AND ALTERNATIVE SIGNALING PATHWAY ACTIVATION. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, IN VITRO?CML CELL MODELS OF RESISTANCE AGAINST THE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) IMATINIB (0.5 AND 2 MICROM) AND NILOTINIB (0.1 MICROM) WITH BIOLOGICAL REPLICATES WERE GENERATED TO IDENTIFY NOVEL MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE. SUBSEQUENTLY, GENOME?WIDE MRNA EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION WERE ANALYZED. WHILE MRNA EXPRESSION PATTERNS DIFFERED LARGELY BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL REPLICATES, THERE WAS AN OVERLAP OF 71 GENES DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BETWEEN CELLS RESISTANT AGAINST IMATINIB OR NILOTINIB. MOREOVER, ALL TKI RESISTANT CELL LINES DEMONSTRATED A SLIGHT HYPERMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH NATIVE CELLS. IN A COMBINED ANALYSIS OF 151 GENES DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE BIOLOGICAL REPLICATES OF IMATINIB RESISTANCE, CELL ADHESION SIGNALING, IN PARTICULAR THE CELLULAR MATRIX PROTEIN FIBRONECTIN 1 (FN1), WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DYSREGULATED. THIS GENE WAS ALSO DOWNREGULATED IN NILOTINIB RESISTANCE. FURTHER ANALYSES SHOWED SIGNIFICANT FN1?DOWNREGULATION IN IMATINIB RESISTANCE ON MRNA (P<0.001) AND PROTEIN LEVEL (P<0.001). SIRNA?MEDIATED FN1?KNOCKDOWN IN NATIVE CELLS REDUCED CELL ADHESION (P=0.02), DECREASED IMATINIB SUSCEPTIBILITY VISIBLE BY HIGHER KI?67 EXPRESSION (1.5?FOLD, P=0.04) AND INCREASED CELL NUMBER (1.5?FOLD, P=0.03). VICE VERSA, RECOVERY OF FN1?EXPRESSION IN IMATINIB RESISTANT CELLS WAS SUFFICIENT TO PARTIALLY RESTORE THE RESPONSE TO IMATINIB. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED A ROLE OF CELL ADHESION SIGNALING AND FIBRONECTIN 1 IN TKI RESISTANT CML AND A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR NOVEL STRATEGIES IN TREATMENT OF RESISTANT CML.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20 3098  25 GENOMIC DISRUPTION OF THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE SETD2 IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA. HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES (HMTS) ARE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND ARE DISRUPTED AT THE GENOMIC LEVEL IN A SPECTRUM OF HUMAN TUMOURS INCLUDING HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. USING HIGH-RESOLUTION SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM (SNP) ARRAYS, WE IDENTIFIED RECURRENT DELETIONS OF THE SETD2 LOCUS IN 3% (8/261) OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) PATIENTS. FURTHER VALIDATION IN TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS SHOWED THAT SETD2 DELETIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH LOSS OF TP53, GENOMIC COMPLEXITY AND CHROMOTHRIPSIS. WITH NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING WE DETECTED MUTATIONS OF SETD2 IN AN ADDITIONAL 3.8% OF PATIENTS (23/602). IN MOST CASES, SETD2 DELETIONS OR MUTATIONS WERE OFTEN OBSERVED AS A CLONAL EVENT AND ALWAYS AS A MONO-ALLELIC LESION, LEADING TO REDUCED MRNA EXPRESSION IN SETD2-DISRUPTED CASES. PATIENTS WITH SETD2 ABNORMALITIES AND WILD-TYPE TP53 AND ATM FROM FIVE CLINICAL TRIALS EMPLOYING CHEMOTHERAPY OR CHEMO-IMMUNOTHERAPY HAD REDUCED PROGRESSION-FREE AND OVERALL SURVIVAL COMPARED WITH CASES WILD TYPE FOR ALL THREE GENES. CONSISTENT WITH ITS POSTULATED ROLE AS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR, OUR DATA HIGHLIGHT SETD2 ABERRATION AS A RECURRENT, EARLY LOSS-OF-FUNCTION EVENT IN CLL PATHOBIOLOGY LINKED TO AGGRESSIVE DISEASE.	2016