1 2846 95 FREQUENT INVOLVEMENT OF CHROMATIN REMODELER ALTERATIONS IN GASTRIC FIELD CANCERIZATION. A FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION, OR A FIELD DEFECT, IS FORMED BY THE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN NORMAL-APPEARING TISSUES, AND IS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS CANCERS, ESPECIALLY MULTIPLE CANCERS. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE FREQUENTLY PRESENT IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION-EXPOSED TISSUES, BUT INFORMATION ON INDIVIDUAL GENES INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF A FIELD DEFECT IS STILL FRAGMENTAL. HERE, USING NON-CANCEROUS GASTRIC TISSUES OF CANCER PATIENTS, WE ISOLATED 16 ABERRANTLY METHYLATED GENES, AND IDENTIFIED CHROMATIN REMODELERS ACTL6B AND SMARCA1 AS NOVEL GENES FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN NON-CANCEROUS TISSUES. SMARCA1 WAS EXPRESSED AT HIGH LEVELS IN NORMAL GASTRIC TISSUES, BUT WAS FREQUENTLY SILENCED BY ABERRANT METHYLATION IN GASTRIC CANCER CELLS. MOREOVER, SOMATIC MUTATIONS OF ADDITIONAL CHROMATIN REMODELERS, SUCH AS ARID1A, SMARCA2, AND SMARCA4, WERE FOUND IN 30% OF GASTRIC CANCERS. MUTANT ALLELE FREQUENCY SUGGESTED THAT THE MAJORITY OF CANCER CELLS HARBORED A MUTATION WHEN PRESENT. DEPLETION OF A CHROMATIN REMODELER, SMARCA1 OR SMARCA2, IN CANCER CELL LINES PROMOTED THEIR GROWTH. THESE RESULTS SHOWED THAT EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS OF CHROMATIN REMODELERS ARE INDUCED AT AN EARLY STAGE OF CARCINOGENESIS AND ARE FREQUENTLY INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF A FIELD DEFECT.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2 3658 46 INDUCTION OF ABERRANT TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 BY INFLAMMATION IN MOUSE COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. A FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION (FIELD DEFECT), WHERE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE ACCUMULATED IN NORMAL-APPEARING TISSUES, IS INVOLVED IN HUMAN CARCINOGENESIS, ESPECIALLY CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. ALTHOUGH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS INVOLVED IN THE FIELD DEFECT AND INDUCED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, IT IS STILL UNCLEAR FOR TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27ME3), WHICH IS INVOLVED IN GENE REPRESSION INDEPENDENT OF DNA METHYLATION AND FUNCTIONS AS A PRE-MARK FOR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. IN THIS STUDY, USING A MOUSE COLITIS MODEL INDUCED BY DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS), WE AIMED TO CLARIFY WHETHER ABERRANT H3K27ME3 IS INDUCED BY INFLAMMATION AND INVOLVED IN A FIELD DEFECT. CHIP-ON-CHIP ANALYSIS OF COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS REVEALED THAT H3K27ME3 LEVELS WERE INCREASED OR DECREASED FOR 266 GENOMIC REGIONS BY AGING, AND MORE EXTENSIVELY (23 INCREASED AND 3574 DECREASED REGIONS) BY COLITIS. SUCH INCREASE OR DECREASE OF H3K27ME3 WAS INDUCED AS EARLY AS 2 WEEKS AFTER THE INITIATION OF DSS TREATMENT, AND PERSISTED AT LEAST FOR 16 WEEKS EVEN AFTER THE INFLAMMATION DISAPPEARED. SOME OF THE ABERRANT H3K27ME3 IN COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS WAS CARRIED OVER INTO COLON TUMORS. FURTHERMORE, H3K27ME3 ACQUIRED AT DAPK1 BY COLITIS WAS FOLLOWED BY INCREASED DNA METHYLATION, SUPPORTING ITS FUNCTION AS A PRE-MARK FOR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT ABERRANT H3K27ME3 CAN BE INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO A SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT, SUCH AS COLITIS, AND SUGGESTED THAT ABERRANT HISTONE MODIFICATION, IN ADDITION TO ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, IS INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF A FIELD DEFECT.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3 5785 31 SPONTANEOUS NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF WB-F344 RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL CELLS. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT CULTURED RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL CELLS TRANSFORM SPONTANEOUSLY AFTER CHRONIC MAINTENANCE IN A CONFLUENT STATE IN VITRO. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT LINEAGES OF LOW-PASSAGE WB-F344 RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL STEM-LIKE CELLS WERE INITIATED AND SUBJECTED IN PARALLEL TO SELECTION FOR SPONTANEOUS TRANSFORMATION TO DETERMINE WHETHER SPONTANEOUS ACQUISITION OF TUMORIGENICITY WAS THE RESULT OF EVENTS (GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC) THAT OCCURRED INDEPENDENTLY AND STOCHASTICALLY, OR REFLECTED THE EXPRESSION OF A PRE-EXISTING ALTERATION WITHIN THE PARENTAL WB-F344 CELL LINE. TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE SPONTANEOUS ACQUISITION OF TUMORIGENICITY BY WB-F344 CELLS DEMONSTRATED LINEAGE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN THE TIME OF FIRST EXPRESSION OF THE TUMORIGENIC PHENOTYPE, FREQUENCIES AND LATENCIES OF TUMOR FORMATION, AND TUMOR DIFFERENTIATIONS. ALTHOUGH SPONTANEOUSLY TRANSFORMED WB-F344 CELLS PRODUCED DIVERSE TUMOR TYPES (INCLUDING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS, CHOLANGIOCARCINOMAS, HEPATOBLASTOMAS, AND OSTEOGENIC SARCOMAS), INDIVIDUAL LINEAGES YIELDED TUMORS WITH CONSISTENT AND SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF DIFFERENTIATION. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE THAT THE STOCHASTIC ACCUMULATION OF INDEPENDENT TRANSFORMING EVENTS DURING THE SELECTION REGIMEN IN VITRO WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR SPONTANEOUS NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF WB-F344 CELLS. FURTHERMORE, CELL LINEAGE COMMITMENT TO A SPECIFIC DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAM WAS STABLE WITH TIME IN CULTURE AND WITH SITE OF TRANSPLANTATION. THIS IS THE FIRST REPORT OF A COHORT OF RELATED, BUT INDEPENDENT, RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL CELL LINES THAT COLLECTIVELY PRODUCE A SPECTRUM OF TUMOR TYPES BUT INDIVIDUALLY REPRODUCE A SPECIFIC TUMOR TYPE. THESE CELL LINES WILL PROVIDE VALUABLE REAGENTS FOR INVESTIGATION OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HEPATIC STEM-LIKE CELLS AND FOR EXAMINATION OF POTENTIAL CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS IN SPONTANEOUSLY TRANSFORMED RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL CELL LINES BETWEEN MOLECULAR/CELLULAR ALTERATIONS AND THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE TUMORS IN SYNGENEIC ANIMALS.	1998	
                                                                                                                                                                           
4 2025 30 EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN A MURINE MODEL OF HUMAN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING GAIN OR LOSS OF DNA METHYLATION, ARE A HALLMARK OF NEARLY EVERY MALIGNANCY. CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION CAN IMPACT EXPRESSION OF CANCER-RELATED GENES INCLUDING APOPTOSIS REGULATORS AND TUMOR SUPPRESSORS. BECAUSE SUCH EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE, THEY ARE BEING AGGRESSIVELY INVESTIGATED AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. HERE WE USE THE EMU-TCL1 TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) TO DETERMINE THE TIMING AND PATTERNS OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, AND TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. WE SHOW THAT CLL CELLS FROM EMU-TCL1 MICE AT VARIOUS STAGES RECAPITULATE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS SEEN IN HUMAN CLL. ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PROMOTER SEQUENCES IS OBSERVED AS EARLY AS 3 MONTHS OF AGE IN THESE ANIMALS, WELL BEFORE DISEASE ONSET. ABNORMALLY METHYLATED PROMOTER REGIONS INCLUDE BINDING SITES FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXD3. WE SHOW THAT LOSS OF FOXD3 EXPRESSION DUE TO AN NF-KAPPAB P50/P50:HDAC1 REPRESSOR COMPLEX OCCURS IN TCL1-POSITIVE B CELLS BEFORE METHYLATION. THEREFORE, SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION IS AN EARLY EVENT LEADING TO EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TARGET GENES IN MURINE AND HUMAN CLL. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE STRONG RATIONALE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES TO TARGET NF-KAPPAB COMPONENTS IN CLL AND POTENTIALLY OTHER B-CELL MALIGNANCIES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
5 1545 32 DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER TUMORIGENESIS IN FISH FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, ALTERATION IN DNA METHYLATION AND CANCER HAS BEEN WELL ESTABLISHED IN HUMANS; YET, IT IS UNDER-STUDIED IN UNSEQUENCED NON-MODEL ORGANISMS. THE OCCURRENCE OF LIVER TUMORS IN THE FLATFISH DAB COLLECTED AT CERTAIN UK SAMPLING SITES EXCEEDS 20%, YET THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS AND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TUMOR FORMATION ARE NOT KNOWN, ESPECIALLY REGARDING THE BALANCE BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC FACTORS. METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP) COMBINED WITH DE NOVO HIGH-THROUGHPUT DNA SEQUENCING WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN DAB HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA TUMORS FOR THE FIRST TIME IN AN UNSEQUENCED SPECIES. NOVEL CUSTOM-MADE DAB GENE EXPRESSION ARRAYS WERE DESIGNED AND USED TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. IN ADDITION, THE CONFIRMATORY TECHNIQUES OF BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR (BSP) AND RT-PCR WERE APPLIED. GENES INVOLVED IN PATHWAYS RELATED TO CANCER, INCLUDING APOPTOSIS, WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING AND GENOMIC AND NON-GENOMIC ESTROGEN RESPONSES, WERE ALTERED BOTH IN METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION. GLOBAL METHYLATION WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY 1.8-FOLD REDUCED IN HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA AND NON-CANCEROUS SURROUNDING TISSUES COMPARED WITH LIVER FROM NON-CANCER BEARING DAB. BASED ON THE IDENTIFIED CHANGES AND CHEMICAL EXPOSURE DATA, OUR STUDY SUPPORTS THE EPIGENETIC MODEL OF CANCER. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO A MIXTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS CONTRIBUTES TO A GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION FOLLOWED BY FURTHER EPIGENETIC AND GENOMIC CHANGES. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST A LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, EPIGENETICS AND CANCER IN FISH TUMORS IN THE WILD AND SHOW THE UTILITY OF THIS METHODOLOGY FOR STUDIES IN NON-MODEL ORGANISMS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6 2957 32 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC IMPACT OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ON COLON MUCOSA CELLS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION INCREASES CANCER RISK, AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT IS CHARACTERIZED BY STEPWISE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. DURING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND INTRINSIC MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES CAN INDUCE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THIS STUDY TRIED TO EVALUATE BOTH THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ON COLON MUCOSA CELLS. REPETITIVE DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS) TREATMENT INDUCED CHRONIC COLITIS MODEL. WHOLE-EXOME SEQUENCING (WES) (200X COVERAGE) WAS PERFORMED TO DETECT SOMATIC VARIATIONS IN COLON MUCOSA CELLS. WITH THE USE OF WHOLE-GENOME BISULFITE SEQUENCING (BS) AT 34-FOLD COVERAGE (17-FOLD PER STRAND), THE METHYLOME OF BOTH THE COLITIS AND CONTROL TISSUE WAS COMPARATIVELY ANALYZED. BIOINFORMATICS ASSAY SHOWED THAT THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM/INSERTION OR DELETION (SNP/INDEL) MUTATION ACCUMULATION IN COLITIS TISSUE, WHILE IT ACCUMULATED IN AGED MICE. FORTY-EIGHT GENES WITH SNP/INDEL MUTATION WERE OVERLAPPED IN THE THREE COLITIS TISSUES, TWO (WNT3A AND LAMA2) OF WHICH ARE IN THE CANCER DEVELOPMENT-RELATED SIGNALING PATHWAY. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION (DMR) ASSAY SHOWED THAT MANY GENES IN THE COLITIS TISSUE ARE ENRICHED IN THE CANCER DEVELOPMENT-RELATED SIGNALING PATHWAY, SUCH AS PI3K-AKT, RAS, WNT, TGF-BETA, AND MAPK SIGNALING PATHWAY. TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGESTED THAT EVEN THOUGH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION DID NOT OBVIOUSLY INCREASE GENETIC MUTATION ACCUMULATION, IT COULD BOTH GENETICALLY AND EPIGENETICALLY ALTER SOME GENES RELATED TO CANCER DEVELOPMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7 4114 33 MECHANISMS FOR THE INDUCTION OF GASTRIC CANCER BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION: ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATHWAY. MULTIPLE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS BY WHICH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES GASTRIC CANCER HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED IN THE LAST TWO DECADES. IN PARTICULAR, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS INDUCED IN MULTIPLE DRIVER GENES, WHICH INACTIVATES THEM. METHYLATION PROFILES IN GASTRIC CANCER ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC SUBTYPES, SUCH AS MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY. RECENT COMPREHENSIVE AND INTEGRATED ANALYSES SHOWED THAT MANY CANCER-RELATED PATHWAYS ARE MORE FREQUENTLY ALTERED BY ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION THAN BY MUTATIONS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN EVEN BE PRESENT IN NONCANCEROUS GASTRIC MUCOSAE, PRODUCING AN "EPIGENETIC FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION." MECHANISTICALLY, H. PYLORI-INDUCED CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, BUT NOT H. PYLORI ITSELF, PLAYS A DIRECT ROLE IN THE INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. THE EXPRESSION OF THREE INFLAMMATION-RELATED GENES, IL1B, NOS2, AND TNF, IS HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. IMPORTANTLY, THE DEGREE OF ACCUMULATED ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS STRONGLY CORRELATED WITH GASTRIC CANCER RISK. A RECENT MULTICENTER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY DEMONSTRATED THE UTILITY OF EPIGENETIC CANCER RISK DIAGNOSIS FOR METACHRONOUS GASTRIC CANCER. SUPPRESSION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION BY A DEMETHYLATING AGENT WAS SHOWN TO INHIBIT GASTRIC CANCER DEVELOPMENT IN AN ANIMAL MODEL. INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS THE MAJOR PATHWAY BY WHICH H. PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES GASTRIC CANCER, AND THIS CAN BE UTILIZED FOR TRANSLATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8 2943 25 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR AND TUMOR-RELATED GENES IN GASTRIC CANCER. BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR AND TUMOR-RELATED GENES INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF GASTRIC CANCER ARE REVIEWED HERE, AND MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS ARE PROPOSED. GASTRIC CARCINOMAS ARE BELIEVED TO EVOLVE FROM NATIVE GASTRIC MUCOSA OR INTESTINAL METAPLASTIC MUCOSA THAT UNDERGOES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS INVOLVING EITHER THE SUPPRESSOR PATHWAY (DEFECTS IN TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES) OR MUTATOR PATHWAY (DEFECTS IN DNA MISMATCH REPAIR GENES). METHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN IN NATIVE GASTRIC MUCOSA RESULTS IN UNDIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMAS (SUPPRESSOR PATHWAY), WHILE METHYLATION OF HMLHI RESULTS IN DIFFERENTIATED FOVEOLAR-TYPE CARCINOMAS (MUTATOR PATHWAY). THE MAJORITY OF DIFFERENTIATED GASTRIC CARCINOMAS HOWEVER, ARISE FROM INTESTINAL METAPLASTIC MUCOSA AND EXHIBIT STRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, ESPECIALLY P53. THEY APPEAR TO BE RELATED TO CHRONIC INJURY, PERHAPS DUE TO HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. APPROXIMATELY 20% OF DIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMAS (ORDINARY-TYPE) HAVE EVIDENCE OF MUTATOR PATHWAY TUMORIGENESIS. MUTATIONS OF E-CADHERIN ARE MAINLY INVOLVED IN THE PROGRESSION OF DIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMAS TO UNDIFFERENTIATED TUMORS. THE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS DEPEND ON THE HISTOLOGICAL BACKGROUND, AND GASTRIC CARCINOMAS SHOW DISTINCT BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORS AS A RESULT OF DISCERNIBLE CELLULAR GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS.	2002	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9 2122 41 EPIGENETIC IMPACT OF INFECTION ON CARCINOGENESIS: MECHANISMS AND APPLICATIONS. VIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CANCERS, SUCH AS LIVER, NASOPHARYNGEAL, CERVICAL, HEAD AND NECK, AND GASTRIC CANCERS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS FREQUENTLY PRESENT IN THESE CANCERS, AND SOME OF THE ABERRANTLY METHYLATED GENES ARE CAUSALLY INVOLVED IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION. NOTABLY, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN BE PRESENT EVEN IN NON-CANCEROUS OR PRECANCEROUS TISSUES, AND ITS LEVELS CORRELATE WITH THE RISK OF CANCER DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCING A SO-CALLED 'EPIGENETIC FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION'. MECHANISTICALLY, MOST VIRAL OR BACTERIAL INFECTIONS INDUCE DNA METHYLATION INDIRECTLY VIA CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, BUT RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT SOME VIRUSES HAVE DIRECT EFFECTS ON THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY OF HOST CELLS. FROM A TRANSLATIONAL VIEWPOINT, A RECENT MULTICENTER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT ASSESSMENT OF THE EXTENT OF ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION IN NON-CANCEROUS TISSUES CAN BE USED TO PREDICT CANCER RISK. FURTHERMORE, SUPPRESSION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION WAS SHOWN TO BE A USEFUL STRATEGY FOR CANCER PREVENTION IN AN ANIMAL MODEL. HERE, WE REVIEW THE INVOLVEMENT OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN VARIOUS TYPES OF INFECTION-ASSOCIATED CANCERS, ALONG WITH INDIVIDUAL INDUCTION MECHANISMS, AND WE DISCUSS THE APPLICATION OF THESE FINDINGS FOR CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND THERAPY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10 2926 21 GENERATION OF AN EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN PROSTATE CELLS. INCREASING LEVELS OF TISSUE HYPOXIA HAVE BEEN REPORTED AS A NATURAL FEATURE OF THE AGING PROSTATE GLAND AND MAY BE A RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE USED PWR-1E BENIGN PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AN EQUIVALENTLY AGED HYPOXIA-ADAPTED PWR-1E SUB-LINE TO IDENTIFY PHENOTYPIC AND EPIGENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN PROSTATE CELLS. WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED CELLULAR PHENOTYPE IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA AS CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED RECEPTOR-MEDIATED APOPTOTIC RESISTANCE, THE INDUCTION OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE, INCREASED INVASION AND THE INCREASED SECRETION OF IL-1 BETA, IL6, IL8 AND TNFALPHA CYTOKINES. IN ASSOCIATION WITH THESE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES AND THE ABSENCE OF HIF-1 ALPHA PROTEIN EXPRESSION, WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN GLOBAL LEVELS OF DNA METHYLATION AND H3K9 HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THESE CELLS, CONCOMITANT WITH THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE DMNT3B AND GENE-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AT KEY IMPRINTING LOCI. IN CONCLUSION, WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED A GENOME-WIDE ADJUSTMENT OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIC CONDITIONS IN THE PROSTATE. THESE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES MAY REPRESENT AN ADDITIONAL MECHANISM TO PROMOTE AND MAINTAIN A HYPOXIC-ADAPTED CELLULAR PHENOTYPE WITH A POTENTIAL ROLE IN TUMOUR DEVELOPMENT.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11 5491 31 REVIEW ARTICLE: INFLAMMATION-RELATED PROMOTION OF GASTROINTESTINAL CARCINOGENESIS--A PERIGENETIC PATHWAY. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION HAS BEEN REPORTED TO ACCELERATE NEOPLASMAS IN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. CERTAIN BACTERIA INCLUDING HELICOBACTER PYLORI DIRECTLY INTERACT WITH HOST CELLS, INDUCE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND STIMULATE PRODUCTION OF FREE RADICALS. FREE RADICALS CAUSE MUTATIONS IN TARGET CELLS SO THAT NEOPLASTIC CLONES ARE ESTABLISHED. ACCUMULATION OF SUCH GENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY CAUSE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF SOME ESTABLISHED CLONES. IN ADDITION, INFLAMMATORY ALTERATIONS MAY PROMOTE GROWTH, EXPANSION AND INVASION OF GASTROINTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS. THE LATTER CHANGES CAUSED BY INFLAMMATION MAY OCCUR EVEN WITHOUT FURTHER GENETIC MUTATIONS OR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, AND THEREFORE MAY BE CATEGORIZED AS 'PERIGENETIC ALTERATIONS' OF NEOPLASTIC CELLS. FOR AN EXAMPLE, TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) PLAYS PIVOTAL ROLES NOT ONLY IN THE REDUCTION BUT ALSO IN THE GROWTH, INVASION AND METASTASES OF CERTAIN NEOPLASMAS. OUR STUDIES SHOW THAT TNF-ALPHA INCREASES INTRACELLULAR RADICAL PRODUCTION, DEGRADATES E-CADHERIN / BETA-CATENIN COMPLEX AND PROMOTES DISPERSION AND MIGRATION IN EPITHELIAL CELLS TRANSFORMED WITH AN ACTIVATED SRC ONCOGENE (V-SRC). THESE DATA INDICATE THAT AN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INDUCES THE MALIGNANT POTENTIAL OF SRC-ACTIVATED NEOPLASTIC CELLS. INTERESTINGLY, TNF-ALPHA ALSO INDUCED THESE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES IN NONMUTATED CELLS WHOSE C-SRC WAS ACTIVATED BY TGF-ALPHA, SUGGESTING THAT THE INVASIVE PROPERTIES OF THE CELL WERE NOT NECESSARILY RELATED TO GENE MUTATION. FURTHERMORE, CERTAIN RADICAL SCAVENGERS SUPPRESSED THE INVASIVE PHENOTYPE OF THE CELLS. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT PERIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE AN IMPORTANT TARGET OF PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION OF CARCINOGENESIS.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12 1615 24 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B PLAYS A PROTECTIVE ROLE AGAINST HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS CAUSED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION VIA MAINTAINING MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS. MOST HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS) DEVELOP ON THE BASIS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS, BUT THE MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN INFLAMMATORY HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS HAS YET TO BE ELUCIDATED. AMONG DE NOVO DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), DNMT3B HAS LATELY BEEN REPORTED TO ACT SPECIFICALLY ON ACTIVELY TRANSCRIBED GENES, SUGGESTING THE POSSIBILITY THAT IT PLAYS A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CANCER. WE CONFIRMED THAT DNMT3B ISOFORMS LACKING ITS CATALYTIC DOMAIN WERE HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN HCCS COMPARED WITH NON-TUMOROUS LIVER TISSUE. TO ELUCIDATE THE ROLE OF DNMT3B IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, WE GENERATED A GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MOUSE MODEL WITH HEPATOCYTE-SPECIFIC DNMT3B DELETION. THE LIVER OF THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT MICE EXHIBITED AN EXACERBATION OF THIOACETAMIDE-INDUCED HEPATITIS, PROGRESSION OF LIVER FIBROSIS AND A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF HCC COMPARED WITH THE LIVER OF THE CONTROL MICE. WHOLE-GENOME BISULFITE SEQUENCING VERIFIED A LOWER CG METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT LIVER, DEMONSTRATING DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS THROUGHOUT THE GENOME. TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS REVEALED DECREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT LIVER. MOREOVER, PRIMARY HEPATOCYTES ISOLATED FROM THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT MICE SHOWED REDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CAPACITY, LEADING TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE LIVER TISSUE. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF DNMT3B AGAINST CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND HCC DEVELOPMENT VIA MAINTAINING MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13 3693 26 INFLAMMATORY CELLS CAN ALTER THE LEVELS OF H3K9AC AND GAMMAH2AX IN DYSPLASTIC CELLS AND FAVOR TUMOR PHENOTYPE. ORAL POTENTIALLY MALIGNANT DISORDERS (OPMD) ARE CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS THAT CARRY AN INCREASED RISK OF CANCER DEVELOPMENT. CURRENTLY, EPITHELIAL DYSPLASIA GRADE IS BASED ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CYTOLOGICAL EPITHELIAL CHANGES AND IS USED TO PREDICT THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF THESE LESIONS. HOWEVER, PREDICTING WHICH OPMD WILL PROGRESS TO A MALIGNANT TUMOR IS VERY CHALLENGING. INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATES CAN FAVOR CANCER DEVELOPMENT, AND RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THIS ASSOCIATION WITH OPMD LESIONS MAY BE RELATED TO THE ETIOLOGY AND/OR AGGRESSIVE CLINICAL BEHAVIOR OF THESE LESIONS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MAY MEDIATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND ALSO FAVOR TUMOR CELLS IN IMMUNE RESISTANCE AND EVASION. THIS STUDY AIMED TO EVALUATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HISTONE ACETYLATION (H3K9AC) AND DNA DAMAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF DYSPLASTIC LESIONS WITH PROMINENT CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OF "LOW-RISK" AND "HIGH-RISK" OPMD LESIONS (N = 24) AND INFLAMMATORY FIBROUS HYPERPLASIA (N = 10) AS THE CONTROL GROUP WAS PERFORMED TO ASSESS HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS AND DNA DAMAGE THROUGH THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF H2AX (GAMMAH2AX). CELL CO-CULTURE ASSAYS WITH PBMCS AND ORAL KERATINOCYTE CELL LINES (NOK-SI, DOK, AND SCC-25) WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS PROLIFERATION, ADHESION, MIGRATION, AND EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). ORAL DYSPLASTIC LESIONS SHOWED A HYPOACETYLATION OF H3K9 AND LOW LEVELS OF GAMMAH2AX COMPARED TO CONTROL. THE CONTACT OF DYSPLASTIC ORAL KERATINOCYTES WITH PBMCS FAVORED EMT AND THE LOSS OF CELL-CELL ADHESION. ON THE OTHER HAND, P27 LEVELS INCREASED AND CYCLIN E DECREASED IN DOK, INDICATING CELL CYCLE ARREST. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED TO DYSPLASTIC LESIONS IS CAPABLE OF PROMOTING EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, WHICH IN TURN CAN FAVOR THE PROCESS OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14 3525 29 IL-1BETA, IL-8, AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES-1, -2, AND -10 ARE ENRICHED UPON MONOCYTE-BREAST CANCER CELL COCULTIVATION IN A MATRIGEL-BASED THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM. BREAST CANCER REMAINS THE FIRST CANCER-RELATED CAUSE OF DEATH IN WOMEN WORLDWIDE, PARTICULARLY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN WHICH MOST CASES ARE DIAGNOSED IN LATE STAGES. ALTHOUGH MOST CANCER STUDIES ARE BASED IN THE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF THE TUMOR CELLS, IMMUNE CELLS WITHIN THE TUMOR STROMA OFTEN COOPERATE WITH CANCER PROGRESSION. PARTICULARLY, MONOCYTES ARE ATTRACTED TO THE TUMOR PRIMARY SITE IN WHICH THEY ARE DIFFERENTIATED INTO TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES THAT FACILITATE TUMOR CELL INVASION AND METASTASIS. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED THREE-DIMENSIONAL CULTURES TO FORM ACINI-LIKE STRUCTURES TO ANALYZE THE INFLAMMATORY SECRETION PROFILE OF TUMOR CELLS INDIVIDUALLY OR IN CO-CULTURE WITH MONOCYTES. BREAST CANCER CELL LINES AND PRIMARY ISOLATES FROM EIGHT MEXICAN PATIENTS WITH BREAST CANCER WERE USED. WE FOUND HIGH LEVELS OF RANTES/CCL5, MCP-1/CCL2, AND G-CSF IN THE BREAST CANCER INDIVIDUAL CULTURES, SUPPORTING AN IMPORTANT RECRUITMENT CAPACITY OF MONOCYTES, BUT ALSO OF NEUTROPHILS. THE CO-CULTURES OF THE TUMOR CELLS AND MONOCYTES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED WITH THE POTENT PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-8, KNOWN TO SUPPORT MALIGNANT PROGRESSION. WE ALSO FOUND THAT THE INTERACTION OF TUMOR CELLS WITH MONOCYTES PROMOTED HIGH LEVELS OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMP)-1, MMP-2, AND MMP-10. OUR STUDY SUPPORTS THAT A KEY EVENT FOR MALIGNANT PROGRESSION IS THE RECRUITMENT OF DIFFERENT IMMUNE CELL POPULATIONS, WHICH HELP TO SUSTAIN AND ENHANCE A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY MICROENVIRONMENT THAT HIGHLY FAVORS TUMOR MALIGNANCY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15  416 33 ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMIC ABERRANT LANDSCAPE OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DURING ARSENIC-INDUCED CELL TRANSFORMATION. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A WELL-KNOWN CARCINOGEN ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL TYPES OF CANCER, BUT THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN ARSENIC-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. RECENT EVIDENCE POINTS TO EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM IN THIS PROCESS; HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION HAVE NOT BEEN EXPLORED IN DEPTH. USING MICROARRAY DATA AND APPLYING A MULTIVARIATE CLUSTERING ANALYSIS IN A GAUSSIAN MIXTURE MODEL, WE DESCRIBE THE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION AROUND THE PROMOTER REGION AND THE IMPACT ON GENE EXPRESSION IN HACAT CELLS DURING THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS CAUSED BY CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. USING THIS CLUSTERING APPROACH, THE GENES WERE GROUPED ACCORDING TO THEIR METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION STATUS IN THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE, AND THE CHANGES THAT OCCURRED DURING THE CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION WERE IDENTIFIED ADEQUATELY. THUS, WE PRESENT A VALUABLE METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING EPIGENOMIC DYSREGULATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16 2637 32 EPIGENOME-WIDE STUDY IDENTIFIES EPIGENETIC OUTLIERS IN NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER. NONGENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO COLORECTAL CANCER CONTINUES TO BE DIFFICULT TO MEASURE PRECISELY, HAMPERING EFFORTS IN TARGETED PREVENTION AND SCREENING. EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER CAN SERVE AS A TOOL IN PREDICTING COLORECTAL CANCER OUTCOMES. WE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AFFECTING THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER. DNA METHYLATION PROFILING ON NORMAL COLON MUCOSA FROM 77 PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER AND 68 CONTROLS IDENTIFIED A DISTINCT SUBGROUP OF NORMALLY-APPEARING MUCOSA WITH MARKEDLY DISRUPTED DNA METHYLATION AT A LARGE NUMBER OF CPGS, TERMED AS "OUTLIER METHYLATION PHENOTYPE" (OMP) AND ARE PRESENT IN 15 OF 77 PATIENTS WITH CANCER VERSUS 0 OF 68 CONTROLS (P < 0.001). SIMILAR FINDINGS WERE ALSO SEEN IN PUBLICLY AVAILABLE DATASETS. COMPARISON OF NORMAL COLON MUCOSA TRANSCRIPTION PROFILES OF PATIENTS WITH OMP CANCER WITH THOSE OF PATIENTS WITH NON-OMP CANCER INDICATES GENES WHOSE PROMOTERS ARE HYPERMETHYLATED IN THE OMP PATIENTS ARE ALSO TRANSCRIPTIONALLY DOWNREGULATED, AND THAT MANY OF THE GENES MOST AFFECTED ARE INVOLVED IN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EPITHELIAL CELLS, THE MUCUS LAYER, AND THE MICROBIOME. ANALYSIS OF 16S RRNA PROFILES SUGGESTS THAT NORMAL COLON MUCOSA OF OMPS ARE ENRICHED IN BACTERIAL GENERA ASSOCIATED WITH COLORECTAL CANCER RISK, ADVANCED TUMOR STAGE, CHRONIC INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION, MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION, NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS, AND KRAS MUTATIONS. IN CONCLUSION, OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES AN EPIGENETICALLY DISTINCT OMP GROUP IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A DISRUPTED METHYLOME, ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION, AND MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS. PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO DETERMINE WHETHER OMP COULD SERVE AS A BIOMARKER FOR AN ELEVATED EPIGENETIC RISK FOR COLORECTAL CANCER DEVELOPMENT. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES AN EPIGENETICALLY DISTINCT OMP GROUP IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A DISRUPTED METHYLOME, ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION, AND MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS. IDENTIFICATION OF OMPS IN HEALTHY CONTROLS AND PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER WILL LEAD TO PREVENTION AND BETTER PROGNOSIS, RESPECTIVELY.	2022	

17 3659 42 INDUCTION OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE ON CARCINOGENESIS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS DEEPLY INVOLVED IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CANCERS, SUCH AS GASTRIC AND LIVER CANCERS. INDUCTION OF CELL PROLIFERATION, PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, AND DIRECT STIMULATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS BY INFLAMMATION-INDUCING FACTORS HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED AS MECHANISMS INVOLVED. INFLAMMATION-RELATED CANCERS ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES, AND ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS KNOWN TO BE PRESENT EVEN IN NONCANCEROUS TISSUES. IMPORTANTLY, FOR SOME CANCERS, THE DEGREE OF ACCUMULATION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE CORRELATED WITH RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCERS. THIS INDICATES THAT INFLAMMATION INDUCES ABERRANT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN A TISSUE EARLY IN THE PROCESS OF CARCINOGENESIS, AND ACCUMULATION OF SUCH ALTERATIONS FORMS "AN EPIGENETIC FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION." THIS ALSO SUGGESTS THAT INHIBITION OF INDUCTION OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND REMOVAL OF THE ACCUMULATED ALTERATIONS ARE NOVEL APPROACHES TO CANCER PREVENTION. DISTURBANCES IN CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE SIGNALS AND INDUCTION OF CELL PROLIFERATIONS ARE IMPORTANT MECHANISMS OF HOW INFLAMMATION INDUCES ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS INDUCED IN SPECIFIC GENES, AND GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS, THE PRESENCE OF RNA POLYMERASE II (ACTIVE OR STALLED), AND TRIMETHYLATION OF H3K4 ARE INVOLVED IN THE SPECIFICITY. EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) IS NOT NECESSARILY INDUCED BY INFLAMMATION, AND LOCAL IMBALANCE BETWEEN DNMTS AND FACTORS THAT PROTECT GENES FROM DNA METHYLATION SEEMS TO BE IMPORTANT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18 3824 24 INVESTIGATING THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF A PROTOTYPE SMOKE-DERIVED CARCINOGEN IN HUMAN CELLS. GLOBAL LOSS OF DNA METHYLATION AND LOCUS/GENE-SPECIFIC GAIN OF DNA METHYLATION ARE TWO DISTINCT HALLMARKS OF CARCINOGENESIS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS IMPLICATED IN SMOKING-RELATED LUNG CANCER. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE COMPREHENSIVELY INVESTIGATED THE MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION CONSEQUENT TO CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO A PROTOTYPE SMOKE-DERIVED CARCINOGEN, BENZO[A]PYRENE DIOL EPOXIDE (B[A]PDE), IN GENOMIC REGIONS OF SIGNIFICANCE IN LUNG CANCER, IN NORMAL HUMAN CELLS. WE HAVE USED A PULLDOWN ASSAY FOR ENRICHMENT OF THE CPG METHYLATED FRACTION OF CELLULAR DNA COMBINED WITH MICROARRAY PLATFORMS, FOLLOWED BY EXTENSIVE VALIDATION THROUGH CONVENTIONAL BISULFITE-BASED ANALYSIS. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE STRIKINGLY SIMILAR PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION IN NON-TRANSFORMED B[A]PDE-TREATED CELLS VS CONTROL USING HIGH-THROUGHPUT MICROARRAY-BASED DNA METHYLATION PROFILING CONFIRMED BY CONVENTIONAL BISULFITE-BASED DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS. THE ABSENCE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN OUR MODEL SYSTEM WITHIN A TIMEFRAME THAT PRECEDES CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION SUGGESTS THAT FOLLOWING CARCINOGEN EXPOSURE, OTHER AS YET UNKNOWN FACTORS (SECONDARY TO CARCINOGEN TREATMENT) MAY HELP INITIATE GLOBAL LOSS OF DNA METHYLATION AND REGION-SPECIFIC GAIN OF DNA METHYLATION, WHICH CAN, IN TURN, CONTRIBUTE TO LUNG CANCER DEVELOPMENT. UNVEILING THE INITIATING EVENTS THAT CAUSE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN LUNG CANCER HAS TREMENDOUS PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE, AS IT CAN HELP DEFINE FUTURE STRATEGIES FOR EARLY DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF THIS HIGHLY LETHAL DISEASE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19 1542 31 DNA METHYLATION IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES: THE ROLE OF DECITABINE. NORMAL CELL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION IS DEPENDENT UPON CONTROLLED GENE EXPRESSION. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. DNA METHYLATION AT CYTOSINE RESIDUES IN GENE PROMOTER CPG SEQUENCES IS KNOWN TO INHIBIT GENE TRANSCRIPTION. INAPPROPRIATE INHIBITION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION OF TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES, GENES THAT INHIBIT ANGIOGENESIS AND METASTASIS AND GENES INVOLVED IN DNA REPAIR BY UNCONTROLLED METHYLATION, CAN LEAD TO UNREGULATED GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION OF A CELL AND CARCINOGENESIS. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AFFECTING THE P16 GENE, RESULTING IN GENE SILENCING, HAS BEEN SHOWN TO OCCUR IN MANY HUMAN SOLID TUMOURS AND A 'HYPERMETHYLATION PROFILE' IN SOME LEUKAEMIAS HAS BEEN DEFINED. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION TAKES PLACE DURING CARCINOGENESIS ARE STILL NOT CLEAR. HOWEVER, THE LARGE NUMBER OF TARGET GENES (INVOLVED IN TUMORIGENESIS) THAT ARE SILENCED BY ABERRANT METHYLATION SUGGESTS THAT INHIBITION OF THIS PROCESS MAY HAVE POTENTIAL AS CANCER THERAPY. DECITABINE (NSC-127716, DACOGEN; SUPERGEN) IS A POTENT AND SPECIFIC HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT AND AN INHIBITOR OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY THAT MEDIATES DNA METHYLATION. DECITABINE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE A BROAD RANGE OF ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY IN PRECLINICAL STUDIES. THIS AGENT HAS EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANT ACTIVITY IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME, CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, ALTHOUGH CLINICAL PHASE I AND II STUDIES WITH SOLID TUMOURS HAVE NOT BEEN VERY PROMISING. PHASE II AND III STUDIES ARE CURRENTLY ONGOING TO EVALUATE DECITABINE, BOTH ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, IN VARIOUS STAGES OF THESE HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20 2055 28 EPIGENETIC CONTROL DURING LYMPHOID DEVELOPMENT AND IMMUNE RESPONSES: ABERRANT REGULATION, VIRUSES, AND CANCER. METHYLATION OF CYTOSINES CONTROLS A NUMBER OF BIOLOGIC PROCESSES SUCH AS IMPRINTING AND X CHROMOSOMAL INACTIVATION. DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING, WHILE DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. HYPOACETYLATION OF HISTONES LEADS TO COMPACT CHROMATIN WITH REDUCED ACCESSIBILITY TO THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL MACHINERY. METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEINS CAN RECRUIT COREPRESSORS AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES; THUS, THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATES GENE ACTIVATION. METHYLATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED AS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM DURING IMMUNE DEVELOPMENT, CONTROLLING VDJ RECOMBINATION, LINEAGE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS, AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF CYTOKINE GENES DURING IMMUNE RESPONSES. ABERRATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MACHINERY, EITHER BY GENETIC MUTATIONS OR BY SOMATIC CHANGES SUCH AS VIRAL INFECTIONS, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY ALTERATIONS IN CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND CANCER.	2003