1 2826 131 FLUOXETINE EPIGENETICALLY ALTERS THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS TO REGULATE DELTAFOSB BINDING AND ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS. CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS IN MICE PRODUCES A SUSCEPTIBLE PHENOTYPE CHARACTERIZED BY SEVERAL BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES CONSISTENT WITH HUMAN DEPRESSION THAT ARE REVERSED BY CHRONIC BUT NOT ACUTE EXPOSURE TO ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATIONS. RECENT WORK IN ADDICTION MODELS DEMONSTRATES THAT THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DELTAFOSB AND PROTEIN KINASE CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE II (CAMKII) ARE CO-REGULATED IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A BRAIN REWARD REGION IMPLICATED IN BOTH ADDICTION AND DEPRESSION MODELS INCLUDING SOCIAL DEFEAT. PREVIOUS WORK HAS ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT DELTAFOSB IS INDUCED IN NAC AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS OR AFTER CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT, WHEREIN IT MEDIATES A PRO-RESILIENCE OR ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE PHENOTYPE. HERE, USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS, WE FOUND THAT DELTAFOSB BINDS THE CAMKIIALPHA GENE PROMOTER IN NAC AND THAT THIS BINDING INCREASES AFTER MICE ARE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. PARADOXICALLY, CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO THE ANTIDEPRESSANT FLUOXETINE REDUCES BINDING OF DELTAFOSB TO THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER AND REDUCES CAMKII EXPRESSION IN NAC, DESPITE THE FACT THAT DELTAFOSB IS INDUCED UNDER THESE CONDITIONS. THESE DATA SUGGEST A NOVEL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION, WHEREBY FLUOXETINE INDUCES SOME CHROMATIN CHANGE AT THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER, WHICH BLOCKS THE DELTAFOSB BINDING. INDEED, CHRONIC FLUOXETINE REDUCES ACETYLATION AND INCREASES LYSINE-9 DIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER IN NAC, EFFECTS ALSO SEEN IN DEPRESSED HUMANS EXPOSED TO ANTIDEPRESSANTS. OVEREXPRESSION OF CAMKII IN NAC BLOCKS FLUOXETINE'S ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS IN THE CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT PARADIGM, WHEREAS INHIBITION OF CAMKII ACTIVITY IN NAC MIMICS FLUOXETINE EXPOSURE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CAMKIIALPHA EXPRESSION IN NAC IS BEHAVIORALLY RELEVANT AND OFFER A NOVEL PATHWAY FOR POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION IN DEPRESSION AND RELATED SYNDROMES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  882  43 CHRONIC COCAINE-INDUCED H3 ACETYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF CAMKIIALPHA IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS IS CRITICAL FOR MOTIVATION FOR DRUG REINFORCEMENT. THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN REWARD REGIONS IS KNOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS AND PERSISTENCE OF DRUG ADDICTION. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE REGULATION OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION IS MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT ALTER THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AT SPECIFIC GENE PROMOTERS. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN DRUG REINFORCEMENT PROPERTIES, RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION PARADIGM. DAILY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR INFUSIONS IN THE SHELL OF THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) CAUSED AN UPWARD SHIFT IN THE DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE UNDER FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULE AND INCREASED THE BREAK POINT UNDER PROGRESSIVE-RATIO SCHEDULE, INDICATING ENHANCED MOTIVATION FOR SELF-ADMINISTERED DRUG. THE EFFECT OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR IS ATTRIBUTED TO THE INCREASED ELEVATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY CHRONIC, BUT NOT ACUTE, COCAINE EXPERIENCE. IN CONTRAST, NEUTRALIZING THE CHRONIC COCAINE-INDUCED INCREASE IN HISTONE MODIFICATION BY THE BILATERAL OVEREXPRESSION OF HDAC4 IN THE NAC SHELL REDUCED DRUG MOTIVATION. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE MOTIVATION FOR COCAINE AND THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF ADDICTION-RELATED GENES BY H3 ACETYLATION IN THE NAC SHELL WAS ANALYZED. AMONG THE GENES ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC COCAINE EXPERIENCES, THE EXPRESSION OF CAMKIIALPHA, BUT NOT CAMKIIBETA, CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH MOTIVATION FOR THE DRUG. LENTIVIRUS-MEDIATED SHRNA KNOCKDOWN EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THAT CAMKIIALPHA, BUT NOT CAMKIIBETA, IN THE NAC SHELL IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF MOTIVATION TO SELF-ADMINISTERED COCAINE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC DRUG-USE-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF GENES, SUCH AS CAMKIIALPHA, MODULATED BY H3 ACETYLATION IN THE NAC IS A CRITICAL REGULATORY MECHANISM UNDERLYING MOTIVATION FOR DRUG REINFORCEMENT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3 5974  51 TET1 IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OPPOSES DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. DEPRESSION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DISEASE BURDEN, YET CURRENT THERAPIES FULLY TREAT <50% OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. INCREASING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. HERE WE EXAMINED A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR THE DNA DIOXYGENASE, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION PROTEIN 1 (TET1), IN DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. WE APPLIED CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MOUSE MODEL OF DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, AND EXAMINED TET1 EXPRESSION CHANGES IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW DECREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN NAC IN STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE ONLY. SURPRISINGLY, SELECTIVE KNOCKOUT OF TET1 IN NAC NEURONS OF ADULT MICE PRODUCED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN SEVERAL BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS. TO IDENTIFY TET1 TARGETS THAT MEDIATE THESE ACTIONS, WE PERFORMED RNASEQ ON NAC AFTER CONDITIONAL DELETION OF TET1 AND FOUND THAT IMMUNE-RELATED GENES ARE THE MOST HIGHLY DYSREGULATED. MOREOVER, MANY OF THESE GENES ARE ALSO UPREGULATED IN THE NAC OF RESILIENT MICE AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. THESE FINDINGS REVEAL A NOVEL ROLE FOR TET1, AN ENZYME IMPORTANT FOR DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, IN THE BRAIN'S REWARD CIRCUITRY IN MODULATING STRESS RESPONSES IN MICE. WE ALSO IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY TET1 IN THIS CIRCUITRY. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION, WHICH CAN AID IN FUTURE ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG DISCOVERY EFFORTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4 2325  50 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL FOSB EXPRESSION CONTROLS BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO COCAINE. DRUG ADDICTION RESULTS IN PART FROM MALADAPTIVE LEARNING, INCLUDING THE FORMATION OF STRONG ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN THE DRUG AND THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF CONSUMPTION. HOWEVER, DRUG-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION UNDERLYING THE SALIENCY OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS REMAIN UNDERSTUDIED. CONSOLIDATION OF EXPLICIT MEMORIES OCCURS WITHIN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AND WE HAVE SHOWN THAT SPATIAL LEARNING INDUCES EXPRESSION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DELTAFOSB IN HIPPOCAMPUS AND THAT THIS INDUCTION IS CRITICAL FOR LEARNING. DRUGS OF ABUSE ALSO UPREGULATE DELTAFOSB IN HIPPOCAMPUS, BUT THE MECHANISM OF ITS INDUCTION BY COCAINE AND ITS ROLE IN HIPPOCAMPUS-DEPENDENT COCAINE RESPONSES IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED DIFFERENCES IN MOUSE DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPAL DELTAFOSB EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC COCAINE, BECAUSE THESE REGIONS APPEAR TO REGULATE DISTINCT COCAINE-RELATED BEHAVIORS. WE FOUND THAT COCAINE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF DELTAFOSB WAS SUBREGION-SPECIFIC, AND THAT DELTAFOSB TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY IN BOTH THE DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS IS NECESSARY FOR COCAINE CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. FURTHER, WE CHARACTERIZE CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THE FOSB PROMOTER IN HIPPOCAMPUS IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC COCAINE AND FOUND THAT LOCUS-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR FOSB INDUCTION AND MULTIPLE HIPPOCAMPUS-DEPENDENT BEHAVIORS, INCLUDING COCAINE PLACE PREFERENCE. COLLECTIVELY, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE TO COCAINE INDUCES HISTONE MODIFICATION AT THE HIPPOCAMPAL FOSB GENE PROMOTER TO CAUSE DELTAFOSB INDUCTION CRITICAL FOR COCAINE-RELATED LEARNING.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT ALTHOUGH COCAINE ADDICTION IS DRIVEN IN PART BY THE FORMATION OF INDELIBLE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN THE DRUG AND THE ENVIRONMENT, PARAPHERNALIA, AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF USE, AND ALTHOUGH THIS TYPE OF ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING IS DEPENDENT UPON CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN A BRAIN REGION CALLED THE HIPPOCAMPUS, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH COCAINE ALTERS HIPPOCAMPAL GENE EXPRESSION TO DRIVE FORMATION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT CHRONIC COCAINE ENGAGES LOCUS-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC PROFILE OF THE FOSB GENE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AND THAT THESE ALTERATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR COCAINE-DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION AND COCAINE-ENVIRONMENT ASSOCIATIONS. THIS WORK PROVIDES NOVEL INSIGHT INTO ADDICTION ETIOLOGY AND POTENTIAL INROADS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION IN COCAINE ADDICTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5 1315  42 DELTA FOSB MEDIATES EPIGENETIC DESENSITIZATION OF THE C-FOS GENE AFTER CHRONIC AMPHETAMINE EXPOSURE. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE TRANSITION FROM RECREATIONAL DRUG USE TO CHRONIC ADDICTION REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. ONE MOLECULE IMPLICATED IN THIS PROCESS IS DELTAFOSB, A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THAT ACCUMULATES IN STRIATUM AFTER REPEATED DRUG EXPOSURE AND MEDIATES SENSITIZED BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO PSYCHOSTIMULANTS AND OTHER DRUGS OF ABUSE. THE DOWNSTREAM TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH DELTAFOSB REGULATES DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS ARE INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. WE REPORTED PREVIOUSLY THE CHROMATIN REMODELING MECHANISMS BY WHICH DELTAFOSB ACTIVATES THE EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN GENES; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DELTAFOSB-MEDIATED GENE REPRESSION REMAIN UNKNOWN. HERE, WE IDENTIFY C-FOS, AN IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE RAPIDLY INDUCED IN STRIATUM AFTER ACUTE PSYCHOSTIMULANT EXPOSURE, AS A NOVEL DOWNSTREAM TARGET THAT IS REPRESSED CHRONICALLY BY DELTAFOSB. WE SHOW THAT ACCUMULATION OF DELTAFOSB IN STRIATUM AFTER CHRONIC AMPHETAMINE TREATMENT DESENSITIZES C-FOS MRNA INDUCTION TO A SUBSEQUENT DRUG DOSE. DELTAFOSB DESENSITIZES C-FOS EXPRESSION BY RECRUITING HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 (HDAC1) TO THE C-FOS GENE PROMOTER, WHICH, IN TURN, DEACETYLATES SURROUNDING HISTONES AND ATTENUATES GENE ACTIVITY. ACCORDINGLY, LOCAL KNOCK-OUT OF HDAC1 IN STRIATUM ABOLISHES AMPHETAMINE-INDUCED DESENSITIZATION OF THE C-FOS GENE. IN CONCERT, CHRONIC AMPHETAMINE INCREASES HISTONE H3 METHYLATION ON THE C-FOS PROMOTER, A CHROMATIN MODIFICATION ALSO KNOWN TO REPRESS GENE ACTIVITY, AS WELL AS EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE H3 HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE, KMT1A (LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE 1A, FORMERLY SUV39H1). THIS STUDY REVEALS A NOVEL EPIGENETIC PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH DELTAFOSB MEDIATES DISTINCT TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS THAT MAY ULTIMATELY ALTER BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY TO CHRONIC AMPHETAMINE EXPOSURE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 5712  54 SIRT1 MEDIATES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. DEPRESSION IS A RECURRING AND LIFE-THREATENING ILLNESS THAT AFFECTS UP TO 120 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE SHOW THAT CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MODEL OF DEPRESSION IN MICE, INCREASES SIRT1 LEVELS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. INCREASES IN SIRT1, A WELL CHARACTERIZED CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT SUGGEST A ROLE FOR THIS ENZYME IN MEDIATING DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS. WHEN RESVERATROL, A PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVATOR OF SIRT1, WAS DIRECTLY INFUSED BILATERALLY INTO THE NAC, WE OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. CONVERSELY, INTRA-NAC INFUSIONS OF EX-527, A SIRT1 ANTAGONIST, REDUCED THESE BEHAVIORS; EX-527 ALSO REDUCED ACUTE STRESS RESPONSES IN STRESS-NAIVE MICE. NEXT, WE INCREASED SIRT1 LEVELS DIRECTLY IN NAC BY USE OF VIRAL-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER AND OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN DEPRESSIVE- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS WHEN MICE WERE ASSESSED IN THE OPEN-FIELD, ELEVATED-PLUS-MAZE, AND FORCED SWIM TESTS. USING A CRE-INDUCIBLE VIRAL VECTOR SYSTEM TO OVEREXPRESS SIRT1 SELECTIVELY IN DOPAMINE D1 OR D2 SUBPOPULATIONS OF MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS (MSNS) IN THE NAC, WE FOUND THAT SIRT1 PROMOTES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS ONLY WHEN OVEREXPRESSED IN D1 MSNS, WITH NO EFFECT SEEN IN D2 MSNS. CONVERSELY, SELECTIVE ABLATION OF SIRT1 IN THE NAC USING VIRAL-CRE IN FLOXED SIRT1 MICE RESULTED IN DECREASED DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT SIRT1 PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE NAC IN REGULATING MOOD-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES AND IDENTIFIES A NOVEL SIGNALING PATHWAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ANTIDEPRESSANTS TO TREAT MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: IN THIS STUDY, WE DEMONSTRATE A PIVOTAL ROLE FOR SIRT1 IN ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW THAT STRESS STABLY INDUCES SIRT1 EXPRESSION IN THIS BRAIN REGION AND THAT ALTERING SIRT1 ACTIVITY USING A PHARMACOLOGICAL OR GENETIC APPROACH REGULATES ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN REGULATING MOOD-RELATED BEHAVIORS AND INTRODUCES A NOVEL SIGNALING PATHWAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ANTIDEPRESSANTS TO TREAT DEPRESSION AND OTHER STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS. A RECENT GROUNDBREAKING PUBLICATION BY THE CONVERGE CONSORTIUM (2015) IDENTIFIED A REPRODUCIBLE ASSOCIATION OF THE SIRT1 LOCUS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSION IN HUMANS. THEREFORE, OUR RESULTS ARE TIMELY AND HAVE SIGNIFICANT TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7 1331  36 DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HDAC7 REDUCTION IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. PERSISTENT SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION INDICATE THE ADAPTIVE INVOLVEMENT OF STABLE MOLECULES IN THE BRAIN THAT MAY BE MANIFESTED AT THE LEVEL OF CHROMATIN REMODELING, SUCH AS HISTONE ACETYLATION. FORMER STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION IN SEVERAL ANIMAL MODELS ABOUT DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC HISTONE DEACETYLASES RELATED WITH DEPRESSION ARE NEEDED TO BE EXPLORED. HERE, SOCIAL AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS, ANXIETY-, AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS WERE ALL FOUND IN MICE SUFFERED FROM CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. MOREOVER, WE ALSO DISCOVERED THAT THE AMOUNT OF THE CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASE, HDAC7 RATHER THAN HDAC2, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF DEFEATED MICE, WHICH SUGGESTED THAT HDAC7 MIGHT BE A CRUCIAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE IN A CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS MODEL. OUR DATA SHOWED THAT THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HDAC7 REDUCTION IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. HDAC7 MIGHT BE A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR DEPRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8 4878  56 OVEREXPRESSION OF THE HISTONE DIMETHYLTRANSFERASE G9A IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS SHELL INCREASES COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION, STRESS-INDUCED REINSTATEMENT, AND ANXIETY. REPEATED EXPOSURE TO COCAINE INDUCES LASTING EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN NEURONS THAT PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF ADDICTION. ONE EPIGENETIC ALTERATION INVOLVES REDUCTIONS IN LEVELS OF THE HISTONE DIMETHYLTRANSFERASE G9A IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) AFTER CHRONIC COCAINE ADMINISTRATION. THIS REDUCTION IN G9A MAY ENHANCE COCAINE REWARD BECAUSE OVEREXPRESSING G9A IN THE NAC DECREASES COCAINE-CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. THEREFORE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT HSV-MEDIATED G9A OVEREXPRESSION IN THE NAC SHELL (NACSH) WOULD ATTENUATE COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION (SA) AND COCAINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. INSTEAD, WE FOUND THAT G9A OVEREXPRESSION, AND THE RESULTING INCREASE IN HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 DIMETHYLATION (H3K9ME2), INCREASES SENSITIVITY TO COCAINE REINFORCEMENT AND ENHANCES MOTIVATION FOR COCAINE IN SELF-ADMINISTERING MALE RATS. MOREOVER, WHEN G9A OVEREXPRESSION IS LIMITED TO THE INITIAL 15 D OF COCAINE SA TRAINING, IT PRODUCES AN ENDURING POSTEXPRESSION ENHANCEMENT IN COCAINE SA AND PROLONGED (OVER 5 WEEKS) INCREASES IN REINSTATEMENT OF COCAINE SEEKING INDUCED BY FOOT-SHOCK STRESS, BUT IN THE ABSENCE OF CONTINUED GLOBAL ELEVATIONS IN H3K9ME2. THE INCREASE IN STRESS-INDUCED REINSTATEMENT IS PARALLELED BY HEIGHTENED ANXIETY MEASURES, SUGGESTING THAT COUNTERING THE COCAINE-INDUCED DECREASES IN ENDOGENOUS G9A WITH ECTOPIC G9A OVEREXPRESSION LEADS TO LASTING ANXIOGENIC EFFECTS. FINALLY, WE FOUND AN ENDURING REDUCTION IN PHOSPHORYLATED CAMP-RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE NACSH THAT COULD ACCOUNT FOR THE INCREASED ANXIETY. THESE DATA DEMONSTRATE A NOVEL ROLE FOR G9A IN PROMOTING COMORBID COCAINE ADDICTION AND ANXIETY AND SUGGEST THAT INCREASED EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH H3K9 DURING COCAINE USE CAN HAVE LONG-LASTING AND UNEXPECTED NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES ON BEHAVIOR.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT COCAINE ADDICTION IS A NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER THAT IS DETRIMENTAL TO SOCIETY AND CURRENTLY HAS NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. THE DIFFICULTY IN TREATING DRUG ADDICTION IS COMPOUNDED BY THE HIGH COMORBIDITY WITH OTHER PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES, INCLUDING ANXIETY DISORDERS. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT G9A, AN EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR OF GENE EXPRESSION, ACTING IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A BRAIN REWARD REGION, IS CAPABLE OF INCREASING BOTH ADDICTION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN RATS. THESE FINDINGS ARE INTRIGUING BECAUSE REPEATED COCAINE EXPOSURE DECREASES G9A IN THIS REGION AND THEREBY ENHANCES EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN ADDICTION-PROMOTING GENES. HOWEVER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT COUNTERING THIS COCAINE-INDUCED DECREASE IN G9A ACTIVITY ACTUALLY EXACERBATES ADDICTION AND SENSITIVITY TO RELAPSE UNDER STRESSFUL SITUATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9  775  51 CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC WHOLE-GENOME LANDSCAPE OF DELTAFOSB BINDING IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AFTER CHRONIC COCAINE EXPOSURE. BACKGROUND: THE ABILITY OF NEURONS TO RESPOND TO EXTERNAL STIMULI INVOLVES ADAPTATIONS OF GENE EXPRESSION. INDUCTION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DELTAFOSB IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION, IS IMPORTANT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG ADDICTION. HOWEVER, A COMPREHENSIVE MAP OF DELTAFOSB'S GENE TARGETS HAS NOT YET BEEN GENERATED. METHODS: WE USED CUT&RUN (CLEAVAGE UNDER TARGETS AND RELEASE USING NUCLEASE) TO MAP THE GENOME-WIDE CHANGES IN DELTAFOSB BINDING IN THE 2 MAIN TYPES OF NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS NEURONS-D1 OR D2 MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS-AFTER CHRONIC COCAINE EXPOSURE. TO ANNOTATE GENOMIC REGIONS OF DELTAFOSB BINDING SITES, WE ALSO EXAMINED THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF SEVERAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. RESULTING DATASETS WERE LEVERAGED FOR MULTIPLE BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSES. RESULTS: THE MAJORITY OF DELTAFOSB PEAKS OCCUR OUTSIDE PROMOTER REGIONS, INCLUDING INTERGENIC REGIONS, AND ARE SURROUNDED BY EPIGENETIC MARKS INDICATIVE OF ACTIVE ENHANCERS. BRG1, THE CORE SUBUNIT OF THE SWI/SNF CHROMATIN REMODELING COMPLEX, OVERLAPS WITH DELTAFOSB PEAKS, A FINDING CONSISTENT WITH EARLIER STUDIES OF DELTAFOSB'S INTERACTING PROTEINS. CHRONIC COCAINE USE INDUCES BROAD CHANGES IN DELTAFOSB BINDING IN BOTH D1 AND D2 NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS OF MALE AND FEMALE MICE. IN ADDITION, IN SILICO ANALYSES PREDICT THAT DELTAFOSB COOPERATIVELY REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION WITH HOMEOBOX AND T-BOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE NOVEL FINDINGS UNCOVER KEY ELEMENTS OF DELTAFOSB'S MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION AT BASELINE AND IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC COCAINE EXPOSURE. FURTHER CHARACTERIZATION OF DELTAFOSB'S COLLABORATIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND CHROMATIN PARTNERS SPECIFICALLY IN D1 AND D2 MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS WILL REVEAL A BROADER PICTURE OF THE FUNCTION OF DELTAFOSB AND THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF DRUG ADDICTION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10 1317  38 DELTAFOSB REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN A MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY COGNITIVE DECLINE AND 5- TO 10-FOLD INCREASED SEIZURE INCIDENCE. HOW SEIZURES CONTRIBUTE TO COGNITIVE DECLINE IN AD OR OTHER DISORDERS IS UNCLEAR. WE SHOW THAT SPONTANEOUS SEIZURES INCREASE EXPRESSION OF DELTAFOSB, A HIGHLY STABLE FOS-FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF AN AD MOUSE MODEL. DELTAFOSB SUPPRESSED EXPRESSION OF THE IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE C-FOS, WHICH IS CRITICAL FOR PLASTICITY AND COGNITION, BY BINDING ITS PROMOTER AND TRIGGERING HISTONE DEACETYLATION. ACUTE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITION OR INHIBITION OF DELTAFOSB ACTIVITY RESTORED C-FOS INDUCTION AND IMPROVED COGNITION IN AD MICE. ADMINISTRATION OF SEIZURE-INDUCING AGENTS TO NONTRANSGENIC MICE ALSO RESULTED IN DELTAFOSB-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF C-FOS, SUGGESTING THAT THIS MECHANISM IS NOT CONFINED TO AD MICE. THESE RESULTS EXPLAIN OBSERVATIONS THAT C-FOS EXPRESSION INCREASES AFTER ACUTE NEURONAL ACTIVITY BUT DECREASES WITH CHRONIC ACTIVITY. MOREOVER, THESE RESULTS INDICATE A GENERAL MECHANISM BY WHICH SEIZURES CONTRIBUTE TO PERSISTENT COGNITIVE DEFICITS, EVEN DURING SEIZURE-FREE PERIODS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11 5624  33 SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO DRUGS OF ABUSE BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. HISTONE ACETYLATION AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF THE CHROMATIN ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. EARLIER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT A REDUCTION IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY RESULTS IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOME PSYCHOSTIMULANT-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXTEND THOSE SEMINAL FINDINGS BY SHOWING THAT THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE ENHANCES MORPHINE-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR SENSITIZATION AND CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. IN CONTRAST, THIS COMPOUND HAS NO EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. SIMILAR EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED FOR COCAINE AND ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF A COMPONENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION THAT INCLUDED CIRCADIAN CLOCK GENES AND OTHER GENES RELEVANT TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A SPECIFIC FUNCTION FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION AND THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AT A REDUCED NUMBER OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT LOCI ON NON-HOMEOSTATIC, LONG-LASTING, DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12 6175  33 THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ALLEVIATES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS DURING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOL DRINKING CAN CAUSE DEPRESSION, LEADING TO AN INABILITY TO FUNCTION IN DAILY LIFE AND AN INCREASED RISK FOR RELAPSE TO HARMFUL DRINKING. UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-RELATED DEPRESSION MAY LEAD TO NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR TREATMENT. EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE RECENTLY EMERGED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO BOTH DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). SPECIFICALLY, ACETYLATION OF THE N-TERMINAL TAILS OF HISTONE PROTEINS THAT PACKAGE DNA INTO NUCLEOSOMES IS ALTERED IN STRESS-INDUCED MODELS OF DEPRESSION AND DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, A BRAIN REGION CRITICAL FOR MOOD REGULATION AND DEPRESSION. MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE LIEBER-DECARLI ETHANOL LIQUID DIET FOR 15 DAYS AND THEN UNDERWENT WITHDRAWAL. RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), DURING WITHDRAWAL AND WERE TESTED FOR DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR. IN A SEPARATE GROUP OF RATS, THE HIPPOCAMPUS WAS ANALYZED FOR MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF HDAC2 AND LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 ACETYLATION (H3K9AC) DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL. RATS UNDERGOING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL EXHIBITED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND HAD INCREASED HDAC2 AND DECREASED H3K9AC LEVELS IN SPECIFIC STRUCTURES OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH SAHA DURING WITHDRAWAL AMELIORATED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZED CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL HDAC2 AND H3K9AC LEVELS. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL CAUSES AN ALTERED EPIGENETIC STATE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH AN HDAC INHIBITOR CAN CORRECT THIS STATE AND ALLEVIATE DEPRESSION-LIKE SYMPTOMS DEVELOPED DURING WITHDRAWAL. TARGETING HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY BE A NOVEL STRATEGY TO REDUCE ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED DEPRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13 3314  38 HIPPOCAMPAL CANNABINOID 1 RECEPTORS ARE MODULATED FOLLOWING COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN MALE RATS. COCAINE ADDICTION IS A COMPLEX PATHOLOGY INDUCING LONG-TERM NEUROPLASTIC CHANGES THAT, IN TURN, CONTRIBUTE TO MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS. THIS BEHAVIORAL DYSREGULATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPROGRAMMING IN BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITRY, ALTHOUGH THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THIS MODULATION REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THE ENDOGENOUS CANNABINOID SYSTEM MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THIS PROCESS IN THAT CANNABINOID MECHANISMS MODULATE DRUG REWARD AND CONTRIBUTE TO COCAINE-INDUCED NEURAL ADAPTATIONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION INDUCES LONG-TERM ADAPTATIONS, INCLUDING TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS AND ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. WE FIRST EXAMINED ENDOCANNABINOID GENE EXPRESSION IN REWARD-RELATED BRAIN REGIONS OF THE RAT FOLLOWING SELF-ADMINISTERED (0.33 MG/KG INTRAVENOUS, FR1, 10 DAYS) COCAINE INJECTIONS. INTERESTINGLY, WE FOUND INCREASED CNR1 EXPRESSION IN SEVERAL STRUCTURES, INCLUDING PREFRONTAL CORTEX, NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, DORSAL STRIATUM, HIPPOCAMPUS, HABENULA, AMYGDALA, LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA, AND ROSTROMEDIAL TEGMENTAL NUCLEUS, WITH MOST PRONOUNCED EFFECTS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. ENDOCANNABINOID LEVELS, MEASURED BY MASS SPECTROMETRY, WERE ALSO ALTERED IN THIS STRUCTURE. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY QPCR IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS REVEALED THAT TWO ACTIVATING HISTONE MARKS, H3K4ME3 AND H3K27AC, WERE ENRICHED AT SPECIFIC ENDOCANNABINOID GENES FOLLOWING COCAINE INTAKE. TARGETING CB1 RECEPTORS USING CHROMOSOME CONFORMATION CAPTURE, WE HIGHLIGHTED SPATIAL CHROMATIN RE-ORGANIZATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AS WELL AS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, SUGGESTING THAT DESTABILIZATION OF THE CHROMATIN MAY CONTRIBUTE TO NEURONAL RESPONSES TO COCAINE. OVERALL, OUR RESULTS HIGHLIGHT A KEY ROLE FOR THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN COCAINE-INDUCED PLASTICITY AND BROADEN THE UNDERSTANDING OF NEURONAL ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOCANNABINOID SIGNALING. THE LATTER SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CONTRIBUTE TO MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC DRUG USE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14 5709  45 SIRT1 DECREASES EMOTIONAL PAIN VULNERABILITY WITH ASSOCIATED CAMKIIALPHA DEACETYLATION IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA. EMOTIONAL DISORDERS ARE COMMON COMORBID CONDITIONS THAT FURTHER EXACERBATE THE SEVERITY AND CHRONICITY OF CHRONIC PAIN. HOWEVER, INDIVIDUALS SHOW CONSIDERABLE VULNERABILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN UNDER SIMILAR PAIN CONDITIONS. IN THIS STUDY ON MALE RAT AND MOUSE MODELS OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN, WE IDENTIFY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1) IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA AS A KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT CONTROLS THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBID EMOTIONAL DISORDERS UNDERLYING THE INDIVIDUAL VULNERABILITY TO CHRONIC PAIN. WE FOUND THAT ANIMALS THAT WERE VULNERABLE TO DEVELOPING BEHAVIORS OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION UNDER THE PAIN CONDITION DISPLAYED REDUCED SIRT1 PROTEIN LEVELS IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA, BUT NOT THOSE ANIMALS RESISTANT TO THE EMOTIONAL DISORDERS. VIRAL OVEREXPRESSION OF LOCAL SIRT1 REVERSED THIS VULNERABILITY, BUT VIRAL KNOCKDOWN OF LOCAL SIRT1 MIMICKED THE PAIN EFFECT, ELICITING THE PAIN VULNERABILITY IN PAIN-FREE ANIMALS. THE SIRT1 ACTION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CAMKIIALPHA DOWNREGULATION AND DEACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 AT THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, BY TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF CAMKIIALPHA IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA, SIRT1 FUNCTIONS TO GUARD AGAINST THE EMOTIONAL PAIN VULNERABILITY UNDER CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. THIS STUDY INDICATES THAT SIRT1 MAY SERVE AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC MOLECULE FOR INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN WITH VULNERABLE EMOTIONAL DISORDERS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT CHRONIC PAIN IS A PREVALENT NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE WITH NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AT PRESENT. PAIN PATIENTS DISPLAY CONSIDERABLY VARIABLE VULNERABILITY TO DEVELOPING CHRONIC PAIN, INDICATING INDIVIDUAL-BASED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE PAIN VULNERABILITY, WHICH IS HARDLY ADDRESSED IN CURRENT PRECLINICAL RESEARCH. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1) AS A KEY REGULATOR THAT CONTROLS THIS PAIN VULNERABILITY. THIS STUDY REVEALS THAT THE SIRT1-CAMKIIAALPHA PATHWAY IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA ACTS AS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM THAT GUARDS AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBID EMOTIONAL DISORDERS UNDER CHRONIC PAIN, AND THAT ITS DYSFUNCTION CAUSES INCREASED VULNERABILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 ACTIVATORS MAY BE USED IN A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH FOR INDIVIDUAL-BASED TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15 3363  46 HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES OF JMJD2 OR KDM4 FAMILY ARE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORS IN REWARD CIRCUITRY IN THE ETIOPATHOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) IS DEBILITATING MENTAL ILLNESS AND IS ONE OF THE LEADING CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE, BUT UNFORTUNATELY NEWER AND BETTER DRUGS ARE NOT FORTHCOMING. THE REASON IS LACK OF COMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DISORDER. RECENT RESEARCH SHOWS DYSREGULATION IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS, PARTICULARLY THE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REPRESSIVE DI- AND TRI-METHYLATION OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9ME2/ME3) IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A CRITICAL REGION OF THE REWARD PATHWAY INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANHEDONIA, THE HALLMARK OF DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES, WHICH CAN REMOVE METHYLATION FROM H3K9, IN PARTICULAR JUMONJI DOMAIN CONTAINING DEMETHYLASES 2 OR JMJD2 FAMILY, HAS NOT BEEN STUDIED. USING SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS-INDUCED MOUSE MODEL OF DEPRESSION, THIS STUDY UNCOVERED THAT TRANSCRIPTS OF MOST OF THE JMJD2 MEMBERS WERE UNCHANGED AFTER 5 DAYS OF DEFEAT DURING THE ONSET OF DEPRESSION, BUT WERE DOWNREGULATED AFTER 10 DAYS OF DEFEAT IN FULL-BLOWN DEPRESSION. BLOCKING THE JUMONJI DOMAIN CONTAINING DEMETHYLASES BY CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF INHIBITORS DIMETHYLOXALYLGLYCINE (DMOG) AND ML324 RESULTED IN DEPRESSION-LIKE PHENOTYPE EVEN IN ABSENCE OF STRESS EXPOSURE, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MARKS H3K9ME2/ME3 IN NAC, CAUSING ALTERED NEUROPLASTIC CHANGES AS REPORTED IN NAC IN DEPRESSION MODELS. THUS, WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT JMJD2 CLASS DEMETHYLASES ARE CRITICAL EPIGENETIC REGULATORS INVOLVED IN ETIOPATHOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND RELATED DISORDERS AND ACTIVATION OF THESE DEMETHYLASES CAN BE A GOOD STRATEGY IN THE TREATMENT OF MDD AND RELATED PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16 6801  50 [EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET]. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS A DEVASTATING ILLNESS WITH A PROFOUND HEALTH IMPACT, AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS DISEASE OCCURS OVER TIME AND REQUIRES CHANGES IN BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION. THERE IS CONVERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS AND BEHAVIOR SUCH AS THE INTERVENTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION, LIKE HISTONE METHYLATION, IS A HIGHLY DYNAMIC PROCESS REGULATED BY TWO CLASSES OF ENZYMES: HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). TO DATE, 18 HUMAN HDAC ISOFORMS HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED, AND BASED ON THEIR SEQUENCE HOMOLOGIES AND COFACTOR DEPENDENCIES, THEY HAVE BEEN PHYLOGENETICALLY CATEGORIZED INTO 4 MAIN CLASSES: CLASSES I, II (A AND B), III, AND IV. IN THE BRAIN, EXPRESSION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS VARIES BETWEEN CELL TYPES AND ALSO IN THEIR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION (NUCLEUS AND/OR CYTOSOL). FURTHERMORE, WE RECENTLY SHOWED THAT A SINGLE ETHANOL EXPOSURE INHIBITS HDAC ACTIVITY AND INCREASES BOTH H3 AND H4 HISTONE ACETYLATION WITHIN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. IN THE BRAIN OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS, ETHANOL HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE HISTONE-RELATED AND DNA METHYLATION EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEVERAL REWARD REGIONS INVOLVED IN REWARD PROCESSES SUCH AS HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND AMYGDALA. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED ALTERATION OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS IN SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS FROM THE REWARD CIRCUIT OF RATS MADE DEPENDENT TO ALCOHOL AFTER CHRONIC AND INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL VAPOR. IN NEURONAL CELL LINE CULTURE, ETHANOL WAS SHOWN TO INDUCE HDAC EXPRESSION. IN MOUSE AND RAT BRAIN, NUMEROUS STUDIES REPORTED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT BOTH THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE CHANGED AFTER REPEATED ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL IN MICE SENSITIZED TO THE MOTOR STIMULANT EFFECT OF ETHANOL (A MODEL OF DRUG-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY). NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HDAC INHIBITORS ARE ABLE TO COUNTER ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND THE ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF HDAC AND/OR LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HDAC. FOR EXAMPLE, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT CAUSED THE REVERSAL OF ETHANOL-INDUCED TOLERANCE, ANXIETY, AND ETHANOL DRINKING BY INHIBITING HDAC ACTIVITY, THEREBY INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. ANOTHER STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT TSA PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL INDUCED ANXIETY IN RATS BY RESCUING DEFICITS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE AMYGDALA. WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT TREATMENT WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE BLOCKS BOTH THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EXPRESSION OF ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION IN MICE. IN THIS CONTEXT, CONVERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HDAC INHIBITORS COULD BE USEFUL IN COUNTERACTING ETHANOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THAT IS, HDAC INHIBITORS COULD AFFECT DIFFERENT ACETYLATION SITES AND MAY ALSO ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THAT COULD IN TURN COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL. RECENT WORK IN RODENTS HAS SHOWN THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF PAN HDAC CLASS I AND II INHIBITORS, TSA AND N-HYDROXY-N-PHENYL-OCTANEDIAMIDE [SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID] (SAHA), AND OF THE MORE SELECTIVE INHIBITOR (MAINLY HDAC1 AND HDAC9) MS-275, DECREASE BINGE-LIKE ALCOHOL DRINKING IN MICE. SAHA SELECTIVELY REDUCED ETHANOL OPERANT SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND SEEKING IN RATS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY REVEALED THAT MS-275 STRONGLY DECREASED OPERANT ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS WHEN ADMINISTERED 30 MINUTES BEFORE THE SESSION AT THE SECOND DAY OF INJECTION. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT INTRA-CEREBRO-VENTRICULAR INFUSION OF MS-275 INCREASES ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 4 WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND THE DORSOLATERAL STRIATUM, ASSOCIATED TO A DECREASE IN ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY ABOUT 75%. MS-275 ALSO DIMINISHED BOTH THE MOTIVATION TO CONSUME ETHANOL (25% DECREASE), RELAPSE (BY ABOUT 50%) AND POSTPONED REACQUISITION AFTER ABSTINENCE. BOTH LITERATURE AND SEVERAL OF OUR STUDIES STRONGLY SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTEREST OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL DRINKING AND STRENGTHEN THEINTEREST OF FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC ISOFORMS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES.	2017	

17 1614  40 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A IS INVOLVED IN THE SUSTAINED EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STRESS ON SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND BEHAVIORS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE ABERRANT GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN STRESS-ASSOCIATED MENTAL DISORDERS. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS TO BE ELUCIDATED ABOUT THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AND ITS CATALYZING ENZYMES, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IN THIS PROCESS. HERE, WE FOUND THAT MALE RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC (2-WEEK) UNPREDICTABLE STRESS EXHIBITED A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION OF DNMT3A AFTER STRESS CESSATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), A KEY TARGET REGION OF STRESS. TREATMENT OF UNSTRESSED CONTROL RATS WITH DNMT INHIBITORS RECAPITULATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS ON DECREASED AMPAR EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN PFC. IN CONTRAST, OVEREXPRESSION OF DNMT3A IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS PREVENTED THE LOSS OF GLUTAMATERGIC RESPONSES. MOREOVER, THE STRESS-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING THE IMPAIRED RECOGNITION MEMORY, HEIGHTENED AGGRESSION, AND HYPERLOCOMOTION, WERE PARTIALLY ATTENUATED BY DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS. FINALLY, WE FOUND THAT THERE WERE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND TRANSCRIPTOME ALTERATIONS IN PFC OF STRESSED RATS, BOTH OF WHICH WERE ENRICHED AT SEVERAL NEURAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSE AND MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING. THESE RESULTS HAVE THEREFORE RECOGNIZED THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF DNA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN STRESS-INDUCED DISTURBANCE OF SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18 5820  39 STRESS DYNAMICALLY REGULATES BEHAVIOR AND GLUTAMATERGIC GENE EXPRESSION IN HIPPOCAMPUS BY OPENING A WINDOW OF EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY. EXCITATORY AMINO ACIDS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN BOTH ADAPTIVE AND DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF STRESSORS ON THE BRAIN, AND DYSREGULATED GLUTAMATE HOMEOSTASIS HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHIATRIC AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. HERE, WE ELUCIDATE MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A HISTORY OF CHRONIC STRESS AND FAMILIAR AND NOVEL ACUTE STRESSORS THAT ALTER EXPRESSION OF ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT ACUTE RESTRAINT AND ACUTE FORCED SWIM STRESSORS INDUCE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON THESE BEHAVIORS IN NAIVE MICE AND IN MICE WITH A HISTORY OF CHRONIC-RESTRAINT STRESS (CRS). THEY REVEAL A KEY ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC UP- AND DOWN-REGULATION OF THE PUTATIVE PRESYNAPTIC TYPE 2 METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE (MGLU2) RECEPTORS AND THE POSTSYNAPTIC NR1/NMDA RECEPTORS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PARTICULARLY IN THE DENTATE GYRUS (DG), A REGION OF ACTIVE NEUROGENESIS AND A TARGET OF ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT. WE SHOW CHANGES IN DG LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP) THAT PARALLEL BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES, WITH HABITUATION TO THE SAME ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESSOR AND SENSITIZATION TO A NOVEL FORCED-SWIM STRESSOR. IN WT MICE AFTER CRS AND IN UNSTRESSED MICE WITH A BDNF LOSS-OF-FUNCTION ALLELE (BDNF VAL66MET), WE SHOW THAT THE EPIGENETIC ACTIVATOR OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, P300, PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE DYNAMIC UP- AND DOWN-REGULATION OF MGLU2 IN HIPPOCAMPUS VIA HISTONE-3-LYSINE-27-ACETYLATION (H3K27AC) WHEN ACUTE STRESSORS ARE APPLIED. THESE HIPPOCAMPAL RESPONSES REVEAL A WINDOW OF EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY THAT MAY BE USEFUL FOR TREATMENT OF DISORDERS IN WHICH GLUTAMATERGIC TRANSMISSION IS DYSREGULATED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19 6177  40 THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE G9A MEDIATES STRESS-REGULATED ALCOHOL DRINKING. THE EPIGENETIC ENZYME G9A IS A HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE THAT DIMETHYLATES LYSINE 9 ON HISTONE H3 (H3K9ME2), AND IN THE ADULT NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), G9A REGULATES MULTIPLE BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER. WE SHOW HERE THAT CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL (CIE) EXPOSURE IN MALE MICE REDUCED BOTH G9A AND H3K9ME2 LEVELS IN THE ADULT NAC, BUT NOT DORSAL STRIATUM. VIRAL-MEDIATED REDUCTION OF G9A IN THE NAC HAD NO EFFECTS ON BASELINE VOLITIONAL ETHANOL DRINKING OR ESCALATED ALCOHOL DRINKING PRODUCED BY CIE EXPOSURE; HOWEVER, NAC G9A WAS REQUIRED FOR STRESS-REGULATED CHANGES IN ETHANOL DRINKING, INCLUDING POTENTIATED ALCOHOL DRINKING PRODUCED BY ACTIVATION OF THE KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR. IN ADDITION, WE OBSERVED THAT CHRONIC SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF A G9A INHIBITOR, UNC0642, ALSO BLOCKED STRESS-POTENTIATED ALCOHOL DRINKING. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE, SIMILAR TO OTHER ABUSED SUBSTANCES, PRODUCES A NAC-SELECTIVE REDUCTION IN G9A LEVELS THAT SERVES TO LIMIT STRESS-REGULATED ALCOHOL DRINKING. MOREOVER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF G9A MIGHT PROVIDE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO TREAT STRESS-INDUCED ALCOHOL DRINKING, WHICH IS A MAJOR TRIGGER OF RELAPSE IN INDIVIDUALS SUFFERING FROM AUD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20 3203  47 HDAC3 ACTIVITY WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS REGULATES COCAINE-INDUCED PLASTICITY AND BEHAVIOR IN A CELL-TYPE-SPECIFIC MANNER. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE PROCESSES OF NEUROPLASTICITY CRITICAL TO COCAINE-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. THIS INCLUDES THE CLASS I HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) HDAC3, KNOWN TO ACT AS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF COCAINE-ASSOCIATED MEMORY FORMATION WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC). DESPITE THIS, IT REMAINS UNKNOWN HOW COCAINE ALTERS HDAC3-DEPENDENT MECHANISMS. HERE, WE PROFILED HDAC3 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY IN TOTAL NAC MOUSE TISSUE FOLLOWING COCAINE EXPOSURE. ALTHOUGH CHRONIC COCAINE DID NOT AFFECT EXPRESSION OF HDAC3 WITHIN THE NAC, CHRONIC COCAINE DID AFFECT PROMOTER-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN HDAC3 AND H4K8AC OCCUPANCY. THESE CHANGES IN PROMOTER OCCUPANCY CORRELATED WITH COCAINE-INDUCED CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF PLASTICITY-RELATED GENES. TO CAUSALLY DETERMINE WHETHER COCAINE-INDUCED PLASTICITY IS MEDIATED BY HDAC3'S DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY, WE OVEREXPRESSED A DEACETYLASE-DEAD HDAC3 POINT MUTANT (HDAC3-Y298H-V5) WITHIN THE NAC OF ADULT MALE MICE. WE FOUND THAT DISRUPTING HDAC3'S ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY ALTERED SELECTIVE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY FOLLOWING COCAINE EXPOSURE, DESPITE HAVING NO EFFECTS ON COCAINE-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. IN FURTHER ASSESSING HDAC3'S ROLE WITHIN THE NAC, WE OBSERVED THAT CHRONIC COCAINE INCREASES HDAC3 EXPRESSION IN DRD1 BUT NOT DRD2-CELLS OF THE NAC. MOREOVER, WE DISCOVERED THAT HDAC3 ACTS SELECTIVELY WITHIN D1R CELL-TYPES TO REGULATE COCAINE-ASSOCIATED MEMORY FORMATION AND COCAINE-SEEKING. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT COCAINE INDUCES CELL-TYPE-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE PLASTICITY IMPORTANT FOR DRIVING COCAINE-RELATED BEHAVIORS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT DRUGS OF ABUSE ALTER MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THROUGHOUT THE REWARD CIRCUITRY THAT CAN LEAD TO PERSISTENT DRUG-ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORS. EPIGENETIC REGULATORS ARE CRITICAL DRIVERS OF DRUG-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT THE ACTIVITY OF AN EPIGENETIC ENZYME PROMOTES NEUROPLASTICITY WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) CRITICAL TO COCAINE ACTION. IN ADDITION, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT THESE CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC ACTIVITY DRIVE COCAINE-SEEKING BEHAVIORS IN A CELL-TYPE-SPECIFIC MANNER. THESE FINDINGS ARE KEY IN UNDERSTANDING AND TARGETING COCAINE'S IMPACT OF NEURAL CIRCUITRY AND BEHAVIOR.	2021