1 2792 111 FAT10 IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER FOR LIVER PRENEOPLASIA IN A DRUG-PRIMED MOUSE MODEL OF TUMORIGENESIS. THERE IS CLINICAL EVIDENCE THAT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES IN WHICH MDBS (MALLORY DENK BODIES) FORM PROGRESS TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE PRESENT STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT LINKS MDB FORMATION INDUCED BY CHRONIC DRUG INJURY, WITH PRENEOPLASIA AND LATER TO THE FORMATION OF TUMORS, WHICH DEVELOP LONG AFTER DRUG WITHDRAWAL. EVIDENCE INDICATED THAT THIS LINK WAS DUE TO AN EPIGENETIC CELLULAR MEMORY INDUCED BY CHRONIC DRUG INGESTION. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSIONS OF MANY MARKERS OF PRENEOPLASIA (UBD, ALPHA FETOPROTEIN, KLF6 AND GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE MU2) WERE INCREASED TOGETHER WHEN THE DRUG DDC WAS REFED. THESE CHANGES WERE SUPPRESSED BY S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE FEEDING, INDICATING THAT THE DRUG WAS AFFECTING DNA AND HISTONES METHYLATION IN AN EPIGENETIC MANNER. THE LINK BETWEEN MDB FORMATION AND NEOPLASIA FORMATION WAS LIKELY DUE TO THE OVER EXPRESSION OF UBD (ALSO CALLED FAT10), WHICH IS UP REGULATED IN 90% OF HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING OF DRUG-PRIMED MOUSE LIVERS SHOWED THAT FAT10 POSITIVE LIVER CELLS PERSISTED UP TO 4 MONTHS AFTER DRUG WITHDRAWAL AND THEY WERE STILL FOUND IN THE LIVERS OF MICE, 14 MONTHS AFTER DRUG WITHDRAWAL. THE REFEEDING OF DDC INCREASED THE PERCENT OF FAT10 HEPATOCYTES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2 6310  56 THE REGULATION OF NON-CODING RNA EXPRESSION IN THE LIVER OF MICE FED DDC. MALLORY-DENK BODIES (MDBS) ARE FOUND IN THE LIVER OF PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOLIC AND CHRONIC NONALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). DIETHYL 1,4-DIHYDRO-2,4,6,-TRIMETHYL-3,5-PYRIDINEDICARBOXYLATE (DDC) IS USED AS A MODEL TO INDUCE THE FORMATION OF MDBS IN MOUSE LIVER. PREVIOUS STUDIES IN THIS LABORATORY SHOWED THAT DDC INDUCED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN DNA AND HISTONES. THE COMBINATION OF THESE MODIFICATIONS CHANGES THE PHENOTYPE OF THE MDB FORMING HEPATOCYTES, AS INDICATED BY THE MARKER FAT10. THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE PARTIALLY PREVENTED BY ADDING TO THE DIET S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAME) OR BETAINE, BOTH METHYL DONORS. THE EXPRESSION OF THREE IMPRINTED NCRNA GENES WAS FOUND TO CHANGE IN MDB FORMING HEPATOCYTES, WHICH IS THE SUBJECT OF THIS REPORT. NCRNA EXPRESSION WAS QUANTITATED BY REAL-TIME PCR AND RNA FISH IN LIVER SECTIONS. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF THREE NCRNAS WAS REGULATED BY DDC: UP REGULATION OF H19, ANTISENSE IGF2R (AIR), AND DOWN REGULATION OF GTL2 (ALSO CALLED MEG3). S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAME) FEEDING PREVENTED THESE CHANGES. BETAINE, ANOTHER METHYL GROUP DONOR, PREVENTED ONLY H19 AND AIR UP REGULATION INDUCED BY DDC, ON MICROARRAYS. THE RESULTS OF THE SAME AND BETAINE GROUPS WERE CONFIRMED BY REAL-TIME PCR, EXCEPT FOR AIR EXPRESSION. AFTER 1 MONTH OF DRUG WITHDRAWAL, THE EXPRESSION OF THE THREE NCRNAS TENDED TOWARD CONTROL LEVELS OF EXPRESSION. LIVER TUMORS THAT DEVELOPED ALSO SHOWED UP REGULATION OF H19 AND AIR. THE RNA FISH APPROACH SHOWED THAT THE MDB FORMING CELLS' PHENOTYPE CHANGED THE LEVEL OF EXPRESSION OF AIR, H19 AND GTL2, COMPARED TO THE SURROUNDING CELLS. FURTHERMORE, OVER EXPRESSION OF H19 AND AIR WAS DEMONSTRATED IN TUMORS FORMED IN MICE WITHDRAWN FOR 9 MONTHS. THE DYSREGULATION OF NCRNA IN MDB FORMING LIVER CELLS HAS BEEN OBSERVED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN DRUG-PRIMED MICE ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER PRENEOPLASTIC FOCI AND TUMORS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3 6361  59 THE ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNITY IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PRENEOPLASIA IN DRUG-INDUCED CHRONIC HEPATITIS BASED ON A MOUSE MODEL. INNATE IMMUNITY FACTORS SUCH AS CONVERSION OF THE 26S PROTEASOME TO FORM THE IMMUNOPROTEASOME AND THE TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAYS ARE ACTIVATED IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS INDUCED BY THE CARCINOGENIC DRUG DDC. OVER TIME, PRENEOPLASTIC HEPATOCYTE PHENOTYPES APPEAR IN THE LIVER PARENCHYMA. THESE CHANGED HEPATOCYTES EXPAND IN NUMBER BECAUSE THEY HAVE A GROWTH ADVANTAGE OVER NORMAL HEPATOCYTES WHEN RESPONDING TO CHRONIC LIVER INJURY. THE CHANGED HEPATOCYTES CAN BE IDENTIFIED USING IMMUNOFLUORESCENT ANTIBODIES TO PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS E.G. FAT10/UBD, A2 MACROGLOBULIN, GLUTATHIONE TRANSPEPTIDASE, ALPHA FETOPROTEIN, GLYCIPAN 3, FAS, AND GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASE. THE FORMATION OF THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS OCCURS CONCOMITANT WITH ACTIVATION OF THE TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE 26S PROTEASOME TO FORM THE IMMUNOPROTEASOME. THIS TRANSFORMATION IS IN RESPONSE TO INTERFERON STIMULATING RESPONSE ELEMENT ON THE PROMOTER OF THE FAT10/UBD GENE. NFKAPPAB, ERK, P38 AND JNK ARE ALSO UP REGULATED. SPECIFIC INHIBITORS BLOCK THESE RESPONSES IN VITRO IN A MOUSE TUMOR CELL LINE EXPOSED TO INTERFERON GAMMA. MALLORY-DENK BODIES FORM IN THESE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS, BECAUSE OF THE DEPLETION OF THE 26S PROTEASOME DUE TO FORMATION OF THE IMMUNOPROTEASOME. THUS, MDB FORMING CELLS ARE ALSO MARKERS OF THE PRENEOPLASTIC HEPATOCYTES. THE UBD POSITIVE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS REGRESS WHEN THE LIVER INJURY INDUCED CHRONIC HEPATITIS SUBSIDES. WHEN THE DRUG DDC IS REFED TO MICE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS IS ACTIVATED, THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELL POPULATION EXPANDS AND MALLORY-DENK BODIES RAPIDLY REFORM. THIS RESPONSE IS REMEMBERED BY THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS FOR AT LEAST FOUR MONTHS INDICATING THAT AN EPIGENETIC CELLULAR MEMORY HAS FORMED IN THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS. THIS PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSE IS PREVENTED BY FEEDING METHYL DONORS SUCH AS S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE OR BETAINE. DRUG FEEDING REDUCES THE METHYLATION OF H(3) K4, 9, AND 27 AND THIS RESPONSE IS PREVENTED BY FEEDING THE METHYL DONORS. AFTER 8 TO 15MONTHS OF DRUG WITHDRAWAL IN MICE THE PRENEOPLASTIC LIVER CELLS PERSIST AS SINGLE OR SMALL CLUSTERS OF CELLS IN THE LIVER LOBULES. MULTIPLE LIVER TUMORS FORM, SOME OF WHICH ARE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. THE TUMORS IMMUNOSTAIN POSITIVELY FOR THE SAME PRENEOPLASTIC MARKERS AS THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS. SIMILAR CELLS ARE IDENTIFIED IN HUMAN CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA INDICATING THE RELEVANCE OF THE DRUG MODEL DESCRIBED HERE TO THE PRENEOPLASTIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA.	2011	

4 2590  36 EPIGENETICS OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN THE LIVER OF RATS FED ETHANOL CHRONICALLY. AIM: TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL-INDUCED PROTEASOME INHIBITION, AND THE EFFECTS OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN THE REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. METHODS: RATS WERE FED ETHANOL FOR 1 MO USING THE TSUKAMOTO-FRENCH MODEL AND WERE COMPARED TO RATS GIVEN THE PROTEASOME INHIBITOR PS-341 (BORTEZOMIB, VELCADE(TM)) BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS AND REAL TIME PCR WERE PERFORMED AND PROTEASOME ACTIVITY ASSAYS AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED USING ISOLATED NUCLEI. RESULTS: CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT INHIBITION OF THE UBIQUITIN PROTEASOME PATHWAY IN THE NUCLEUS, WHICH LED TO CHANGES IN THE TURNOVER OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS, HISTONE-MODIFYING ENZYMES, AND, THEREFORE, AFFECTED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING WAS RELATED TO AN INCREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION, AND IT IS HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE PROTEASOME PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY REGULATED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY CONTROLLING THE STABILITY OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES, AND, THEREFORE, REGULATED THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, ALLOWING EASY ACCESS TO CHROMATIN BY RNA POLYMERASE, AND, THUS, PROPER GENE EXPRESSION. PROTEASOME INHIBITION BY PS-341 INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION SIMILAR TO CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. IN ADDITION, PROTEASOME INHIBITION CAUSED DRAMATIC CHANGES IN HEPATIC REMETHYLATION REACTIONS AS THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REGENERATION OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE, AND, IN PARTICULAR, A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE BETAINE-HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME. THIS SUGGESTED THAT HYPOMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEASOME INHIBITION, AS INDICATED BY THE DECREASE IN HISTONE METHYLATION. CONCLUSION: THE ROLE OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN REGULATING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND ITS LINK TO LIVER INJURY IN ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE, IS THUS A PROMISING APPROACH TO STUDY LIVER INJURY DUE TO CHRONIC ETHANOL CONSUMPTION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5 4215  33 METHYL DEFICIENCY, ALTERATIONS IN GLOBAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND CARCINOGENESIS. THE METHYL-DEFICIENT MODEL OF ENDOGENOUS HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IN RODENTS IS UNIQUE IN THAT DIETARY OMISSION RATHER THAN THE ADDITION OF CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS LEADS TO TUMOR FORMATION. THUS, THE BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR EVENTS PREDISPOSING TO CANCER IN THIS MODEL RESULT FROM CHRONIC METABOLIC STRESS AND PROVIDE AN IDEAL MODEL SYSTEM TO STUDY PROGRESSIVE ALTERATIONS THAT OCCUR DURING CARCINOGENESIS. MOREOVER, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IMPOSED BY THIS DIET ARE BELIEVED TO BE 1 OF THE MAIN MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF RAT LIVER CELLS. IN THIS STUDY WE EXAMINED THE CHANGES IN GLOBAL HISTONE MODIFICATION PATTERNS IN LIVER DURING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS INDUCED BY METHYL DEFICIENCY. FEEDING ANIMALS THE METHYL-DEFICIENT DIET (MDD) LED TO PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF HISTONE H4 LYSINE 20 TRIMETHYLATION (H4K20ME3), H3 LYSINE 9 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K9ME3), AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9AC) AND HISTONE H4 LYSINE 16 (H4K16AC) ACETYLATION. A CONSIDERABLE DECREASE OF H4K20ME3 AND H3K9AC WAS ALSO DETECTED IN LIVER TUMORS INDUCED BY MDD. IN CONTRAST, LIVER TUMORS DISPLAYED AN INCREASE IN H3K9ME3 AND H4K16AC. TO DETERMINE THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF ALTERATIONS OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WE ANALYZED THE EXPRESSION OF HISTONE-MODIFYING ENZYMES IN LIVER DURING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE EXPRESSION OF SUV4-20H2 AND RIZ1 HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES (HMTS) STEADILY DECREASED ALONG WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER TUMORS AND REACHED ITS LOWEST LEVEL IN TUMOR TISSUE, WHEREAS THE EXPRESSION OF SUV39-H1 HMT AND HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE 1 (HAT1) SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED IN TUMORS. THESE RESULTS ILLUSTRATE THE COMPLEXITY AND IMPORTANCE OF HISTONE MODIFICATION CHANGES IN THE ETIOLOGY OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS INDUCED BY MDD.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6  894  34 CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING ALTERS HEPATOCYTE MEMORY WHICH IS NOT ALTERED BY ACUTE FEEDING. BACKGROUND: GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN THE LIVER AFTER ACUTE BINGE DRINKING MAY DIFFER FROM THE CHANGES SEEN IN CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING IN THE RAT. THE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING MAY SENSITIZE THE LIVER TO ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE, WHICH IS NOT SEEN AFTER ACUTE BINGE DRINKING. METHODS: TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, GENE MICROARRAY ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED ON THE LIVERS OF RATS (N = 3) FED AN ACUTE BINGE DOSE OF ETHANOL (6 G/KG BODY WT) AND KILLED AT 3 AND 12 HOURS AFTER ETHANOL BY GAVAGE. THE GENE MICROARRAYS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE MADE ON THE LIVER OF RATS FROM A PREVIOUS STUDY, IN WHICH THE RATS WERE FED ETHANOL BY INTRAGASTRIC TUBE FOR 1 MONTH (36% OF CALORIES DERIVED FROM ETHANOL). RESULTS: MICROARRAY ANALYSIS DATA VARIED BETWEEN THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC MODELS IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT RESPECTS. GROWTH FACTORS INCREASED MAINLY IN THE CHRONIC ALCOHOL FED RAT. CHANGES IN ENZYMES INVOLVED IN OXIDATIVE STRESS WERE NOTED ONLY WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. GENE EXPRESSION OF FAT METABOLISM WAS INCREASED ONLY WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. MOST IMPORTANTLY, EPIGENETIC RELATED ENZYMES AND ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES CHANGED ONLY AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUPPORT THE CONCEPT THAT CHRONIC ETHANOL INGESTION INDUCES ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AS A RESULT OF CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHERE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES WERE ALTERED.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7 1615  27 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B PLAYS A PROTECTIVE ROLE AGAINST HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS CAUSED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION VIA MAINTAINING MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS. MOST HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS) DEVELOP ON THE BASIS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS, BUT THE MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN INFLAMMATORY HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS HAS YET TO BE ELUCIDATED. AMONG DE NOVO DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), DNMT3B HAS LATELY BEEN REPORTED TO ACT SPECIFICALLY ON ACTIVELY TRANSCRIBED GENES, SUGGESTING THE POSSIBILITY THAT IT PLAYS A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CANCER. WE CONFIRMED THAT DNMT3B ISOFORMS LACKING ITS CATALYTIC DOMAIN WERE HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN HCCS COMPARED WITH NON-TUMOROUS LIVER TISSUE. TO ELUCIDATE THE ROLE OF DNMT3B IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, WE GENERATED A GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MOUSE MODEL WITH HEPATOCYTE-SPECIFIC DNMT3B DELETION. THE LIVER OF THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT MICE EXHIBITED AN EXACERBATION OF THIOACETAMIDE-INDUCED HEPATITIS, PROGRESSION OF LIVER FIBROSIS AND A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF HCC COMPARED WITH THE LIVER OF THE CONTROL MICE. WHOLE-GENOME BISULFITE SEQUENCING VERIFIED A LOWER CG METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT LIVER, DEMONSTRATING DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS THROUGHOUT THE GENOME. TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS REVEALED DECREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT LIVER. MOREOVER, PRIMARY HEPATOCYTES ISOLATED FROM THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT MICE SHOWED REDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CAPACITY, LEADING TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE LIVER TISSUE. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF DNMT3B AGAINST CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND HCC DEVELOPMENT VIA MAINTAINING MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8 6723  30 VITAMIN D RECEPTOR GENE METHYLATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. WORLDWIDE, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MAJOR SUBTYPE OF PRIMARY LIVER CANCERS. HCC IS TYPICALLY DIAGNOSED LATE IN ITS COURSE. WITH RESPECT TO CANCER, THE GENOMIC ACTIONS OF VITAMIN D ARE MEDIATED THROUGH BINDING TO THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR (VDR), WHICH ALLOWS IT TO MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF GENES IN A CELL-AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC MANNER. EPIGENETICS IS A RAPIDLY EVOLVING FIELD OF GENETIC STUDY APPLICABLE TO HCC. CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ARE THOUGHT TO BE EARLY EVENTS IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. CURCUMIN HAS GREAT POTENTIAL AS AN EPIGENETIC AGENT. ACCORDINGLY, THE CURRENT STUDY HAS BEEN DESIGNED TO STUDY THE METHYLATION STATUS OF VDR GENE PROMOTER FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HCC AIMING TO FIND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND POTENTIAL SCREENING ROLE IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE (CLD). ADDITIONALLY, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE, THE EFFECT OF CURCUMIN ON HCC CELL LINE, AIMING TO DISCOVER NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS THROUGH EPIGENETICS. THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED ON 45 FORMALIN-FIXED, PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED LIVER TISSUE BLOCKS INCLUDING 15 HCC SAMPLES (GROUP A), 15 CLD SAMPLES (GROUP B) AND 15 APPARENTLY NORMAL TISSUE TAKEN FROM AROUND BENIGN LESIONS (GROUP C). METHYLATION SPECIFIC RESTRICTION DIGESTION AND QPCR WERE DONE ON ALL SAMPLES AFTER DNA EXTRACTION. THE PERCENTAGE OF VDR GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE HCC GROUP COMPARED TO BOTH CLD AND CONTROL GROUPS (P < 0.01). VDR PROMOTER METHYLATION BY (MS-QPCR) WAS DECREASED AND THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION OF VDR BY (QRT-PCR) WAS MARKEDLY INCREASED IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT FASHION IN CELLS GROWN IN CURCUMIN-ADEQUATE MEDIUM. IN CONCLUSION, THIS STUDY MAY OPEN A NEW GATE FOR THE USE OF VDR PROMOTER METHYLATION AS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER IN HCC.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9 4286  32 MICRORNA EXPRESSION ANALYSIS IN HIGH FAT DIET-INDUCED NAFLD-NASH-HCC PROGRESSION: STUDY ON C57BL/6J MICE. BACKGROUND: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE LIVER. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS A FREQUENT CHRONIC LIVER DISORDER IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. NAFLD CAN PROGRESS THROUGH THE MORE SEVERE NON ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), CIRRHOSIS AND, LASTLY, HCC. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF CODING GENES AS WELL AS DEREGULATION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ACTIVITY PLAY A ROLE IN HCC DEVELOPMENT. IN THIS STUDY, THE C57BL/6J MOUSE MODEL WAS LONG TERM HIGH-FAT (HF) OR LOW-FAT (LF) DIET FED, IN ORDER TO ANALYZE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HEPATIC DAMAGE PROGRESSION. METHODS: MICE WERE HF OR LF DIET FED FOR DIFFERENT TIME POINTS, THEN PLASMA AND HEPATIC TISSUES WERE COLLECTED. HISTOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE PROGRESSION OF LIVER DISEASE. MICRORNAS' DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION WAS EVALUATED ON POOLED RNAS FROM TISSUES, AND SOME MIRNAS SHOWING DYSREGULATION WERE FURTHER ANALYZED AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL. RESULTS: CHOLESTEROL, LOW AND HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, TRIGLYCERIDES AND ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE INCREASE WAS DETECTED IN HF MICE. GROSS ANATOMICAL EXAMINATION REVEALED HEPATOMEGALY IN HF LIVERS, AND HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS HIGHLIGHTED DIFFERENT DEGREES AND LEVELS OF STEATOSIS, INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE AND FIBROSIS IN HF AND LF ANIMALS, DEMONSTRATING THE PROGRESSION FROM NAFLD THROUGH NASH. MACROSCOPIC NODULES, SHOWING TYPICAL NEOPLASTIC FEATURES, WERE OBSERVED IN 20% OF HF DIET FED MICE. FIFTEEN MIRNAS DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN HF WITH RESPECT TO LF HEPATIC TISSUES DURING THE PROGRESSION OF LIVER DAMAGE, AND IN TUMORS WITH RESPECT TO HF NON TUMOR LIVER SPECIMENS WERE IDENTIFIED. AMONG THEM, MIR-340-5P, MIR-484, MIR-574-3P, MIR-720, WHOSE EXPRESSION WAS NEVER DESCRIBED IN NAFLD, NASH AND HCC TISSUES, AND MIR-125A-5P AND MIR-182, WHICH SHOWED EARLY AND SIGNIFICANT DYSREGULATION IN THE SEQUENTIAL HEPATIC DAMAGE PROCESS. CONCLUSIONS: IN THIS STUDY, FIFTEEN MICRORNAS WHICH WERE MODULATED IN HEPATIC TISSUES AND IN TUMORS DURING THE TRANSITION NAFLD-NASH-HCC ARE REPORTED. BESIDES SOME ALREADY DESCRIBED, NEW AND EARLY DYSREGULATED MIRNAS WERE IDENTIFIED. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES ARE NEEDED TO VALIDATE THE RESULTS HERE OBTAINED, AND TO BETTER DEFINE THE ROLE OF THESE MOLECULES IN THE PROGRESSION OF THE HEPATIC DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10 4677  33 NEW LNCRNAS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C PROGRESSION: FROM FIBROSIS TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATH IN THE WORLD, AND ABOUT 80% OF THE CASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B OR C. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE ACCUMULATED OVER DECADES OF CHRONIC INJURY AND MAY AFFECT THE FUNCTIONING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND PROTOONCOGENES. STUDIES HAVE EVIDENCED THE ROLE OF LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNA) WITH ONCOGENIC OR TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITIES, SUGGESTING A GREAT POTENTIAL IN THE TREATMENT, DIAGNOSIS OR INDICATOR OF PROGNOSIS IN CANCER. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE GLOBAL EXPRESSION PROFILE LNCRNA IN HEPATIC TISSUE SAMPLES WITH DIFFERENT STAGES OF FIBROSIS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C, HCC AND NORMAL LIVER, IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY NEW LNCRNAS THAT COULD CONTRIBUTE TO STUDY THE PROGRESSION OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS TO HCC ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C. RNA-SEQ WAS PERFORMED ON ILLUMINA NEXTSEQ PLATFORM TO IDENTIFY LNCRNAS EXPRESSED DIFFERENTLY IN 15 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C, THREE PATIENTS WITH HCC AND THREE NORMAL LIVER SPECIMENS. WHEN THE PATHOLOGICAL TISSUES (FIBROSIS AND CARCINOMA) WERE COMPARED TO NORMAL HEPATIC TISSUE, WERE IDENTIFIED 2, 6 E 34 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED LNCRNAS IN MODERATE FIBROSIS, ADVANCED FIBROSIS AND HCC, RESPECTIVELY. THE CARCINOMA GROUP HAD THE HIGHEST PROPORTION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED LNCRNA (34) AND OF THESE, 29 WERE EXCLUSIVE IN THIS TYPE OF TISSUE. A HEAT MAP OF THE DEREGULATED LNCRNA REVEALED DIFFERENT EXPRESSION PATTERNS ALONG THE PROGRESSION OF FIBROSIS TO HCC. THE RESULTS SHOWED THE DEREGULATION OF SOME LNCRNA ALREADY CLASSIFIED AS TUMOR SUPPRESSORS IN HCC AND OTHER CANCERS, AS WELL AS SOME UNPUBLISHED LNCRNA WHOSE FUNCTION IS UNKNOWN. SOME OF THESE LNCRNAS ARE DYSREGULATED SINCE THE EARLY STAGES OF LIVER INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C, OTHERS OVEREXPRESSED ONLY IN TUMOR TISSUE, INDICATING THEMSELVES AS CANDIDATES OF MARKERS OF FIBROSIS PROGRESSION OR TUMOR, WITH POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS IN PROGNOSIS AS WELL AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE ALREADY STUDIES ON LNCRNA IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY CONDUCTED IN SAMPLES EXCLUSIVELY OF HCV-RELATED LIVER AND HCV HCC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11 3240  35 HEPATIC LIPID ACCUMULATION ALTERS GLOBAL HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 AND 4 TRIMETHYLATION IN THE PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA NETWORK. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT THE ETIOLOGY OF SEVERAL METABOLIC DISEASES IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTOME ALTERATION BY ABERRANT HISTONE METHYLATION. WE PERFORMED DNA MICROARRAY AND CHIP-ON-CHIP ANALYSES TO EXAMINE TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILING AND TRIMETHYLATION ALTERATIONS TO IDENTIFY THE GENOMIC SIGNATURE OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), THE MOST COMMON FORM OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE. TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT STEATOTIC LIVERS IN HIGH-FAT DIET-FED APOLIPOPROTEIN E2 MICE SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED THE EXPRESSION OF APPROXIMATELY 70% OF TOTAL GENES COMPARED WITH NORMAL DIET-FED CONTROL LIVERS, SUGGESTING THAT HEPATIC LIPID ACCUMULATION INDUCES DRAMATIC ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION IN VIVO. ALSO, PATHWAY ANALYSIS SUGGESTED THAT GENES ENCODING CHROMATIN-REMODELING ENZYMES, SUCH AS JUMONJI C-DOMAIN-CONTAINING HISTONE DEMETHYLASES THAT REGULATE HISTONE H3K9 AND H3K4 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K9ME3, H3K4ME3), WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED IN STEATOTIC LIVERS. THUS, WE FURTHER INVESTIGATED THE GLOBAL H3K9ME3 AND H3K4ME3 STATUS IN LIPID-ACCUMULATED MOUSE PRIMARY HEPATOCYTES BY CHIP-ON-CHIP ANALYSIS. RESULTS SHOWED THAT HEPATIC LIPID ACCUMULATION INDUCED ABERRANT H3K9ME3 AND H3K4ME3 STATUS IN PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA AND HEPATIC LIPID CATABOLISM NETWORK GENES, REDUCING THEIR MRNA EXPRESSION COMPARED WITH NON-TREATED CONTROL HEPATOCYTES. THIS STUDY PROVIDES THE FIRST EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY H3K9ME3 AND H3K4ME3 IN HEPATOCYTES MAY BE INVOLVED IN HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD. THUS, CONTROL OF H3K9ME3 AND H3K4ME3 REPRESENTS A POTENTIAL NOVEL NAFLD PREVENTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12  332  31 ALTERATION OF EPIGENETIC PROFILE IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A COMMON CANCER WORLDWIDE AND DEVELOPS AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF CHRONIC LIVER DAMAGE. A VARIETY OF HCC-RELATED GENES ARE KNOWN TO BE ALTERED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THEREFORE, INFORMATION REGARDING ALTERATION OF THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILES IN HCC IS ESSENTIAL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGY OF THIS TYPE OF TUMOR. METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN GENE PROMOTERS IS KNOWN TO AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE CORRESPONDING GENES. ABNORMAL REGIONAL HYPERMETHYLATION IS OBSERVED IN THE 5' REGION OF SEVERAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) IN HCC, AND THIS HYPERMETHYLATION MAY PROMOTE CARCINOGENESIS THROUGH THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL INACTIVATION OF DOWNSTREAM TSGS. THE DNA DAMAGE INDUCED BY OXIDATION IS A TRIGGER OF ABNORMAL DNA METHYLATION AND INACTIVATION OF TSGS THROUGH RECRUITMENT OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX TO THE PROMOTER SEQUENCE. THUS, OXIDATIVE STRESS MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EMERGENCE OF HCC FROM CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS THROUGH THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF TSGS. THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL ATTEMPTS TO APPLY EPIGENETIC INFORMATION TO THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HCC. THE PREDICTIVE VALUE OF SELECTED METHYLATION EVENTS ON SURVIVAL IN HCC PATIENTS HAS BEEN REPORTED, AND THE METHYLATION PROFILE OF BACKGROUND LIVER COULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH RECURRENCE-FREE SURVIVAL OF HCC PATIENTS WHO HAVE UNDERGONE HEPATECTOMY. ANOTHER STUDY DETECTED METHYLATED DNA FROM HCC CELLS IN SERUM, AND THE CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA WAS REGARDED AS A POTENTIAL TUMOR MARKER. IN ADDITION, SEVERAL TRIALS OF HCC THERAPY HAVE TARGETED THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY AND WERE BASED UPON COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSES OF DNA METHYLATION OF THIS TYPE OF TUMOR. HERE, WE PRESENT AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH REGARDING DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN HUMAN HCC AND DESCRIBE THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC INFORMATION TO HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13 2747  32 EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE EPIGENETIC METHYLTRANSFERASES AND METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN FAMILIES IN THE NORMAL B-CELL AND B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN CARCINOGENESIS HAS BEEN A SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY FOR SOME TIME. THERE IS LITTLE DOUBT THAT CHANGES IN GENOMIC HYPERMETHYLATION CONTRIBUTE TO THE SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. FURTHERMORE, RECENT STUDIES HAVE ALSO IDENTIFIED THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GENOMIC HYPOMETHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AND TUMORIGENESIS. ONE OF THE MOST PERPLEXING QUESTIONS REGARDING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND LEUKEMOGENESIS IS THE RELATIONSHIP WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT'S). THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE DNMT ENZYMES IS TO METHYLATE GENOMIC DNA, WHEREAS THE METHYL-CPG BINDING DOMAIN PROTEINS (MBD) INTERPRET THIS METHYLATION SIGNAL AND REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN BEHAVIOR. IN THIS STUDY WE ANALYSE THESE GENE FAMILIES BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER EXPRESSION LEVELS AND THE B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) PHENOTYPE ARE ASSOCIATED. FURTHERMORE, GIVEN THE EPIGENETIC CROSSTALK BETWEEN GENOME STABILITY AND THE HISTONE CHROMATIN CODE WE HAVE ANALYSED EUKARYOTIC HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (EU-HMTASEI). SURPRISINGLY, WE DID NOT OBSERVE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DNMT1 EXPRESSION IN B-CLL CASES WHEN COMPARED TO NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER WE NORMALISE AGAINST GAPDH OR PCNA AS REFERENCE STANDARDS. INDEED, EXPRESSION OF THE MAINTENANCE AND DE NOVO METHYLASES WERE INDEPENDENTLY REGULATED. OF PARTICULAR NOTE WAS THE SIGNIFICANT DOWN REGULATION OF DNMT3B. FURTHERMORE, WE OBSERVED A POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN HMTASEI EXPRESSION LEVELS AND STAGE OF LEUKEMIA SUGGESTING THAT CHANGES IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS IN B-CLL MAY REPRESENT DEREGULATION OF THE EPIGENETIC REPERTOIRE THAT ALSO INCLUDE THE METHYLATION DEPENDENT BINDING PROTEINS, MBD2 AND MECP2. WE ENVISAGE CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAM ARE MULTIFACTORIAL IN NATURE AND POSTULATE THAT THE PREVALENT GENOMIC METHYLASES JUST ONE COMPONENT OF A LARGER EPIGENETIC REPERTOIRE.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14 2104  29 EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN LIVER CANCER RESULTING FROM ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY AN EXTENSIVE ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER CANCER (I.E., HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA [HCC]) ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (ALD) AS WELL AS IN LIVER DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER CONDITIONS. FOR EXAMPLE, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS CHANGES IN THE METHYLATION AND/OR ACETYLATION PATTERN OF CERTAIN DNA REGIONS OR OF THE HISTONE PROTEINS AROUND WHICH THE DNA IS WRAPPED, CONTRIBUTE TO THE REVERSION OF NORMAL LIVER CELLS INTO PROGENITOR AND STEM CELLS THAT CAN DEVELOP INTO HCC. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO BEVERAGE ALCOHOL (I.E., ETHANOL) CAN INDUCE ALL OF THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THUS, ETHANOL METABOLISM RESULTS IN THE FORMATION OF COMPOUNDS THAT CAN CAUSE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND INTERFERE WITH OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE NORMAL PROCESSES REGULATING DNA METHYLATION. ALCOHOL EXPOSURE ALSO CAN ALTER HISTONE ACETYLATION/DEACETYLATION AND METHYLATION PATTERNS THROUGH A VARIETY OF MECHANISMS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS. ALCOHOL ALSO ACTS INDIRECTLY ON ANOTHER MOLECULE CALLED TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4 (TLR4) THAT IS A KEY COMPONENT IN A CRUCIAL REGULATORY PATHWAY IN THE CELLS AND WHOSE DYSREGULATION IS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. FINALLY, ALCOHOL USE REGULATES AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM INVOLVING SMALL MOLECULES CALLED MIRNAS THAT CONTROL TRANSCRIPTIONAL EVENTS AND THE EXPRESSION OF GENES IMPORTANT TO ALD.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15 6074  32 THE DYNAMIC CHROMATIN ARCHITECTURE OF THE REGENERATING LIVER. BACKGROUND & AIMS: THE ADULT LIVER IS THE MAIN DETOXIFICATION ORGAN AND ROUTINELY IS EXPOSED TO ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS BUT RETAINS THE ABILITY TO RESTORE ITS MASS AND FUNCTION UPON TISSUE DAMAGE. HOWEVER, EXTENSIVE INJURY CAN LEAD TO LIVER FAILURE, AND CHRONIC INJURY CAUSES FIBROSIS, CIRRHOSIS, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. CURRENTLY, THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF ORGAN REPAIR IN THE ADULT LIVER IS INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: WE ISOLATED NUCLEI FROM QUIESCENT AS WELL AS REPOPULATING HEPATOCYTES IN A MOUSE MODEL OF HEREDITARY TYROSINEMIA, WHICH RECAPITULATES THE INJURY AND REPOPULATION SEEN IN TOXIC LIVER INJURY IN HUMAN BEINGS. WE THEN PERFORMED THE ASSAY FOR TRANSPOSASE ACCESSIBLE CHROMATIN WITH HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING SPECIFICALLY IN REPOPULATING HEPATOCYTES TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY ACCESSIBLE CHROMATIN REGIONS AND NUCLEOSOME POSITIONING. IN ADDITION, WE USED MOTIF ANALYSIS TO PREDICT DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR OCCUPANCY AND VALIDATED THE IN SILICO RESULTS WITH CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY SEQUENCING FOR HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4ALPHA (HNF4ALPHA) AND CCCTC-BINDING FACTOR (CTCF). RESULTS: CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY IN REPOPULATING HEPATOCYTES WAS INCREASED IN THE REGULATORY REGIONS OF GENES PROMOTING PROLIFERATION AND DECREASED IN THE REGULATORY REGIONS OF GENES INVOLVED IN METABOLISM. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT PROMOTERS AND LIVER ENHANCERS CORRESPOND WITH THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, WITH ENHANCERS OF MANY LIVER FUNCTION GENES SHOWING A LESS ACCESSIBLE STATE DURING THE REGENERATIVE PROCESS. MOREOVER, INCREASED CTCF OCCUPANCY AT PROMOTERS AND DECREASED HNF4ALPHA BINDING AT ENHANCERS IMPLICATE THESE FACTORS AS KEY DRIVERS OF THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC CHANGES IN REPLICATING HEPATOCYTES THAT ENABLE LIVER REPOPULATION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR ANALYSIS OF HEPATOCYTE-SPECIFIC EPIGENOMIC CHANGES DURING LIVER REPOPULATION IDENTIFIED CTCF AND HNF4ALPHA AS KEY REGULATORS OF HEPATOCYTE PROLIFERATION AND REGULATION OF METABOLIC PROGRAMS. THUS, LIVER REPOPULATION IN THE SETTING OF TOXIC INJURY MAKES USE OF BOTH GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (CTCF) FOR PROMOTER ACTIVATION, AND REDUCED BINDING BY A HEPATOCYTE-ENRICHED FACTOR (HNF4ALPHA) TO TEMPORARILY LIMIT ENHANCER ACTIVITY. ALL SEQUENCING DATA IN THIS STUDY WERE DEPOSITED TO THE GENE EXPRESSION OMNIBUS DATABASE AND CAN BE DOWNLOADED WITH ACCESSION NUMBER GSE109466.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
16 3981  29 LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH ORAL ZEBULARINE HAS MINIMAL SIDE EFFECTS AND PREVENTS INTESTINAL TUMORS IN MICE. RECENT SUCCESSES IN THE APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME HAVE RAISED QUESTIONS ON THE SAFETY OF LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF DNA METHYLATION INHIBITORS. WE TREATED PREWEANED CANCER PRONE APC(MIN/+) (MIN) MICE CONTINUOUSLY WITH THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR ZEBULARINE IN THEIR DRINKING WATER TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF THE DRUG ON NORMAL MOUSE DEVELOPMENT AS WELL AS CANCER PREVENTION. ZEBULARINE CAUSED A TISSUE-SPECIFIC REDUCTION IN DNA METHYLATION AT B1 SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS IN THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES OF FEMALE MIN MICE BUT NOT IN OTHER ORGANS EXAMINED AFTER CHRONIC ORAL TREATMENT. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE AVERAGE WEIGHTS OF MICE WAS OBSERVED DURING THE TREATMENT. IN ADDITION, ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION OF COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM THE FEMALES INDICATED THAT ONLY 3% TO 6% OF THE GENES WERE AFFECTED IN THEIR EXPRESSION. WE DID NOT DETECT TOXICITY AND ABNORMALITIES FROM THE HISTOPATHOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF LIVER AND INTESTINAL TISSUES. LASTLY, WE TESTED WHETHER PREVENTION OF TUMORIGENESIS CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH CHRONIC ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF ZEBULARINE IN MIN MICE. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF POLYPS IN MIN FEMALES DECREASED FROM 58 TO 1, WHEREAS THE AVERAGE POLYP NUMBER REMAINED UNAFFECTED IN MIN MALES POSSIBLY DUE TO DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVITY OF ALDEHYDE OXIDASE. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SHOW FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT LONG-TERM ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF ZEBULARINE CAUSES A GENDER-SPECIFIC ABROGATION OF INTESTINAL TUMORS WHILE CAUSING A TISSUE-SPECIFIC DNA DEMETHYLATION. IMPORTANTLY, PROLONGED TREATMENT OF MICE WITH EPIGENETIC DRUGS RESULTED IN ONLY MINOR DEVELOPMENTAL AND HISTOLOGIC CHANGES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17 5177  31 PREFRONTAL CORTEX EXPRESSION OF CHROMATIN MODIFIER GENES IN MALE WSP AND WSR MICE CHANGES ACROSS ETHANOL DEPENDENCE, WITHDRAWAL, AND ABSTINENCE. ALCOHOL-USE DISORDER (AUD) IS A RELAPSING DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH EXCESSIVE ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. RECENT STUDIES SUPPORT THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUD. STUDIES CARRIED OUT SO FAR HAVE FOCUSED ON A FEW SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. THE GOAL OF THIS PROJECT WAS TO INVESTIGATE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORS THAT MEDIATE A BROAD ARRAY OF CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AFTER CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE, CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE FOLLOWED BY 8 H WITHDRAWAL, AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE FOLLOWED BY 21 DAYS OF ABSTINENCE IN WITHDRAWAL-RESISTANT (WSR) AND WITHDRAWAL SEIZURE-PRONE (WSP) SELECTED MOUSE LINES. WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC VAPOR EXPOSURE TO HIGHLY INTOXICATING LEVELS OF ETHANOL ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL CHROMATIN REMODELING GENES MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR ARRAY ANALYSES. THE IDENTIFIED EFFECTS WERE INDEPENDENT OF SELECTED LINES, WHICH, HOWEVER, DISPLAYED BASELINE DIFFERENCES IN EPIGENETIC GENE EXPRESSION. WE REPORTED DYSREGULATION IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN HISTONE ACETYLATION, DEACETYLATION, LYSINE AND ARGININE METHYLATION AND UBIQUITINATIONHYLATION DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL, BUT NOT AFTER 21 DAYS OF ABSTINENCE. ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES ARE CONSISTENT WITH DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND WITH DECREASED DEPOSITION OF THE PERMISSIVE UBIQUITINATION MARK H2BK120UB, ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED TRANSCRIPTION. ON THE OTHER HAND, ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN HISTONE LYSINE METHYLATION ARE CONSISTENT WITH INCREASED TRANSCRIPTION. THE NET RESULT OF THESE MODIFICATIONS ON GENE EXPRESSION IS LIKELY TO DEPEND ON THE COMBINATION OF THE SPECIFIC HISTONE TAIL MODIFICATIONS PRESENT AT A GIVEN TIME ON A GIVEN PROMOTER. SINCE ALCOHOL DOES NOT MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION UNIDIRECTIONALLY, IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT ALCOHOL DOES NOT UNIDIRECTIONALLY ALTER CHROMATIN STRUCTURE TOWARD A CLOSED OR OPEN STATE, AS SUGGESTED BY THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18 3567  22 IMPACT OF HEPATITIS VIRUS AND AGING ON DNA METHYLATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) USUALLY DEVELOPS ON THE BASIS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS, WHERE INACTIVATION OF SEVERAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) TAKES PLACE VIA METHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER. INTERESTINGLY, THESE METHYLATION EVENTS ARE MORE PREVALENT IN A BACKGROUND LIVER AT HIGH RISK OF HCC THAN ONE AT LOW RISK. ABNORMAL METHYLATION IS ALSO OBSERVED IN PRECANCEROUS NODULES SUCH AS DYSPLASTIC NODULES AND ADENOMAS, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IS AN EARLY EVENT FOR HCC CARCINOGENESIS. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT INFECTION WITH THE HEPATITIS VIRUS INDUCES ALTERATION OF METHYLATION AT PROMOTERS OF TSGS. SOME STUDIES SUGGESTED THAT VIRAL PROTEINS INTERFERE WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. INDUCTION OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C MIGHT, HOWEVER, MIGHT BE A CONSEQUENCE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN ADDITION, WE PROPOSED AGE SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION FOR HCC DEVELOPMENT VIA EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ARE REQUIRED TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISM OF INDUCING EPIGENETIC INSTABILITY DURING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19  416  28 ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMIC ABERRANT LANDSCAPE OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DURING ARSENIC-INDUCED CELL TRANSFORMATION. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A WELL-KNOWN CARCINOGEN ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL TYPES OF CANCER, BUT THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN ARSENIC-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. RECENT EVIDENCE POINTS TO EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM IN THIS PROCESS; HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION HAVE NOT BEEN EXPLORED IN DEPTH. USING MICROARRAY DATA AND APPLYING A MULTIVARIATE CLUSTERING ANALYSIS IN A GAUSSIAN MIXTURE MODEL, WE DESCRIBE THE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION AROUND THE PROMOTER REGION AND THE IMPACT ON GENE EXPRESSION IN HACAT CELLS DURING THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS CAUSED BY CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. USING THIS CLUSTERING APPROACH, THE GENES WERE GROUPED ACCORDING TO THEIR METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION STATUS IN THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE, AND THE CHANGES THAT OCCURRED DURING THE CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION WERE IDENTIFIED ADEQUATELY. THUS, WE PRESENT A VALUABLE METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING EPIGENOMIC DYSREGULATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20 3795  27 INTERLEUKIN-6 CONTRIBUTES TO GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA CELLS BY ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF MALIGNANCY IS EXEMPLIFIED IN THE BILIARY TRACT WHERE PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION STRONGLY PREDISPOSES TO CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) ENHANCES TUMOR GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA BY ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION VIA AUTOCRINE MECHANISMS. IL-6 CAN REGULATE THE ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND MOREOVER, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CARCINOGENESIS. WE THEREFORE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO IL-6 ON METHYLATION-DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH IN HUMAN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AUTOCRINE IL-6 PATHWAYS, DNA METHYLATION, AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH WAS ASSESSED USING MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES STABLY TRANSFECTED TO OVEREXPRESS IL-6. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE DECREASED CELL PROLIFERATION, GROWTH IN SOFT AGAR, AND METHYLCYTOSINE CONTENT OF MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES. HOWEVER, THIS EFFECT WAS NOT OBSERVED IN IL-6-OVEREXPRESSING CELLS. IL-6 OVEREXPRESSION RESULTED IN THE ALTERED EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION OF SEVERAL GENES, INCLUDING THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR). EGFR PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS DECREASED AND GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED BY IL-6. THUS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY IL-6 CAN CONTRIBUTE TO TUMOR PROGRESSION BY ALTERING PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF GROWTH-REGULATORY PATHWAYS, SUCH AS THOSE INVOLVING EGFR. MOREOVER, ENHANCED IL-6 EXPRESSION MAY DECREASE THE SENSITIVITY OF TUMOR CELLS TO THERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS USING METHYLATION INHIBITORS. THESE OBSERVATIONS HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER TREATMENT AND PROVIDE A MECHANISM BY WHICH PERSISTENT CYTOKINE STIMULATION CAN PROMOTE TUMOR GROWTH.	2006