1 2774 157 EXTRACELLULAR SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (EC-SOD) REGULATES GENE METHYLATION AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS DURING CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS. CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS INDUCES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAINLY DNA METHYLATION IN CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS, INACTIVATING TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (RASSF1A) AND ACTIVATING KINASES (ERK1/2) LEADING TO FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS. THE RAS/ERK SIGNALING PATHWAY IS AN INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION. RASSF1A FUNCTIONS THROUGH ITS EFFECT ON DOWNSTREAM ERK1/2. THE ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME, EXTRACELLULAR SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (EC-SOD), DECREASES OXIDATIVE STRESS FROM CHRONIC HYPOXIA, BUT ITS EFFECTS ON THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY EXPLORED. TO TEST OUR HYPOTHESIS, WE USED AN IN-VITRO MODEL: WILD-TYPE C57B6 MALE MICE (WT) AND TRANSGENIC MALES WITH AN EXTRA COPY OF HUMAN HEC-SOD (TG). THE STUDIED ANIMALS WERE HOUSED IN HYPOXIA (10% O(2)) FOR 21 DAYS. THE RIGHT VENTRICULAR TISSUE WAS STUDIED FOR CARDIAC FIBROSIS MARKERS USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSES. PRIMARY C57BL6 MOUSE CARDIAC FIBROBLAST TISSUE CULTURE WAS USED TO STUDY THE IN-VITRO MODEL, THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF RASSF-1 EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION, AND ITS RELATION TO ERK1/2. OUR FINDINGS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN CARDIAC FIBROSIS MARKERS: COLLAGEN 1, ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ASMA), AND SNAIL, IN THE WT HYPOXIC ANIMALS AS COMPARED TO THE TG HYPOXIC GROUP (P < 0.05). THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION ENZYMES (DNMT 1&3B) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE WT HYPOXIC MICE AS COMPARED TO THE HYPOXIC TG MICE (P < 0.001). RASSF1A EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER AND ERK1/2 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HYPOXIA WT COMPARED TO THE HYPOXIC TG GROUP (P < 0.05). USE OF SIRNA TO BLOCK RASSF1A GENE EXPRESSION IN MURINE CARDIAC FIBROBLAST TISSUE CULTURE LED TO INCREASED FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION (P < 0.05). METHYLATION OF THE RASSF1A PROMOTER REGION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN THE TG HYPOXIC GROUP COMPARED TO THE WT HYPOXIC GROUP (0.59 VS. 0.75, RESPECTIVELY). BASED ON OUR FINDINGS, WE CAN SPECULATE THAT EC-SOD SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATES RASSF1A GENE METHYLATION AND CAN ALLEVIATE CARDIAC FIBROSIS INDUCED BY HYPOXIA.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2 1117  42 COMPARATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE GENES ALTERED BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN HUMAN BRAIN MICROENDOTHELIAL CELLS. BACKGROUND : HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1 ALPHA (HIF1A) IS A MASTER REGULATOR OF ACUTE HYPOXIA; HOWEVER, WITH CHRONIC HYPOXIA, HIF1A LEVELS RETURN TO THE NORMOXIC LEVELS. IMPORTANTLY, THE GENES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE CELL SURVIVAL AND VIABILITY UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIA ARE NOT KNOWN. THEREFORE, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA LEADS TO THE UPREGULATION OF A CORE GROUP OF GENES WITH ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION THAT MEDIATES THE CELL SURVIVAL UNDER HYPOXIA. RESULTS : WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA (3 DAYS; 0.5% OXYGEN) ON HUMAN BRAIN MICRO ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (HBMEC) VIABILITY AND APOPTOSIS. HYPOXIA CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN CELL VIABILITY AND AN INCREASE IN APOPTOSIS. NEXT, WE EXAMINED CHRONIC HYPOXIA ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN TRANSCRIPTOME AND GENOME-WIDE PROMOTER METHYLATION. THE DATA OBTAINED WAS COMPARED WITH 16 OTHER MICROARRAY STUDIES ON CHRONIC HYPOXIA. NINE GENES WERE ALTERED IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN ALL 17 STUDIES. INTERESTINGLY, HIF1A WAS NOT ALTERED WITH CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN ANY OF THE STUDIES. FURTHERMORE, WE COMPARED OUR DATA TO THREE OTHER STUDIES THAT IDENTIFIED HIF-RESPONSIVE GENES BY VARIOUS APPROACHES. ONLY TWO GENES WERE FOUND TO BE HIF DEPENDENT. WE SILENCED EACH OF THESE 9 GENES USING CRISPR/CAS9 SYSTEM. DOWNREGULATION OF EGLN3 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE CELL DEATH UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIA, WHEREAS DOWNREGULATION OF ERO1L, ENO2, ADRENOMEDULLIN, AND SPAG4 REDUCED THE CELL DEATH UNDER HYPOXIA. CONCLUSIONS : WE PROVIDE A CORE GROUP OF GENES THAT REGULATES CELLULAR ACCLIMATIZATION UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS, AND MOST OF THEM ARE HIF INDEPENDENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3  164  35 ABNORMAL HISTONE METHYLATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASED VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR 165A SECRETION FROM AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS IN ASTHMA. VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF), A KEY ANGIOGENIC MOLECULE, IS ABERRANTLY EXPRESSED IN SEVERAL DISEASES INCLUDING ASTHMA WHERE IT CONTRIBUTES TO BRONCHIAL VASCULAR REMODELING AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. ASTHMATIC HUMAN AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS HYPERSECRETE VEGF, BUT THE MECHANISM IS UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE DEFINED THE MECHANISM IN HUMAN AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS FROM NONASTHMATIC AND ASTHMATIC PATIENTS. WE FOUND THAT ASTHMATIC CELLS LACKED A REPRESSION COMPLEX AT THE VEGF PROMOTER, WHICH WAS PRESENT IN NONASTHMATIC CELLS. RECRUITMENT OF G9A, TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 9 (H3K9ME3), AND A RESULTANT DECREASE IN RNA POLYMERASE II AT THE VEGF PROMOTER WAS CRITICAL TO REPRESSION OF VEGF SECRETION IN NONASTHMATIC CELLS. AT THE ASTHMATIC PROMOTER, H3K9ME3 WAS ABSENT BECAUSE OF FAILED RECRUITMENT OF G9A; RNA POLYMERASE II BINDING, IN ASSOCIATION WITH TATA-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 1, WAS INCREASED; H3K4ME3 WAS PRESENT; AND SP1 BINDING WAS EXAGGERATED AND SUSTAINED. IN CONTRAST, DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION WERE SIMILAR IN ASTHMATIC AND NONASTHMATIC CELLS. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY, TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, TO SHOW THAT AIRWAY CELLS IN ASTHMA HAVE ALTERED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF REMODELING GENE(S). HISTONE METHYLATION AT GENES SUCH AS VEGF MAY BE AN IMPORTANT NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGET.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4 3792  34 INTERLEUKIN-1BETA INCREASES THE RISK OF GASTRIC CANCER THROUGH INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN A MOUSE MODEL. INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA) HAS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN CHRONIC GASTRIC INFLAMMATION AND MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTRIC DISEASES. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF IL-1BETA IN INDUCTION OF DNA METHYLATION USING IL-1 RECEPTOR TYPE 1 KNOCKOUT (IL-1R1(-)/(-)) MICE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WILD-TYPE (WT) AND IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE WERE INJECTED WITH IL-1BETA (5 MICROG/KG/DAY). SERUM LEVELS OF IL-1BETA, INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) AND NITRIC OXIDE (NO) WERE MEASURED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT OR NO ASSAYS. E-CADHERIN (E-CAD) METHYLATION STATUS AND MESSENGER (M)RNA EXPRESSION OF IL-1BETA, IL-6, E-CAD AND INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS) WERE ANALYZED. RESULTS FROM THE PRESENT STUDY INDICATED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IL-1BETA MRNA EXPRESSION (P<0.001) IN WT MICE COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE. IL-1BETA AND IL-6 RELEASE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN TREATED WT MICE COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE AT 1 H, 4 H AND 8 H (ALL P<0.005). IL-1BETA RELEASE WAS ONLY DETECTED IN WT MICE FOLLOWING A SECOND DOSE MEASURED AT DAY 3, WEEK 1 AND WEEK 2 WHEN COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE. PROMOTER METHYLATION OF E-CAD AND A DECREASE IN GENE EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED IN TREATED WT MICE. MRNA EXPRESSION OF INOS IN WT MICE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AT WEEK 1 COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE (P=0.0411). FURTHERMORE, A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED LEVEL OF NO PRODUCTION WAS OBSERVED IN TREATED WT MICE (P<0.005 AT 8 H AND WEEK 1; P<0.001 AT 4 H AND DAY 3) WHEN COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE. THE PRESENT RESULTS INDICATED THAT IL-1BETA WAS ABLE TO DIRECTLY INDUCE DNA METHYLATION, WHICH MAY LINK INFLAMMATION-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC DISEASES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
5 5972  31 TET REPRESSION AND INCREASED DNMT ACTIVITY SYNERGISTICALLY INDUCE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS DEEPLY INVOLVED IN VARIOUS HUMAN DISORDERS, SUCH AS CANCER, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS, AND METABOLIC DISORDERS. INDUCTION OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, ESPECIALLY ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, IS ONE OF THE MAJOR MECHANISMS, BUT HOW IT IS INDUCED IS STILL UNCLEAR. HERE, WE FOUND THAT EXPRESSION OF TET GENES, METHYLATION ERASERS, WAS DOWNREGULATED IN INFLAMED MOUSE AND HUMAN TISSUES, AND THAT THIS WAS CAUSED BY UPREGULATION OF TET-TARGETING MIRNAS SUCH AS MIR20A, MIR26B, AND MIR29C, LIKELY DUE TO ACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING DOWNSTREAM OF IL-1BETA AND TNF-ALPHA. HOWEVER, TET KNOCKDOWN INDUCED ONLY MILD ABERRANT METHYLATION. NITRIC OXIDE (NO), PRODUCED BY NOS2, ENHANCED ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), METHYLATION WRITERS, AND NO EXPOSURE INDUCED MINIMAL ABERRANT METHYLATION. IN CONTRAST, A COMBINATION OF TET KNOCKDOWN AND NO EXPOSURE SYNERGISTICALLY INDUCED ABERRANT METHYLATION, INVOLVING GENOMIC REGIONS NOT METHYLATED BY EITHER ALONE. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT A VICIOUS COMBINATION OF TET REPRESSION, DUE TO NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION, AND DNMT ACTIVATION, DUE TO NO PRODUCTION, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ABERRANT METHYLATION INDUCTION IN HUMAN TISSUES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 2297  36 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN. ACUTE PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DAMAGE, WHICH RESULTS IN THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. RECENT STUDIES POINT TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (DNA METHYLATION) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAIN. WE HAVE FOUND THAT DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY THE APPLICATION OF 10% MUSTARD OIL ON THE TONGUES OF RATS, LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B WERE ELEVATED MARKEDLY (36 AND 42 % RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY. PREVIOUS INJECTION OF XEFOCAM WITH 0,4 MG/KG DOSE DECREASED LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B (25 AND 24% RESPECTIVELY). THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. THE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE IDEA THAT INHIBITORS OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES COULD BE USEFUL FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT NSAIDS (ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH DNMT INHIBITORS) MAY BE PROPOSED AS POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY AGENTS, WHICH MAY PLAY A ROLE IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INDIRECTLY THROUGH ALTERING THE ACTIVITY OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INVOLVED IN PAIN DEVELOPMENT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7 3468  53 HYPOXIA-INDUCED DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN PULMONARY FIBROBLASTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PRO-FIBROTIC PHENOTYPE. BACKGROUND: PULMONARY FIBROSIS IS A DEBILITATING AND LETHAL DISEASE WITH NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AT PLAY WILL DIRECT THE APPLICATION OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AVENUES. HYPOXIA HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY FIBROSIS YET THE PRECISE MECHANISM BY WHICH IT CONTRIBUTES TO DISEASE PROGRESSION REMAINS TO BE FULLY ELUCIDATED. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA CAN ALTER DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN TUMOUR-DERIVED CELL LINES. THIS EPIGENETIC ALTERATION CAN INDUCE CHANGES IN CELLULAR PHENOTYPE WITH PROMOTER METHYLATION BEING ASSOCIATED WITH GENE SILENCING. OF PARTICULAR RELEVANCE TO IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS THE OBSERVATION THAT THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MYOFIBROBLAST PHENOTYPE WHERE LOSS OF THY-1 OCCURS ALONGSIDE INCREASED ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) EXPRESSION. THE INITIAL AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER HYPOXIA REGULATES DNA METHYLATION IN NORMAL HUMAN LUNG FIBROBLASTS (CCD19LU). AS IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT HYPOXIA SUPPRESSES THY-1 EXPRESSION DURING LUNG DEVELOPMENT WE ALSO STUDIED THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. METHODS: CCD19LU WERE GROWN FOR UP TO 8 DAYS IN HYPOXIA AND ASSESSED FOR GLOBAL CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION USING FLOW CYTOMETRY. REAL-TIME PCR WAS USED TO QUANTIFY EXPRESSION OF THY-1, ALPHA-SMA, COLLAGEN I AND III. GENOMIC DNA WAS BISULPHITE TREATED AND METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR (MSPCR) WAS USED TO EXAMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE THY-1 PROMOTER. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANT GLOBAL HYPERMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN HYPOXIC FIBROBLASTS RELATIVE TO NORMOXIC CONTROLS AND WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF MYOFIBROBLAST MARKERS. THY-1 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS SUPPRESSED IN HYPOXIC CELLS, WHICH WAS RESTORED WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. MSPCR REVEALED THAT THY-1 BECAME METHYLATED FOLLOWING FIBROBLAST EXPOSURE TO 1% O2. CONCLUSION: THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN FIBROBLAST FUNCTION IN HYPOXIA.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8 1011  35 CIGARETTE SMOKE CONDENSATE INDUCES DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION PROFILES OF CRITICAL GENES INVOLVED IN LUNG CANCER IN NL-20 LUNG CELLS IN VITRO: SHORT-TERM AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE. ESTABLISHING EARLY DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS OF HARM IS CRITICAL FOR EFFECTIVE PREVENTION PROGRAMS AND REGULATION OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS. THIS STUDY EXAMINED EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKE CONDENSATE (CSC) ON EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION PROFILE OF CRITICAL GENES (DAPK, ECAD, MGMT, AND RASSF1A) INVOLVED IN LUNG CANCER DEVELOPMENT IN DIFFERENT HUMAN LUNG CELL LINES. NL-20 CELLS WERE TREATED WITH 0.1-100 MUG/ML OF CSC FOR 24 TO 72 HRS FOR SHORT-TERM EXPOSURES. DAPK EXPRESSION OR METHYLATION STATUS WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED. HOWEVER, CSC TREATMENT RESULTED IN CHANGES IN EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION PROFILE OF ECAD, MGMT, AND RASSF1A. FOR CHRONIC STUDIES, CELLS WERE EXPOSED TO 1 OR 10 MUG/ML CSC UP TO 28 DAYS. CELLS SHOWED MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSFORMATION AND CHANGES IN INVASION CAPACITIES AND GLOBAL METHYLATION STATUS. THIS STUDY PROVIDES CRITICAL DATA SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES COULD SERVE AS AN EARLY BIOMARKER OF HARM DUE TO EXPOSURE TO CIGARETTE SMOKE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9  982  46 CHRONIC PRENATAL HYPOXIA INDUCES EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF PKCEPSILON GENE REPRESSION IN RAT HEARTS. RATIONALE: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES DEMONSTRATE A CLEAR ASSOCIATION OF ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE IN ADULTHOOD. HYPOXIA IS A COMMON STRESS TO THE FETUS AND RESULTS IN DECREASED PROTEIN KINASE C EPSILON (PKCEPSILON) EXPRESSION IN THE HEART AND INCREASED CARDIAC VULNERABILITY TO ISCHEMIA AND REPERFUSION INJURY IN ADULT OFFSPRING IN RATS. OBJECTIVES: THE PRESENT STUDY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT FETAL HYPOXIA-INDUCED METHYLATION OF CYTOSINE-PHOSPHATE-GUANINE DINUCLEOTIDES AT THE PKCEPSILON PROMOTER IS REPRESSIVE AND CONTRIBUTES TO PKCEPSILON GENE REPRESSION IN THE HEART OF ADULT OFFSPRING. METHODS AND RESULTS: HYPOXIC TREATMENT OF PREGNANT RATS FROM DAYS 15 TO 21 OF GESTATION RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN PKCEPSILON PROTEIN AND MRNA IN FETAL HEARTS. SIMILAR RESULTS WERE OBTAINED IN EX VIVO HYPOXIC TREATMENT OF ISOLATED FETAL HEARTS AND RAT EMBRYONIC VENTRICULAR MYOCYTE CELL LINE H9C2. INCREASED METHYLATION OF PKCEPSILON PROMOTER AT SP1 BINDING SITES, -346 AND -268, WERE DEMONSTRATED IN BOTH FETAL HEARTS OF MATERNAL HYPOXIA AND H9C2 CELLS TREATED WITH 1% O(2) FOR 24 HOURS. WHEREAS HYPOXIA HAD NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE BINDING AFFINITY OF SP1 TO THE UNMETHYLATED SITES IN H9C2 CELLS, HEARTS OF FETUSES AND ADULT OFFSPRING, METHYLATION OF BOTH SP1 SITES REDUCED SP1 BINDING. THE ADDITION OF 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE BLOCKED THE HYPOXIA-INDUCED INCREASE IN METHYLATION OF BOTH SP1 BINDING SITES AND RESTORED PKCEPSILON MRNA AND PROTEIN TO THE CONTROL LEVELS. IN HEARTS OF BOTH FETUSES AND ADULT OFFSPRING, HYPOXIA-INDUCED METHYLATION OF SP1 SITES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER IN MALES THAN IN FEMALES, AND DECREASED PKCEPSILON MRNA WAS SEEN ONLY IN MALES. IN FETAL HEARTS, THERE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER ABUNDANCE OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA AND BETA ISOFORMS IN FEMALES THAN IN MALES. BOTH ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA AND BETA INTERACTED WITH THE SP1 BINDING SITES IN THE FETAL HEART, WHICH MAY EXPLAIN THE SEX DIFFERENCES IN SP1 METHYLATION IN THE FETAL HEART. ADDITIONALLY, SELECTIVE ACTIVATION OF PKCEPSILON RESTORED THE HYPOXIA-INDUCED CARDIAC VULNERABILITY TO ISCHEMIC INJURY IN OFFSPRING. CONCLUSIONS: THE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE A DIRECT EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND PROGRAMMING OF CARDIAC PKCEPSILON GENE REPRESSION IN A SEX-DEPENDENT MANNER, LINKING FETAL HYPOXIA AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES IN THE HEARTS OF ADULT OFFSPRING.	2010	

10 1144  36 CONCOMITANT HETEROCHROMATINISATION AND DOWN-REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNVEILS EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF RELB IN AN AGGRESSIVE SUBSET OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IN MALES. BACKGROUND: THE SENSITIVITY OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) CELLS TO CURRENT TREATMENTS, BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, RELIES ON THEIR ABILITY TO ACTIVATE APOPTOTIC DEATH. CLL CELLS RESISTANT TO DNA DAMAGE-INDUCED APOPTOSIS DISPLAY DEREGULATION OF A SPECIFIC SET OF GENES. METHODS: MICROARRAY HYBRIDIZATION (HUMAN GENECHIP, AFFYMETRIX), IMMUNOFLUORESCENT IN SITU LABELING COUPLED WITH VIDEO-MICROSCOPY RECORDING/ANALYSES, CHROMATIN-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP), POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS (PCR), REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (RT-QPCR) AND BISULFITE GENOME SEQUENCING WERE THE MAIN METHODS APPLIED. STATISTICAL ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED BY APPLYING GCRMA AND SAM ANALYSIS (MICROARRAY DATA) AND STUDENT'S T-TEST OR MANN & WHITNEY'S U-TEST. RESULTS: HEREIN WE SHOW THAT, REMARKABLY, IN A RESISTANT MALE CLL CELLS THE VAST MAJORITY OF GENES WERE DOWN-REGULATED COMPARED WITH SENSITIVE CELLS, WHEREAS THIS WAS NOT THE CASE IN CELLS DERIVED FROM FEMALES. THIS GENE DOWN-REGULATION WAS FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN OVERALL GAIN OF HETEROCHROMATIN AS EVIDENCED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENT LABELING OF HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1ALPHA (HP-1), TRIMETHYLATED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (3METH3K9), AND 5-METHYLCYTIDINE (5METC). NOTABLY, 17 GENES WERE FOUND TO BE COMMONLY DEREGULATED IN RESISTANT MALE AND FEMALE CELL SAMPLES. AMONG THESE, RELB WAS IDENTIFIED AS A DISCRIMINATORY CANDIDATE GENE REPRESSED IN THE MALE AND UPREGULATED IN THE FEMALE RESISTANT CELLS. CONCLUSION: THE MOLECULAR DEFECTS IN THE SILENCING OF RELB INVOLVE AN INCREASE IN H3K9- BUT NOT CPG-ISLAND METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS. INCREASE IN ACETYL-H3 IN RESISTANT FEMALE BUT NOT MALE CLL SAMPLES AS WELL AS A DECREASE OF TOTAL CELLULAR LEVEL OF RELB AFTER AN INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) BY TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), FURTHER EMPHASIZE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WHICH COULD DISCRIMINATE TWO CLL SUBSETS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHTED THE EPIGENETIC RELB SILENCING AS A NEW MARKER OF THE PROGRESSIVE DISEASE IN MALES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  977  45 CHRONIC ORAL EXPOSURE TO INORGANIC ARSENATE INTERFERES WITH METHYLATION STATUS OF P16INK4A AND RASSF1A AND INDUCES LUNG CANCER IN A/J MICE. ALTHOUGH INORGANIC ARSENATE (IAS(V)) OR ARSENITE (IAS(III)) IS CLEARLY A HUMAN CARCINOGEN, IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO PRODUCE TUMORS IN RODENTS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE ORALLY ADMINISTERED IAS(V) TO A/J MICE TO EXAMINE ARSENIC CARCINOGENICITY IN RODENT. A/J MICE (MALE, N = 120) ASSIGNED TO FOUR GROUPS WERE GIVEN DRINKING WATER CONTAINING 0, 1, 10, AND 100 PPM IAS(V) FOR 18 MONTHS. AT THE END OF EXPERIMENT, THE COMPLETE LUNGS WERE REMOVED AND USED FOR EXAMINING HISTOPATHOLOGY AND EXTRACTING RNA AND DNA. EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF IAS(V) ON DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF P16INK4A AND RASSF1A GENES WERE DETERMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. CHANGES OF P16INK4A AND RASSF1A AT MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE EXAMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. ARSENIC WAS ACCUMULATED DOSE DEPENDENTLY IN THE LUNG TISSUES OF IAS(V)-EXPOSED MICE. INCREASE IN LUNG TUMOR NUMBER AND LUNG TUMOR SIZE WAS OBSERVED IN IAS(V)-EXPOSED MICE COMPARED TO THE CONTROL. HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION SHOWED THAT THE RATE OF POORLY DIFFERENTIATED LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA WAS MUCH HIGHER IN IAS(V)-EXPOSED MICE THAN IN THE CONTROL. METHYLATION RATES APPEARED TO BE HIGHER IN A DOSE-RELATED TENDENCY IN LUNG TUMORS FROM IAS(V)-EXPOSED MICE COMPARED TO THE CONTROL. LOWER OR LOSS OF P16INK4A AND RASSF1A EXPRESSION WAS FOUND IN LUNG TUMORS FROM IAS(V)-EXPOSED MICE, COMPARED TO THAT IN NONTUMOR LUNG TISSUES FROM BOTH CONTROL AND IAS(V)-EXPOSED MICE, AND THIS REDUCED OR LOST EXPRESSION WAS IN ACCORDANCE WITH HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE GENES. IN CONCLUSION, IAS(V) EXPOSURE INCREASED LUNG TUMOR INCIDENCE AND MULTIPLICITY IN A/J MICE. EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES SUCH AS P16INK4A AND RASSF1A ARE INVOLVED IN THE IAS(V)-INDUCED LUNG CARCINOGENESIS.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12 6794  41 [EFFECT OF BENZO(A)PYRENE ON THE EXPRESSION OF AHR-REGULATED MICRORNA IN FEMALE AND MALE RAT LUNGS]. SMOKING IS THE MAIN RISK FACTOR FOR LUNG CANCER, MAINLY DUE TO PRESENCE OF NITROSAMINES AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, INCLUDING BENZO[A]PYRENE (BP) IN TOBACCO SMOKE COMPOSITION. THE GENOTOXIC EFFECT OF BP IS BASED ON THE HIGH DNA-BINDING ABILITY OF ITS METABOLITES, WHILE THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ARE MEDIATED BY A CHANGE IN THE EXPRESSION OF CANCER RELATED GENES OR REGULATORY RNAS. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT WOMEN HAVE A HIGHER RISK TO DEVELOP LUNG CANCER UPON SMOKING RATHER THAN MEN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CROSSTALK BETWEEN SIGNALING PATHWAYS ACTIVATED BY BP AND ESTROGENS COULD UNDERLIE THE SEX-DEPENDENT DIFFERENCES IN MIRNAS EXPRESSION. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, MALE AND FEMALE RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO SHORT-TERM OR LONG-TERM BP EXPOSURE. USING IN SILICO ANALYSIS, MIRNAS CONTAINING THE ER- AND AHR-BINDING SITES IN THE PROMOTERS OF THE GENES (OR HOST GENES) WERE SELECTED. DURING CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF BP THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-22-3P, -29A-3P, -126A-3P, -193B-5P IN THE LUNGS OF MALE RATS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED, WHILE THE LEVEL OF MIRNA-483-3P WERE DECREASED. EXPRESSION OF MIRNA-483-3P WAS UP-REGULATED DURING CHRONIC BP EXPOSURE IN THE LUNGS OF FEMALE RATS AND THE LEVELS OF OTHER STUDIED MIRNAS WERE UNCHANGED. IN TURN, CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF MIRNAS WERE FOLLOWED BY CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF THEIR TARGET GENES, INCLUDING PTEN, EMP2, IGF1, ITGA6, SLC34A2, AND THE OBSERVED CHANGES IN FEMALE AND MALE RAT LUNGS WERE VARIED. THUS, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SEX-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF BP MAY BE BASED ON DIFFERENT EXPRESSION OF AHR- AND ER- REGULATED MIRNAS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13 4159  37 MECP2 CONTROLS AN EPIGENETIC PATHWAY THAT PROMOTES MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION AND FIBROSIS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION GENERATES HEPATIC MYOFIBROBLASTS, WHICH PROMOTE LIVER FIBROGENESIS. THE PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA (PPARGAMMA) IS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF THIS PROCESS. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PPARGAMMA AND MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION. METHODS: CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAYS ASSESSED THE BINDING OF METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) TO PPARGAMMA AND CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS THAT SILENCE THIS GENE. MECP2(-/Y) MICE AND AN INHIBITOR (DZNEP) OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY PROTEIN EZH2 WERE USED IN THE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE MODEL OF LIVER FIBROSIS. LIVER TISSUES FROM MICE WERE ASSESSED BY HISTOLOGIC ANALYSIS; MARKERS OF FIBROSIS WERE MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR). REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR DETECTED CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF THE MICRORNA MIR132 AND ITS TARGET, ELONGATED TRANSCRIPTS OF MECP2. MYOFIBROBLASTS WERE TRANSFECTED WITH MIR132; PPARGAMMA AND MECP2 EXPRESSIONS WERE ANALYZED BY QPCR OR IMMUNOBLOTTING. RESULTS: MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS IS CONTROLLED BY A COMBINATION OF MECP2, EZH2, AND MIR132 IN A RELAY PATHWAY. THE PATHWAY IS ACTIVATED BY DOWN-REGULATION OF MIR132, RELEASING THE TRANSLATIONAL BLOCK ON MECP2. MECP2 IS RECRUITED TO THE 5' END OF PPARGAMMA, WHERE IT PROMOTES METHYLATION BY H3K9 AND RECRUITS THE TRANSCRIPTION REPRESSOR HP1ALPHA. MECP2 ALSO STIMULATES EXPRESSION OF EZH2 AND METHYLATION OF H3K27 TO FORM A REPRESSIVE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE IN THE 3' EXONS OF PPARGAMMA. GENETIC AND PHARMACOLOGIC DISRUPTIONS OF MECP2 OR EZH2 REDUCED THE FIBROGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MYOFIBROBLASTS AND ATTENUATED FIBROGENESIS. CONCLUSIONS: LIVER FIBROSIS IS REGULATED BY AN EPIGENETIC RELAY PATHWAY THAT INCLUDES MECP2, EZH2, AND MIR132. REAGENTS THAT INTERFERE WITH THIS PATHWAY MIGHT BE DEVELOPED TO REDUCE FIBROGENESIS IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14 3527  38 IL-6 ENHANCES THE NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF DNA CYTOSINE-5-METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1) VIA PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE BY THE AKT KINASE. THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF GENOMIC DNA IS ACCOMPLISHED, IN PART, BY SEVERAL DNA CYTOSINE-5-METHYLTRANSFERASES THAT ACT BY COVALENTLY MODIFYING CYTOSINES WITH THE ADDITION OF A METHYL GROUP. THIS COVALENT MODIFICATION IS MAINTAINED BY THE DNA CYTOSINE-5-METHYLTRANSFERASE-1 ENZYME (DNMT1), WHICH IS CAPABLE OF ACTING IN CONCERT WITH OTHER SIMILAR ENZYMES TO SILENCE IMPORTANT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. IL-6 IS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL MEDIATOR OF INFLAMMATION, ACTING THROUGH SEVERAL MAJOR SIGNALING CASCADES, INCLUDING THE PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-3-KINASE PATHWAY (PI-3-K), WHICH ACTIVATES PROTEIN KINASE B (AKT/PKB) DOWNSTREAM. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THE SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF DNMT1 CAN BE ALTERED BY THE ADDITION OF IL-6, INCREASING THE RATE OF NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF THE ENZYME FROM THE CYTOSOLIC COMPARTMENT. THE MECHANISM OF NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF DNMT1 IS GREATLY ENHANCED BY PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE DNMT1 NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNAL (NLS) BY PKB/AKT KINASE. MUTAGENIC ALTERATION OF THE TWO AKT TARGET AMINO ACIDS WITHIN THE NLS RESULTS IN A MAJOR LOSS OF DNMT1 NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION, WHILE THE CREATION OF A "PHOSPHO-MIMIC" AMINO ACID (MUTATION TO ACIDIC RESIDUES) RESTORES THIS COMPARTMENTATION ABILITY. THESE OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST AN INTERESTING HYPOTHESIS REGARDING HOW MEDIATORS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION MAY DISTURB THE DELICATE BALANCE OF CELLULAR COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF IMPORTANT PROTEINS, AND REVEALS A POTENTIAL MECHANISM FOR THE INDUCTION OR ENHANCEMENT OF TUMOR GROWTH VIA ALTERATION OF THE COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF A CELL.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15 2030  37 EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN INFLAMMATORY GENES AND THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF COOKED RHUBARB ON PANCREATIC TISSUE OF RATS WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, WHICH IS OBSERVED WORLDWIDE, CAN DAMAGE PANCREATIC TISSUE AND PROMOTE PANCREATITIS. RHUBARB IS A WIDELY USED TRADITIONAL CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE FOR TREATING PANCREATITIS IN CHINA. HOWEVER, FEW PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATION. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL CAN ALTER INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION AND THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION EFFECT OF COOKED RHUBARB IN THE PANCREATIC TISSUE OF RATS. FIRST, CHANGES IN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE DNA METHYLATION (IL-10, IL-1ALPHA, TNF-ALPHA, NF-KAPPAB AND TGF-BETA) WERE DETECTED IN PANCREATIC TISSUE OF SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WITH VARYING ALCOHOL EXPOSURE TIMES (4, 6, 8, OR 12 WEEKS), AND THEN WITH VARYING DOSES OF COOKED RHUBARB TREATMENT (3, 6, OR 12 G/DAY). DNA METHYLATION LEVELS, RELATED RNA CONCENTRATIONS AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL SCORE WERE ANALYSED IN PANCREATIC TISSUE OF SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE (8 WEEKS) REDUCED THE LEVEL OF IL-1ALPHA DNA METHYLATION AND INCREASED ITS PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN ACINAR CELLS (P < 0.05). IN THE ACINAR CELLS, THE LEVEL OF IL-10 DNA METHYLATION INCREASED, RESULTING IN A REDUCTION OF PROTEIN EXPRESSION (P < 0.05). SIMULTANEOUSLY, CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE INCREASED THE PATHOLOGICAL DAMAGE TO THE PANCREAS (P < 0.05). FINALLY, COOKED RHUBARB TREATMENT (3 G/KG/DAY) EFFECTIVELY ALLEVIATED THESE CHANGES IN PANCREATIC TISSUE FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE (P < 0.05). THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL LEADS TO CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES, AND COOKED RHUBARB MAY HAVE A PROTECTIVE EFFECT ON THE PANCREATIC TISSUE OF RATS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16 2590  42 EPIGENETICS OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN THE LIVER OF RATS FED ETHANOL CHRONICALLY. AIM: TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL-INDUCED PROTEASOME INHIBITION, AND THE EFFECTS OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN THE REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. METHODS: RATS WERE FED ETHANOL FOR 1 MO USING THE TSUKAMOTO-FRENCH MODEL AND WERE COMPARED TO RATS GIVEN THE PROTEASOME INHIBITOR PS-341 (BORTEZOMIB, VELCADE(TM)) BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS AND REAL TIME PCR WERE PERFORMED AND PROTEASOME ACTIVITY ASSAYS AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED USING ISOLATED NUCLEI. RESULTS: CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT INHIBITION OF THE UBIQUITIN PROTEASOME PATHWAY IN THE NUCLEUS, WHICH LED TO CHANGES IN THE TURNOVER OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS, HISTONE-MODIFYING ENZYMES, AND, THEREFORE, AFFECTED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING WAS RELATED TO AN INCREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION, AND IT IS HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE PROTEASOME PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY REGULATED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY CONTROLLING THE STABILITY OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES, AND, THEREFORE, REGULATED THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, ALLOWING EASY ACCESS TO CHROMATIN BY RNA POLYMERASE, AND, THUS, PROPER GENE EXPRESSION. PROTEASOME INHIBITION BY PS-341 INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION SIMILAR TO CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. IN ADDITION, PROTEASOME INHIBITION CAUSED DRAMATIC CHANGES IN HEPATIC REMETHYLATION REACTIONS AS THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REGENERATION OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE, AND, IN PARTICULAR, A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE BETAINE-HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME. THIS SUGGESTED THAT HYPOMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEASOME INHIBITION, AS INDICATED BY THE DECREASE IN HISTONE METHYLATION. CONCLUSION: THE ROLE OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN REGULATING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND ITS LINK TO LIVER INJURY IN ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE, IS THUS A PROMISING APPROACH TO STUDY LIVER INJURY DUE TO CHRONIC ETHANOL CONSUMPTION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17 3658  36 INDUCTION OF ABERRANT TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 BY INFLAMMATION IN MOUSE COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. A FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION (FIELD DEFECT), WHERE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE ACCUMULATED IN NORMAL-APPEARING TISSUES, IS INVOLVED IN HUMAN CARCINOGENESIS, ESPECIALLY CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. ALTHOUGH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS INVOLVED IN THE FIELD DEFECT AND INDUCED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, IT IS STILL UNCLEAR FOR TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27ME3), WHICH IS INVOLVED IN GENE REPRESSION INDEPENDENT OF DNA METHYLATION AND FUNCTIONS AS A PRE-MARK FOR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. IN THIS STUDY, USING A MOUSE COLITIS MODEL INDUCED BY DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS), WE AIMED TO CLARIFY WHETHER ABERRANT H3K27ME3 IS INDUCED BY INFLAMMATION AND INVOLVED IN A FIELD DEFECT. CHIP-ON-CHIP ANALYSIS OF COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS REVEALED THAT H3K27ME3 LEVELS WERE INCREASED OR DECREASED FOR 266 GENOMIC REGIONS BY AGING, AND MORE EXTENSIVELY (23 INCREASED AND 3574 DECREASED REGIONS) BY COLITIS. SUCH INCREASE OR DECREASE OF H3K27ME3 WAS INDUCED AS EARLY AS 2 WEEKS AFTER THE INITIATION OF DSS TREATMENT, AND PERSISTED AT LEAST FOR 16 WEEKS EVEN AFTER THE INFLAMMATION DISAPPEARED. SOME OF THE ABERRANT H3K27ME3 IN COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS WAS CARRIED OVER INTO COLON TUMORS. FURTHERMORE, H3K27ME3 ACQUIRED AT DAPK1 BY COLITIS WAS FOLLOWED BY INCREASED DNA METHYLATION, SUPPORTING ITS FUNCTION AS A PRE-MARK FOR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT ABERRANT H3K27ME3 CAN BE INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO A SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT, SUCH AS COLITIS, AND SUGGESTED THAT ABERRANT HISTONE MODIFICATION, IN ADDITION TO ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, IS INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF A FIELD DEFECT.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18 1615  42 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B PLAYS A PROTECTIVE ROLE AGAINST HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS CAUSED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION VIA MAINTAINING MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS. MOST HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS) DEVELOP ON THE BASIS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS, BUT THE MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN INFLAMMATORY HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS HAS YET TO BE ELUCIDATED. AMONG DE NOVO DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), DNMT3B HAS LATELY BEEN REPORTED TO ACT SPECIFICALLY ON ACTIVELY TRANSCRIBED GENES, SUGGESTING THE POSSIBILITY THAT IT PLAYS A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CANCER. WE CONFIRMED THAT DNMT3B ISOFORMS LACKING ITS CATALYTIC DOMAIN WERE HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN HCCS COMPARED WITH NON-TUMOROUS LIVER TISSUE. TO ELUCIDATE THE ROLE OF DNMT3B IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, WE GENERATED A GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MOUSE MODEL WITH HEPATOCYTE-SPECIFIC DNMT3B DELETION. THE LIVER OF THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT MICE EXHIBITED AN EXACERBATION OF THIOACETAMIDE-INDUCED HEPATITIS, PROGRESSION OF LIVER FIBROSIS AND A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF HCC COMPARED WITH THE LIVER OF THE CONTROL MICE. WHOLE-GENOME BISULFITE SEQUENCING VERIFIED A LOWER CG METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT LIVER, DEMONSTRATING DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS THROUGHOUT THE GENOME. TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS REVEALED DECREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT LIVER. MOREOVER, PRIMARY HEPATOCYTES ISOLATED FROM THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT MICE SHOWED REDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CAPACITY, LEADING TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE LIVER TISSUE. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF DNMT3B AGAINST CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND HCC DEVELOPMENT VIA MAINTAINING MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19 6411  37 THE SITE SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATION IN THE 5'-REGULATORY AREA OF NMDA RECEPTOR 2B SUBUNIT GENE ASSOCIATED WITH CIE-INDUCED UP-REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION. BACKGROUND: THE NMDA RECEPTOR REPRESENTS A PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT SITE OF ETHANOL ACTION IN THE CNS. WE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT NMDA RECEPTOR 2B (NR2B) GENE EXPRESSION WAS PERSISTENTLY UP-REGULATED FOLLOWING CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL (CIE) TREATMENT. INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN DYNAMIC AND LONG-LASTING REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN MULTIPLE NEUROADAPTIVE PROCESSES PROMPTED US TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN MEDIATING CIE-INDUCED UP-REGULATION OF NR2B GENE TRANSCRIPTION. TO DISSECT THE CHANGES OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE NR2B GENE, WE HAVE SCREENED A LARGE NUMBER OF CPG SITES WITHIN ITS 5'-REGULATORY AREA FOLLOWING CIE TREATMENT. METHODS: PRIMARY CORTICAL CULTURED NEURONS WERE SUBJECTED TO ETHANOL TREATMENT IN A CIE PARADIGM. BISULFITE CONVERSION FOLLOWED BY PYROSEQUENCING WAS USED FOR QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF CPG METHYLATION STATUS WITHIN THE 5'-REGULATORY AREA OF THE NR2B GENE; CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY WAS USED TO EXAMINE DNA LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING. ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAY (EMSA) AND IN VITRO DNA METHYLATION ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE DIRECT IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DNA AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AND PROMOTER ACTIVITY. RESULTS: ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL CPG METHYLATION SITES WITHIN THE NR2B 5'REGULATORY AREA REVEALED THREE REGIONS WITH CLUSTERS OF SITE-SPECIFIC CPG DEMETHYLATION FOLLOWING CIE TREATMENT AND WITHDRAWAL. THIS WAS CONFIRMED BY CHIP SHOWING SIMILAR DECREASES OF METHYLATED DNA IN THE SAME REGIONS. THE CIE-INDUCED DEMETHYLATION IS CHARACTERIZED BY BEING LOCATED NEAR CERTAIN TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING SEQUENCES, AP-1 AND CRE, AND OCCURRED DURING TREATMENT AS WELL AS AFTER ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. FURTHERMORE, THE INCREASE IN VITRO OF METHYLATED DNA DECREASED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING ACTIVITY AND PROMOTER ACTIVITY. AN ADDITIONAL CHIP ASSAY INDICATED THAT THE CIE-INDUCED DNA DEMETHYLATION IS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED OCCUPATION BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF DNA DEMETHYLATION IN MEDIATING CIE-INDUCED NR2B GENE UP-REGULATION, THUS IMPLICATING A NOVEL MOLECULAR SITE OF ALCOHOL ACTION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                         
20  878  45 CHRONIC CADMIUM EXPOSURE AGGRAVATES MALIGNANT PHENOTYPES OF NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA BY ACTIVATING THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING PATHWAY VIA HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE CASEIN KINASE 1ALPHA PROMOTER. BACKGROUND: OUR PREVIOUS STUDY HAS SHOWN THAT CADMIUM (CD) EXPOSURE IS NOT ONLY A RISK FACTOR FOR NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA (NPC), BUT ALSO CORRELATED WITH THE CLINICAL STAGE AND LYMPH NODE METASTASIS. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR EVENTS OF CD INVOLVED IN NPC PROGRESSION REMAIN TO BE ELUCIDATED. PURPOSE: THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DECIPHER HOW CD IMPACTS THE MALIGNANT PHENOTYPES OF NPC CELLS. METHODS: NPC CELL LINES CNE-1 AND CNE-2 WERE CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED WITH 1 MUM CD CHLORIDE FOR 10 WEEKS, DESIGNATING AS CHRONIC CD TREATED NPC CELLS (CCT-NPC). MTT ASSAY, COLONY FORMATION ASSAY AND XENOGRAFT TUMOR GROWTH WERE USED TO ASSESS CELL VIABILITY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. TRANSWELL ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO DETECT CELL INVASION AND MIGRATION. THE PROTEIN LEVELS OF E-CADHERIN, N-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN AS WELL AS BETA-CATENIN AND CASEIN KINASE 1ALPHA(CK1ALPHA) WERE MEASURED BY WESTERN BLOT. IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STAINING WAS USED TO OBSERVE THE DISTRIBUTION OF FILAMENT ACTIN (F-ACTIN), BETA-CATENIN AND CK1ALPHA. THE MRNA LEVELS OF DOWNSTREAM TARGET GENES OF BETA-CATENIN WERE DETECTED BY RT-PCR. WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING ACTIVITY WAS ASSESSED BY TOPFLASH/FOPFLASH DUAL LUCIFERASE REPORT SYSTEM. MS-PCR WAS USED TO DETECT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CK1ALPHA. FINALLY, THE ACTIVATION OF WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY AND CELL BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES WERE EXAMINED FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF CCT-NPC CELLS WITH 5-AZA-2-DEOXY-CYTIDINE(5-AZA-CDR). RESULTS: CCT-NPC CELLS SHOWED AN INCREASE IN CELL PROLIFERATION, COLONY FORMATION, INVASION AND MIGRATION COMPARED TO THE PARENTAL CELLS. CD ALSO INDUCED CYTOSKELETON REORGANIZATION AND EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION. UPREGULATION AND NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF BETA-CATENIN AND INCREASED LUCIFERASE ACTIVITY ACCOMPANIED WITH TRANSCRIPTION OF DOWNSTREAM TARGET GENES WERE FOUND IN CCT-NPC CELLS. TREATMENT OF CCT-CNE1 CELLS WITH 5-AZA-CDR COULD REVERSE THE HYPERMETHYLATION OF CK1ALPHA AND ATTENUATE THE CELL MALIGNANCY. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SUPPORT A ROLE FOR CHRONIC CD EXPOSURE AS A DRIVING FORCE FOR THE MALIGNANT PROGRESSION OF NPC VIA EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY.	2019