1 2755 146 EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASES IN TWO MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS LIKE ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS. IN TWO MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY, WE INVESTIGATED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC), A GROUP OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS THAT SHUTTLE BETWEEN NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM. INTRAHIPPOCAMPAL INJECTION OF KAINIC ACID (KA) INDUCED A STATUS EPILEPTICUS, DEVELOPMENT OF SPONTANEOUS SEIZURES (AFTER 3 DAYS), AND FINALLY CHRONIC EPILEPSY AND GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HDAC MRNAS WAS INVESTIGATED AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS AFTER KA INJECTION IN THE GRANULE CELL LAYERS AND IN SECTORS CA1 AND CA3 CONTRALATERAL TO THE SITE OF KA INJECTION LACKING NEURODEGENERATION. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND 9 MRNAS COINCIDED WITH PRONOUNCED GRANULE CELL DISPERSION IN THE KA-INJECTED HIPPOCAMPUS AT LATE INTERVALS (14-28 DAYS AFTER KA) AND EQUALLY AFFECTED BOTH HDAC9 SPLICE VARIANTS. IN CONTRAST, IN THE PILOCARPINE MODEL (SHOWING NO GRANULE CELL DISPERSION), WE OBSERVED DECREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND 9 AT THE SAME TIME INTERVALS. BEYOND THIS, STRIKING SIMILARITIES BETWEEN BOTH TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY MODELS SUCH AS FAST DECREASES IN HDAC7 AND 10 MRNAS DURING THE ACUTE STATUS EPILEPTICUS WERE OBSERVED, NOTABLY ALSO IN THE CONTRALATERAL HIPPOCAMPUS NOT AFFECTED BY NEURODEGENERATION. THE PARTICULAR PATTERNS OF HDAC MRNA EXPRESSION SUGGEST A ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS AND GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. REDUCED EXPRESSION OF HDACS MAY RESULT IN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PRO- AND ANTICONVULSIVE PROTEINS. ON THE OTHER HAND, EXPORT OF HDACS FROM THE NUCLEUS INTO THE CYTOPLASM COULD ALLOW FOR DEACETYLATION OF CYTOPLASMATIC PROTEINS INVOLVED IN AXONAL AND DENDRITIC REMODELING, LIKE GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. HDAC 5 AND HDAC 9 EXPRESSION IS HIGHLY INCREASED IN GRANULE CELLS OF THE KA-INJECTED HIPPOCAMPUS AND PARALLELS GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. BOTH HDACS ARE THOUGHT TO BE TARGETED TO THE CYTOPLASM AND TO ACT THERE BY DEACETYLATING CYTOPLASMATIC (E.G. CYTOSCELETON-RELATED) PROTEINS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2 5345  77 RAPID CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF CLASS I AND IV HISTONE DEACETYLASES DURING EPILEPTOGENESIS IN MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. A PROMINENT ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MANIFESTATION OF EPILEPSY HAS BEEN PROPOSED. THUS ALTERED HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE). WE NOW INVESTIGATED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE CLASS I AND CLASS IV HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC) IN TWO COMPLEMENTARY MOUSE TLE MODELS. UNILATERAL INTRAHIPPOCAMPAL INJECTION OF KAINIC ACID (KA) INDUCED A STATUS EPILEPTICUS LASTING 6 TO 24H, DEVELOPMENT OF SPONTANEOUS LIMBIC SEIZURES (2 TO 3 DAYS AFTER KA INJECTION) AND CHRONIC EPILEPSY, AS REVEALED BY TELEMETRIC RECORDINGS OF THE EEGS. MICE WERE KILLED AT DIFFERENT INTERVALS AFTER KA INJECTION AND EXPRESSION OF HDAC MRNAS WAS INVESTIGATED BY IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION. WE OBSERVED MARKED DECREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDACS 1, 2 AND 11 (BY UP TO 75%) IN THE GRANULE CELL AND PYRAMIDAL CELL LAYERS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS DURING THE ACUTE STATUS EPILEPTICUS (2 TO 6H AFTER KA INJECTION). THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF ALL CLASS I HDAC MRNAS IN ALL PRINCIPAL CELL LAYERS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER 12 TO 48 H. IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, 14 AND 28 DAYS AFTER KA, ONLY MODEST INCREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC1 MRNA WERE OBSERVED IN GRANULE AND PYRAMIDAL CELLS. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY USING AN ANTIBODY DETECTING HDAC2 REVEALED RESULTS CONSISTENT WITH THE MRNA DATA AND INDICATES ALSO EXPRESSION IN GLIAL CELLS ON THE INJECTION SIDE. SIMILAR CHANGES AS SEEN IN THE KA MODEL WERE OBSERVED AFTER A PILOCARPINE-INDUCED STATUS EPILEPTICUS EXCEPT THAT DECREASES IN HDACS 2, 3 AND 8 WERE ALSO SEEN AT THE CHRONIC 28 DAY INTERVAL. THE PROMINENT DECREASES IN HDAC EXPRESSION DURING STATUS EPILEPTICUS ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED INCREASED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS PROTEINS AND WITH THE AUGMENTED ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H4. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT RESPECTIVE PUTATIVE GENE PRODUCTS COULD FACILITATE PROCONVULSIVE AS WELL AS ANTICONVULSIVE MECHANISMS. THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF ALL CLASS I HDACS DURING THE "SILENT PHASE", ON THE OTHER HAND, MAY BE RELATED TO DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION, WHICH COULD CAUSE A DECREASE IN EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN PROTEINS, A MECHANISM THAT COULD ALSO PROMOTE EPILEPTOGENESIS. THUS, ADDRESSING HDAC EXPRESSION MAY HAVE A THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL IN INTERFERING WITH A STATUS EPILEPTICUS AND WITH THE MANIFESTATION OF TLE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3  213  30 ACUTE AND CHRONIC ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURES (ECS) DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC MACHINERY IN THE ADULT RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. BACKGROUND: ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE TREATMENT IS A FAST-ACTING ANTIDEPRESSANT THERAPY THAT EVOKES RAPID TRANSCRIPTIONAL, NEUROGENIC, AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO ALTERED GENE REGULATION, WHICH UNDERLIES THE NEUROGENIC AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE MAY MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC MACHINERY, THUS ESTABLISHING POTENTIAL ALTERATIONS IN THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE. METHODS: WE EXAMINED THE INFLUENCE OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE ON THE GENE EXPRESSION OF HISTONE MODIFIERS, NAMELY HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES, HISTONE DEACETYLASES, HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND HISTONE (LYSINE) DEMETHYLASES AS WELL AS DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES, INCLUDING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, DNA DEMETHYLASES, AND METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEINS IN THE HIPPOCAMPI OF ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS USING QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME-PCR ANALYSIS. FURTHER, WE EXAMINED THE INFLUENCE OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE ON GLOBAL AND RESIDUE-SPECIFIC HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION LEVELS WITHIN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, A BRAIN REGION IMPLICATED IN THE CELLULAR AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE. RESULTS: ACUTE AND CHRONIC ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE INDUCED A PRIMARILY UNIQUE, AND IN CERTAIN CASES BIDIRECTIONAL, REGULATION OF HISTONE AND DNA MODIFIERS, AND METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEINS, WITH AN OVERLAPPING PATTERN OF GENE REGULATION RESTRICTED TO SIRT4, MLL3, JMJD3, GADD45B, TET2, AND TET3. GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION LEVELS WERE PREDOMINANTLY UNCHANGED, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF A SIGNIFICANT DECLINE IN H3K9 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWING CHRONIC ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE. CONCLUSIONS: ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE TREATMENT EVOKES THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF SEVERAL HISTONE AND DNA MODIFIERS, AND METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEINS WITHIN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, WITH A PREDOMINANTLY DISTINCT PATTERN OF REGULATION INDUCED BY ACUTE AND CHRONIC ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4 2116  39 EPIGENETIC HISTONE DEACETYLATION INHIBITION PREVENTS THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. EPILEPSY IS A CHRONIC BRAIN DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY REPEATED UNPROVOKED SEIZURES. CURRENTLY, NO DRUG THERAPY EXISTS FOR CURING EPILEPSY OR DISEASE MODIFICATION IN PEOPLE AT RISK. DESPITE SEVERAL EMERGING MECHANISMS, THERE HAVE BEEN FEW STUDIES OF EPIGENETIC SIGNALING IN EPILEPTOGENESIS, THE PROCESS WHEREBY A NORMAL BRAIN BECOMES PROGRESSIVELY EPILEPTIC BECAUSE OF PRECIPITATING FACTORS. HERE, WE REPORT A NOVEL ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLATION AS A CRITICAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN EPILEPTOGENESIS. EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED USING THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS KINDLING MODEL OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE), A CLASSIC MODEL HEAVILY USED TO APPROVE DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY. DAILY TREATMENT WITH BUTYRATE SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED HDAC ACTIVITY AND RETARDED THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIMBIC EPILEPTOGENESIS WITHOUT AFFECTING AFTER-DISCHARGE SIGNAL. HDAC INHIBITION MARKEDLY IMPAIRED THE PERSISTENCE OF SEIZURE EXPRESSION MANY WEEKS AFTER EPILEPSY DEVELOPMENT. MOREOVER, SUBCHRONIC HDAC INHIBITION FOR 2 WEEKS RESULTED IN A STRIKING RETARDATION OF EPILEPTOGENESIS. HDAC INHIBITION, UNEXPECTEDLY, ALSO SHOWED ERASURE OF THE EPILEPTOGENIC STATE IN EPILEPTIC ANIMALS. FINALLY, BUTYRATE-TREATED ANIMALS EXHIBITED A POWERFUL REDUCTION IN MOSSY FIBER SPROUTING, A MORPHOLOGIC INDEX OF EPILEPTOGENESIS. TOGETHER THESE RESULTS UNDERSCORE THAT HDAC INHIBITION PREVENTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF TLE, INDICATING HDAC'S CRITICAL SIGNALING ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS. THESE FINDINGS, THEREFORE, ENVISAGE A UNIQUE NOVEL THERAPY FOR PREVENTING OR CURING EPILEPSY BY TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC HDAC PATHWAY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5 2057  39 EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF EPILEPSY TARGET GENES CONTRIBUTES TO A CELLULAR MEMORY OF EPILEPTOGENESIS IN CULTURED RAT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. HYPERSYNCHRONOUS NEURONAL EXCITATION MANIFESTS CLINICALLY AS SEIZURE (ICTOGENESIS), AND MAY RECUR SPONTANEOUSLY AND REPETITIVELY AFTER A VARIABLE LATENCY PERIOD (EPILEPTOGENESIS). DESPITE TREMENDOUS RESEARCH EFFORTS TO DESCRIBE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS AND SIGNATURES OF EPILEPTOGENESIS, MOLECULAR PATHOMECHANISMS LEADING TO CHRONIC EPILEPSY REMAIN TO BE CLARIFIED. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY FORM THE BASIS FOR A CELLULAR MEMORY OF EPILEPTOGENESIS, AND USED A PRIMARY NEURONAL CELL CULTURE MODEL OF THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS TO STUDY THE TRANSLATION OF MASSIVE NEURONAL EXCITATION INTO PERSISTING CHANGES OF EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES AND PRO-EPILEPTOGENIC TARGET GENE EXPRESSION. INCREASED SPONTANEOUS ACTIVATION OF CULTURED NEURONS WAS DETECTED 3 AND 7 DAYS AFTER STIMULATION WITH 10 MUM GLUTAMATE WHEN COMPARED TO SHAM-TREATED TIME-MATCHED CONTROLS USING CALCIUM-IMAGING IN VITRO. CHROMATIN-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION EXPERIMENTS REVEALED SHORT-TERM (3 H, 7 H, AND 24 H) AND LONG-TERM (3 D AND 2 WEEKS) CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WHICH WERE DIRECTLY LINKED TO DECREASED EXPRESSION OF TWO SELECTED EPILEPSY TARGET GENES, E.G. EXCITATORY GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR GENES GRIA2 AND GRIN2A. INCREASED PROMOTER METHYLATION OBSERVED 4 WEEKS AFTER GLUTAMATE STIMULATION AT RESPECTIVE GENES SUGGESTED LONG-TERM REPRESSION OF GRIA2 AND GRIN2A GENES. INHIBITION OF GLUTAMATERGIC ACTIVATION OR BLOCKING THE PROPAGATION OF ACTION POTENTIALS IN CULTURED NEURONS RESCUED ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATORY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. OUR DATA SUPPORT THE CONCEPT OF A CELLULAR MEMORY OF EPILEPTOGENESIS AND PERSISTING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF EPILEPSY TARGET GENES, WHICH ARE ABLE TO TURN NORMAL INTO PRO-EPILEPTIC NEURONS AND CIRCUITS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6 1301  30 DEEP SEQUENCING REVEALS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC RAT EPILEPSY. EPILEPSY IS A FREQUENT NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER, ALTHOUGH ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF SEIZURES REMAIN DIFFICULT TO PREDICT IN AFFECTED PATIENTS, IRRESPECTIVE OF THEIR EPILEPTOGENIC CONDITION. PREVIOUS STUDIES IN ANIMAL MODELS AS WELL AS HUMAN EPILEPTIC BRAIN TISSUE REVEALED A REMARKABLY DIVERSE PATTERN OF GENE EXPRESSION IMPLICATING EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE PROGRESSION. HERE WE MAPPED FOR THE FIRST TIME GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CHRONIC EPILEPTIC RATS AND CONTROLS. USING METHYL-CPG CAPTURE ASSOCIATED WITH MASSIVE PARALLEL SEQUENCING (METHYL-SEQ) WE REPORT THE GENOMIC METHYLATION SIGNATURE OF THE CHRONIC EPILEPTIC STATE. WE OBSERVED A PREDOMINANT INCREASE, RATHER THAN LOSS OF DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC RAT EPILEPSY. ABERRANT METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES USING MRNA SEQUENCING FROM SAME ANIMALS AND TISSUE SPECIMENS. ADMINISTRATION OF A KETOGENIC, HIGH-FAT, LOW-CARBOHYDRATE DIET ATTENUATED SEIZURE PROGRESSION AND AMELIORATED DNA METHYLATION MEDIATED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. THIS IS THE FIRST REPORT OF UNSUPERVISED CLUSTERING OF AN EPIGENETIC MARK BEING USED IN EPILEPSY RESEARCH TO SEPARATE EPILEPTIC FROM NON-EPILEPTIC ANIMALS AS WELL AS FROM ANIMALS RECEIVING ANTI-CONVULSIVE DIETARY TREATMENT. WE FURTHER DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES AS A PATHOGENIC MECHANISM OF EPILEPTOGENESIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7 6801  61 [EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET]. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS A DEVASTATING ILLNESS WITH A PROFOUND HEALTH IMPACT, AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS DISEASE OCCURS OVER TIME AND REQUIRES CHANGES IN BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION. THERE IS CONVERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS AND BEHAVIOR SUCH AS THE INTERVENTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION, LIKE HISTONE METHYLATION, IS A HIGHLY DYNAMIC PROCESS REGULATED BY TWO CLASSES OF ENZYMES: HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). TO DATE, 18 HUMAN HDAC ISOFORMS HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED, AND BASED ON THEIR SEQUENCE HOMOLOGIES AND COFACTOR DEPENDENCIES, THEY HAVE BEEN PHYLOGENETICALLY CATEGORIZED INTO 4 MAIN CLASSES: CLASSES I, II (A AND B), III, AND IV. IN THE BRAIN, EXPRESSION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS VARIES BETWEEN CELL TYPES AND ALSO IN THEIR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION (NUCLEUS AND/OR CYTOSOL). FURTHERMORE, WE RECENTLY SHOWED THAT A SINGLE ETHANOL EXPOSURE INHIBITS HDAC ACTIVITY AND INCREASES BOTH H3 AND H4 HISTONE ACETYLATION WITHIN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. IN THE BRAIN OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS, ETHANOL HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE HISTONE-RELATED AND DNA METHYLATION EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEVERAL REWARD REGIONS INVOLVED IN REWARD PROCESSES SUCH AS HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND AMYGDALA. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED ALTERATION OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS IN SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS FROM THE REWARD CIRCUIT OF RATS MADE DEPENDENT TO ALCOHOL AFTER CHRONIC AND INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL VAPOR. IN NEURONAL CELL LINE CULTURE, ETHANOL WAS SHOWN TO INDUCE HDAC EXPRESSION. IN MOUSE AND RAT BRAIN, NUMEROUS STUDIES REPORTED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT BOTH THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE CHANGED AFTER REPEATED ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL IN MICE SENSITIZED TO THE MOTOR STIMULANT EFFECT OF ETHANOL (A MODEL OF DRUG-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY). NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HDAC INHIBITORS ARE ABLE TO COUNTER ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND THE ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF HDAC AND/OR LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HDAC. FOR EXAMPLE, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT CAUSED THE REVERSAL OF ETHANOL-INDUCED TOLERANCE, ANXIETY, AND ETHANOL DRINKING BY INHIBITING HDAC ACTIVITY, THEREBY INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. ANOTHER STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT TSA PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL INDUCED ANXIETY IN RATS BY RESCUING DEFICITS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE AMYGDALA. WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT TREATMENT WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE BLOCKS BOTH THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EXPRESSION OF ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION IN MICE. IN THIS CONTEXT, CONVERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HDAC INHIBITORS COULD BE USEFUL IN COUNTERACTING ETHANOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THAT IS, HDAC INHIBITORS COULD AFFECT DIFFERENT ACETYLATION SITES AND MAY ALSO ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THAT COULD IN TURN COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL. RECENT WORK IN RODENTS HAS SHOWN THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF PAN HDAC CLASS I AND II INHIBITORS, TSA AND N-HYDROXY-N-PHENYL-OCTANEDIAMIDE [SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID] (SAHA), AND OF THE MORE SELECTIVE INHIBITOR (MAINLY HDAC1 AND HDAC9) MS-275, DECREASE BINGE-LIKE ALCOHOL DRINKING IN MICE. SAHA SELECTIVELY REDUCED ETHANOL OPERANT SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND SEEKING IN RATS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY REVEALED THAT MS-275 STRONGLY DECREASED OPERANT ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS WHEN ADMINISTERED 30 MINUTES BEFORE THE SESSION AT THE SECOND DAY OF INJECTION. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT INTRA-CEREBRO-VENTRICULAR INFUSION OF MS-275 INCREASES ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 4 WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND THE DORSOLATERAL STRIATUM, ASSOCIATED TO A DECREASE IN ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY ABOUT 75%. MS-275 ALSO DIMINISHED BOTH THE MOTIVATION TO CONSUME ETHANOL (25% DECREASE), RELAPSE (BY ABOUT 50%) AND POSTPONED REACQUISITION AFTER ABSTINENCE. BOTH LITERATURE AND SEVERAL OF OUR STUDIES STRONGLY SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTEREST OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL DRINKING AND STRENGTHEN THEINTEREST OF FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC ISOFORMS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES.	2017	

8 5617  37 SARCOSINE SUPPRESSES EPILEPTOGENESIS IN RATS WITH EFFECTS ON HIPPOCAMPAL DNA METHYLATION. EPILEPTOGENESIS IS A COMMON CONSEQUENCE OF BRAIN INSULTS, HOWEVER, THE PREVENTION OR DELAY OF THE EPILEPTOGENIC PROCESS REMAINS AN IMPORTANT UNMET MEDICAL CHALLENGE. OVEREXPRESSION OF GLYCINE TRANSPORTER 1 (GLYT1) IS PROPOSED AS A PATHOLOGICAL HALLMARK IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF PATIENTS WITH TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE), AND WE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED IN RODENT EPILEPSY MODELS THAT AUGMENTATION OF GLYCINE SUPPRESSED CHRONIC SEIZURES AND ALTERED ACUTE SEIZURE THRESHOLDS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY WE EVALUATED THE EFFECT OF THE GLYT1 INHIBITOR, SARCOSINE (AKA N-METHYLGLYCINE), ON EPILEPTOGENESIS AND ALSO INVESTIGATED POSSIBLE MECHANISMS. WE DEVELOPED A MODIFIED RAPID KINDLING MODEL OF EPILEPTOGENESIS IN RATS COMBINED WITH SEIZURE SCORE MONITORING TO EVALUATE THE ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC EFFECT OF SARCOSINE. WE USED IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS FOR THE EVALUATION OF GLYT1 EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) IN THE EPILEPTOGENIC HIPPOCAMPI OF RATS, AND FURTHER EVALUATED EXPRESSION CHANGES IN ENZYMES INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1), DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1), AND DNMT3A. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATED: (I) EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE THAT SARCOSINE (3 G/KG, I.P. DAILY) SUPPRESSED KINDLING EPILEPTOGENESIS IN RATS; (II) THE SARCOSINE-INDUCED ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC EFFECT WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A SUPPRESSED HIPPOCAMPAL GLYT1 EXPRESSION AS WELL AS A REDUCTION OF HIPPOCAMPAL 5MC LEVELS AND A CORRESPONDING INCREASE IN 5HMC; AND (III) SARCOSINE TREATMENT CAUSED DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION CHANGES OF TET1 AND DNMTS. TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT SARCOSINE HAS UNPRECEDENTED DISEASE-MODIFYING PROPERTIES IN A KINDLING MODEL OF EPILEPTOGENESIS IN RATS, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED HIPPOCAMPAL DNA METHYLATION. THUS, MANIPULATION OF THE GLYCINE SYSTEM IS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO ATTENUATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPILEPSY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9 1425  35 DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF CODING AND NON-CODING GENES DEFINE HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY IS ASSOCIATED WITH LARGE-SCALE, WIDE-RANGING CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO DNA ARE ATTRACTIVE MECHANISMS TO EXPLAIN THE SUSTAINED HYPEREXCITABILITY OF CHRONIC EPILEPSY. HERE, THROUGH METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF ALL ANNOTATED C-PHOSPHATE-G ISLANDS AND PROMOTER REGIONS IN THE HUMAN GENOME, WE REPORT A PILOT STUDY OF THE METHYLATION PROFILES OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY WITH OR WITHOUT HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS. FURTHERMORE, BY COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION, WE IDENTIFY METHYLATION SENSITIVE NON-CODING RNA IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. A TOTAL OF 146 PROTEIN-CODING GENES EXHIBITED ALTERED DNA METHYLATION IN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY HIPPOCAMPUS (N = 9) WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROL (N = 5), WITH 81.5% OF THE PROMOTERS OF THESE GENES DISPLAYING HYPERMETHYLATION. UNIQUE METHYLATION PROFILES WERE EVIDENT IN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY WITH OR WITHOUT HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS, IN ADDITION TO A COMMON METHYLATION PROFILE REGARDLESS OF PATHOLOGY GRADE. GENE ONTOLOGY TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENT, NEURON REMODELLING AND NEURON MATURATION WERE OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE METHYLATION PROFILE OF WATSON GRADE 1 SAMPLES (MILD HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS). IN ADDITION TO GENES ASSOCIATED WITH NEURONAL, NEUROTRANSMITTER/SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND CELL DEATH FUNCTIONS, DIFFERENTIAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION WAS EVIDENT IN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY, BUT OVERALL FEW GENES PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED WITH EPILEPSY WERE AMONG THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED. FINALLY, A PANEL OF 13, METHYLATION-SENSITIVE MICRORNA WERE IDENTIFIED IN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY INCLUDING MIR27A, MIR-193A-5P (MIR193A) AND MIR-876-3P (MIR876), AND THE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF LONG NON-CODING RNA DOCUMENTED FOR THE FIRST TIME. THE PRESENT STUDY THEREFORE REPORTS SELECT, GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE OF THE EPILEPTIC BRAIN.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10 4173  38 MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE RAT BRAIN. WE HAVE REPORTED THAT MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN MOUSE NEURAL STEM CELLS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC ROLE FOR THIS PLEIOTROPIC HORMONE. TO SUPPORT SUCH A ROLE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT MELATONIN PRODUCES SIMILAR EFFECTS IN VIVO. HISTONE ACETYLATION, FOLLOWING CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH MELATONIN (4MUG/ML IN DRINKING WATER FOR 17 DAYS), WAS EXAMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING IN SELECTED RAT BRAIN REGIONS. MELATONIN INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN HISTONE H3 AND HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HISTONE H4 WAS ALSO HYPERACETYLATED IN THE STRIATUM, BUT THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THIS BRAIN REGION. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE ACETYLATION OF EITHER HISTONE H3 OR H4 WERE OBSERVED IN THE MIDBRAIN AND CEREBELLUM. AN EXAMINATION OF KINASE ACTIVATION, WHICH MAY BE RELATED TO THESE CHANGES, REVEALED THAT MELATONIN TREATMENT INCREASED THE LEVELS OF PHOSPHO-ERK (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND STRIATUM, BUT PHOSPHO-AKT (PROTEIN KINASE B) LEVELS WERE UNCHANGED. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHROMATIN REMODELING AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNDERLIE THE MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MELATONIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11  531  48 ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE INVOLVES ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION. BLAST INDUCED NEUROTRAUMA (BINT) IS A PREVALENT INJURY WITHIN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. THE INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHICH MANIFESTS AS A MULTITUDE OF COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OFFERS AN IMPORTANT CONTROL MECHANISM FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTION WHICH MAY UNDERLIE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RESULT IN NEURODEGENERATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF GLIAL CELLS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE CHANGES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURRING FOLLOWING INJURY AND THE ROLES THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE WITHIN THE PATHOLOGY. SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER A 10 OR 17 PSI BLAST OVERPRESSURE WITHIN AN ADVANCED BLAST SIMULATOR (ABS). SHAM ANIMALS UNDERWENT THE SAME PROCEDURES WITHOUT BLAST EXPOSURE. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS WERE MEASURED USING THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION (NOR) TEST AT 2 AND 7 DAYS POST-INJURY. TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT 7 DAYS FOR WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) ANALYSIS. SHAM ANIMALS SHOWED INTACT MEMORY AT EACH TIME POINT. THE NOVEL OBJECT DISCRIMINATION DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN TWO AND 7 DAYS FOR EACH INJURY GROUP (P < 0.05). THIS IS INDICATIVE OF THE ONSET OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), A KNOWN MARKER OF ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES, WAS ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE FOR BOTH INJURY GROUPS. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROTEIN EXTRACT SHOWED NO CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ANY TOTAL HISTONE PROTEINS WITHIN THE PFC. HOWEVER, ACETYLATION LEVELS OF HISTONE H2B, H3, AND H4 WERE DECREASED IN BOTH GROUPS (P < 0.05). CO-LOCALIZATION IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE WAS USED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION. THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A SIMILAR DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION IN ASTROCYTES EXPOSED TO A 17 PSI BLAST BUT NOT A 10 PSI BLAST. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ARRAY, SHOWED DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. WE HAVE SHOWN ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED ASTROGLIOSIS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE IN THE INJURY PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  808  30 CHANGED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS IN NORMAL-APPEARING WHITE MATTER AND EARLY MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS LESIONS. THE EPIGENETIC IDENTITY OF OLIGODENDROCYTES IS MODULATED BY POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES. ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 RESULTS FROM THE BALANCE BETWEEN THE ACTIVITY OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES AND MODULATES TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT, IN RODENTS, HISTONE DEACETYLATION FAVORS OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION, WHEREAS ACETYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITORS OF OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION. HERE, WE REPORT, IN HUMANS BRAINS, A SHIFT TOWARD HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE WHITE MATTER OF THE FRONTAL LOBES OF AGED SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS). INCREASED IMMUNOREACTIVITY FOR ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 WAS OBSERVED IN THE NUCLEI OF NOGOA+ OLIGODENDROCYTES IN A SUBSET OF MS SAMPLES. THESE CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITORS OF OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION (I.E., TCF7L2, ID2, AND SOX2) AND HIGHER HAT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS (I.E., CBP, P300) IN FEMALE MS PATIENTS COMPARED WITH NON-NEUROLOGICAL CONTROLS AND CORRELATED WITH DISEASE DURATION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FROM SAMPLES OF MS PATIENTS REVEALED ENRICHMENT OF ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AT THE PROMOTER OF THE INCREASED TARGET GENES (I.E., TCF7L2). THE DATA IN CHRONIC LESIONS CONTRASTED WITH FINDINGS IN EARLY MS LESIONS, WHERE A MARKED OLIGODENDROGLIAL HISTONE DEACETYLATION WAS OBSERVED. TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS A PROCESS THAT OCCURS AT THE EARLY STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND WHOSE EFFICIENCY DECREASES WITH DISEASE DURATION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13 3647  39 INCREASED REELIN PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH GRANULE CELL DISPERSION IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. MESIAL TEMPORAL SCLEROSIS (MTS) IS THE MOST COMMON LESION IN CHRONIC, INTRACTABLE TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSIES (TLE) AND CHARACTERIZED BY SEGMENTAL NEURONAL CELL LOSS IN MAJOR HIPPOCAMPAL SEGMENTS. ANOTHER HISTOPATHOLOGICAL HALLMARK INCLUDES GRANULE CELL DISPERSION (GCD), AN ARCHITECTURAL DISTURBANCE OF THE DENTATE GYRUS ENCOUNTERED IN APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PATIENTS WITH MESIAL TEMPORAL SCLEROSIS. REELIN, WHICH PLAYS A KEY ROLE DURING HIPPOCAMPAL DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF LAMINAR ORGANIZATION, IS SYNTHESIZED AND RELEASED BY CAJAL-RETZIUS CELLS OF THE DENTATE MOLECULAR LAYER, AND PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT REELIN TRANSCRIPT LEVELS ARE DOWNREGULATED IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSIES SPECIMENS. TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER EPIGENETIC SILENCING BY REELIN PROMOTER METHYLATION MAY BE AN UNDERLYING PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM OF GCD, DNA WAS HARVESTED FROM 3 MICRODISSECTED HIPPOCAMPAL SUBREGIONS (I.E. MOLECULAR AND GRANULE CELL LAYERS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS AND PRESUBICULUM) FROM 8 MTS SPECIMENS WITH GCD, 5 TLE SAMPLES WITHOUT GCD, AND 3 AUTOPSY CONTROLS. PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS ANALYZED AFTER BISULFITE TREATMENT, CLONING, AND DIRECT SEQUENCING; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY CAJAL-RETZIUS CELLS. REELIN PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS FOUND TO BE GREATER IN TLE SPECIMENS THAN IN CONTROLS; PROMOTER METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH GCD AMONG TLE SPECIMENS (P < 0.0002). NO OTHER CLINICAL OR HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETER (I.E. SEX, AGE, SEIZURE DURATION, MEDICATION OR EXTENT, OF MTS) CORRELATED WITH PROMOTER METHYLATION. THESE DATA SUPPORT A COMPROMISED REELIN-SIGNALING PATHWAY AND IDENTIFY PROMOTER METHYLATION AS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TLE.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14 5624  32 SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO DRUGS OF ABUSE BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. HISTONE ACETYLATION AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF THE CHROMATIN ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. EARLIER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT A REDUCTION IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY RESULTS IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOME PSYCHOSTIMULANT-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXTEND THOSE SEMINAL FINDINGS BY SHOWING THAT THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE ENHANCES MORPHINE-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR SENSITIZATION AND CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. IN CONTRAST, THIS COMPOUND HAS NO EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. SIMILAR EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED FOR COCAINE AND ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF A COMPONENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION THAT INCLUDED CIRCADIAN CLOCK GENES AND OTHER GENES RELEVANT TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A SPECIFIC FUNCTION FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION AND THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AT A REDUCED NUMBER OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT LOCI ON NON-HOMEOSTATIC, LONG-LASTING, DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15 3341  28 HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 IS INVOLVED IN STRESS-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT VIA HISTONE DEACETYLATION AND PI3K/AKT SIGNALING PATHWAY MODIFICATION. EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS UPREGULATES BLOOD GLUCOCORTICOID LEVELS AND IMPAIRS COGNITION VIA DIVERSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLATION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION CAN LEAD TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF MANY PROTEINS INVOLVED IN COGNITION AND MAY ALSO CAUSE LEARNING AND MEMORY DYSFUNCTION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE?2 (HDAC2) HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO EPIGENETICALLY BLOCK COGNITION VIA A REDUCTION IN THE HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVEL; HOWEVER, IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER HDAC2 IS INVOLVED IN THE COGNITIVE DECLINE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. TO THE BEST OF AUTHORS' KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE STRESS HORMONE CORTICOSTEROID UPREGULATE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS IN NEURO?2A CELLS AND CAUSE CELL INJURIES. HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT AMELIORATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN N2A CELLS VIA THE UPREGULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND MODIFICATIONS IN THE PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3?KINASE/PROTEIN KINASE B SIGNALING PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED IN 12?MONTH?OLD FEMALE C57BL/6J MICE UNDER CHRONIC STRESS IN VIVO. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT HDAC2 MAY BE AN IMPORTANT NEGATIVE REGULATOR INVOLVED IN CHRONIC STRESS?INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16 5279  30 PROMOTER-SPECIFIC RELEVANCE OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY DEXAMETHASONE DURING THE REGULATION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS (GCS) ARE WIDELY USED TO TREAT DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNE DISEASES THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES. MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY GCS IS KNOWN TO OCCUR THROUGH DIVERSE MECHANISMS OF VARYING RELEVANCE TO SPECIFIC CLASSES OF GENES. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE INDEED A PIVOTAL REGULATORY FEATURE OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND OTHER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. IN THIS STUDY, HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS WERE INVESTIGATED FOR THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THE REGULATION OF SELECTED PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENES - EXPRESSED IN HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES - IN RESPONSE TO TREATMENT WITH SYNTHETIC GC DEXAMETHASONE (DEX). WE SHOW THAT HISTONE TAIL ACETYLATION STATUS IS MODIFIED FOLLOWING DEX ADMINISTRATION, THROUGH DISTINCT AND ALTERNATIVE MECHANISMS AT THE PROMOTERS OF INTERLEUKIN-8 AND INTERLEUKIN-23. IN ADDITION TO HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT H3 LYSINE 4 TRIMETHYLATION IS AFFECTED FOLLOWING DRUG TREATMENT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17 2705  37 EXERCISE AND LOW-LEVEL GABA(A) RECEPTOR INHIBITION MODULATE LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY AND THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF ACCOMPANIED BY CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. AEROBIC EXERCISE IS KNOWN TO INCREASE EXPRESSION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND TO IMPROVE COGNITIVE FUNCTION. THE INHIBITION OF GABAERGIC SYNAPSES ENHANCES HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY AS WELL AS LEARNING AND MEMORY. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF LOW-LEVEL GABA(A) RECEPTOR INHIBITION AND EXERCISE ON BEHAVIOR TESTS (COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY), EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS INCLUDING THE ACTIVITY LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. ICR MICE WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS: THOSE WHO DID NOT PARTICIPATE IN EXERCISE AND THOSE WHO PARTICIPATED IN EXERCISE. EACH GROUP WAS SUBDIVIDED INTO TWO OTHER GROUPS: THE ONE WHO RECEIVED VEHICLE AND THE ONE WHO RECEIVED GABA(A) RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, BICUCULLIN. WE ADMINISTERED SALINE OR BICUCULLINE INTRAPERITONEALLY TO THE MICE AT A NON-EPILEPTIC DOSE OF 0.25 MG/KG, WHEREAS THE MICE WERE EXERCISED ON A TREADMILL FOR APPROXIMATELY 1 H A DAY, 5 DAYS A WEEK FOR 4 WEEKS. NOVEL-OBJECT RECOGNITION TEST AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY WERE ASSESSED AT A REST DAY APPROXIMATELY 4 DAYS BEFORE THE EUTHANASIA. THE MICE WERE EUTHANIZED 4 H AFTER THE LAST EXERCISE SESSION. AEROBIC EXERCISE FOR 4 WEEKS INCREASED MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF BDNF IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, ACCOMPANIED BY ENHANCED HAT ACTIVITY. ALTERNATIVELY, BICUCULLINE ADMINISTRATION INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. FURTHERMORE, EXERCISE IN THE PRESENCE OF BICUCULLINE ADMINISTRATION INCREASED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY, INDICATING THAT EXERCISE COMBINED WITH LOW-LEVEL GABA(A) RECEPTOR INHIBITION POTENTIATED THE ACTIVITY OF THE MICE. ALTOGETHER, THE PRESENT STUDY SUGGESTED THAT EXERCISE BENEFICIALLY CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPROTECTION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS ACCOMPANIED BY THE UP-REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION, WHEREAS THE CHRONIC INHIBITION OF GABA(A) RECEPTOR POTENTIATES EXERCISE-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ACTIVITY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18 4150  41 MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. THERE IS GROWING EVIDENCE THAT SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF EPIGENETIC MODULATORS, SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC) AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT), CAN REDUCE VOLUNTARY ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN ANIMAL MODELS, BUT MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROCESSES UNDERLYING THIS BEHAVIORAL EFFECT ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WE USED C57BL/6J MALE MICE TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF TWO FDA-APPROVED DRUGS, DECITABINE (A DNMT INHIBITOR) AND SAHA (AN HDAC INHIBITOR), ON ETHANOL CONSUMPTION USING TWO TESTS: BINGE-LIKE DRINKING IN THE DARK (DID) AND CHRONIC INTERMITTENT EVERY OTHER DAY (EOD) DRINKING. DECITABINE BUT NOT SAHA REDUCED ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN BOTH TESTS. WE FURTHER INVESTIGATED DECITABINE'S EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN'S REWARD PATHWAY BY GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA), USING RNA SEQUENCING AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS FROM VTA DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS. DECITABINE-INDUCED DECREASES IN EOD DRINKING WERE ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION, IMPLICATING REGULATION OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW, EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ORGANIZATION, AND NEUROIMMUNE FUNCTIONS IN DECITABINE ACTIONS. IN ADDITION, AN IN VIVO ADMINISTRATION OF DECITABINE SHORTENED ETHANOL-INDUCED EXCITATION OF VTA DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS IN VITRO, SUGGESTING THAT DECITABINE REDUCES ETHANOL DRINKING VIA CHANGES IN THE REWARD PATHWAY. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR DATA SUGGEST A CONTRIBUTION OF BOTH NEURONAL AND NON-NEURONAL MECHANISMS IN THE VTA IN THE REGULATION OF ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. DECITABINE AND OTHER EPIGENETIC COMPOUNDS HAVE BEEN APPROVED FOR CANCER TREATMENT, AND UNDERSTANDING THEIR MECHANISMS OF ACTIONS IN THE BRAIN MAY ASSIST IN REPURPOSING THESE DRUGS AND DEVELOPING NOVEL THERAPIES FOR CENTRAL DISORDERS, INCLUDING DRUG ADDICTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19  124  38 A SYSTEMS APPROACH DELIVERS A FUNCTIONAL MICRORNA CATALOG AND EXPANDED TARGETS FOR SEIZURE SUPPRESSION IN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY IS THE MOST COMMON DRUG-RESISTANT FORM OF EPILEPSY IN ADULTS. THE REORGANIZATION OF NEURAL NETWORKS AND THE GENE EXPRESSION LANDSCAPE UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC NETWORK BEHAVIOR IN BRAIN STRUCTURES SUCH AS THE HIPPOCAMPUS HAS BEEN SUGGESTED TO BE CONTROLLED, IN PART, BY MICRORNAS. TO SYSTEMATICALLY ASSESS THEIR SIGNIFICANCE, WE SEQUENCED ARGONAUTE-LOADED MICRORNAS TO DEFINE FUNCTIONALLY ENGAGED MICRORNAS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF THREE DIFFERENT ANIMAL MODELS IN TWO SPECIES AND AT SIX TIME POINTS BETWEEN THE INITIAL PRECIPITATING INSULT THROUGH TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CHRONIC EPILEPSY. WE THEN SELECTED COMMONLY UP-REGULATED MICRORNAS FOR A FUNCTIONAL IN VIVO THERAPEUTIC SCREEN USING OLIGONUCLEOTIDE INHIBITORS. ARGONAUTE SEQUENCING GENERATED 1.44 BILLION SMALL RNA READS OF WHICH UP TO 82% WERE MICRORNAS, WITH OVER 400 UNIQUE MICRORNAS DETECTED PER MODEL. APPROXIMATELY HALF OF THE DETECTED MICRORNAS WERE DYSREGULATED IN EACH EPILEPSY MODEL. WE PRIORITIZED COMMONLY UP-REGULATED MICRORNAS THAT WERE FULLY CONSERVED IN HUMANS AND DESIGNED CUSTOM ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES FOR THESE CANDIDATE TARGETS. ANTISEIZURE PHENOTYPES WERE OBSERVED UPON KNOCKDOWN OF MIR-10A-5P, MIR-21A-5P, AND MIR-142A-5P AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSES INDICATED BROAD SAFETY OF THIS APPROACH. COMBINED INHIBITION OF THESE THREE MICRORNAS REDUCED SPONTANEOUS SEIZURES IN EPILEPTIC MICE. PROTEOMIC DATA, RNA SEQUENCING, AND PATHWAY ANALYSIS ON PREDICTED AND VALIDATED TARGETS OF THESE MICRORNAS IMPLICATED DEREPRESSED TGF-BETA SIGNALING AS A SHARED SEIZURE-MODIFYING MECHANISM. CORRESPONDINGLY, INHIBITION OF TGF-BETA SIGNALING OCCLUDED THE ANTISEIZURE EFFECTS OF THE ANTAGOMIRS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS IDENTIFY SHARED, DYSREGULATED, AND FUNCTIONALLY ACTIVE MICRORNAS DURING THE PATHOGENESIS OF EPILEPSY WHICH REPRESENT THERAPEUTIC ANTISEIZURE TARGETS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20 5177  45 PREFRONTAL CORTEX EXPRESSION OF CHROMATIN MODIFIER GENES IN MALE WSP AND WSR MICE CHANGES ACROSS ETHANOL DEPENDENCE, WITHDRAWAL, AND ABSTINENCE. ALCOHOL-USE DISORDER (AUD) IS A RELAPSING DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH EXCESSIVE ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. RECENT STUDIES SUPPORT THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUD. STUDIES CARRIED OUT SO FAR HAVE FOCUSED ON A FEW SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. THE GOAL OF THIS PROJECT WAS TO INVESTIGATE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORS THAT MEDIATE A BROAD ARRAY OF CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AFTER CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE, CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE FOLLOWED BY 8 H WITHDRAWAL, AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE FOLLOWED BY 21 DAYS OF ABSTINENCE IN WITHDRAWAL-RESISTANT (WSR) AND WITHDRAWAL SEIZURE-PRONE (WSP) SELECTED MOUSE LINES. WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC VAPOR EXPOSURE TO HIGHLY INTOXICATING LEVELS OF ETHANOL ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL CHROMATIN REMODELING GENES MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR ARRAY ANALYSES. THE IDENTIFIED EFFECTS WERE INDEPENDENT OF SELECTED LINES, WHICH, HOWEVER, DISPLAYED BASELINE DIFFERENCES IN EPIGENETIC GENE EXPRESSION. WE REPORTED DYSREGULATION IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN HISTONE ACETYLATION, DEACETYLATION, LYSINE AND ARGININE METHYLATION AND UBIQUITINATIONHYLATION DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL, BUT NOT AFTER 21 DAYS OF ABSTINENCE. ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES ARE CONSISTENT WITH DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND WITH DECREASED DEPOSITION OF THE PERMISSIVE UBIQUITINATION MARK H2BK120UB, ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED TRANSCRIPTION. ON THE OTHER HAND, ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN HISTONE LYSINE METHYLATION ARE CONSISTENT WITH INCREASED TRANSCRIPTION. THE NET RESULT OF THESE MODIFICATIONS ON GENE EXPRESSION IS LIKELY TO DEPEND ON THE COMBINATION OF THE SPECIFIC HISTONE TAIL MODIFICATIONS PRESENT AT A GIVEN TIME ON A GIVEN PROMOTER. SINCE ALCOHOL DOES NOT MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION UNIDIRECTIONALLY, IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT ALCOHOL DOES NOT UNIDIRECTIONALLY ALTER CHROMATIN STRUCTURE TOWARD A CLOSED OR OPEN STATE, AS SUGGESTED BY THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY.	2017