1 2750 124 EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE GENE AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AROUND ITS PROMOTER IN THE LOCUS COERULEUS AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA OF RATS DURING FORCED ABSTINENCE FROM MORPHINE. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE STRUCTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH ADDICTION. WE STUDIED WHETHER MORPHINE-INDUCED CHANGES IN MRNA LEVELS OF THE CATECHOLAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS ENZYME, TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE (TH), ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AROUND THE PROMOTER OF THIS GENE IN THE LOCUS COERULEUS (LC) AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) OF RATS. METHODS: DEPENDENCE WAS INDUCED IN RATS BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS OF MORPHINE FOR 11 DAYS. THE ANIMALS WERE KILLED 2 H (CHRONIC MORPHINE), 24 H AND 7 DAYS (SPONTANEOUS WITHDRAWAL) AFTER THE LAST INJECTION OF MORPHINE. RESULTS: ANALYSIS OF OUR REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR RESULTS BY 1-WAY ANOVA SHOWED SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION (5.13 +/- 0.39 FOLDS) OF LC LEVELS OF THE TH TRANSCRIPT 24 H AFTER THE LAST INJECTION OF MORPHINE TO RATS, WHEN COMPARED WITH 2 H AND 7 DAYS TIME POINTS. CHRONIC MORPHINE AND MORPHINE ABSTINENCE FAILED TO CAUSE ANY SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF TH MRNA IN THE VTA AFTER CESSATION OF MORPHINE. CONSISTENTLY, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR ASSAYS REVEALED THAT 24 H AFTER THE LAST INJECTION OF MORPHINE, LEVELS OF H3 ACETYLATION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED (4.12 +/- 0.38 FOLDS) AT THE PROMOTER OF THE TH GENE IN THE LC BUT NOT IN THE VTA. OUR DATA ALSO SHOWED THAT HISTONE H3 TRIMETHYLATION FAILED TO CHANGE AROUND THE TH GENE PROMOTER EITHER IN THE VTA OR IN THE LC AFTER MORPHINE ABSTINENCE. CONCLUSIONS: RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY, FOR THE FIRST TIME, DEMONSTRATE THE INVOLVEMENT OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THE REGULATION OF TH GENE EXPRESSION IN THE LC OF RATS DURING FORCED ABSTINENCE FROM MORPHINE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2 1831  38 EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXON I PROMOTER IN THE ADULT RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. AIM: EARLY LIFE STRESS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THROUGH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS AND IS A RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ACTION. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT RATS SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) DURING EARLY LIFE AND TREATED WITH AN ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG AS ADULTS. METHODS: RAT PUPS WERE SUBJECTED TO MS FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 21 AND RECEIVED CHRONIC ESCITALOPRAM (ESC) AS ADULTS. WE ASSESSED THE EFFECTS OF MS AND ESC ON BDNF EXON I AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) MRNA LEVELS (QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, AND MECP2 BINDING TO THE BDNF PROMOTER I (CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), AND BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY). RESULTS: THE LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA WERE ALTERED IN THE MS GROUP COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. SIGNIFICANT DECREASES WERE OBSERVED IN THE BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MS + ESC AND MS GROUPS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN MECP2 AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MS INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER AND THESE CHANGES WERE PREVENTED BY ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG TREATMENT DURING ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3 5485  33 REVERSAL OF COCAINE-CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE THROUGH METHYL SUPPLEMENTATION IN MICE: ALTERING GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL METHYLATION IN CELLS HAS REVEALED CORRELATIONS BETWEEN OVERALL DNA METHYLATION STATUS AND SOME BIOLOGICAL STATES. RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION COULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR NEUROADAPTATIONS INDUCED BY ADDICTIVE DRUGS. HOWEVER, THERE IS NO INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION STATUS FOLLOWING REPEATED EXPOSURE TO ADDICTIVE DRUGS. USING MICE CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE (CPP) PROCEDURE, WE MEASURED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) AND THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG REWARDING EFFECTS. WE FOUND THAT COCAINE-, BUT NOT MORPHINE- OR FOOD-CPP TRAINING DECREASED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE PFC. CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH METHIONINE, A METHYL DONOR, FOR 25 CONSECUTIVE DAYS PRIOR TO AND DURING CPP TRAINING INHIBITED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COCAINE, BUT NOT MORPHINE OR FOOD CPP. WE ALSO FOUND THAT BOTH MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL OF DNMT (DNA METHYTRANSFERASE) 3B IN THE PFC WERE DOWNREGULATED FOLLOWING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COCAINE CPP, AND THE DOWNREGULATION COULD BE REVERSED BY REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF METHIONINE. OUR STUDY INDICATES A CRUCIAL ROLE OF GLOBAL PFC DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IN THE REWARDING EFFECTS OF COCAINE. REVERSAL OF GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION COULD SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATE THE REWARDING EFFECTS INDUCED BY COCAINE. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT METHIONINE MAY HAVE BECOME A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET TO TREAT COCAINE ADDICTION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4  531  47 ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE INVOLVES ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION. BLAST INDUCED NEUROTRAUMA (BINT) IS A PREVALENT INJURY WITHIN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. THE INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHICH MANIFESTS AS A MULTITUDE OF COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OFFERS AN IMPORTANT CONTROL MECHANISM FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTION WHICH MAY UNDERLIE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RESULT IN NEURODEGENERATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF GLIAL CELLS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE CHANGES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURRING FOLLOWING INJURY AND THE ROLES THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE WITHIN THE PATHOLOGY. SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER A 10 OR 17 PSI BLAST OVERPRESSURE WITHIN AN ADVANCED BLAST SIMULATOR (ABS). SHAM ANIMALS UNDERWENT THE SAME PROCEDURES WITHOUT BLAST EXPOSURE. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS WERE MEASURED USING THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION (NOR) TEST AT 2 AND 7 DAYS POST-INJURY. TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT 7 DAYS FOR WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) ANALYSIS. SHAM ANIMALS SHOWED INTACT MEMORY AT EACH TIME POINT. THE NOVEL OBJECT DISCRIMINATION DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN TWO AND 7 DAYS FOR EACH INJURY GROUP (P < 0.05). THIS IS INDICATIVE OF THE ONSET OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), A KNOWN MARKER OF ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES, WAS ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE FOR BOTH INJURY GROUPS. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROTEIN EXTRACT SHOWED NO CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ANY TOTAL HISTONE PROTEINS WITHIN THE PFC. HOWEVER, ACETYLATION LEVELS OF HISTONE H2B, H3, AND H4 WERE DECREASED IN BOTH GROUPS (P < 0.05). CO-LOCALIZATION IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE WAS USED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION. THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A SIMILAR DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION IN ASTROCYTES EXPOSED TO A 17 PSI BLAST BUT NOT A 10 PSI BLAST. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ARRAY, SHOWED DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. WE HAVE SHOWN ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED ASTROGLIOSIS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE IN THE INJURY PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2016	

5 1238  29 CURCUMIN BLOCKS CHRONIC MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR UPREGULATION. THIS STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) MAY COUNTERBALANCE THE ACTION OF MORPHINE IN THE BRAIN. MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE AFTER DAILY ADMINISTRATIONS FOR SIX DAYS WAS BLOCKED BY INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION OF ANTI-BDNF IGG ON DAY 5, BUT NOT BY ADMINISTRATIONS ON DAYS 1-4. CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF EXON I AND IV BDNF TRANSCRIPTS, INDICATING DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION. DAILY ADMINISTRATION OF THE CREB-BINDING PROTEIN INHIBITOR CURCUMIN ABOLISHED THE UPREGULATION OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTION AND MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CURCUMIN MIGHT BE A PROMISING ADJUVANT TO REDUCE MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE, AND THAT EPIGENETIC CONTROL COULD BE A NEW STRATEGY USEFUL FOR THE CONTROL OF THIS PROBLEM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6 1800  31 EFFECT OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. BACKGROUND: INCREASED PAIN SENSITIVITY IS OBSERVED FOLLOWING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL, AND ATTEMPTS TO ALLEVIATE THIS HYPERALGESIA CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE CYCLE OF ADDICTION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE IF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA WAS OBSERVED IN A CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE MODEL AND IF THIS PAIN WAS AFFECTED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, THUS REVEALING AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. METHODS: ADULT MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS RECEIVED LIEBER-DECARLI LIQUID CONTROL OR ETHANOL (9% V/V) DIET FOR 15 DAYS. MECHANICAL SENSITIVITY WAS MEASURED WITH VON FREY HAIR STIMULATION OF THE HINDPAW DURING ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION AND 24- AND 72-HOUR WITHDRAWAL. RESULTS: ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL PRODUCED SEVERE AND SUSTAINED MECHANICAL HYPERALGESIA, AN EFFECT NOT OBSERVED IN THE CONTROL OR ETHANOL-MAINTAINED GROUPS. FURTHERMORE, THIS HYPERALGESIA WAS ATTENUATED BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: HEIGHTENED PAIN SENSITIVITY WAS OBSERVED FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS COULD BE NOVEL TREATMENTS FOR THIS ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7 1809  35 EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPI OF CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RATS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON HISTONE MODIFICATION REMAIN UNCLEAR. THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE BDNF GENE IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS (6 H/D FOR 21 D) AND THEN WERE ADMINISTERED WITH EITHER OLANZAPINE (2 MG/KG) OR HALOPERIDOL (1 MG/KG). THE LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV WERE ASSESSED WITH CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. THE MRNA LEVELS OF TOTAL BDNF WITH EXON IV, HDAC5, DNMT1, AND DNMT3A WERE ASSESSED WITH A QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR PROCEDURE. CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RESULTED IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF TOTAL AND EXON IV BDNF MRNA LEVELS AND A DECREASE IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND AN INCREASE IN MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV. FURTHERMORE, THERE WERE ROBUST INCREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND DNMTS. OLANZAPINE ADMINISTRATION LARGELY PREVENTED THESE CHANGES. THE ADMINISTRATION OF HALOPERIDOL HAD NO EFFECT. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG OLANZAPINE INDUCED HISTONE MODIFICATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND THAT THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY REPRESENT ONE OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ACTIONS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8 1086  51 COCAINE ADMINISTRATION AND ITS WITHDRAWAL ENHANCE THE EXPRESSION OF GENES ENCODING HISTONE-MODIFYING ENZYMES AND HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE RAT PREFRONTAL CORTEX. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO COCAINE, CRAVING, AND RELAPSE ARE ATTRIBUTED TO LONG-LASTING CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION ARISING THROUGH EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THESE PROCESSES, THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX SEEMS TO PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE NOT ONLY IN MOTIVATION AND DECISION-MAKING BUT ALSO IN EXTINCTION AND SEEKING BEHAVIOR. IN THIS STUDY, WE APPLIED COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND EXTINCTION TRAINING PROCEDURES IN RATS WITH A YOKED TRIAD TO DETERMINE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION OF SEVERAL GENES ENCODING HISTONE MODIFICATION ENZYMES DURING EARLY EXTINCTION TRAINING. SUBSEQUENT REAL-TIME PCR TESTING OF THESE GENES FOLLOWING COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION OR EARLY (THIRD DAY) AND LATE (TENTH DAY) EXTINCTION REVEALED ELEVATED LEVELS OF THEIR TRANSCRIPTS. INTERESTINGLY, WE FOUND THE ENRICHMENT OF BRD1 MESSENGER RNA IN RATS SELF-ADMINISTERING COCAINE THAT LASTED UNTIL EXTINCTION TRAINING DURING COCAINE WITHDRAWAL WITH CONCOMITANT INCREASED ACETYLATION OF H3K9 AND H4K8. HOWEVER, DESPITE ELEVATED LEVELS OF METHYL- AND DEMETHYLTRANSFERASE-ENCODED TRANSCRIPTS, NO CHANGES IN GLOBAL DI- AND TRI-METHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 4, 9, 27, AND 79 WERE OBSERVED. SURPRISINGLY, AT THE END OF EXTINCTION TRAINING (10 DAYS OF COCAINE WITHDRAWAL), MOST OF THE ANALYZED GENES IN THE RATS ACTIVELY AND PASSIVELY ADMINISTERING COCAINE RETURNED TO THE CONTROL LEVEL. TOGETHER, THE ALTERATIONS IDENTIFIED IN THE RAT PREFRONTAL CORTEX MAY SUGGEST ENHANCED CHROMATIN REMODELING AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY INDUCED BY EARLY COCAINE ABSTINENCE; HOWEVER, TO KNOW WHETHER THEY ARE BENEFICIAL OR NOT FOR THE EXTINCTION OF DRUG-SEEKING BEHAVIOR, FURTHER IN VIVO EVALUATION IS REQUIRED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9 4173  38 MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE RAT BRAIN. WE HAVE REPORTED THAT MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN MOUSE NEURAL STEM CELLS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC ROLE FOR THIS PLEIOTROPIC HORMONE. TO SUPPORT SUCH A ROLE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT MELATONIN PRODUCES SIMILAR EFFECTS IN VIVO. HISTONE ACETYLATION, FOLLOWING CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH MELATONIN (4MUG/ML IN DRINKING WATER FOR 17 DAYS), WAS EXAMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING IN SELECTED RAT BRAIN REGIONS. MELATONIN INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN HISTONE H3 AND HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HISTONE H4 WAS ALSO HYPERACETYLATED IN THE STRIATUM, BUT THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THIS BRAIN REGION. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE ACETYLATION OF EITHER HISTONE H3 OR H4 WERE OBSERVED IN THE MIDBRAIN AND CEREBELLUM. AN EXAMINATION OF KINASE ACTIVATION, WHICH MAY BE RELATED TO THESE CHANGES, REVEALED THAT MELATONIN TREATMENT INCREASED THE LEVELS OF PHOSPHO-ERK (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND STRIATUM, BUT PHOSPHO-AKT (PROTEIN KINASE B) LEVELS WERE UNCHANGED. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHROMATIN REMODELING AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNDERLIE THE MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MELATONIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10  917  41 CHRONIC HIGH-FAT DIET DRIVES POSTNATAL EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR IN THE BRAIN. OPIOID SYSTEM DYSREGULATION HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN BOTH GENETIC AND HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD)-INDUCED MODELS OF OBESITY. AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, PARTICULARLY WITHIN AN IN VIVO CONTEXT, IS LACKING. USING A DIET-INDUCED MODEL OF OBESITY (DIO), MICE WERE FED A HIGH-FAT DIET (60% CALORIES FROM FAT) FROM WEANING TO >18 WEEKS OF AGE. COMPARED WITH MICE FED THE CONTROL DIET, DIO MICE HAD A DECREASED PREFERENCE FOR SUCROSE. MOR MRNA EXPRESSION WAS DECREASED IN REWARD-RELATED CIRCUITRY (VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC)) BUT NOT THE HYPOTHALAMUS, IMPORTANT IN THE HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION OF FEEDING. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT LINKS ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION. WE FOUND A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE MOR PROMOTER REGION WITHIN THE REWARD-RELATED BRAIN REGIONS. METHYL CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) CAN BIND METHYLATED DNA AND REPRESS TRANSCRIPTION, AND DIO MICE SHOWED INCREASED BINDING OF MECP2 TO THE MOR PROMOTER IN REWARD-RELATED REGIONS OF THE BRAIN. FINALLY, USING CHIP ASSAYS WE EXAMINED H3K9 METHYLATION (INACTIVE CHROMATIN) AND H3 ACETYLATION (ACTIVE CHROMATIN) WITHIN THE MOR PROMOTER REGION AND FOUND INCREASED H3K9 METHYLATION AND DECREASED H3 ACETYLATION. THESE DATA ARE THE FIRST TO IDENTIFY DNA METHYLATION, MECP2 RECRUITMENT, AND CHROMATIN REMODELING AS MECHANISMS LEADING TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF MOR IN THE BRAINS OF MICE FED A HIGH-FAT DIET.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
11  219  36 ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOLLOWING CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING REDUCES FEAR MEMORY: TIMING IS ESSENTIAL. BACKGROUND: HISTONE ACETYLATION IS REGULATED IN RESPONSE TO STRESS AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN LEARNING AND MEMORY. CHRONIC STRESS IS KNOWN TO DETERIORATE COGNITION, WHEREAS ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION. HOWEVER, WHETHER ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION WHEN IT IS APPLIED AFTER FEAR STIMULATION IS NOT YET KNOWN. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF ACUTE STRESS APPLIED AFTER FEAR TRAINING ON MEMORY FORMATION, MRNA EXPRESSION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION, AND CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL IN MICE IN VIVO. METHODS: MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 OR 90 MIN AFTER CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING, AND ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 14 (H3K14) AND LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE WERE MEASURED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. A FREEZING BEHAVIOR TEST WAS PERFORMED 24 H AFTER TRAINING, AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF BDNF WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS. DIFFERENT GROUPS OF MICE WERE USED FOR EACH TEST. RESULTS: FREEZING BEHAVIOR SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED WITH THE DOWN-REGULATION OF BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION CAUSED BY ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING OWING TO THE REDUCTION OF H3K14 ACETYLATION. HOWEVER, BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION WERE NOT REDUCED IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 90 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. FURTHER, THE CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGH IN MICE SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. CONCLUSION: ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING IMPAIRED MEMORY FORMATION AND REDUCED BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF MICE OWING TO THE HIGH LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12 2300  42 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY: IMPLICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IS KNOWN TO BE UP-REGULATED IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HERE, WE FOUND THAT THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AT DAY 7 POST-INJURY WERE INHIBITED ONLY WHEN ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY WAS INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTRATED AT DAY 2 POST-INJURY. CONSISTENT WITH BEHAVIORAL RESULTS, WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE MARKEDLY INDUCED DURING EARLY STAGE POST-INJURY. MOREOVER, THE MAXIMAL INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE DRG WAS OBSERVED AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED LEVELS WERE SUSTAINED FOR AT LEAST 14 DAYS. FOUR OF FIVE BDNF MRNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE UP-REGULATED AFTER NERVE INJURY, AND THE MOST INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPT WAS EXON I. USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY, WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY PROMOTES HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE MODIFICATIONS, AT BDNF PROMOTER I AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND THE LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION REMAIN ELEVATED FOR AT LEAST 7 DAYS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT AN INITIAL INCREASE IN BDNF EXON I EXPRESSION CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MIGHT HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13 2156  43 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN MICE. BACKGROUND: REPEATED ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IS KNOWN TO INCREASE SUBSEQUENT ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN MICE. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. ONE POSTULATED MECHANISM INVOLVES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND DNA METHYLATION OF RELEVANT GENES SUCH AS NR2B OR BDNF. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL DRINKING BEHAVIOR, AN ESTABLISHED CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL EXPOSURE REINFORCED ETHANOL DRINKING MOUSE MODEL WITH VAPOR INHALATION OVER TWO 9-DAY TREATMENT REGIMENS WAS USED. THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, 5-AZACYTIDINE OR THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, TRICHOSTATIN A WAS ADMINISTERED (INTRAPERITONEALLY) TO C57BL/6 MICE 30 MIN BEFORE DAILY EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL. CHANGES IN ETHANOL CONSUMPTION WERE MEASURED USING THE 2-BOTTLE CHOICE TEST. RESULTS: THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF TRICHOSTATIN A (2.5 MICROG/G) FACILITATED CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL-INDUCED ETHANOL DRINKING, BUT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF 5-AZACYTIDINE (2 MICROG/G) DID NOT CAUSE THE SAME EFFECT. HOWEVER, WHEN 5-AZACYTIDINE WAS ADMINISTERED BY INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION, IT FACILITATED CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL-INDUCED ETHANOL DRINKING. FURTHERMORE, THE INCREASED DRINKING CAUSED BY CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL WAS PREVENTED BY INJECTION OF A METHYL DONOR, S-ADENOSYL-L-METHIONINE. TO PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL- OR TRICHOSTATIN A-INDUCED DNA DEMETHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS OF THE NR2B PROMOTER MAY UNDERLIE THE ALTERED ETHANOL CONSUMPTION, WE EXAMINED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND NR2B EXPRESSION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF THESE MICE. CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL OR TRICHOSTATIN A DECREASED DNA METHYLATION AND INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE NR2B GENE PROMOTER, AS WELL AS MRNA LEVELS OF NR2B IN THESE MICE. CONCLUSIONS: TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN REGULATING ETHANOL DRINKING BEHAVIOR, PARTIALLY THROUGH ALTERING NR2B EXPRESSION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  431  36 ANTIDEPRESSANT ADMINISTRATION MODULATES STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE EXPRESSION IN RAT PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS. STRESS AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT CAN MODULATE DNA METHYLATION IN PROMOTER REGION OF GENES RELATED TO NEUROPLASTICITY AND MOOD REGULATION, THUS IMPLICATING THIS EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN DEPRESSION NEUROBIOLOGY AND TREATMENT. ACCORDINGLY, SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITORS INDUCES ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN RODENTS. DNA METHYLATION IS CONVEYED BY DNMT 1, 3A AND 3B ISOFORMS, WHICH ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE BRAIN. IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE IF THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS COULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT EXPRESSION, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS INDUCED BY ACUTE AND REPEATED ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT ON DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT EXPRESSION (1, 3A AND 3B ISOFORMS) IN DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS OF RATS EXPOSED TO A STRESS MODEL OF DEPRESSION, THE LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH). THEREFORE, RATS WERE EXPOSED TO PRETEST AND TREATED WITH ONE OR SEVEN INJECTIONS OF VEHICLE OR IMIPRAMINE (15 MG KG(-1)), WITH TEST SESSION PERFORMED ONE HOUR AFTER THE LAST INJECTION. CHRONIC, BUT NOT ACUTE, IMIPRAMINE ADMINISTRATION ATTENUATED ESCAPE FAILURES DURING THE TEST, A WELL DESCRIBED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT IN THIS MODEL. DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT (1, 3A AND 3B) LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN THE DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS (DHPC, VHPC) AND IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) OF RATS EXPOSED TO STRESS AND TREATMENT. STRESS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION, DNMT3A AND DNMT3B EXPRESSION IN THE DHPC AND PFC. CHRONIC, BUT NOT ACUTE, IMIPRAMINE ADMINISTRATION ATTENUATED STRESS EFFECTS ONLY IN THE PFC. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THE REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE PFC MAY BE AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN THE LH MODEL.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15 2705  33 EXERCISE AND LOW-LEVEL GABA(A) RECEPTOR INHIBITION MODULATE LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY AND THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF ACCOMPANIED BY CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. AEROBIC EXERCISE IS KNOWN TO INCREASE EXPRESSION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND TO IMPROVE COGNITIVE FUNCTION. THE INHIBITION OF GABAERGIC SYNAPSES ENHANCES HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY AS WELL AS LEARNING AND MEMORY. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF LOW-LEVEL GABA(A) RECEPTOR INHIBITION AND EXERCISE ON BEHAVIOR TESTS (COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY), EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS INCLUDING THE ACTIVITY LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. ICR MICE WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS: THOSE WHO DID NOT PARTICIPATE IN EXERCISE AND THOSE WHO PARTICIPATED IN EXERCISE. EACH GROUP WAS SUBDIVIDED INTO TWO OTHER GROUPS: THE ONE WHO RECEIVED VEHICLE AND THE ONE WHO RECEIVED GABA(A) RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, BICUCULLIN. WE ADMINISTERED SALINE OR BICUCULLINE INTRAPERITONEALLY TO THE MICE AT A NON-EPILEPTIC DOSE OF 0.25 MG/KG, WHEREAS THE MICE WERE EXERCISED ON A TREADMILL FOR APPROXIMATELY 1 H A DAY, 5 DAYS A WEEK FOR 4 WEEKS. NOVEL-OBJECT RECOGNITION TEST AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY WERE ASSESSED AT A REST DAY APPROXIMATELY 4 DAYS BEFORE THE EUTHANASIA. THE MICE WERE EUTHANIZED 4 H AFTER THE LAST EXERCISE SESSION. AEROBIC EXERCISE FOR 4 WEEKS INCREASED MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF BDNF IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, ACCOMPANIED BY ENHANCED HAT ACTIVITY. ALTERNATIVELY, BICUCULLINE ADMINISTRATION INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. FURTHERMORE, EXERCISE IN THE PRESENCE OF BICUCULLINE ADMINISTRATION INCREASED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY, INDICATING THAT EXERCISE COMBINED WITH LOW-LEVEL GABA(A) RECEPTOR INHIBITION POTENTIATED THE ACTIVITY OF THE MICE. ALTOGETHER, THE PRESENT STUDY SUGGESTED THAT EXERCISE BENEFICIALLY CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPROTECTION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS ACCOMPANIED BY THE UP-REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION, WHEREAS THE CHRONIC INHIBITION OF GABA(A) RECEPTOR POTENTIATES EXERCISE-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ACTIVITY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16 6082  31 THE EFFECT OF MORPHINE UPON DNA METHYLATION IN TEN REGIONS OF THE RAT BRAIN. MORPHINE IS ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE ANALGESICS IN MEDICINE. HOWEVER, ITS USE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. RECENT STUDIES DEMONSTRATING EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN AFTER EXPOSURE TO OPIATES HAVE PROVIDED INSIGHT INTO MECHANISMS POSSIBLY UNDERLYING ADDICTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN TEN REGIONS OF THE RAT BRAIN FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE. WE ANALYZED DNA METHYLATION OF SIX NUCLEAR-ENCODED GENES IMPLICATED IN BRAIN FUNCTION (BDNF, COMT, IL1B, IL6, NR3C1, AND TNF) AND THREE MITOCHONDRIALLY-ENCODED GENES (MTCO1, MTCO2, AND MTCO3), AND MEASURED GLOBAL 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5 HMC) LEVELS. WE OBSERVED DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF BDNF AND IL6 IN THE PONS, NR3C1 IN THE CEREBELLUM, AND IL1B IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN RESPONSE TO ACUTE MORPHINE EXPOSURE (ALL P VALUE < 0.05). CHRONIC EXPOSURE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF BDNF AND COMT IN THE PONS, NR3C1 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND IL1B IN THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA (ALL P VALUE < 0.05). GLOBAL 5MC LEVELS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS FOLLOWING BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE, AND INCREASED IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS FOLLOWING CHRONIC EXPOSURE. CHRONIC EXPOSURE WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED GLOBAL 5HMC LEVELS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, HIPPOCAMPUS, AND HYPOTHALAMUS, BUT SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE MIDBRAIN. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE, FOR THE FIRST TIME, HIGHLY LOCALIZED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE RAT BRAIN FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE. FURTHER WORK IS REQUIRED TO ELUCIDATE THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF THESE CHANGES IN THE FORMATION OF TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17 6175  38 THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ALLEVIATES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS DURING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOL DRINKING CAN CAUSE DEPRESSION, LEADING TO AN INABILITY TO FUNCTION IN DAILY LIFE AND AN INCREASED RISK FOR RELAPSE TO HARMFUL DRINKING. UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-RELATED DEPRESSION MAY LEAD TO NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR TREATMENT. EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE RECENTLY EMERGED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO BOTH DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). SPECIFICALLY, ACETYLATION OF THE N-TERMINAL TAILS OF HISTONE PROTEINS THAT PACKAGE DNA INTO NUCLEOSOMES IS ALTERED IN STRESS-INDUCED MODELS OF DEPRESSION AND DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, A BRAIN REGION CRITICAL FOR MOOD REGULATION AND DEPRESSION. MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE LIEBER-DECARLI ETHANOL LIQUID DIET FOR 15 DAYS AND THEN UNDERWENT WITHDRAWAL. RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), DURING WITHDRAWAL AND WERE TESTED FOR DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR. IN A SEPARATE GROUP OF RATS, THE HIPPOCAMPUS WAS ANALYZED FOR MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF HDAC2 AND LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 ACETYLATION (H3K9AC) DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL. RATS UNDERGOING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL EXHIBITED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND HAD INCREASED HDAC2 AND DECREASED H3K9AC LEVELS IN SPECIFIC STRUCTURES OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH SAHA DURING WITHDRAWAL AMELIORATED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZED CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL HDAC2 AND H3K9AC LEVELS. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL CAUSES AN ALTERED EPIGENETIC STATE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH AN HDAC INHIBITOR CAN CORRECT THIS STATE AND ALLEVIATE DEPRESSION-LIKE SYMPTOMS DEVELOPED DURING WITHDRAWAL. TARGETING HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY BE A NOVEL STRATEGY TO REDUCE ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED DEPRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18 1789  31 EFFECT OF CHRONIC HEROIN AND COCAINE ADMINISTRATION ON GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN BRAIN AND LIVER. DRUG ABUSE IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES, SUCH AS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND DNA METHYLATION. THE PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC COCAINE AND HEROIN ADMINISTRATION ON GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN BRAIN AND LIVER. MALE, 8 WEEK OLD, C57BL/6J MICE RECEIVED HEROIN IN A CHRONIC 'INTERMITTENT' ESCALATING DOSE PARADIGM, OR COCAINE IN A CHRONIC ESCALATING DOSE 'BINGE' PARADIGM, WHICH MIMIC THE HUMAN PATTERN OF OPIOID OR COCAINE ABUSE RESPECTIVELY. FOLLOWING SACRIFICE, LIVERS AND BRAINS WERE REMOVED AND DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM THEM. THE EXTRACTED DNA WAS HYDROLYZED AND 2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE AND 5-METHYL-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE WERE DETERMINED BY HPLC-UV. THE % 5-METHYL-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE CONTENT OF DNA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE BRAIN COMPARED TO THE LIVER. THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CONTROL ANIMALS AND THE COCAINE OR HEROIN TREATED ANIMALS IN NEITHER OF THE TISSUES EXAMINED, WHICH IS SURPRISING SINCE COCAINE ADMINISTRATION INDUCED GROSS MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE LIVER. MOREOVER, THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN THE % 5-METHYL-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE CONTENT OF DNA BETWEEN THE COCAINE AND THE HEROIN TREATED ANIMALS. THE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN THE BRAIN AND LIVER OF MICE CHRONICALLY TREATED WITH COCAINE OR HEROIN REMAINS UNAFFECTED, BUT THIS FINDING CANNOT EXCLUDE THE EXISTENCE OF ANATOMICAL REGION OR GENE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION DIFFERENCES. THIS IS THE FIRST TIME THAT GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE LIVER AND WHOLE BRAIN HAS BEEN STUDIED FOLLOWING CHRONIC COCAINE OR HEROIN TREATMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19 3372  46 HISTONE MODIFICATIONS OF THE CRHR1 GENE IN A RAT MODEL OF DEPRESSION FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS. MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE SUGGEST A LINK BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND CHANGES IN HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA)-AXIS HORMONE DYNAMICS, INCLUDING ALTERED REGULATION OF THE CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) AND ITS MAIN RECEPTOR, CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE RECEPTOR 1 (CRHR1). HOWEVER, THE PRECISE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DEPRESSION REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE EMPLOYED A MODEL OF DEPRESSION IN RATS BY SUBJECTING ANIMALS TO 21 DAYS OF CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS). REAL-TIME PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING WERE USED TO STUDY THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF CRHR1 IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS. IN ADDITION, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS WERE USED TO DETECT HISTONE METHYLATION AT THE CRHR1 GENE PROMOTER; THE LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 TRIMETHYLATION AT LYSINES 4 (H3K4) AND 9 (H3K9) REFLECT ACTIVE TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION, RESPECTIVELY. RATS EXPOSED TO CUMS EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN LOCOMOTION AND SUCROSE PREFERENCE. THESE BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED EXPRESSION LEVELS OF CRHR1 MRNA AND PROTEIN IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS OF RATS IN THE CUMS GROUP. WE ALSO FOUND THAT THE LEVELS OF H3K9 TRIMETHYLATION AT THE CRHR1 GENE PROMOTER IN THE CUMS GROUP WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THOSE IN THE CONTROL GROUP, WHEREAS H3K4 TRIMETHYLATION LEVELS WERE THE SAME FOR BOTH GROUPS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE INCREASE IN CRHR1 EXPRESSION IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS OF STRESSED RATS CORRELATES WITH A DECREASE IN THE REPRESSIVE CHROMATIN STATE CAUSED BY REDUCED H3K9 TRIMETHYLATION LEVELS. THESE DATA ARE THE FIRST IN VIVO EVIDENCE OF A ROLE FOR CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS IN THE REGULATION OF CRHR1 GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS, AND MAY PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHT INTO THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO TREAT DEPRESSION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20 2012  30 EPIGENETIC BASIS OF OPIATE SUPPRESSION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN MODULATING NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY TO DRUGS OF ABUSE. WE FOUND A PERSISTENT DOWNREGULATION OF EXON-SPECIFIC BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC OPIATE EXPOSURE, WHICH WAS MEDIATED BY SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AT THE CORRESPONDING BDNF GENE PROMOTERS. EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC MORPHINE INCREASED STALLING OF RNA POLYMERASE II AT THESE BDNF PROMOTERS IN VTA AND ALTERED PERMISSIVE AND REPRESSIVE HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND OCCUPANCY OF THEIR REGULATORY PROTEINS AT THE SPECIFIC PROMOTERS. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT MORPHINE SUPPRESSED BINDING OF PHOSPHO-CREB (CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN) TO BDNF PROMOTERS IN VTA, WHICH RESULTED FROM ENRICHMENT OF TRIMETHYLATED H3K27 AT THE PROMOTERS, AND THAT DECREASED NURR1 (NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RELATED-1) EXPRESSION ALSO CONTRIBUTED TO BDNF REPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY TO MORPHINE. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF MORPHINE-INDUCED MOLECULAR AND BEHAVIORAL NEUROADAPTATIONS.	2015