1 2727 196 EXPLAINING THE BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY IN PRETERM BIRTH: A CONSENSUS STATEMENT FROM A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC WORK GROUP CONVENED BY THE MARCH OF DIMES. IN 2017-2019, THE MARCH OF DIMES CONVENED A WORKGROUP WITH BIOMEDICAL, CLINICAL, AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC EXPERTISE TO REVIEW KNOWLEDGE OF THE CAUSES OF THE PERSISTENT BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY IN PRETERM BIRTH (PTB). MULTIPLE DATABASES WERE SEARCHED TO IDENTIFY HYPOTHESIZED CAUSES EXAMINED IN PEER-REVIEWED LITERATURE, 33 HYPOTHESIZED CAUSES WERE REVIEWED FOR WHETHER THEY PLAUSIBLY AFFECT PTB AND EITHER OCCUR MORE/LESS FREQUENTLY AND/OR HAVE A LARGER/SMALLER EFFECT SIZE AMONG BLACK WOMEN VS. WHITE WOMEN. WHILE DEFINITIVE PROOF IS LACKING FOR MOST POTENTIAL CAUSES, MOST ARE BIOLOGICALLY PLAUSIBLE. NO SINGLE DOWNSTREAM OR MIDSTREAM FACTOR EXPLAINS THE DISPARITY OR ITS SOCIAL PATTERNING, HOWEVER, MANY LIKELY PLAY LIMITED ROLES, E.G., WHILE GENETIC FACTORS LIKELY CONTRIBUTE TO PTB, THEY EXPLAIN AT MOST A SMALL FRACTION OF THE DISPARITY. RESEARCH LINKS MOST HYPOTHESIZED MIDSTREAM CAUSES, INCLUDING SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AND STRESS, WITH THE DISPARITY THROUGH THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE HYPOTHESIZED DOWNSTREAM FACTORS. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS ALONE CANNOT EXPLAIN THE DISPARITY'S SOCIAL PATTERNING. CHRONIC STRESS COULD AFFECT PTB THROUGH NEUROENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE MECHANISMS LEADING TO INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION, STRESS COULD ALTER A WOMAN'S MICROBIOTA, IMMUNE RESPONSE TO INFECTION, CHRONIC DISEASE RISKS, AND BEHAVIORS, AND TRIGGER EPIGENETIC CHANGES INFLUENCING PTB RISK. AS AN UPSTREAM FACTOR, RACISM IN MULTIPLE FORMS HAS REPEATEDLY BEEN LINKED WITH THE PLAUSIBLE MIDSTREAM/DOWNSTREAM FACTORS, INCLUDING SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE, STRESS, AND TOXIC EXPOSURES. RACISM IS THE ONLY FACTOR IDENTIFIED THAT DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY COULD EXPLAIN THE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE PLAUSIBLE MIDSTREAM/DOWNSTREAM CAUSES AND THE OBSERVED SOCIAL PATTERNING. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY SYSTEMIC RACISM CAN EXPLAIN THE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN SOCIOECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES THAT DIFFERENTIALLY EXPOSE AFRICAN AMERICANS TO LIFELONG FINANCIAL STRESS AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH-HARMING CONDITIONS. SEGREGATION PLACES BLACK WOMEN IN STRESSFUL SURROUNDINGS AND EXPOSES THEM TO ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS. RACE-BASED DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT IS A PERVASIVE STRESSOR FOR BLACK WOMEN OF ALL SOCIOECONOMIC LEVELS, CONSIDERING BOTH INCIDENTS AND THE CONSTANT VIGILANCE NEEDED TO PREPARE ONESELF FOR POTENTIAL INCIDENTS. RACISM IS A HIGHLY PLAUSIBLE, MAJOR UPSTREAM CONTRIBUTOR TO THE BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY IN PTB THROUGH MULTIPLE PATHWAYS AND BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. WHILE MUCH IS UNKNOWN, EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND CORE VALUES (EQUITY, JUSTICE) SUPPORT ADDRESSING RACISM IN EFFORTS TO ELIMINATE THE RACIAL DISPARITY IN PTB.	2021	

2 5169  54 PRECONCEPTIONAL STRESS AND RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH: AN OVERVIEW. OBJECTIVE: WE REVIEWED THE EVIDENCE FOR THREE THEORIES OF HOW PRECONCEPTIONAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS COULD ACT AS A CONTRIBUTING DETERMINANT OF EXCESS PRETERM BIRTH RISK AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN: EARLY LIFE DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY AND EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF ADULT NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS; BLUNTING, WEATHERING, OR DYSFUNCTION OF NEUROENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC STRESS ACTIVATION THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE; INDIVIDUALS' ADOPTION OF RISKY BEHAVIORS SUCH AS SMOKING AS A RESPONSE TO STRESSFUL STIMULI. METHODS: BASIC SCIENCE, CLINICAL, AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES INDEXED IN MEDLINE AND WEB OF SCIENCE DATABASES ON PRECONCEPTIONAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS, PRETERM BIRTH AND RACE WERE REVIEWED. RESULTS: MIXED EVIDENCE LEANS TOWARDS MODEST ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PRECONCEPTIONAL CHRONIC STRESS AND PRETERM BIRTH (FOR EXAMPLE COMMON ODDS RATIOS OF 1.2-1.4), PARTICULARLY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN, BUT IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER THIS ASSOCIATION IS CAUSAL OR EXPLAINS A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF THE BLACK-WHITE RACIAL DISPARITY IN PRETERM BIRTH. THE STRESS-PRETERM BIRTH ASSOCIATION MAY BE MEDIATED BY HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS DYSFUNCTION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS, ALTHOUGH THESE MECHANISMS ARE INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC OR EARLY LIFE PROGRAMMING AS A DETERMINANT OF RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH RISK IS MORE CIRCUMSTANTIAL. CONCLUSIONS: PRECONCEPTIONAL STRESS, DIRECTLY OR IN INTERACTION WITH HOST GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OR INFECTION, REMAINS AN IMPORTANT HYPOTHESIZED RISK FACTOR FOR UNDERSTANDING AND REDUCING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH. FUTURE STUDIES THAT INTEGRATE ADEQUATELY SIZED EPIDEMIOLOGIC SAMPLES WITH MEASURES OF STRESS, INFECTION, AND GENE EXPRESSION, WILL ADVANCE OUR KNOWLEDGE AND ALLOW DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED INTERVENTIONS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3 2518  48 EPIGENETICS AND THE EMBODIMENT OF RACE: DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF US RACIAL DISPARITIES IN CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES TO THE US BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) IS HOTLY DEBATED WITHIN THE PUBLIC HEALTH, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND MEDICAL COMMUNITIES. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE REVIEW EVIDENCE FOR DEVELOPMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS LINKING EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENTS WITH CVD, AND CRITICALLY EVALUATE THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN THE ORIGINS OF THESE RACIAL HEALTH DISPARITIES. AFRICAN AMERICANS NOT ONLY SUFFER FROM A DISPROPORTIONATE BURDEN OF CVD RELATIVE TO WHITES, BUT ALSO HAVE HIGHER RATES OF THE PERINATAL HEALTH DISPARITIES NOW KNOWN TO BE THE ANTECEDENTS OF THESE CONDITIONS. THERE IS EXTENSIVE EVIDENCE FOR A SOCIAL ORIGIN TO PREMATURITY AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IN AFRICAN AMERICANS, REFLECTING PATHWAYS SUCH AS THE EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION ON MATERNAL STRESS PHYSIOLOGY. IN LIGHT OF THE INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIRTH WEIGHT AND ADULT CVD, THERE IS NOW A STRONG RATIONALE TO CONSIDER DEVELOPMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AS LINKS BETWEEN EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS LIKE MATERNAL STRESS DURING PREGNANCY AND ADULT RACE-BASED HEALTH DISPARITIES IN DISEASES LIKE HYPERTENSION, DIABETES, STROKE, AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE. THE MODEL OUTLINED HERE BUILDS UPON SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST PERSPECTIVES TO HIGHLIGHT AN IMPORTANT SET OF MECHANISMS BY WHICH SOCIAL INFLUENCES CAN BECOME EMBODIED, HAVING DURABLE AND EVEN TRANSGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ON THE MOST PRESSING US HEALTH DISPARITIES. WE CONCLUDE THAT ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIVE PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY, IN COMBINATION WITH THE BETTER-STUDIED ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS OF SOCIAL-ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, PROVIDES A MORE PARSIMONIOUS EXPLANATION THAN GENETICS FOR THE PERSISTENCE OF CVD DISPARITIES BETWEEN MEMBERS OF SOCIALLY IMPOSED RACIAL CATEGORIES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4 5215  24 PRETERM BIRTH AND ITS LONG-TERM EFFECTS: METHYLATION TO MECHANISMS. THE EPIGENETIC PATTERNS ESTABLISHED DURING DEVELOPMENT MAY INFLUENCE GENE EXPRESSION OVER A LIFETIME AND INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASE. BEING BORN PRETERM (<37 WEEKS OF GESTATION) IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY FROM BIRTH UNTIL ADULTHOOD. THIS BRIEF REVIEW EXPLORES THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN PRETERM BIRTH (PTB) AND ITS POSSIBLE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES AND PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CENTRAL TO PTB AND RECENT DNA METHYLATION STUDIES OF PTB.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5 2638  33 EPIGENOME: BIOSENSOR OF CUMULATIVE EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL AND NONCHEMICAL STRESSORS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE. UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENTIAL DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY REQUIRES NEW TOOLS TO QUANTIFY THE CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT SOCIAL, PHYSICAL, AND CHEMICAL STRESSORS CAN INFLUENCE DISEASE THROUGH THE ACCUMULATION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. GEOGRAPHICALLY STABLE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS COULD IDENTIFY PLAUSIBLE MECHANISMS FOR HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG THE DISADVANTAGED AND POOR. RELATIONS BETWEEN NEIGHBORHOOD-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND DISEASE WOULD IDENTIFY THE MOST APPROPRIATE TARGETS FOR MEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION. COMPLEX INTERACTIONS AMONG GENES, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND DISEASE REQUIRE THE EXAMINATION OF HOW EPIGENETIC CHANGES REGULATE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS. PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING DISPARITIES IN DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAY DEPEND ON ASSESSING THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS ON GENETIC SUBSTRATES. WE HIGHLIGHT KEY CONCEPTS REGARDING THE INTERFACE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS, EPIGENETICS, AND CHRONIC DISEASE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6 1779  50 EDITORIAL: MATERNAL INFLAMMATION DURING PREGNANCY: A MODIFIABLE PATHWAY TOWARD IMPROVING OFFSPRING SOCIOEMOTIONAL OUTCOMES IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE. CHILDHOOD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IS A WELL-ESTABLISHED PREDICTOR OF POOR ADULT LIFE-COURSE OUTCOMES INCLUDING LOWER RATES OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND REDUCED FAMILY INCOME, WITH A TOTAL ECONOMIC LOSS OF $2.1 TRILLION IN THE UNITED STATES.(1) GIVEN THIS HIGH LEVEL OF INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETAL BURDEN, MUCH EFFORT HAS BEEN DEVOTED TO IDENTIFYING THE MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS THAT CONFER RISK FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS DURING EARLY CHILDHOOD. INDEED, NUMEROUS ASPECTS OF EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY, SUCH AS SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE, STRESSFUL/TRAUMATIC LIFE EVENTS, AND DISRUPTED PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIPS, DEMONSTRATE STRONG ASSOCIATIONS WITH SOCIOEMOTIONAL PROBLEMS AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS INTO ADOLESCENCE.(2) HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THAT ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO THIS RISK TRAJECTORY REMAIN LESS WELL UNDERSTOOD. ONE PROPOSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM THAT IS RAPIDLY GAINING MOMENTUM IN THE FIELD OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY CONCERNS EXCESSIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVATION AND/OR PROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN THE ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE.(3) OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS THE PRENATAL PERIOD, REPRESENTING A WINDOW OF VULNERABILITY IN WHICH PRENATAL EXPOSURES PREPARE OR PROGRAM THE FETUS FOR THE EXPECTED POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT.(3-5) MORE SPECIFICALLY, FETAL PROGRAMMING POSITS THAT THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL ADVERSITY DURING PREGNANCY ARE, AT LEAST IN PART, TRANSMITTED TO THE FETUS VIA MULTIPLE RELATED PATHWAYS INCLUDING CHRONIC MATERNAL INFLAMMATION AND/OR OVERACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, RESULTING IN ABERRANT MATERNAL-FETAL IMMUNE/GLUCOCORTICOID SYSTEMS AND DOWNSTREAM EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE DEVELOPING FETUS. TOGETHER, THESE FACTORS WORK TO INCREASE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF OFFSPRING TO ADVERSITY IN THE POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT AND, IN TURN, ENHANCE RISK FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS.(3-6) HOWEVER, MUCH OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE IS BASED ON PRECLINICAL ANIMAL MODELS WITH COMPARATIVELY FEWER CLINICAL STUDIES.(3) AS SUCH, THERE REMAINS A PAUCITY OF LARGE, PROSPECTIVELY DESIGNED CLINICAL STUDIES EXAMINING MATERNAL PROINFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS DURING PREGNANCY IN RELATION TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN OFFSPRING. AS PART OF THE LANDMARK NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH-FUNDED ECHO (ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES) CONSORTIUM, THE STUDY BY FRAZIER ET AL.(7) REPRESENTS ONE OF THE LARGEST INVESTIGATIONS LINKING PERINATAL MATERNAL PROINFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS WITH CO-OCCURRING PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                       
7  114  37 A SOCIO-BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION FOR SOCIAL DISPARITIES IN NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES: THE PRODUCT OF HISTORY? THIS STUDY PLACES SOCIAL DISPARITIES IN THE MAJOR NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES WITHIN THEIR GLOBAL ECONOMIC AND HISTORICAL CONTEXTS. RAPID ECONOMIC TRANSITION OUTSIDE THE DEVELOPED WORLD PROVIDES A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY TO RE-EXAMINE THE ORIGINS OF, AND BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS DRIVING, SOCIAL DISPARITIES. GAPS IN PREVAILING THEORIES FOCUSING ON MATERIAL RESOURCES, CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE ARE IDENTIFIED. USING LONGSTANDING EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE AND EPIGENETIC THEORIES, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT EXPOSURE TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OVER GENERATIONS (IE, IMPROVED LIVING CONDITIONS OVER HISTORICAL TIME) COULD BY ACTING ON DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL AXES (SOMATOTROPHIC AND GONADOTROPHIC) GENERATE SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF SOCIAL DISPARITIES. MOREOVER, THESE SAME PROCESSES COULD INITIALLY GENERATE A TRANSIENT EPIDEMIC OF DIABETES AS WELL AS A PERMANENT INCREASE IN MALE RISK OF PREMATURE ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE. AS SUCH, THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT, AND IMPLIES THAT CURRENT EVIDENCE FROM THE DEVELOPED WORLD MAY BE LARGELY UNINFORMATIVE FOR PREVENTING OR MITIGATING SOCIAL DISPARITIES IN NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES ELSEWHERE, SUGGESTING RESEARCH EFFORTS SHOULD BE FOCUSED ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8 6625  50 UNDERSTANDING RACIAL DISPARITIES OF PRETERM BIRTH THROUGH THE PLACENTA. THE RACIAL DISPARITY ASSOCIATED WITH PRETERM BIRTH IS A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN IN THE UNITED STATES. THE PLACENTA IS THE PRINCIPAL METABOLIC, RESPIRATORY, AND ENDOCRINE ORGAN OF THE FETUS AND A KEY ROUTE BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ARE TRANSMITTED FROM MOTHER TO OFFSPRING. AVAILABLE AT EVERY DELIVERY, IT MAY SERVE AS A MARKER OF DIFFERENCES IN PRENATAL EXPOSURES THAT MANIFEST DIFFERENTLY BY RACE. RECENTLY, WE DESCRIBED DIFFERENCES IN PLACENTAL PATHOLOGY BETWEEN AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND WHITE PRETERM BIRTHS: THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION WAS HIGHER AMONG AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN'S PLACENTAS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF WHITE WOMEN. SIMILARLY, RACIAL DIFFERENCES HAVE BEEN SHOWN IN PLACENTAL MALPERFUSION AND PLACENTAL WEIGHT. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS SUCH AS POVERTY AND STRESS FROM DISCRIMINATION HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH. TO DATE, HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, WHETHER THROUGH INFLAMMATORY, OXIDATIVE STRESS, OR OTHER PATHWAYS INVOLVING EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING, REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. THE PLACENTA, COMPLEMENTED BY MATERNAL AND UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD BIOMARKERS, MAY PROVIDE IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON THE PERINATAL ENVIRONMENT THAT EXPLAINS THE ORIGINS OF RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH RATES AND SUBSEQUENT HEALTH OUTCOMES. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS EXISTING LITERATURE AND CURRENT RESEARCH GAPS. OPPORTUNITIES ARE DISCUSSED FOR FUTURE PLACENTAL RESEARCH THAT MAY REVEAL NOVEL MECHANISMS LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW APPROACHES IN THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF PRETERM BIRTH AND ITS OUTCOMES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9 1203  53 COULD EPIGENETICS HELP EXPLAIN RACIAL DISPARITIES IN CHRONIC PAIN? AFRICAN AMERICANS DISPROPORTIONATELY SUFFER MORE SEVERE AND DEBILITATING MORBIDITY FROM CHRONIC PAIN THAN DO NON-HISPANIC WHITES. THESE DIFFERENCES MAY ARISE FROM DIFFERENTIAL EXPOSURE TO PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND DEPRESSION, ALL OF WHICH HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC STRESS AND CHRONIC PAIN. RACE, AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT, MAKES IT SUCH THAT AFRICAN AMERICANS ARE MORE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT EARLY LIFE CONDITIONS, WHICH MAY INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT SUSTAIN RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN CHRONIC PAIN. EPIGENETICS IS ONE MECHANISM BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS CHILDHOOD STRESS, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, ECONOMIC HARDSHIP, AND DEPRESSION CAN AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING THE UNDERLYING GENETIC SEQUENCE. THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON EPIGENETICS AS A MECHANISM BY WHICH DIFFERENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE COULD EXPLAIN RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN CHRONIC PAIN. MOST STUDIES OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC PAIN EXAMINE DNA METHYLATION. DNA METHYLATION IS ALTERED IN THE GLUCOCORTICOID (STRESS RESPONSE) RECEPTOR GENE, NR3C1, WHICH HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION, CHILDHOOD STRESS, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND CHRONIC PAIN. SIMILARLY, DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF IMMUNE CYTOKINE GENES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC STRESS STATES. THUS, DNA METHYLATION CHANGES MAY PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF CHRONIC PAIN IN DIFFERENT RACES WITH A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CONTRIBUTING TO MORE SEVERE AND DISABLING CHRONIC PAIN IN AFRICAN AMERICANS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10 6853  51 [NEUROBIOLOGY OF EARLY LIFE TRAUMATIC STRESS AND TRAUMA: PROLONGED NEUROENDOCRINE DYSREGULATION AS A NEURODEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTOR]. EARLY LIFE STRESSORS DISPLAY A HIGH UNIVERSAL PREVALENCE AND CONSTITUTE A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WITH TWO THIRDS OF YOUTH BEING EXPOSED TO POTENTIALLY TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES BY THE AGE OF 17. TRAUMATIC STRESS EXPOSURE DURING CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT MAY HAVE ESSENTIAL AND LONG-LASTING EFFECTS ON THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH OF INDIVIDUALS AND REPRESENTS A DEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTOR MEDIATING RISK FOR DISEASE. EARLY-LIFE STRESS (ELS) AND CHILDHOOD TRAUMA (CT) CAN BOTH HAVE AN IMPACT ON SENSITIVE NEURONAL BRAIN NETWORKS INVOLVED IN STRESS REACTIONS, AND COULD EXERT A PROGRAMMING EFFECT ON GLUCOCORTICOID SIGNALING LEADING TO CHRONIC HYPER- OR HYPO-ACTIVATION OF THE STRESS SYSTEM. IN ADDITION, ALTERATIONS IN EMOTIONAL AND AUTONOMIC REACTIVITY, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM DISRUPTION, FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, AS WELL AS IMMUNE AND METABOLIC DYSREGULATION HAVE BEEN LATELY IDENTIFIED AS IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS FOR A CHRONICALLY IMPAIRED HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE AFTER ELS/CT. FURTHERMORE, HUMAN GENETIC BACKGROUND AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THROUGH STRESS-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION COULD INTERACT WITH THESE ALTERATIONS AND EXPLAIN INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN VULNERABILITY OR RESILIENCE TO STRESS. THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW PRESENTS RELEVANT EVIDENCE FROM MAINLY HUMAN RESEARCH ON THE MOST ACKNOWLEDGED NEUROBIOLOGICAL ALLOSTATIC PATHWAYS EXERTING ENDURING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ELS/CT EVEN DECADES LATER. FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD PROSPECTIVELY INVESTIGATE POTENTIAL CONFOUNDERS, THEIR TEMPORAL SEQUENCE AND COMBINED EFFECTS AT THE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL, WHILE CONSIDERING THE POTENTIALLY DELAYED TIME-FRAME FOR THE EXPRESSION OF THEIR EFFECTS. FINALLY, SCREENING STRATEGIES FOR ELS/CT AND TRAUMA NEED TO BE IMPROVED. INFORMATION ABOUT ELS/CT HISTORY AND THE NUMBER OF ADVERSE EXPERIENCES COULD HELP TO BETTER IDENTIFY THE INDIVIDUAL RISK FOR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, PREDICT INDIVIDUAL TREATMENT RESPONSE AND DESIGN PREVENTION STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ELS/CT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11 2419  43 EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF CHRONIC MATERNAL STRESS LOAD DURING PREGNANCY MIGHT BE A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER FOR SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH. PRETERM BIRTH IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN NEWBORN INFANTS AND CAN LEAD TO SIGNIFICANT NEONATAL MORBIDITIES. SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH ACCOUNTS FOR AT LEAST 50.0% OF ALL PRETERM BIRTHS. WE ARGUE THAT CHRONIC MATERNAL STRESS LOAD, WHICH IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH, COULD BE REPRESENTED BY EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF SEVERAL SPECIFIC GENETIC LOCI IN THE MOTHER'S BLOOD. A LITERATURE SEARCH WAS DONE IN PUBMED WITH THE FOLLOWING KEYWORDS: "DNA METHYLATION," "EPIGENETICS," "MATERNAL STRESS" AND "PRETERM BIRTH" FROM YEAR 2000 TO 2017. WE SUGGEST THAT THESE GENETIC LOCI MIGHT BE RELATED TO VULNERABILITY AND HYPERSENSIBILITY OF STRESS RESPONSE DURING PREGNANCY IN WOMEN WITH PRETERM BIRTHS. THE MOTHER'S EPI-GENETIC STRESS BIOPROFILE WAS SUPPOSED TO BE A RESULT OF CHRONIC MATERNAL STRESS LOAD SINCE HER BIRTH. THIS EPIGENETIC BIOPROFILE MIGHT ALSO BE A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER FOR SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH. DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ARE TISSUE-SPECIFIC AND HUMAN STRESS RESPONSE MANIFESTS MOSTLY THROUGH THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS). NEVERTHELESS, WE FOUND EVIDENCE THAT METHYLATION CHANGES OF DNA ISOLATED FROM BLOOD LEUCOCYTES MIGHT BE A RELIABLE MEASURE OF STRESS-RELATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN THE CNS. EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIMPLE ASSAYS BASED ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO MEASURE CHRONIC STRESS LOADS IN EXPECTANT MOTHERS CAN LEAD TO OUR ABILITY TO PREPARE MORE EFFECTIVE MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION OF PRETERM BIRTHS, AS WELL AS LEADING TO MORE EFFECTIVE TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR BOTH EXPECTANT MOTHERS AND THEIR NEWBORNS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12 2521  40 EPIGENETICS AND THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONING, DISABILITY AND HEALTH MODEL: BRIDGING NATURE, NURTURE, AND PATIENT-CENTERED POPULATION HEALTH. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ENABLE ENVIRONMENTAL INPUTS SUCH AS DIET, EXERCISE, AND HEALTH BEHAVIORS TO REVERSIBLY TAG DNA WITH CHEMICAL "MARKS" THAT INCREASE OR DECREASE THE EXPRESSION OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENETIC TEMPLATE. OVER TIME, EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS ENABLE THE EFFECTS OF HEALTHY OR UNHEALTHY STRESSES TO BECOME STABLY EXPRESSED IN THE TISSUE OF AN ORGANISM, WITH IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCES FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE. NEW RESEARCH INDICATES THAT SEEMINGLY NON-BIOLOGICAL FACTORS SUCH AS SOCIAL STRESS, POVERTY, AND CHILDHOOD HARDSHIP INITIATE EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS IN GENE PATHWAYS THAT GOVERN INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNITY, TWO OF THE GREATEST CONTRIBUTORS TO CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS DIABETES AND OBESITY. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES THEREFORE PROVIDE A BIOLOGICAL BRIDGE BETWEEN THE GENOME-AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENETIC INHERITANCE-AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH-THE CONDITIONS IN WHICH THEY ARE BORN, GROW, LIVE, WORK, AND AGE. THIS PERSPECTIVE PAPER ARGUES THAT PHYSICAL THERAPY CLINICIANS, RESEARCHERS, AND EDUCATORS CAN USE THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK PROVIDED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONING, DISABILITY, AND HEALTH (ICF MODEL) TO HARMONIZE NEW DISCOVERIES FROM BOTH PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH AND MEDICALLY FOCUSED GENOMIC RESEARCH. THE ICF MODEL LIKEWISE CAPTURES THE ESSENTIAL ROLE PLAYED BY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE, WHICH INITIATE POWERFUL AND WIDESPREAD EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS THAT PROMOTE HEALTH AND FUNCTIONING. IN THIS PROPOSED FRAMEWORK, EPIGENETIC PROCESSES TRANSDUCE THE EFFECTS OF THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND BEHAVIORS SUCH AS EXERCISE INTO STABLE BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS THAT AFFECT AN INDIVIDUAL'S DAILY ACTIVITIES AND THEIR PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL ROLES. BY HARMONIZING "NATURE" AND "NURTURE," PHYSICAL THERAPISTS CAN APPROACH PATIENT CARE WITH A MORE INTEGRATED PERSPECTIVE, CAPITALIZING ON NOVEL DISCOVERIES IN PRECISION MEDICINE, REHABILITATION SCIENCE, AND IN POPULATION-LEVEL RESEARCH. AS THE EXPERTS IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE, PHYSICAL THERAPISTS ARE IDEALLY POSITIONED TO DRIVE PROGRESS IN THE NEW ERA OF PATIENT-CENTERED POPULATION HEALTH CARE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13 6483  41 TOXIC STRESS, EPIGENETICS AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT. OBJECTIVES: TO DESCRIBE THE CONCEPT OF TOXIC STRESS, PRESENT THE BASICS OF EPIGENETICS AND DISCUSS THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH CHILD DEVELOPMENT. DATA SOURCE: NARRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW THROUGH A SEARCH IN THE SCIELO, LILACS, MEDLINE DATABASES USING THE TERMS ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE OR EARLY LIFE STRESS, EPIGENOMIC OR EPIGENETIC, CHILD DEVELOPMENT OR INFANT DEVELOPMENT. DATA SYNTHESIS: CONTINUING STRESS RESPONSE, KNOWN AS TOXIC STRESS, CAN OCCUR WHEN A CHILD EXPERIENCES INTENSE, FREQUENT, AND/OR PROLONGED ADVERSITY-SUCH AS PHYSICAL OR EMOTIONAL ABUSE, CHRONIC NEGLECT, FOR EXAMPLE-WITHOUT ADEQUATE ADULT SUPPORT. THIS TOXIC STRESS CAN HAVE HARMFUL EFFECTS ON LEARNING, BEHAVIOR, AND HEALTH THROUGHOUT LIFE. EPIGENETICS, AN EMERGING SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AREA?, SHOWS HOW ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AFFECT GENE EXPRESSIONS AND EXPLAINS HOW EARLY EXPERIENCES CAN IMPACT THROUGHOUT LIFE. CONCLUSIONS: TOXIC STRESS CAUSES CHANGES IN THE HUMAN BODY RESPONSE SYSTEMS THAT CAN BE EXPLAINED IN PART BY EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH CAN BE TEMPORARY OR LONG-LASTING. PEDIATRICIANS MUST BE AWARE OF THESE MECHANISMS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES, SEEKING TO PREVENT THEM AND THUS PROMOTE THE HEALTH, WELL-BEING, AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF CHILDREN, CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR FULL DEVELOPMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14  734  53 CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES. A NEED EXISTS TO EXAMINE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE HEALTHCARE ARENA AND THE IMPACT ON PATIENTS WITH CANCER. DESPITE ONGOING EFFORTS TO INCREASE EQUITY IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE ACCESS, RACIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES PERSIST, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO DISPROPORTIONATE TREATMENT OUTCOMES AND SURVIVORSHIP AMONG MINORITY AND LOW-INCOME PATIENTS. SUCH DISPARITIES HAVE BEEN REVEALED IN TREATMENT COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE FORMS OF CANCER, INCLUDING BREAST, CERVICAL, OVARIAN, ENDOMETRIAL, PROSTATE, LUNG, COLORECTAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, AND HEPATOCELLULAR, AND HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO A RANGE OF CO-OCCURRING BEHAVIORAL, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, UNDERLYING GENETIC FACTORS, AS WELL AS ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT LIMIT THE QUALITY OF INFORMED HEALTHCARE. THESE VARIOUS INTERRELATED FACTORS WIDEN CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES SYNERGISTICALLY THROUGHOUT UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE HAS BEEN AMPLIFIED BY THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PANDEMIC. FUNDAMENTALLY, A LACK OF BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH EXISTS THAT FAILS TO ADEQUATELY REFLECT DIVERSITY AND MINORITY INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT. ALTHOUGH OVERCOMING THE OBSTACLES RESPONSIBLE FOR CHRONIC TREATMENT DISPARITIES IS A FORMIDABLE TASK, PROMISING MEANS OF ACHIEVING MORE UNIFORM QUALITY HEALTHCARE ARE BECOMING MORE CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. TO REDUCE DISEASE PROGRESSION, INCREASE OVERALL SURVIVAL, AND IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, IT IS NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY AND FULLY DISCLOSE ENVIRONMENTAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ANCESTRAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE RISK FOR CANCER; HEAL HISTORICAL FRACTURES WITHIN COMMUNITIES; AND INCREASE PARTICIPATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SCREENING EFFORTS AND RESEARCH STUDIES. THIS REQUIRES DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF JUSTICE AND TRUST BASED ON SPECIFIC, SOLUTION-ORIENTED GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY EFFORTS WORKING IN TANDEM WITH MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL LEADERS. BY FULLY EXPLORING AND PINPOINTING THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO DEFINE STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS MOST LIKELY TO TRANSFORM CANCER CARE. THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUAL, CULTURAL, AND BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC LIABILITIES, TO OPTIMIZE CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15   14  36 3RD COLLEGE OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH LECTURE--THE PAST, THE PRESENT AND THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME.. THE GROWTH TRENDS OF SINGAPORE CHILDREN SPANNING 5 DECADES ARE REVIEWED, BASED ON 8 ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDIES FROM 1957 TILL 2002. THE HEIGHTS OF PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN AND SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN APPEAR TO HAVE OPTIMISED ACCORDING TO THEIR GENETIC POTENTIAL, BUT THE WEIGHTS AND BODY MASS INDICES OF CHILDREN STILL APPEAR TO BE INCREASING FROM 6 TO 18 YEARS FOR BOTH SEXES, PROBABLY AS A CONSEQUENCE OF INCREASING AFFLUENCE. THIS TREND IS REFLECTED IN THE INCREASING OBESITY PREVALENCE IN SCHOOL CHILDREN OVER THE PAST 30 YEARS, AND THE CONCOMITANT INCREASED MORBIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, NECESSITATES FURTHER RESEARCH INTO THE CAUSES OF OBESITY. BARKER'S HYPOTHESIS FIRST SUGGESTED THAT CHANGES IN THE INTRA-UTERINE ENVIRONMENT CAN CAUSE FETAL ADAPTATIONS WHICH PERSIST INTO ADULTHOOD, AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MANY CHRONIC DISEASES OF ADULT LIFE. MORE RECENTLY, INTENSE RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF EPIGENETICS SUGGESTS THAT THE ENVIRONMENT CAN ALSO INFLUENCE THE PHENOTYPE THROUGH GENE EXPRESSION, THROUGH MODIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONES WHICH, IN TURN, INFLUENCES GENE EXPRESSION. THE CHALLENGE FOR THE FUTURE IS TO DETERMINE IF THERE ARE CLEAR EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INCREASED PREVALENCE OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT OBESITY, AND WHETHER THESE CHANGES ARE TRANSMITTED THROUGH GENERATIONS. UNRAVELLING THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE THE KEY TO THE PREVENTION OF OBESITY AND THE METABOLIC SYNDROME.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16 1931  44 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, THE EPIGENOME, AND AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN'S HEALTH. STRESS IS A COMMON FEATURE OF MODERN LIFE, BUT BOTH THE EXTENT OF EXPOSURE TO STRESSORS AND THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF THESE STRESS EXPOSURES CAN VARY CONSIDERABLY AMONG INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES, AND POPULATIONS. WHEN INDIVIDUALS ARE EXPOSED TO REPEATED OR CHRONIC STRESS, WEAR AND TEAR ON THE BODY CAN ACCUMULATE AND MANIFEST IN MANY WAYS. THE TERM "ALLOSTATIC LOAD" REPRESENTS THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF REPEATED OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AND IS LINKED TO FLUCTUATING AND/OR HEIGHTENED NEURAL OR NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSES. AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN ARE ONE POPULATION SUBGROUP THAT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS POTENTIALLY HAVING BOTH AN ELEVATED ALLOSTATIC LOAD AND AN ENHANCED RESILIENCE TO EXTERNAL FACTORS. ONE MECHANISM BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS MAY IMPACT HUMAN HEALTH IS VIA EPIGENETIC REMODELING OF THE GENOME. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS MAY AFFECT THE EPIGENOME AND EXPLORE LINKS BETWEEN EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AND ALTERED ALLOSTATIC LOAD AND RESILIENCE AS IT PERTAINS TO AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN'S HEALTH.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17 2901  40 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN GERM-CELL MUTAGENESIS AND GENETIC RISK. CURRENT INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR CHEMICAL MUTAGENS ARE HAZARD-BASED RATHER THAN AIMED AT ASSESSING RISKS QUANTITATIVELY. IN THE PAST, GERM-CELL TESTS HAVE BEEN MAINLY PERFORMED WITH A LIMITED NUMBER OF SOMATIC CELL MUTAGENS, AND RARELY UNDER CONDITIONS AIMED AT COMPARING GENDER-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MUTAGEN EXPOSURES. THERE ARE PROFOUND DIFFERENCES IN THE GENETIC CONSTITUTION, AND IN HORMONAL, STRUCTURAL, AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF DIFFERENTIATION AND CONTROL OF GAMETOGENESIS BETWEEN THE SEXES. A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE SUGGESTS THAT THESE DIFFERENCES MAY HAVE A PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY, STAGE OF HIGHEST SENSITIVITY AND THE RELATIVE RISK FOR THE GENESIS OF GENE MUTATION, AS WELL AS STRUCTURAL AND NUMERICAL CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS IN MALE AND FEMALE GERM CELLS. TRANSMISSION OF GERM-CELL MUTATIONS TO THE OFFSPRING MAY ALSO ENCOUNTER GENDER-SPECIFIC INFLUENCES. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHEMICALLY DERIVED ALTERATIONS IN IMPRINTING PATTERNS MAY POSE A THREAT FOR THE HEALTH OF THE OFFSPRING AND MAY ALSO BE TRANSMITTED TO FUTURE GENERATIONS. RECENT REPORTS ON DIFFERENT GENETIC EFFECTS FROM HIGH ACUTE AND FROM CHRONIC LOW-DOSE EXPOSURES CHALLENGE THE VALIDITY OF CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM STANDARD METHODS OF MUTAGENICITY TESTING. IN CONCLUSION, RESEARCH IS URGENTLY NEEDED TO IDENTIFY GENETIC HAZARDS FOR A LARGER RANGE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, INCLUDING THOSE SUSPECTED TO DISTURB PROPER CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION. ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING AND THEIR HEALTH CONSEQUENCES WILL HAVE TO BE INVESTIGATED. MORE ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO GENDER-SPECIFIC GENETIC EFFECTS. FINALLY, THE DATABASE FOR GERM-CELL MUTAGENS SHOULD BE ENLARGED USING MOLECULAR METHODOLOGIES, AND GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES SHOULD BE PERFORMED WITH THESE TECHNIQUES TO VERIFY HUMAN GENETIC RISK.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18 6822  43 [GENDER MEDICINE. SEX- AND GENDER-SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF CLINICAL MEDICINE]. GENDER MEDICINE STUDIES SEX- AND GENDER-BASED DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PREVENTION OF DISEASES, THE AWARENESS AND PRESENTATION OF SYMPTOMS, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPY. GENDER MEDICINE IS PART OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, CONSIDERING DIFFERENCES IN BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INDIVIDUALLY. THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN GENES, CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, AND METABOLISM AS WELL AS DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIETY. LIFELONG INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS WILL INFLUENCE THE HEALTH AND ILL-HEALTH OF MEN AND WOMEN IN DIFFERENT WAYS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LIFESTYLE DURING VULNERABLE PHASES ON BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, EFFECTING FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DURING PREGNANCY CAN IMPACT THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING IN LATER LIFE ALREADY IN UTERO IN A SEX-SPECIFIC WAY. PAIN, STRESS, AND COPING STYLES DIFFER BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE DRAMATIC PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING THEIR LIFETIME, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC BURDENS AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ALTERATIONS. WOMEN WITH MULTIPLE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES SUFFERING FROM STRESS DEVELOP DEPRESSION MORE FREQUENTLY. HOWEVER, MEN ARE OFTEN NOT DIAGNOSED AND TREATED APPROPRIATELY IN CASES OF DEPRESSION OR OSTEOPOROSIS, DISEASES THAT ARE TYPICALLY CONSIDERED "FEMALE." THERE ARE PROMINENT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN MEDICINE REGARDING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, INFLAMMATION, AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE OFTEN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND SUFFER MORE FREQUENTLY FROM (CHRONIC) PAIN, NEURODEGENERATIVE CHANGES, AND FUNCTIONAL DISABILITIES. MEN HAVE SHORTER LIFE EXPECTANCY BUT RELATIVELY MORE HEALTHY YEARS OF LIFE, WHICH IS IN GREATER PART ASCRIBED TO PSYCHOSOCIAL DETERMINANTS. STATE-OF-THE-ART CLINICAL MEDICINE COMPRISES INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS BASED ON SEX- AND GENDER-SENSITIVE HEALTH PROGRAMS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE FOR MEN AND WOMEN.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
19  421  41 ANIMAL MODELS IN EPIGENETIC RESEARCH: INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE CONSIDERATIONS ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. THE RAPID EXPANSION AND EVOLUTION OF EPIGENETICS AS A CORE SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE HAVE RAISED NEW QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW ENDOGENOUS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN INFORM THE MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH BIOLOGICAL FORM AND FUNCTION ARE REGULATED. EXISTING AND PROPOSED ANIMAL MODELS USED FOR EPIGENETIC RESEARCH HAVE TARGETED A MYRIAD OF HEALTH AND DISEASE ENDPOINTS THAT MAY BE ACUTE, CHRONIC, AND TRANSGENERATIONAL IN NATURE. INITIATING EVENTS AND OUTCOMES MAY EXTEND ACROSS THE ENTIRE LIFESPAN TO ELICIT UNANTICIPATED PHENOTYPES THAT ARE OF PARTICULAR CONCERN TO INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEES (IACUCS). THE DYNAMICS AND PLASTICITY OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PRODUCE EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES THAT ARE MANIFEST DIFFERENTIALLY WITHIN DISCREET SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CONTEXTS, INCLUDING PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, STEM CELLS, ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES, PRODUCTION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISMS, SENESCENCE, AND OTHERS. MANY DIETARY AND NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS HAVE ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITIES THROUGH ALTERED EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING. THE ENVIRONMENTAL, CHEMICAL, TOXIC, THERAPEUTIC, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS USED IN ANIMAL STUDIES TO ELICIT EPIGENETIC CHANGES CAN BECOME EXTREME AND SHOULD RAISE IACUC CONCERNS FOR THE WELL-BEING AND PROPER CARE OF ALL RESEARCH ANIMALS INVOLVED. EPIGENETICS RESEARCH IS RAPIDLY BECOMING AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE SEARCH FOR MECHANISMS IN EVERY MAJOR AREA OF BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH AND WILL FOSTER THE CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANIMAL MODELS. FROM THE IACUC PERSPECTIVE, CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE PARTICULAR NEEDS AND CONCERNS CREATED BY SUPERIMPOSITION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OVER DIVERSE FIELDS OF INVESTIGATION TO ENSURE THE PROPER CARE AND USE OF ANIMALS WITHOUT IMPEDING SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20 1377  32 DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING: STATE-OF-THE-SCIENCE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS-SUMMARY FROM A PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL SYMPOSIUM. OBJECTIVE: ON DECEMBER 8-9, 2014, THE PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER CONVENED A SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM TO REVIEW THE STATE-OF-THE-SCIENCE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE STUDY OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING OF OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASE. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE SYMPOSIUM WERE TO DISCUSS: (I) PAST AND CURRENT SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES IN ANIMAL MODELS, POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDIES, AND HUMAN CLINICAL TRIALS, (II) THE STATE-OF-THE-SCIENCE OF EPIGENETIC-BASED RESEARCH, AND (III) CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES. RESULTS: THIS SYMPOSIUM PROVIDED A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF THE SCIENTIFIC FIELD AND IDENTIFIED RESEARCH GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. CONCLUSIONS: IDENTIFYING THE MECHANISMS WHICH CAUSE OR CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING OF FUTURE GENERATIONS WILL BE INVALUABLE TO THE SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL COMMUNITY. THE ABILITY TO INTERVENE DURING CRITICAL PERIODS OF PRENATAL AND EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE TO PROMOTE LIFELONG HEALTH IS THE ULTIMATE GOAL. CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH INCLUDING THE USE OF ANIMAL MODELS, THE STUDY DESIGN IN HUMAN COHORTS WITH CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE TIMING OF THE INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE, AND THE RESULTING TISSUE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE WERE EXTENSIVELY DISCUSSED AND ARE PRESENTED IN THIS MEETING SUMMARY.	2016