1 2715 127 EXERCISE-INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND THEIR POTENTIAL INFLUENCE ON CANCER: A SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. AIM: TO REVIEW AND DISCUSS THE AVAILABLE INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE REGARDING THE INDIRECT AND DIRECT BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS THAT OCCUR AFTER EXERCISE, WHICH COULD POSITIVELY, OR NEGATIVELY, INFLUENCE ONCOGENIC PATHWAYS. METHODS: THE PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE AND COCHRANE LIBRARIES WERE SEARCHED FOR PAPERS UP TO JULY 2016 ADDRESSING BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AFTER EXERCISE WITH A PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CANCER. THE THREE AUTHORS INDEPENDENTLY ASSESSED THEIR APPROPRIATENESS FOR INCLUSION IN THIS REVIEW BASED ON THEIR SCIENTIFIC QUALITY AND RELEVANCE. RESULTS: 168 PAPERS WERE SELECTED AND CATEGORISED INTO INDIRECT AND DIRECT BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS. THE INDIRECT EFFECTS INCLUDED CHANGES IN VITAMIN D, WEIGHT REDUCTION, SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE AND IMPROVED MOOD. THE DIRECT EFFECTS INCLUDED INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION AND DNA REPAIR, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT PATHWAYS, HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS, TESTOSTERONE, IRISIN, IMMUNITY, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND PROSTAGLANDINS, ENERGY METABOLISM AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. SUMMARY: EXERCISE IS ONE OF SEVERAL LIFESTYLE FACTORS KNOWN TO LOWER THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER RELAPSE RATES AND BETTER SURVIVAL. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE NUMEROUS BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES, WHICH EXPLAIN THESE POTENTIAL ANTICANCER BENEFITS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2 2213  38 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AS OUTCOMES OF EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO SPECIFIC METABOLIC ALTERATIONS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC DISEASES ARISE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF AN UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE PRIMARILY CHARACTERIZED BY PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND UNBALANCED DIETS. REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAN IMPROVE HEALTH, AND THERE IS CONSISTENT EVIDENCE THAT THESE IMPROVEMENTS MAY BE THE RESULT OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. OBJECTIVE: TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONSAS OUTCOMES OF EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO SPECIFIC METABOLIC ALTERATIONS. METHODS: THE PREFERRED REPORTING ITEMS FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES PROTOCOLS (PRISMA-P) METHODOLOGY FOR MANUSCRIPT RESEARCH AND PREPARATION WAS FOLLOWED USING PUBMED AND EBSCO DATABASES FOR LITERATURE REVIEW. OUT OF 2,638 ARTICLES IDENTIFIED, ONLY 34 ARTICLES MET THE INCLUSION CRITERIA. RESULTS: THE SECTIONS OF THE REVIEW WERE ORGANIZED BY METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN WHICH STUDIES WERE GROUPED ACCORDING TO HEALTHY, DISEASED, AND TRAINED INDIVIDUALS. RESISTANCE EXERCISE IN HUMANS INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH ENERGY METABOLISM AND INSULIN SENSITIVITY, CONTRIBUTING TO HEALTHY SKELETAL MUSCLE. ENDURANCE EXERCISE ALSO CAUSED MODIFICATIONS IN BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED TO METABOLIC ALTERATIONS THROUGH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND THE EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC MIRNAS. HOWEVER, BOTH RESISTANCE AND ENDURANCE EXERCISE ARE NECESSARY TO OBTAIN A BETTER PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION AND A COMBINATION OF BOTH SEEMS TO BE NEEDED TO PROPERLY TACKLE THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF NON-COMMUNICABLE PATHOLOGIES. CONCLUSION: GIVEN THE HETEROGENEITY AND COMPLEXITY OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE, IT IS CURRENTLY NOT POSSIBLE TO PROPOSE A SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATION ABOUT THE TYPE, INTENSITY, OR DURATION OF EXERCISE THAT COULD BE BENEFICIAL FOR DIFFERENT SUBSETS OF THE POPULATION (HEALTHY, DISEASED, AND/OR TRAINED). NEVERTHELESS, THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF EXERCISE FOR HEALTH AND SHOWS THE NEED TO PERFORM MORE RESEARCH IN THIS EMERGING AREA TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS THAT COULD SERVE AS INDICATORS OF EXERCISE ADAPTATIONS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3 6211  30 THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: POTENTIAL ROLE OF AUTONOMIC REGULATION AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. OXIDATIVE STRESS CAN BE INDUCED BY VARIOUS STIMULI AND ALTERED IN CERTAIN CONDITIONS, INCLUDING EXERCISE AND PAIN. ALTHOUGH MANY STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RELATION TO EITHER EXERCISE OR PAIN, THE LITERATURE PRESENTS CONFLICTING RESULTS. THEREFORE, THIS REVIEW CRITICALLY DISCUSSES EXISTING LITERATURE ABOUT THIS TOPIC, AIMING TO PROVIDE A CLEAR OVERVIEW OF KNOWN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN IN HEALTHY PEOPLE AS WELL AS IN PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC PAIN, AND TO HIGHLIGHT POSSIBLE CONFOUNDING FACTORS TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN REFLECTING ON THESE INTERACTIONS. IN ADDITION, AUTONOMIC REGULATION AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE PROPOSED AS POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF ACTION UNDERLYING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THAT THE RELATION BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND NOT STRAIGHTFORWARD, AS IT IS DEPENDENT ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EXERCISE, BUT ALSO ON WHICH POPULATION IS INVESTIGATED. TO BE ABLE TO COMPARE STUDIES ON THIS TOPIC, STRICT GUIDELINES SHOULD BE DEVELOPED TO LIMIT THE EFFECT OF SEVERAL CONFOUNDING FACTORS. THIS WAY, THE TRUE INTERPLAY BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN, AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF ACTION CAN BE REVEALED AND VALIDATED VIA INDEPENDENT STUDIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  637  29 BIOLOGY OF PREMATURE AGEING IN SURVIVORS OF CANCER. OVER 30 MILLION CANCER SURVIVORS EXIST WORLDWIDE. SURVIVORS HAVE AN EARLIER ONSET AND HIGHER INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC COMORBIDITIES, INCLUDING ENDOCRINOPATHIES, CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION, OSTEOPOROSIS, PULMONARY FIBROSIS, SECONDARY CANCERS AND FRAILTY THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION; HOWEVER, THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF THESE CHANGES AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL IS UNKNOWN. AN ELECTRONIC SEARCH WAS PERFORMED ON EMBASE, MEDLINE IN-PROCESS & OTHER NON-INDEXED CITATIONS, AND THE COCHRANE CENTRAL REGISTER OF CONTROLLED TRIALS. ORIGINAL ARTICLES ADDRESSING THE CELLULAR BIOLOGY OF AGEING AND/OR THE MECHANISMS OF CANCER THERAPIES SIMILAR TO AGEING MECHANISMS WERE INCLUDED, AND REFERENCES OF THESE ARTICLES WERE REVIEWED FOR FURTHER SEARCH. WE FOUND MULTIPLE BIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF AGEING AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH CANCER THERAPIES, AS WELL AS WITH CLINICAL EFFECTS. THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF VARIOUS CHEMOTHERAPIES AND RADIATION ON TELOMERE LENGTH, SENESCENT CELLS, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND MICRORNA WERE FOUND. WE REVIEW THE EFFECTS OF CANCER THERAPIES ON RECOGNISED HALLMARKS OF AGEING. LONG-TERM COMORBIDITIES SEEN IN CANCER SURVIVORS MIMIC THE PHENOTYPES OF AGEING AND LIKELY RESULT FROM THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THERAPEUTIC EXPOSURES AND THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGY OF AGEING. LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF CANCER SURVIVORS AND RESEARCH ON PREVENTION STRATEGIES SHOULD BE PURSUED TO INCREASE THE LENGTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG THE GROWING POPULATION OF CANCER SURVIVORS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5 5072  34 PHYSICAL EXERCISE POSITIVELY INFLUENCES BREAST CANCER EVOLUTION. BREAST CANCER IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMONLY DIAGNOSED TYPES OF CANCER IN WOMEN. ITS PATHOGENESIS INVOLVES GENETIC, HORMONAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. A LARGE BODY OF EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY HAS POSITIVE EFFECTS ON EVERY ASPECT OF BREAST CANCER EVOLUTION, INCLUDING PREVENTION, MEDICAL TREATMENT, AND AFTERCARE CLINICAL SETTINGS. THUS, DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXERCISE CAN INFLUENCE THE PREVENTION AND PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE THROUGH SEVERAL COMMON MECHANISMS, SUCH AS REDUCTION OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND IMPROVEMENT OF IMMUNITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION. FURTHERMORE, ACUTE AND CHRONIC SYMPTOMS OF BREAST CANCER, SUCH AS CACHEXIA, MUSCLE MASS LOSS, FATIGUE, CARDIOTOXICITY, WEIGHT GAIN, HORMONE ALTERATIONS, BONE LOSS, AND PSYCHOLOGIC ADVERSE EFFECTS, MAY ALL BE FAVORABLY INFLUENCED BY REGULAR EXERCISE. WE REVIEW THE RELATION OF INTENSITY AND DURATION OF EXERCISE WITH POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC PATHWAYS, INCLUDING OBESITY-RELATED HORMONES AND SEX STEROID HORMONE PRODUCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS SUCH AS DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, AND CHANGES IN TELOMERE LENGTH, WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF EXERCISE IN REDUCING THE INTENSITY OF THE ADVERSE EFFECTS THAT RESULT FROM BREAST CANCER AND ANTICANCER TREATMENT IS ALSO DISCUSSED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6 6159  30 THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. FATIGUE IS A COMMON SYMPTOM AND INCLUDES BOTH PHYSICAL AND MENTAL COMPONENTS. IT CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT SYNDROMES AND DISEASES, BUT IN MANY CASES IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER COMORBID CONDITIONS. MOST HUMANS HAVE EXPERIENCED ACUTE FATIGUE IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT STRESSORS. ACUTE FATIGUE TYPICALLY DECREASES AS THE EFFECT OF THE TRIGGERING FACTOR IS REDUCED AND A NORMAL HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE IS RESTORED. FATIGUE THAT PERSISTS FOR 6 MONTHS OR MORE IS TERMED CHRONIC FATIGUE. CHRONIC FATIGUE (CF) IN COMBINATION WITH A MINIMUM OF 4 OF 8 SYMPTOMS AND THE ABSENCE OF DISEASES THAT COULD EXPLAIN THESE SYMPTOMS, CONSTITUTE THE CASE DEFINITION FOR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. IN SPITE OF ITS PREVALENCE, THE BIOLOGY OF FATIGUE IS RELATIVELY POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAVE NOT YET BEEN IDENTIFIED. THIS LITERATURE SEARCH WAS PERFORMED IN PUBMED TO IDENTIFY RESEARCH ON THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. PUBLICATIONS WERE INCLUDED IF FATIGUE WAS A MAJOR TOPIC AND THE TOPIC WAS COMBINED WITH GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC MEASUREMENTS IN ADULT HUMANS. A TOTAL OF 40 PUBLICATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED. ALTHOUGH ALTERED FUNCTIONING IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, THE SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM, AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH INFECTIOUS AGENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, THE SEARCH FOR GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF FATIGUE, EITHER IN THE CONTEXT OF CF OR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS) HAS BEEN RELATIVELY UNPRODUCTIVE OR, IN THE CASE OF EPIGENETICS, NONEXISTENT. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL STUDIES, BOTH HYPOTHESIS-TESTING AND HYPOTHESIS-GENERATING, HAVE BEEN PERFORMED TO SEARCH FOR BIOMARKERS, THEY HAVE MOSTLY BEEN UNDERPOWERED, RESTRICTED BY THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE PHENOTYPE, OR LIMITED BY AN UNSYSTEMATIC STUDY DESIGN. TO BE ABLE TO CONFIRM THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RISK FOR, OR LEVELS OF, FATIGUE ARE INFLUENCED BY THE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND OF AN INDIVIDUAL, STUDIES NEED TO BE BASED ON LARGER SAMPLE SIZES WITH A MORE CLEARLY DEFINED PHENOTYPE. STUDIES NEED TO FOCUS NOT ONLY ON THE INFLUENCE OF A SINGLE ASPECT SUCH AS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) OR DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION ON DISEASE RISK OR STATE, BUT ALSO ON THE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY BEHIND THE DISEASE IN COMBINATION WITH INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND VALIDATION OF FINDINGS IN FUNCTIONAL STUDIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
7 6034  33 THE CHALLENGE BY MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS INDUCE INFLAMMATION IN AGING: THEIR ROLE IN THE PROMOTION OF CHRONIC DISEASE. THE AGING PROCESS IS DRIVEN BY MULTIPLE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO CHANGES IN ENERGY PRODUCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, HOMEOSTATIC DYSREGULATION AND EVENTUALLY TO LOSS OF FUNCTIONALITY AND INCREASED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. MOST AGED INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, WHICH IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR MORBIDITY, PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, FRAILTY, AND DEATH. AT ANY AGE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES ARE MAJOR CAUSES OF MORBIMORTALITY, AFFECTING UP TO 5-8% OF THE POPULATION OF INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES. SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR MODIFYING THE INFLAMMATORY STATE. GENETICS ACCOUNTS FOR ONLY A SMALL FRACTION OF CHRONIC-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, WHEREAS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS APPEAR TO PARTICIPATE, EITHER WITH A CAUSATIVE OR A PROMOTIONAL ROLE IN 50% TO 75% OF PATIENTS. SEVERAL OF THOSE CHANGES DEPEND ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT WILL FURTHER MODIFY THE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE TO ADDITIONAL STIMULI. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN INFLAMMATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT OFFERS IMPORTANT INSIGHTS ON AGING AND HEALTH. THESE CONDITIONS, OFTEN DEPENDING ON THE INDIVIDUAL'S SEX, APPEAR TO LEAD TO DECREASED LONGEVITY AND PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DECLINE. IN ADDITION TO BIOLOGICAL FACTORS, THE ENVIRONMENT IS ALSO INVOLVED IN THE GENERATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT LEADING TO STRESS. POOR PSYCHOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS AND OTHER SOURCES OF STRESS ALSO RESULT IN INCREASED INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND NUTRITION ON THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, AND HOW THE RESPONSE ELICITED FOR THOSE FACTORS INTERACT AMONG THEM, ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WHEREAS CERTAIN DELETERIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS RESULT IN THE GENERATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS DRIVEN BY AN INCREASED PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND INFLAMMATION, OTHER FACTORS, INCLUDING NUTRITION (POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS) AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS (EXERCISE) CONFER PROTECTION AGAINST INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND THUS AMELIORATE THEIR DELETERIOUS EFFECT. HERE, WE DISCUSS PROCESSES AND MECHANISMS OF INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND BEHAVIOR, THEIR LINKS TO SEX AND GENDER, AND THEIR OVERALL IMPACT ON AGING.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8  625  27 BIOLOGICAL AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR DEMENTIA AND STROKE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. SINCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS AND VACCINATION, AS WELL AS MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN PUBLIC HYGIENE, THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ARE AGE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, BOTH OF WHICH CAN INTERACT WITH GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS. AS THE AVERAGE AGE OF THE POPULATION INCREASES, THE PREVALENCE AND COSTS OF CHRONIC DISEASES, ESPECIALLY NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, ARE RAPIDLY INCREASING. THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, DEVELOP CHRONICALLY OVER RELATIVELY LONG PERIODS OF TIME, IN CONTRAST TO THE RELATIVELY RAPID DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR ACCIDENTS. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY BE MEDIATED BY ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE. THIS HYPOTHESIS IS SUPPORTED BY EVIDENCE THAT DIETARY RESTRICTION, WHICH UNIVERSALLY DELAYS AGE-RELATED DISEASES, ALSO AMELIORATES DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. CONVERSELY, BOTH AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCUMULATION OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN MITOTIC CELLS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE A MEASURE OF "BIOLOGICAL AGE", A BETTER PREDICTOR OF AGE-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY THAN CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. HERE WE REVIEW EVIDENCE THAT ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS SUCH AS SMOKING AND AIR POLLUTION MAY ALSO DRIVE NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, INCLUDING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, BY THE ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE, MEDIATED BY CUMULATIVE AND PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AS WELL AS SOMATIC MUTATIONS. ELUCIDATION OF SUCH MECHANISMS COULD PLAUSIBLY ALLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERVENTIONS WHICH DELAY DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF BOTH AGING AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9 3676  27 INFLAMMATION AND NEUTROPHIL IMMUNOSENESCENCE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: TARGETED TREATMENTS TO IMPROVE CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN THE ELDERLY. DESPITE INCREASING LONGEVITY, MANY OLD PEOPLE ARE NOT IN GOOD HEALTH. THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE IN THE PREVALENCE OF AGE-ASSOCIATED MULTI-MORBIDITY (TWO OR MORE CHRONIC CONDITIONS IN THE SAME PERSON). ALSO, SEVERE INFECTIONS, SUCH AS PNEUMONIA, REMAIN SIGNIFICANT CAUSES OF MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY IN THIS AGING GROUP. MANY CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS SHARE RISK FACTORS SUCH AS INCREASING AGE, SMOKING, A SEDENTARY LIFE STYLE AND BEING PART OF A LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC GROUP. HOWEVER, DESPITE THIS, MULTI-MORBIDITIES OFTEN CO-OCCUR MORE COMMONLY THAN WOULD BE PREDICTED. THIS HAS LED TO THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THEY SHARE COMMON UNDERLYING MECHANISMS. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT CONCEPT, FOR IF IT WERE TRUE, TREATMENTS COULD BE DEVISED WHICH TARGET THESE COMMON PATHWAYS AND IMPROVE A NUMBER OF AGE-ASSOCIATED HEALTH CONDITIONS. MANY CHRONIC ILLNESSES ASSOCIATED WITH MULTI-MORBIDITY AND SEVERE INFECTIONS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABNORMAL AND SUSTAINED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, WITH NEUTROPHILS BEING KEY EFFECTOR CELLS IN THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS. STUDIES HAVE DESCRIBED ABERRANT NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS ACROSS THESE CONDITIONS, AND SOME HAVE HIGHLIGHTED POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR ALTERED CELL BEHAVIOURS WHICH APPEAR SHARED ACROSS DISEASE STATES. IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT ALTERED FUNCTIONS MAY REPRESENT NEUTROPHIL "SENESCENCE". THIS REVIEW CONSIDERS HOW AND WHY NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS CHANGE AS THE CELL AGES, AND HOW AND WHY NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS CHANGE AS THE HOST AGES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE AND DISCUSSES WHETHER NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS COULD BE TARGETED TO IMPROVE HEALTH OUTCOMES IN OLDER ADULTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10 5069  26 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE PREVENTION OF HUMAN DISEASES: ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION REFERS TO HERITABLE CHANGES IN GENE FUNCTION THAT CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY ALTERATIONS IN THE DNA SEQUENCE. THE CURRENT LITERATURE CLEARLY DEMONSTRATES THAT THE EPIGENETIC RESPONSE IS HIGHLY DYNAMIC AND INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS AGING, NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE. AS SUCH, IT IS WELL ACCEPTED THAT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE CAN MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS ALTHOUGH THE TYPE AND DURATION OF EXERCISE ELICITING SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC EFFECTS THAT CAN RESULT IN HEALTH BENEFITS AND PREVENT CHRONIC DISEASES REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS FROM EPIGENETIC STUDIES INVOLVING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY/EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS KNOWN TO BENEFIT CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME, DIABETES, CANCER, CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11 3577  35 IMPACT OF NUTRITION ON TELOMERE HEALTH: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS. DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SEVERAL CHRONIC DISEASES, BUT ALSO IN A LOWER TOTAL MORTALITY AND LONGER LIFE EXPECTANCY. ONE OF THE MECHANISMS IN WHICH DIET CAN REDUCE THE RISK OF DISEASE IS WITH REGARD TO ITS IMPACT ON TELOMERES. TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) IS HIGHLY CORRELATED TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE AND METABOLIC STATUS. INDIVIDUALS WITH SHORTER TELOMERES ARE AT HIGHER RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND MORTALITY. DIET MAY INFLUENCE TL BY SEVERAL MECHANISMS SUCH AS REGULATING OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION OR MODULATING EPIGENETIC REACTIONS. THE PRESENT SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AIMS TO EXAMINE THE RESULTS FROM EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND CLINICAL TRIALS CONDUCTED IN HUMANS EVALUATING THE ROLE OF NUTRIENTS, FOOD GROUPS, AND DIETARY PATTERNS ON TL. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION THAT INFLUENCE THIS PROCESS, WITH THE PERSPECTIVE THAT TL COULD BE A NOVEL BIOMARKER INDICATING THE RISK OF METABOLIC DISTURBANCES AND AGE-RELATED DISEASES. THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT SOME ANTIOXIDANT NUTRIENTS, THE CONSUMPTION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, AND MEDITERRANEAN DIET ARE MAINLY ASSOCIATED WITH LONGER TELOMERES. HOWEVER, MOST OF THE EVIDENCE IS BASED ON HIGH HETEROGENIC OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AND VERY FEW RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS (RCTS). THEREFORE, THE ASSOCIATIONS SUMMARIZED IN THE PRESENT REVIEW NEED TO BE CONFIRMED WITH LARGER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES AND BETTER-DESIGNED RCTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12 6183  30 THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN INFLUENCING EPIGENETICS RELATED TO OXIDATIVE STATES IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. OXIDATIVE STATES EXERT A SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON A WIDE RANGE OF BIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS. WHEN THEIR BALANCE IS SHIFTED TOWARDS ENHANCED AMOUNTS OF FREE RADICALS, PATHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA CAN OCCUR, AS THE GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) IN TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT OR IN THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION CAN BE DETRIMENTAL. EPIDEMIC CHRONIC DISEASES OF WESTERN SOCIETIES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, OBESITY, AND DIABETES CORRELATE WITH THE IMBALANCE OF REDOX HOMEOSTASIS. CURRENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETICS HAVE REVEALED A PARALLEL SCENARIO SHOWING THE INFLUENCE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AS A MAJOR REGULATOR OF EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION VIA MODIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION, HISTONES, AND MICRORNAS. THIS HAS PROVIDED BOTH THE BIOLOGICAL LINK AND A POTENTIAL MOLECULAR EXPLANATION BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CARDIOVASCULAR/METABOLIC PHENOMENA. ACCORDINGLY, IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL PROVIDE CURRENT INSIGHTS ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF CHANGES IN OXIDATIVE STATES ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS, BY SPECIFICALLY FOCUSING ON THE INFLUENCE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION. A SPECIAL EMPHASIS WILL HIGHLIGHT THE EFFECT ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HUMAN'S CURRENT LIFE HABITS, EXTERNAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING FOOD INTAKE, TOBACCO, AIR POLLUTION, AND ANTIOXIDANT-BASED APPROACHES. ADDITIONALLY, THE STRATEGY TO QUANTIFY OXIDATIVE STATES IN HUMANS IN ORDER TO DETERMINE WHICH BIOLOGICAL MARKER COULD BEST MATCH A SUBJECT'S PROFILE WILL BE DISCUSSED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13 6781  40 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

14 1360  31 DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF A LIFE COURSE APPROACH TO HEALTHY AGEING. WE EXAMINE THE MECHANISTIC BASIS AND WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF ADOPTING A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE ON HUMAN AGEING. PREVIOUS MODELS OF AGEING HAVE CONCENTRATED ON ITS GENETIC BASIS, OR THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF ACCUMULATED DAMAGE, BUT ALSO HAVE RAISED ISSUES ABOUT WHETHER AGEING CAN BE VIEWED AS ADAPTIVE ITSELF, OR IS A CONSEQUENCE OF OTHER ADAPTIVE PROCESSES, FOR EXAMPLE IF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR PROCESSES IN THE PERIOD UP TO REPRODUCTION ARE TRADED OFF AGAINST LATER DECLINE IN FUNCTION. A LIFE COURSE MODEL PLACES AGEING IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ATTAINMENT OF PEAK CAPACITY FOR A BODY SYSTEM, STARTING IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT WHEN PLASTICITY PERMITS CHANGES IN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION INDUCED BY A RANGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI, FOLLOWED BY A PERIOD OF DECLINE, THE RATE OF WHICH DEPENDS ON THE PEAK ATTAINED AS WELL AS THE LATER LIFE CONDITIONS. SUCH PATH DEPENDENCY IN THE RATE OF AGEING MAY OFFER NEW INSIGHTS INTO ITS MODIFICATION. FOCUSING ON MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION, WE DISCUSS THIS MODEL AND THE POSSIBLE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, INCLUDING ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, STEM CELLS AND NUTRITIONAL FACTORS SUCH AS VITAMIN D STATUS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED DURING DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY, AND IMMUNE FUNCTION MAY PROVIDE A COMMON MECHANISTIC PROCESS UNDERLYING A LIFE COURSE MODEL OF AGEING. THE LIFE COURSE TRAJECTORY DIFFERS IN HIGH AND LOW RESOURCE SETTINGS. NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE DEVELOPMENTAL COMPONENTS OF THE LIFE COURSE MODEL OF AGEING MAY LEAD TO THE DESIGN OF BIOMARKERS OF LATER CHRONIC DISEASE RISK AND TO NEW INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE HEALTHY AGEING, WITH IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15 5110  26 POLYPHENOLS AND THE MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION PATHWAYS: CAN WE EAT OUR WAY OUT OF THE DANGER OF CHRONIC DISEASE? PLANT-DERIVED DIETARY POLYPHENOLS MAY IMPROVE SOME DISEASE STATES AND PROMOTE HEALTH. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THIS IS PARTIALLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. THE RATIONAL USE OF BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS MAY THEREFORE PRESENT AN OPPORTUNITY TO ACTIVATE OR REPRESS SELECTED GENE EXPRESSION PATHWAYS AND, CONSEQUENTLY, TO MANAGE OR PREVENT DISEASE. IT REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED WHETHER THIS USE OF BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS CAN BE DONE SAFELY. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE ASSOCIATED CONTROVERSIES AND LIMITATIONS OF POLYPHENOL THERAPY. THERE IS A PAUCITY OF CLINICAL DATA ON THE RATIONAL USE OF POLYPHENOLS, INCLUDING A LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ON EFFECTIVE DOSAGE, ACTUAL CHEMICAL FORMULATIONS, BIOAVAILABILITY, DISTRIBUTION IN TISSUES, THE EFFECT OF GENETIC VARIATIONS, DIFFERENCES IN GUT MICROFLORA, THE SYNERGISTIC (OR ANTAGONISTIC) EFFECTS OBSERVED IN EXTRACTS, AND THE POSSIBLE INTERACTION BETWEEN POLYPHENOLS AND LIPID DOMAINS OF CELL MEMBRANES THAT MAY ALTER THE FUNCTION OF RELEVANT RECEPTORS. THE SEMINAL QUESTION OF WHY PLANTS MAKE SUBSTANCES THAT BENEFIT HUMANS REMAINS UNANSWERED, AND THERE IS STILL MUCH TO LEARN IN TERMS OF CORRELATIVE VERSUS CAUSAL EFFECTS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO VARIOUS NUTRIENTS. THE AVAILABLE DATA STRONGLY SUGGEST SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL THAT REPRESENT INTERACTIONS WITH THE EPIGENOME. THE ADVENT OF RELATIVELY SIMPLE TECHNOLOGIES IS HELPING THE FIELD OF EPIGENETICS PROGRESS AND FACILITATING THE ACQUISITION OF MULTIPLE TYPES OF DATA THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION AND THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONSUMPTION OF POLYPHENOLS THAT ILLUSTRATE HOW MODIFICATIONS IN HUMAN NUTRITION MAY BECOME RELEVANT TO HEALTH AND DISEASE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16 1324  33 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) METHYLATION IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION: A POSSIBLE MECHANISM UNDERLYING RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS DEVELOPMENT. AIR POLLUTION IS A SUBSTANTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT TO CHILDREN AND ACTS AS ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASE RISK FACTORS ALIKE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE PREVIOUSLY EVALUATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CONCERNING ITS EXPOSURE ACROSS VARIOUS LIFE STAGES. HOWEVER, FINDINGS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AS THE CONSEQUENCES OF AIR POLLUTION DURING CHILDHOOD ARE RATHER MINIMAL. THIS REVIEW EVALUATED HIGHLY RELEVANT STUDIES IN THE FIELD TO ANALYZE THE EXISTING LITERATURE REGARDING EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, WITH A FOCUS ON EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING CHILDHOOD AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS. THE SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED USING READILY AVAILABLE ELECTRONIC DATABASES (PUBMED AND SCIENCEDIRECT) TO SCREEN FOR CHILDREN'S STUDIES ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOLLOWING EITHER PRE- OR POST-NATAL EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS. STUDIES RELEVANT ENOUGH AND MATCHED THE PREDETERMINED CRITERIA WERE CHOSEN TO BE REVIEWED. NON-ENGLISH ARTICLES AND STUDIES THAT DID NOT REPORT BOTH AIR MONITORING AND EPIGENETIC OUTCOMES IN THE SAME ARTICLE WERE EXCLUDED. THE REVIEW FOUND THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN LINKED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS DURING EARLY LIFE WITH EVIDENCE AND REPORTS OF HOW THEY MAY DEREGULATE THE EPIGENOME BALANCE, THUS INDUCING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN THE FUTURE. EPIGENETIC STUDIES EVOLVE AS A PROMISING NEW APPROACH IN DECIPHERING THE UNDERLYING IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) DUE TO LINKS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN SOME OF THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ILLNESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17 6306  24 THE RECOGNITION AND TREATMENT OF GROWTH DISORDERS - A 50-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE. THE PAST 50 YEARS HAVE SEEN GREAT PROGRESS IN THE UNDERSTANDING AND TREATMENT OF CLASSIC GROWTH DISORDERS. ADVANCES SUCH AS THE RECOGNITION OF HORMONE RECEPTOR DEFECTS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMBINANT GROWTH HORMONE, AND THE EXPANDING AWARENESS OF EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA AFFECTING GROWTH ARE AMONG THESE GREAT ACHIEVEMENTS. YET GROWTH FAILURE REMAINS A PERVASIVE PROBLEM AMONG CHILDREN WITH COMPLEX HEALTH CONDITIONS, SUCH AS SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD CANCERS, PREMATURE INFANTS, ORGAN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS, AND CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS. THE SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN LIFE EXPECTANCY AMONG THESE GROUPS UNDERSCORES THE POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES OF POOR GROWTH, WHETHER DUE TO THE UNDERLYING CONDITIONS OR MEDICAL TREATMENTS, AS THEY MAY HAVE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS INTO ADULTHOOD. THE ONGOING CONTRIBUTIONS OF HUMAN BIOLOGISTS TO THE STUDY OF HUMAN GROWTH REMAIN ESSENTIAL IN THE RECOGNITION AND TREATMENT OF GROWTH DISORDERS, BY DEFINING NORMAL PATTERNS OF GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION, THE INTERPLAY OF GROWTH AND MATURATION, THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL, BEHAVIORAL AND GENETIC FACTORS, AND THE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF GROWTH PATTERNS. EXAMPLES WILL BE GIVEN BASED ON TWO COMMON GENETIC DISORDERS, CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA, TO HIGHLIGHT THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GROWTH FAILURE, SURVIVAL, AND MALNUTRITION. ALSO, A STUDY OF BONE MINERAL ACCRETION IN CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS WILL ILLUSTRATE THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING PATTERNS OF GROWTH IN HEALTHY CHILDREN, AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC DISEASE. THESE EXAMPLES ACCENTUATE THE NEED FOR CONTINUED PARTICIPATION OF HUMAN BIOLOGISTS IN THE STUDY OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AND THE CARE OF CHILDREN.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
18 6458  27 TIME COURSE OF DNA METHYLATION IN PAIN CONDITIONS: FROM EXPERIMENTAL MODELS TO HUMANS. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: THROUGHOUT THE LAST DECADE, RESEARCH HAS UNCOVERED ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PAIN AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. SPECIFICALLY, STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PAIN CONDITIONS AND ALTERED DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS. THUS, DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN REVEALED AS A POSSIBLE MODULATOR OR CONTRIBUTOR TO PAIN CONDITIONS, PROVIDING A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR TREATMENT BY DNA METHYLATION MODIFICATION. TO DEVELOP SUCH TREATMENTS, IT IS NECESSARY TO CLARIFY A WIDE NUMBER OF ASPECTS ON HOW DNA METHYLATION AFFECTS PAIN PERCEPTION; FIRST AND FOREMOST, THE TEMPORAL DYNAMICS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF DNA METHYLATION IN RESPONSE TO PAIN, AND TO INVESTIGATE IF A TIMEFRAME CAN BE ESTABLISHED BASED ON THE DATA OF CURRENTLY PUBLISHED STUDIES. DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT: PUBMED, MEDLINE, GOOGLE SCHOLAR AND EMBASE WERE SEARCHED COMPREHENSIVELY FOR STUDIES OF DNA METHYLATION IN NEUROPATHIC, INFLAMMATORY AND ALTERNATIVE ANIMAL PAIN MODELS, AND IN CHRONIC PAIN PATIENTS INCLUDING COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME, CHRONIC POSTSURGICAL PAIN, CHRONIC WIDESPREAD PAIN, FIBROMYALGIA AND CROHN'S DISEASE. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 34 ARTICLES HIGHLIGHTING VARIATIONS IN TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF DNA METHYLATION ACROSS SPECIES AND BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF PAIN. THESE STUDIES REPRESENT A STARTING POINT TO UNCOVER NEW INSIGHTS IN THE DNA METHYLATION TIME COURSE IN PAIN. CONCLUSIONS: NO TIMEFRAME CAN CURRENTLY BE MADE FOR THE DNA METHYLATION RESPONSE TO PAIN IN ANY OF THE REVIEWED CONDITIONS, HIGHLIGHTING AN IMPORTANT FOCUS AREA FOR FUTURE RESEARCH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19 1045  33 CLINICAL CORRELATION AMONG MALE INFERTILITY AND OVERALL MALE HEALTH: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. PURPOSE: ONGOING EVIDENCE HAS SUGGESTED THE ROLE OF MALE FACTOR INFERTILITY AS A POTENTIAL PREDICTOR OF MORTALITY AND GENERAL HEALTH STATUS. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS TO UPDATE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE BASE REGARDING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MALE FACTOR INFERTILITY AND GENERAL HEALTH THROUGH A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE WAS CARRIED OUT FROM INCEPTION TO NOVEMBER 2019 IN ORDER TO EVALUATE SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MALE INFERTILITY AND ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR, ONCOLOGIC, METABOLIC AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AS WELL AS OVERALL MORTALITY. RESULTS: IN ALL, 27 STUDIES MET INCLUSION CRITERIA AND WERE CRITICALLY EXAMINED. FIVE STUDIES EXAMINED MALE INFERTILITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK, 11 EXAMINED ONCOLOGIC RISK (E.G., OVERALL CANCER RISK, TESTIS AND PROSTATE CANCER), 8 EXAMINED AGGREGATE CHRONIC MEDICAL DISEASES AND 5 INFERTILITY RELATED TO INCIDENCE OF MORTALITY, FOR A TOTAL OF 599,807 MEN DIAGNOSED WITH ANY MALE FACTOR INFERTILITY COVERING A PERIOD FROM 1916 TO 2016. CONCLUSIONS: A MAN'S FERTILITY AND OVERALL HEALTH APPEAR TO BE INTERCONNECTED. THEREFORE, A DIAGNOSIS OF MALE INFERTILITY MAY ALLOW A WINDOW INTO FUTURE COMORBIDITY AND/OR MORTALITY WHICH MAY HELP GUIDE CLINICAL DECISIONS AND COUNSELING. SEVERAL POSSIBLE ETIOLOGIES SUCH AS GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, DEVELOPMENTAL, AND LIFESTYLE-BASED FACTORS NEED TO BE FURTHER EVALUATED IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BETWEEN MALE INFERTILITY AND HEALTH.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20 6823  26 [GENERAL CONCEPTS OF EPIGENETICS: PROJECTIONS IN PAEDIATRICS]. CURRENT EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE NOTION THAT ALTERATIONS IN INTRAUTERINE GROWTH AND DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF LIFE HAVE A SUBSTANTIAL EFFECT ON THE RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASE, WHICH IN SOME CASES IS EVEN HIGHER THAN THOSE DUE TO GENETIC FACTORS. THE PERSISTENCE AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE PHENOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EARLY DEVELOPMENT SUGGEST THE PARTICIPATION OF MECHANISMS THAT WOULD RECORD ENVIRONMENTAL CUES, GENERATING A CELLULAR REPROGRAMMING (I.E., EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS). THIS REVIEW IS AN INTRODUCTION TO A SERIES OF FIVE ARTICLES FOCUSED ON THE PARTICIPATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHLY PREVALENT CHRONIC DISEASES (I.E., CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, ASTHMA/ALLERGIES AND CANCER) AND THEIR ORIGINS IN THE FOETAL AND NEONATAL PERIOD. THIS SERIES OF ARTICLES AIMS TO SHOW THE STATE OF THE ART IN THIS RESEARCH AREA AND PRESENT THE UPCOMING CLUES AND CHALLENGES, IN WHICH PAEDIATRICIANS HAVE A PROMINENT ROLE, DEVELOPING STRATEGIES FOR THE PREVENTION, EARLY DETECTION AND FOLLOW-UP.	2016