1 2680 108 EVALUATION OF EPIGENETIC (HDAC, DNMT) AND PAIN (GAD65, TGF) FACTORS FOLLOWING PHOTOBIOMODULATION THERAPY IN A NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL. PHOTOBIOMODULATION THERAPY (PBMT) IS CONVERTED TO THE MOST COMMON ANALGESIC TREATMENT BEFORE THE WHOLE MECHANISM IS YET TO BE DISCOVERED. THIS STUDY FOR THE FIRST TIME WAS DESIGNED TO INVESTIGATE ALTERNATIONS OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS AFTER PAIN AND PBMT. THE CCI MODEL WAS CHOSEN TO INDUCE PAIN. PAIN EVALUATION TESTS INCLUDING PLANTAR, ACETONE, VON FREY, AND PINCH WERE DONE WEEKLY. THEN SPINAL CORD TISSUE WAS ISOLATED FOR EVALUATING MRNA EXPRESSION OF DNMT3A, HDAC1, AND NRSF USING RT-QPCR METHOD, AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION FACTORS OF HDAC2 AND DNMT3A USING WESTERN BLOTTING. GAD65 AND TGF-BETA PROTEINS WERE ASSESSED BY THE IHC METHOD. PBMT INCREASED THE PAIN THRESHOLD UP TO THE POINT WHERE IT ROUGHLY MET THE PAIN THRESHOLD OF THE CONTROL GROUP. AFTER THREE WEEKS OF TREATMENT, BOTH PBMT PROTOCOLS DEMONSTRATED A REDUCTION IN ALLODYNIA AND HYPERALGESIA. WHILE SOME MOLECULES, SUCH AS TGF-BETA AND GAD65, INCREASED FOLLOWING PBMT, WE OBSERVED NO INHIBITION OF NRSF, HDAC1, AND DNMT3A EXPRESSION DESPITE IMPLEMENTING TWO DIFFERENT PROTOCOLS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2 6148  36 THE EXPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS MECP2 AND CREB IS MODULATED IN INFLAMMATORY PELVIC PAIN. EARLY ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IS ONE OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC PAIN STATES. PREVIOUS STUDIES IDENTIFIED THE CHANGES IN A NUMBER OF NOCICEPTION-RELATED GENES, SUCH AS CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP), SUBSTANCE P (SP), AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN THE PELVIC ORGANS AFTER TRANSIENT COLONIC INFLAMMATION. THE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF THESE NEUROPEPTIDES COULD BE MODULATED BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) AND CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN (CREB). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MECP2 AND CREB IN THE LUMBOSACRAL (LS) SPINAL CORD AND SENSORY GANGLIA AFTER INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PELVIC PAIN IN RAT. ADULT SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TREATED WITH 2,4,6-TRINITROBENZENESULFONIC ACID (TNBS) TO INDUCE TRANSIENT COLONIC INFLAMMATION. LS (L6-S2) SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS AND RESPECTIVE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIAS (DRGS) WERE ISOLATED FROM CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AT 1, 2, 6, 24 H AND 3 DAYS POST-TNBS TREATMENT. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL (IHC) LABELING AND WESTERN BLOTTING EXPERIMENTS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE EXPRESSION OF MECP2, CREB AND THEIR PHOSPHORYLATED FORMS. TOTAL MECP2 EXPRESSION, BUT NOT PHOSPHORYLATED P-MECP2 (PS421MECP2) EXPRESSION WAS DETECTED IN THE CELLS OF THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN UNDER CONTROL CONDITIONS. COLONIC INFLAMMATION TRIGGERED A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF MECP2-EXPRESSING NEURONS IN PARALLEL WITH ELEVATED NUMBERS OF PS421MECP2-EXPRESSING CELLS AT 2 H AND 6 H POST-TNBS. THE MAJORITY OF MECP2-POSITIVE CELLS (80 +/- 6%) CO-EXPRESSED CREB. TNBS TREATMENT CAUSED A TRANSIENT UP-REGULATION OF CREB-EXPRESSING CELLS AT 1 H POST-TNBS ONLY. THE NUMBER OF CELLS EXPRESSING PHOSPHORYLATED CREB (PS133CREB) DID NOT CHANGE AT 1 H AND 2 H POST-TNBS, BUT WAS DOWN-REGULATED BY THREE FOLDS AT 6 H POST-TNBS. ANALYSIS OF DRG SECTIONS REVEALED THAT THE NUMBER OF MECP2-POSITIVE NEURONS WAS UP-REGULATED BY TNBS TREATMENT, REACHING THREE-FOLD INCREASE AT 2 H POST-TNBS, AND EIGHT-FOLD INCREASE AT 6 H POST-TNBS (P </= 0.05 TO CONTROL). THESE DATA SHOWED EARLY CHANGES IN MECP2 AND CREB EXPRESSION IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD AND SENSORY GANGLIA AFTER COLONIC INFLAMMATION, SUGGESTING A POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION MECP2 AND CREB SIGNALING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISCERAL HYPERALGESIA AND PELVIC PAIN FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3 2470  31 EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 3 CONTRIBUTES TO LONG-LASTING NEUROPATHIC PAIN. A MULTIPLEX ANALYSIS FOR PROFILING THE EXPRESSION OF CANDIDATE GENES ALONG WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION MAY LEAD TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX MACHINERY OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FOUND THAT PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION MOST REMARKABLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 3 (MCP-3, KNOWN AS CCL7) A TOTAL OF 33 541 GENES IN THE SPINAL CORD, WHICH LASTED FOR 4 WEEKS. THIS INCREASE IN MCP-3 GENE TRANSCRIPTION WAS ACCOMPANIED BY THE DECREASED TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYS27 AT THE MCP-3 PROMOTER. THE INCREASED MCP-3 EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH ITS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OBSERVED IN THE SPINAL CORD WAS ALMOST ABOLISHED IN INTERLEUKIN 6 KNOCKOUT MICE WITH PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION. CONSISTENT WITH THESE FINDINGS, A SINGLE INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS OF INTERLEUKIN 6 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED MCP-3 MESSENGER RNA WITH A DECREASE IN THE LEVEL OF LYS27 TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT THE MCP-3 PROMOTER IN THE SPINAL CORD OF MICE. FURTHERMORE, DELETION OF THE C-C CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR TYPE 2 (CCR2) GENE, WHICH ENCODES A RECEPTOR FOR MCP-3, FAILED TO AFFECT THE ACCELERATION OF MCP-3 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD AFTER PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION. A ROBUST INCREASE IN MCP-3 PROTEIN, WHICH LASTED FOR UP TO 2 WEEKS AFTER SURGERY, IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD OF MICE WITH PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION WAS SEEN MOSTLY IN ASTROCYTES, BUT NOT MICROGLIA OR NEURONS. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE INCREASES IN BOTH MICROGLIA AND ASTROCYTES IN THE SPINAL CORD BY PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION WERE MOSTLY ABOLISHED IN INTERLEUKIN 6 KNOCKOUT MICE. MOREOVER, THIS INCREASE IN MICROGLIA WAS ALMOST ABOLISHED BY CCR2 GENE DELETION, WHEREAS THE INCREASE IN ASTROCYTES WAS NOT AFFECTED IN NERVE-LIGATED MICE THAT LACKED THE CCR2 GENE. WE ALSO FOUND THAT EITHER IN VIVO OR IN VITRO TREATMENT WITH MCP-3 CAUSED ROBUST MICROGLIA ACTIVATION. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF MCP-3 ANTIBODY SUPPRESSED THE INCREASE IN MICROGLIA WITHIN THE MOUSE SPINAL CORD AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE BEHAVIOURS AFTER NERVE INJURY. WITH THE USE OF A FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ANALYSIS, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT A SINGLE INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF MCP-3 INDUCED DRAMATIC INCREASES IN SIGNAL INTENSITY IN PAIN-RELATED BRAIN REGIONS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT INCREASED MCP-3 EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH INTERLEUKIN 6 DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AT THE MCP-3 PROMOTER AFTER NERVE INJURY, MOSTLY IN SPINAL ASTROCYTES, MAY SERVE TO FACILITATE ASTROCYTE-MICROGLIA INTERACTION IN THE SPINAL CORD AND COULD PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE STATE.	2013	

4 5347  27 RARBETA AGONIST DRUG (C286) DEMONSTRATES EFFICACY IN A PRE-CLINICAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL RESTORING MULTIPLE PATHWAYS VIA DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS. NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NP) IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROFOUND GENE EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS WITHIN THE NOCICEPTIVE SYSTEM. DNA MECHANISMS, SUCH AS EPIGENETIC REMODELING AND REPAIR PATHWAYS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN NP. HERE WE HAVE USED A RAT MODEL OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF A RECENTLY DEVELOPED RARBETA AGONIST, C286, CURRENTLY UNDER CLINICAL RESEARCH, IN NP. A 4-WEEK TREATMENT INITIATED 2 DAYS AFTER THE INJURY NORMALIZED PAIN SENSATION. GENOME-WIDE AND PATHWAY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT MULTIPLE MECHANISMS PERSISTENTLY ALTERED IN THE SPINAL CORD WERE RESTORED TO PREINJURY LEVELS BY THE AGONIST. CONCOMITANT UPREGULATION OF DNA REPAIR PROTEINS, ATM AND BRCA1, THE LATTER BEING REQUIRED FOR C286-MEDIATED PAIN MODULATION, SUGGESTS THAT EARLY DNA REPAIR MAY BE IMPORTANT TO PREVENT PHENOTYPIC EPIGENETIC IMPRINTS IN NP. THUS, C286 IS A PROMISING DRUG CANDIDATE FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS MAY BE USEFUL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS TO EXPLORE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
5 3141  23 GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMAL MODELS OF PERSISTENT PAIN. BACKGROUND: EFFORTS TO UNDERSTAND GENETIC VARIABILITY INVOLVED IN AN INDIVIDUAL'S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC PAIN SUPPORT A ROLE FOR UPSTREAM REGULATION BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. METHODS: TO EXAMINE THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC BASIS OF CHRONIC PAIN THAT RESIDES IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, WE USED RNA-SEQ AND ATAC-SEQ OF THE RAT DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) TO IDENTIFY NOVEL MOLECULAR PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN TWO WELL-STUDIED PERSISTENT PAIN MODELS INDUCED BY CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OF THE SCIATIC NERVE AND INTRA-PLANTAR INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) IN RATS. RESULTS: OUR RNA-SEQ STUDIES IDENTIFY A VARIETY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESS RELATED TO SYNAPSE ORGANIZATION, MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORT, AND ION BINDING. INTERESTINGLY, GENES THAT ENCODE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS WERE DISPROPORTIONATELY DOWNREGULATED IN BOTH MODELS. OUR ATAC-SEQ DATA PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE MAP OF CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY CHANGES IN THE DRG. A TOTAL OF 1123 REGIONS SHOWED CHANGES IN CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY IN ONE OR BOTH MODELS WHEN COMPARED TO THE NAIVE AND 31 SHARED DIFFERENTIALLY ACCESSIBLE REGIONS (DAR)S. FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION OF THE DARS IDENTIFIED DISPARATE MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS ENRICHED FOR EACH PAIN MODEL WHICH SUGGESTS THAT CHROMATIN STRUCTURE MAY BE ALTERED DIFFERENTLY FOLLOWING SCIATIC NERVE INJURY AND HIND PAW INFLAMMATION. MOTIF ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED 17 DNA SEQUENCES KNOWN TO BIND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN THE CCI DARS AND 33 IN THE CFA DARS. TWO MOTIFS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED IN BOTH MODELS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY THAT OCCUR IN CHRONIC PAIN STATES MAY IDENTIFY REGULATORY GENOMIC ELEMENTS THAT PLAY ESSENTIAL ROLES IN MODULATING GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DRG.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6  885  28 CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY-INDUCED CHANGES IN CIRCULAR RNA EXPRESSION PROFILING OF THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION IN A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BACKGROUND: THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NP) HAS NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. GENE CHANGES IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NP. CIRCULAR RNAS (CIRCRNAS) ARE A CLASS OF ENDOGENOUS NONCODING RNAS THAT FORM COVALENTLY CLOSED LOOP STRUCTURES AND ARE CRUCIAL FOR GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT CIRCRNA CHANGES IN DRG NEURONS AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. METHODS: A SCIATIC NERVE CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) MODEL WAS ESTABLISHED TO INDUCE NEUROPATHIC PAIN. WE PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE CIRCRNA ANALYSIS OF FOUR PAIRED DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) SAMPLES (L4-L5) FROM CCI AND NEGATIVE CONTROL (NC) RATS USING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY. THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED CIRCRNAS (DECIRCRNAS) WERE IDENTIFIED BY DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION ANALYSIS, AND THE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF CIRCRNAS WAS VALIDATED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR. GENE ONTOLOGY AND KYOTO ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GENES AND GENOMES ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED TO PREDICT THE FUNCTION OF DECIRCRNAS. RESULTS: A TOTAL OF 374 DECIRCRNAS WERE IDENTIFIED BETWEEN CCI AND NC RATS USING CIRCRNA HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING. AMONG THEM, 290 WERE UPREGULATED AND 84 WERE DOWNREGULATED IN THE CCI GROUP. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF NINE DECIRCRNAS WERE VALIDATED BY QPCR. FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE DECIRCRNAS WERE MAINLY ENRICHED IN PATHWAYS AND FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING 'DOPAMINERGIC SYNAPSE,' 'RENIN SECRETION,' 'MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING PATHWAY,' AND 'NEUROGENESIS.' COMPETING ENDOGENOUS RNA ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE TOP 50 CIRCRNAS EXHIBITED INTERACTIONS WITH FOUR PAIN-RELATED MICRORNAS (MIRNAS). CIRC:CHR2:33950934-33955969 WAS THE LARGEST NODE IN THE CIRCRNA-MIRNA INTERACTION NETWORK. CONCLUSIONS: PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN LED TO CHANGES IN THE COMPREHENSIVE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF CIRCRNAS IN THE DRG OF RATS. DECIRCRNAS MAY ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7 3194  29 HDAC INHIBITORS ATTENUATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MODELS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACIS) INTERFERE WITH THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ARE KNOWN TO HAVE ANALGESIC PROPERTIES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER THESE COMPOUNDS COULD ALSO AFFECT NEUROPATHIC PAIN. DIFFERENT CLASS I HDACIS WERE DELIVERED INTRATHECALLY INTO RAT SPINAL CORD IN MODELS OF TRAUMATIC NERVE INJURY AND ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY (STAVUDINE, D4T). MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS ATTENUATED BY 40% TO 50% AS A RESULT OF HDACI TREATMENT, BUT ONLY IF STARTED BEFORE ANY INSULT. THE DRUGS GLOBALLY INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD, BUT APPEARED TO HAVE NO MEASURABLE EFFECTS IN RELEVANT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IN THIS TREATMENT PARADIGM, SUGGESTING THAT ANY POTENTIAL MECHANISM SHOULD BE SOUGHT IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS OF DORSAL CORD RNA REVEALED THE SIGNATURE OF THE SPECIFIC COMPOUND USED (MS-275) AND SUGGESTED THAT ITS MAIN EFFECT WAS MEDIATED THROUGH HDAC1. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUPPORT A ROLE FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE EMERGENCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8 5954  33 TBI-INDUCED NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION IS REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION. CHRONIC PAIN AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI) IS VERY COMMON, BUT THE MECHANISMS LINKING TBI TO PAIN AND THE PAIN-RELATED INTERACTIONS OF TBI WITH PERIPHERAL INJURIES ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THESE STUDIES WE PURSUED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT TBI PAIN SENSITIZATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE RAT LATERAL FLUID PERCUSSION MODEL. SOME ANIMALS RECEIVED HINDPAW INCISIONS IN ADDITION TO TBI TO MIMIC POLYTRAUMA. NEUROPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BRAIN TISSUE FROM SHAM AND TBI ANIMALS REVEALED EVIDENCE OF BLEEDING, BREAKDOWN OF THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER, IN THE CORTEX, HIPPOCAMPUS, THALAMUS AND OTHER STRUCTURES RELATED TO PAIN SIGNAL PROCESSING. MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA WAS MEASURED IN THESE ANIMALS FOR UP TO EIGHT WEEKS POST-INJURY. INHIBITORS OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) WERE USED TO PROBE THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SUCH PAIN PROCESSING. WE FOLLOWED SERUM MARKERS INCLUDING GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), NEURON-SPECIFIC ENOLASE 2 (NSE) MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN (MBP) AND S100BETA TO GAUGE TBI INJURY SEVERITY. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT TBI CAUSED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA IN THE HINDPAWS OF THE RATS LASTING SEVERAL WEEKS. HINDPAWS CONTRALATERAL TO TBI SHOWED MORE RAPID AND PROFOUND SENSITIZATION THAN IPSILATERAL HINDPAWS. THE INHIBITION OF HAT USING CURCUMIN 50 MG/KG S.C REDUCED MECHANICAL SENSITIZATION WHILE THE HDAC INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID 50 MG/KG I.P. PROLONGED SENSITIZATION IN THE TBI RATS. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SPINAL CORD TISSUE LOCALIZED CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ACETYLATION OF THE H3K9 HISTONE MARK TO DORSAL HORN NEURONS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT TBI INDUCES SUSTAINED NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION, AND CHANGES IN SPINAL NEURONAL HISTONE PROTEINS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9  345  34 ALTERED BRAIN EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION EPIGENETIC ENZYMES IN A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN CHRONIC PAIN AT THE SUPRASPINAL LEVEL IS YET TO BE FULLY CHARACTERIZED. DNA HISTONE METHYLATION IS CRUCIALLY REGULATED BY DE NOVO METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT1-3) AND TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION DIOXYGENASES (TET1-3). EVIDENCE HAS SHOWN THAT METHYLATION MARKERS ARE ALTERED IN DIFFERENT CNS REGIONS RELATED TO NOCICEPTION, NAMELY THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA, THE SPINAL CORD, AND DIFFERENT BRAIN AREAS. DECREASED GLOBAL METHYLATION WAS FOUND IN THE DRG, THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND THE AMYGDALA, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED DNMT1/3A EXPRESSION. IN CONTRAST, INCREASED METHYLATION LEVELS AND MRNA LEVELS OF TET1 AND TET3 WERE LINKED TO AUGMENTED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ALLODYNIA IN INFLAMMATORY AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS. SINCE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REGULATION AND COORDINATION OF VARIOUS TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS DESCRIBED IN CHRONIC PAIN STATES, WITH THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF TET1-3 AND DNMT1/3A GENES IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN SEVERAL BRAIN AREAS. IN A SPARED NERVE INJURY RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, 21 DAYS AFTER SURGERY, WE FOUND INCREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND DECREASED EXPRESSION IN THE CAUDATE-PUTAMEN AND THE AMYGDALA; TET2 WAS UPREGULATED IN THE MEDIAL THALAMUS; TET3 MRNA LEVELS WERE REDUCED IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND THE CAUDATE-PUTAMEN; AND DNMT1 WAS DOWNREGULATED IN THE CAUDATE-PUTAMEN AND THE MEDIAL THALAMUS. NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN EXPRESSION WERE OBSERVED WITH DNMT3A. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST A COMPLEX FUNCTIONAL ROLE FOR THESE GENES IN DIFFERENT BRAIN AREAS IN THE CONTEXT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE NOTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION BEING CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC AND NOT TISSUE SPECIFIC, AS WELL AS THE POSSIBILITY OF CHRONOLOGICALLY DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NEUROPATHIC OR INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODELS, OUGHT TO BE ADDRESSED IN FUTURE STUDIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10 4861  20 ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER 1 IS AN HDAC4-REGULATED MEDIATOR OF NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MICE. PERSISTENT PAIN IS SUSTAINED BY MALADAPTIVE CHANGES IN GENE TRANSCRIPTION RESULTING IN ALTERED FUNCTION OF THE RELEVANT CIRCUITS; THERAPIES ARE STILL UNSATISFACTORY. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND AFFECTED GENES LINKING NOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES AND PATHOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY ARE UNCLEAR. HERE, WE FOUND THAT, AMONG SEVERAL HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS), SYNAPTIC ACTIVITY SPECIFICALLY AFFECTS HDAC4 IN MURINE SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN NEURONS. NOXIOUS STIMULI THAT INDUCE LONG-LASTING INFLAMMATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY CAUSE NUCLEAR EXPORT AND INACTIVATION OF HDAC4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, BUT NEITHER ACUTE NOR BASAL SENSITIVITY, IS IMPAIRED BY THE EXPRESSION OF A CONSTITUTIVELY NUCLEAR LOCALIZED HDAC4 MUTANT. NEXT GENERATION RNA-SEQUENCING REVEALED AN HDAC4-REGULATED GENE PROGRAM COMPRISING MEDIATORS OF SENSITIZATION INCLUDING THE ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER OAT1, KNOWN FOR ITS RENAL TRANSPORT FUNCTION. USING PHARMACOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR TOOLS TO MODULATE OAT1 ACTIVITY OR EXPRESSION, WE CAUSALLY LINK OAT1 TO PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MICE. THUS, HDAC4 IS A KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT TRANSLATES NOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY INTO SENSITIZATION BY REGULATING OAT1, WHICH IS A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR PAIN-RELIEVING THERAPIES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11 3076  26 GENOME-WIDE EPIGENOMIC ANALYSES IN PATIENTS WITH NOCICEPTIVE AND NEUROPATHIC CHRONIC PAIN SUBTYPES REVEALS ALTERATIONS IN METHYLATION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE NEURO-MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. NOCICEPTIVE PAIN INVOLVES THE ACTIVATION OF NOCICEPTORS WITHOUT DAMAGE TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, WHEREAS NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS RELATED TO AN ALTERATION IN THE CENTRAL OR PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CHRONIC PAIN ITSELF AND THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN MAY BE EPIGENETICALLY CONTROLLED. IN THIS CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY, A GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING THE BLOOD DNA REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) TECHNIQUE. THREE PROSPECTIVE COHORTS INCLUDING 20 HEALTHY CONTROLS (CTL), 18 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NOCICEPTIVE PAIN (NOCI), AND 19 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NEURO) WERE COMPARED AT BOTH THE SINGLE CPG AND DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION (DMR) LEVELS. GENES WITH DMRS WERE SEEN IN THE NOCI AND NEURO GROUPS BELONGED TO THE NEURO-MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM AND DIFFERED BETWEEN NOCI AND NEURO PATIENTS. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC DISTURBANCES ACCOMPANYING NOCICEPTIVE PAIN ARE VERY DIFFERENT FROM THOSE ACCOMPANYING NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THE FORMER, AMONG OTHERS, THE EPIGENETIC DISTURBANCE OBSERVED WOULD AFFECT THE FUNCTION OF THE OPIOID ANALGESIC SYSTEM, WHEREAS IN THE LATTER IT WOULD AFFECT THAT OF THE GABAERGIC REWARD SYSTEM. THIS STUDY PRESENTS BIOLOGICAL FINDINGS THAT HELP TO CHARACTERIZE NOCI- AND NEURO-AFFECTED PATHWAYS AND OPENS THE POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING EPIGENETIC DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS. PERSPECTIVE: OUR RESULTS HELP TO EXPLAIN THE VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS MODIFICATIONS UNDERLYING THE DIFFERENT CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NOCICEPTIVE AND NEUROPATHIC PAINS. FURTHERMORE, THE NEW TARGETS IDENTIFIED IN OUR STUDY MIGHT HELP TO DISCOVER MORE SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR NOCICEPTIVE OR NEUROPATHIC PAINS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12 5781  36 SPINAL SIRT1 ACTIVATION ATTENUATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN MICE. ABNORMAL HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURS DURING NEUROPATHIC PAIN THROUGH AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. SILENT INFORMATION REGULATOR 1 (SIR2 OR SIRT1), A NAD-DEPENDENT DEACETYLASE, PLAYS COMPLEX SYSTEMIC ROLES IN A VARIETY OF PROCESSES THROUGH DEACETYLATING ACETYLATED HISTONE AND OTHER SPECIFIC SUBSTRATES. BUT THE ROLE OF SIRT1 IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS NOT WELL ESTABLISHED YET. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS INTENDED TO DETECT SIRT1 CONTENT AND ACTIVITY, NICOTINAMIDE (NAM) AND NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD) IN THE SPINAL CORD USING IMMUNOBLOTTING OR MASS SPECTROSCOPY OVER TIME IN MICE FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OR SHAM SURGERY. IN ADDITION, THE EFFECT OF INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF NAD OR RESVERATROL ON THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA WAS EVALUATED IN CCI MICE. FINALLY, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER SIRT1 INHIBITOR EX-527 COULD REVERSE THE ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF NAD OR RESVERATROL. IT WAS FOUND THAT SPINAL SIRT1 EXPRESSION, DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY AND NAD/NAM DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY 1, 3, 7, 14 AND 21 DAYS AFTER CCI SURGERY AS COMPARED WITH SHAM GROUP. IN ADDITION, DAILY INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF 5 MICROL 800 MM NAD 1 H BEFORE AND 1 DAY AFTER CCI SURGERY OR SINGLE INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF 5 MICROL 90 MM RESVERATROL 1 H BEFORE CCI SURGERY PRODUCED A TRANSIENT INHIBITORY EFFECT ON THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA IN CCI MICE. FINALLY, AN INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF 5 MICROL 1.2 MM EX-527 1 H BEFORE NAD OR RESVERATROL ADMINISTRATION REVERSED THE ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF NAD OR RESVERATROL. THESE DATA INDICATE THAT THE REDUCTION IN SIRT1 DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY MAY BE A FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN CCI MICE. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE ENHANCEMENT OF SPINAL NAD/NAM AND/OR SIRT1 ACTIVITY MAY BE A POTENTIALLY PROMISING STRATEGY FOR THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13 1434  33 DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF GENES IN THE HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1 SIGNALING PATHWAY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH PACLITAXEL-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY IN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS AND WITH PRECLINICAL MODELS OF CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BACKGROUND: PACLITAXEL IS AN IMPORTANT CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER. PACLITAXEL-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY (PIPN) IS A MAJOR DOSE-LIMITING TOXICITY THAT CAN PERSIST INTO SURVIVORSHIP. WHILE NOT ALL SURVIVORS DEVELOP PIPN, FOR THOSE WHO DO, IT HAS A SUBSTANTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THEIR FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE. NO INTERVENTIONS ARE AVAILABLE TO TREAT PIPN. IN OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES, WE IDENTIFIED THAT THE HIF-1 SIGNALING PATHWAY (H1SP) WAS PERTURBED BETWEEN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS WITH AND WITHOUT PIPN. PRECLINICAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE H1SP IS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BORTEZOMIB-INDUCED AND DIABETIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, AND SCIATIC NERVE INJURY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO IDENTIFY H1SP GENES THAT HAVE BOTH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AND DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION BETWEEN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS WITH AND WITHOUT PIPN. METHODS: A MULTI-STAGED INTEGRATED ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED. IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD, METHYLATION WAS ASSAYED USING MICROARRAY AND GENE EXPRESSION WAS ASSAYED USING RNA-SEQ. CANDIDATE GENES IN THE H1SP HAVING BOTH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATION AND DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION WERE IDENTIFIED BETWEEN SURVIVORS WHO RECEIVED PACLITAXEL AND DID (N = 25) AND DID NOT (N = 25) DEVELOP PIPN. THEN, CANDIDATE GENES WERE EVALUATED FOR DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AND DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN PUBLIC DATA SETS OF PRECLINICAL MODELS OF PIPN AND SCIATIC NERVE INJURY. RESULTS: EIGHT CANDIDATE GENES WERE IDENTIFIED AS BOTH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AND DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN SURVIVORS. OF THE EIGHT HOMOLOGS IDENTIFIED, ONE WAS FOUND TO BE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN BOTH PIPN AND "NORMAL" MICE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA; THREE WERE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN SCIATIC NERVE INJURY VERSUS SHAM RATS IN BOTH PRE-FRONTAL CORTEX AND T-CELLS; AND TWO WERE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN SCIATIC NERVE INJURY VERSUS SHAM RATS IN THE PRE-FRONTAL CORTEX. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IS THE FIRST TO EVALUATE FOR METHYLATION IN CANCER SURVIVORS WITH CHRONIC PIPN. THE FINDINGS PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT THE EXPRESSION OF H1SP GENES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PIPN IN CANCER SURVIVORS MAY BE REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND SUGGESTS GENES FOR VALIDATION AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14 4742  24 NOVEL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN MICROGLIA DERIVED FROM A MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC PAIN. AS THE RESIDENT IMMUNE CELLS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, MICROGLIA PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE MAINTENANCE OF ITS HOMEOSTASIS. DYSREGULATION OF MICROGLIA HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC PAIN. HOWEVER, THE RELEVANT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS REMAIN POORLY DEFINED. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED A MASS SPECTROMETRY-BASED PROTEOMIC APPROACH TO SCREEN POTENTIAL CHANGES OF HISTONE PROTEIN MODIFICATIONS IN MICROGLIA ISOLATED FROM THE BRAIN OF CONTROL AND CISPLATIN-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN ADULT C57BL/6J MALE MICE. WE IDENTIFIED SEVERAL NOVEL MICROGLIAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN, INCLUDING STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED HISTONE H3.1 LYSINE 27 MONO-METHYLATION (H3.1K27ME1, 54.8% OF CONTROL) AND H3 LYSINE 56 TRI-METHYLATION (7.5% OF CONTROL), AS WELL AS A TREND SUGGESTING INCREASED H3 TYROSINE 41 NITRATION. WE FURTHER INVESTIGATED THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF H3.1K27ME1 AND FOUND THAT TREATMENT OF CULTURED MICROGLIAL CELLS FOR 4 CONSECUTIVE DAYS WITH 1-10 MUM OF NCDM-64, A POTENT AND SELECTIVE INHIBITOR OF LYSINE DEMETHYLASE 7A, AN ENZYME RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEMETHYLATION OF H3K27ME1, DOSE-DEPENDENTLY ELEVATED ITS LEVELS WITH A GREATER THAN A TWO-FOLD INCREASE OBSERVED AT 10 MUM COMPARED TO VEHICLE-TREATED CONTROL CELLS. MOREOVER, PRETREATMENT OF MICE WITH NCDM-64 (10 OR 25 MG/KG/DAY, I.P.) PRIOR TO CISPLATIN TREATMENT PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN MICE. THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC CHROMATIN MARKS IN MICROGLIA ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN MAY YIELD CRITICAL INSIGHT INTO THE CONTRIBUTION OF MICROGLIA TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF PAIN, AND OPENS NEW AVENUES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL NONOPIOID THERAPEUTICS FOR THE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15 6429  34 THE UPREGULATION OF NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION BY TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 2 (TET2) CONTRIBUTED TO DIABETIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN MICE. BACKGROUND: THE NUCLEOTIDE OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN (NOD)-LIKE RECEPTOR FAMILY PYRIN DOMAIN CONTAINING 3 (NLRP3) IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) CONTRIBUTES TO PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MULTIPLE NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS, BUT THE FUNCTION OF THE NLRP3 IN DIABETIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN (DNP) AND THE REGULATION MECHANISM ARE STILL LARGELY UNKNOWN. EPIGENETIC REGULATION PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN THE CONTROLLING OF GENE EXPRESSION. TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 2 (TET2) IS A DNA DEMETHYLASE THAT CONTRIBUTES TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. TET2 IS ALSO INVOLVED IN HIGH GLUCOSE (HG)-INDUCED PATHOLOGY. METHODS: DNP WAS INDUCED IN MICE VIA THE INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF STREPTOZOTOCIN (STZ) FOR FIVE CONSECUTIVE DAYS AND THE MECHANICAL THRESHOLD WAS EVALUATED IN STZ-DIABETIC MICE BY USING VON FREY HAIRS. THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF THE NLRP3 PATHWAY AND TET2 IN DRG WERE DETERMINED THROUGH MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EXPERIMENTS. THE REGULATION OF THE NLRP3 PATHWAY BY TET2 WAS EXAMINED IN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO CONDITIONS. RESULTS: IN THE PRESENT RESEARCH, WE FIRST ESTABLISHED THE DNP MODEL AND FOUND THAT NLRP3 PATHWAY WAS ACTIVATED IN DRG. THE TREATMENT OF NLRP3 INHIBITOR MCC950 ALLEVIATED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA OF DNP MICE. THEN WE REVEALED THAT IN STZ-DIABETIC MICE DRG, THE GENOMIC DNA WAS DEMETHYLATED, AND THE EXPRESSION OF DNA DEMETHYLASE TET2 WAS INCREASED EVIDENTLY. USING RNA-SEQUENCING ANALYSIS, WE FOUND THAT THE EXPRESSION OF TXNIP, A GENE THAT ENCODES A THIOREDOXIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN (TXNIP) WHICH MEDIATES NLRP3 ACTIVATION, WAS ELEVATED IN THE DRG AFTER STZ TREATMENT. IN ADDITION, KNOCKING DOWN OF TET2 EXPRESSION IN DRG USING TET2-SIRNA SUPPRESSED THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF TXNIP AND SUBSEQUENTLY INHIBITED THE EXPRESSION/ACTIVATION OF NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME IN VITRO AND IN VIVO AS WELL AS RELIEVED THE PAIN SENSITIVITY OF DNP ANIMALS. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT THE UPREGULATION OF THE TXNIP/NLRP3 PATHWAY BY TET2 IN DRG WAS INVOLVED IN THE PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY OF THE DNP MODEL.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16 3122  30 GESTATIONAL VALPROIC ACID EXPOSURE INDUCES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN MURINE DECIDUA. INTRODUCTION: VALPROIC ACID (VPA), A WIDELY PRESCRIBED ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUG AND AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN, RESULTS IN MULTIPLE DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS FOLLOWING IN UTERO EXPOSURE. UTERINE DECIDUA PROVIDES NUTRITIONAL AND PHYSICAL SUPPORT DURING IMPLANTATION AND EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. PERTURBATIONS IN THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS WITHIN DECIDUAL TISSUE DURING EARLY PREGNANCY MIGHT AFFECT EARLY EMBRYONIC GROWTH, RESULT IN EARLY PREGNANCY LOSS OR CAUSE COMPLICATIONS IN THE LATER GESTATIONAL STAGE. VPA IS A KNOWN HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION AND METHYLATION HAVE BEEN PROPOSED AS A MECHANISM OF VPA-INDUCED TERATOGENESIS. METHODS: THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF IN UTERO VPA EXPOSURE ON HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN MURINE DECIDUAL TISSUE. PREGNANT CD-1 MICE WERE EXPOSED TO 400 MG/KG VPA OR SALINE ON GD9 VIA SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION. DECIDUAL TISSUE FROM EACH GESTATIONAL SAC WAS HARVESTED AT 1, 3 AND 6 H FOLLOWING EXPOSURE. LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HISTONES H3, H4 AND H3K56, AS WELL AS METHYLATED HISTONES H3K9 AND H3K27 WERE ACID EXTRACTED AND ASSESSED BY WESTERN BLOTTING FOLLOWED BY ACID HISTONE EXTRACTION. RESULTS: VPA EXPOSURE INDUCED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE (P < 0.05) IN THE LEVELS OF ACETYLATED H3 AT 1, 3 H; ACETYLATED H4 AT 1, 3 AND 6 H AND TRIMETHYLATED H3K9 AT 6 H. IN CONTRAST, NO SIGNIFICANT PERTURBATIONS WERE NOTED IN THE LEVELS OF MONOMETHYLATED H3K9, TRIMETHYLATED H3K27 AND ACETYLATED H3K56. DISCUSSION: THE RESULTS FROM THIS STUDY SUGGEST THAT VPA-INDUCED DECIDUAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MIGHT PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS A MECHANISM OF VPA-INDUCED TERATOGENESIS DURING EARLY EMBRYONIC GROWTH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
17 5273  21 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND BDNF AND DAT1 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH DRUG ADDICTION. BACKGROUND: DRUG ADDICTION IS A BRAIN DISORDER THAT HAS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY. ADDICTIONS ARE CHRONIC RELAPSING DISEASES OF THE BRAIN THAT ARE CAUSED BY DIRECT DRUG-INDUCED EFFECTS AND PERSEVERING NEUROADAPTATIONS AT THE EPIGENETIC, NEUROPEPTIDE AND NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS. BECAUSE THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM HAS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DRUG ABUSE, THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ANALYZE THE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION PROFILE OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) AND DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER (DAT1) GENES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DRUG ADDICTION. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BDNF AND DAT1 PROMOTER METHYLATION WERE INVESTIGATED WITH A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) TECHNIQUE IN BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 75 INDIVIDUALS WITH DRUG ADDICTION AND 65 HEALTHY CONTROLS. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF AND DAT1 WERE ASSESSED IN 12 MRNA SAMPLES FROM THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS AND COMPARED TO THE SAMPLES OF HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 12) WITH REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR. RESULTS: NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN THE METHYLATION OF BDNF AND DAT1 BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, BUT THE RELATIVE LEVELS OF EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND DAT1 MRNA DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE BDNF AND DAT1 GENES HAD NO SIGNIFICANT FUNCTION IN THE PROCESSES OF DRUG ADDICTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18 5401  34 REDUCTION OF SIRT1 EPIGENETICALLY UPREGULATES NALP1 EXPRESSION AND CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG BORTEZOMIB. BACKGROUND: BORTEZOMIB IS A FREQUENTLY USED CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG FOR THE TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND OTHER NONSOLID MALIGNANCIES. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT BORTEZOMIB-INDUCED PERSISTENT PAIN SERVES AS THE MOST FREQUENT REASON FOR TREATMENT DISCONTINUATION. METHODS: THE VON FREY TEST WAS PERFORMED TO EVALUATE NEUROPATHIC PAIN BEHAVIOR, AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, WESTERN BLOT, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, AND SMALL INTERFERING RNA WERE PERFORMED TO EXPLORE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN ADULT MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT APPLICATION OF BORTEZOMIB SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF NALP1 PROTEIN AND MRNA LEVELS IN SPINAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS, AND INTRATHECAL APPLICATION OF NALP1 SIRNA ATTENUATED THE BORTEZOMIB-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA. IN ADDITION, BORTEZOMIB ALSO DECREASED THE SIRT1 EXPRESSION, AND TREATMENT WITH SIRT1 ACTIVATOR RESVERATROL AMELIORATED THE NALP1 UPREGULATION AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA INDUCED BY BORTEZOMIB. MEANWHILE, KNOCKDOWN OF SIRT1 USING THE SIRT1 SIRNA INDUCED THE NALP1 UPREGULATION IN DORSAL HORN AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA IN NORMAL ANIMAL. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT REDUCTION OF SIRT1 INDUCED THE NALP1 UPREGULATION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS, AND PARTICIPATED IN BORTEZOMIB-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA. IMPORTANTLY, WE FOUND THAT THE BINDING OF SIRT1 AND NALP1 PROMOTER REGION DID NOT CHANGE BEFORE AND AFTER BORTEZOMIB TREATMENT, BUT SIRT1 DOWNREGULATION INCREASED P-STAT3 EXPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, THE ACTIVATION OF STAT3 ENHANCED THE RECRUITMENT OF P-STAT3 TO THE NALP1 GENE PROMOTER, WHICH INCREASED THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AND H4 IN NALP1 PROMOTER REGIONS AND EPIGENETICALLY UPREGULATED NALP1 EXPRESSION IN THE RODENTS WITH BORTEZOMIB TREATMENT. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED A NEW EPIGENETIC MECHANISM FOR NALP1 UPREGULATION INVOLVING SIRT1 REDUCTION AND SUBSEQUENT STAT3-MEDIATED HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN NALP1 PROMOTER REGION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS, WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO THE BORTEZOMIB-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19 2297  24 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN. ACUTE PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DAMAGE, WHICH RESULTS IN THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. RECENT STUDIES POINT TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (DNA METHYLATION) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAIN. WE HAVE FOUND THAT DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY THE APPLICATION OF 10% MUSTARD OIL ON THE TONGUES OF RATS, LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B WERE ELEVATED MARKEDLY (36 AND 42 % RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY. PREVIOUS INJECTION OF XEFOCAM WITH 0,4 MG/KG DOSE DECREASED LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B (25 AND 24% RESPECTIVELY). THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. THE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE IDEA THAT INHIBITORS OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES COULD BE USEFUL FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT NSAIDS (ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH DNMT INHIBITORS) MAY BE PROPOSED AS POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY AGENTS, WHICH MAY PLAY A ROLE IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INDIRECTLY THROUGH ALTERING THE ACTIVITY OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INVOLVED IN PAIN DEVELOPMENT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  433  25 ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF HOMER1 PROMOTER IN A MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC DEPRESSION. BACKGROUND: UNDERSTANDING THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THERAPEUTIC MEASURES IS CURRENTLY A RESEARCH PRIORITY. WE HAVE SHOWN THAT THE EXPRESSION OF THE SYNAPTIC PROTEIN HOMER1A CORRELATES WITH DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND ITS INDUCTION IS A COMMON MECHANISM OF ACTION OF DIFFERENT ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM OF HOMER1A REGULATION IS STILL UNKNOWN. METHODS: WE COMBINED THE CHRONIC DESPAIR MOUSE MODEL (CDM) OF CHRONIC DEPRESSION WITH DIFFERENT ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS. DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR WAS CHARACTERIZED BY FORCED SWIM AND TAIL SUSPENSION TESTS, AND VIA AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF SUCROSE PREFERENCE IN INTELLICAGE. THE HOMER1 MRNA EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION WERE ANALYZED IN CORTEX AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD BY QRT-PCR AND PYROSEQUENCING. RESULTS: CDM MICE SHOW DECREASED HOMER1A AND HOMER1B/C MRNA EXPRESSION IN CORTEX AND BLOOD SAMPLES, WHILE CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH IMIPRAMINE AND FLUOXETINE OR ACUTE KETAMINE APPLICATION INCREASES THEIR LEVEL ONLY IN THE CORTEX. THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSES OF THE METHYLATION OF 7 CPG SITES, LOCATED ON THE HOMER1 PROMOTER REGION CONTAINING SEVERAL CRE BINDING SITES, SHOW A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE CORTEX OF CDM MICE. IN CONTRAST, ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS REDUCE THE METHYLATION LEVEL. LIMITATIONS: HOMER1 EXPRESSION AND PROMOTOR METHYLATION WERE NOT ANALYZED IN DIFFERENT BLOOD CELL TYPES. OTHER CPG SITES OF HOMER1 PROMOTER SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED IN FUTURE STUDIES. OUR EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH DOES NOT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: WE DEMONSTRATE THAT STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF HOMER1 PROMOTER, PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISM OF ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT.	2021