1 2646 130 EPIGENOMIC LINKS BETWEEN SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND SYMPTOMS: A SCOPING REVIEW. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH (SDOH) IMPACT HEALTH AND WELLNESS. THE LINK BETWEEN SDOH AND ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES, INCLUDING SYMPTOM OCCURRENCE AND SEVERITY, MAY BE EXPLAINED BY AN INDIVIDUAL'S PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE TO ONE OR MORE SDOH. ONE POTENTIAL MECHANISM UNDERLYING THIS PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE LINKING SDOH AND SYMPTOMS IS THE DYNAMIC EPIGENOME. THE PURPOSE OF THIS SCOPING REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE WAS TO EXAMINE DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR SYMPTOMS BY IDENTIFYING AND SUMMARIZING RESEARCH LINKING SDOH AND SYMPTOMS THROUGH EPIGENOMIC MECHANISMS. PUBMED WAS SEARCHED TO IDENTIFY EMPIRICAL RESEARCH WHERE AT LEAST ONE SDOH WAS AN INDEPENDENT OR DEPENDENT VARIABLE, AT LEAST ONE SYMPTOM WAS INVESTIGATED, AND THE INVESTIGATION INCLUDED AN EPIGENOMIC MEASURE. OF THE 484 ARTICLES INITIALLY RETRIEVED, AFTER THOROUGH VETTING, 41 ARTICLES MET ELIGIBILITY. THE MOST STUDIED SYMPTOM WAS DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS FOLLOWED BY ANXIETY, COGNITIVE FUNCTION, SLEEP DYSFUNCTION, AND PAIN. THE MOST FREQUENTLY STUDIED SDOH WERE: 1) STRESS, PARTICULARLY EARLY LIFE STRESS AND ACCULTURATIVE STRESS; AND 2) TRAUMA, PREDOMINANTLY CHILDHOOD TRAUMA. DNA METHYLATION AND TELOMERE LENGTH WERE THE MOST STUDIED EPIGENOMIC MEASURES. FOUR GENES (SLC6A4, BDNF, NR3C1, OXTR) HAD EVIDENCE FROM MULTIPLE STUDIES AND ACROSS METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES LINKING SDOH TO SYMPTOMS. THIS REVIEW SUPPORTS THE INCLUSION OF EPIGENOMIC APPROACHES TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE LINK BETWEEN SDOH AND SYMPTOMS AND PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT SDOH IMPACT TELOMERE LENGTH AND THE METHYLATION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NEUROTRANSMITTER SIGNALING, NEURONAL SURVIVAL, BEHAVIOR, INFLAMMATION AND STRESS RESPONSE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2 3630  39 INCLUSION OF SOCIAL AND STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH TO ADVANCE UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE BIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASE. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH (SDOH) CONSIDER SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HEALTH DISPARITIES IN PATIENTS AND POPULATIONS. THE MOST COMMON HEALTH-RELATED SDOH EXPOSURES ARE FOOD AND HOUSING INSECURITY, FINANCIAL INSTABILITY, TRANSPORTATION NEEDS, LOW LEVELS OF EDUCATION, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS. THESE DOMAINS DESCRIBE RISKS THAT CAN IMPACT HEALTH OUTCOMES MORE THAN HEALTH CARE. EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH DEMONSTRATES THAT SDOH FACTORS REPRESENT EXPOSURES THAT PREDICT HARM AND IMPACT THE HEALTH OF INDIVIDUALS. INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GUIDELINES URGE HEALTH PROFESSIONALS TO ADDRESS SDOH IN CLINICAL PRACTICE AND PUBLIC HEALTH. THE FURTHER IMPLEMENTATION OF THESE RECOMMENDATIONS INTO BASIC AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH, HOWEVER, IS LAGGING. HEREIN, WE CONSIDER A PRECISION HEALTH FRAMEWORK TO DESCRIBE HOW SDOH CONTRIBUTES TO THE EXPOSOME AND EXACERBATES PHYSIOLOGIC PATHWAYS THAT LEAD TO CHRONIC DISEASE. SDOH FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS FORMS OF STRESSORS THAT IMPACT PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES THROUGH EPIGENETIC, INFLAMMATORY, AND REDOX REGULATION. MANY SDOH EXPOSURES MAY ADD TO OR POTENTIATE THE PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. THIS OVERVIEW AIMS TO INFORM BASIC LIFE SCIENCE AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCHERS ABOUT SDOH EXPOSURES THAT CAN CONFOUND ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CLASSIC BIOMEDICAL DETERMINANTS OF DISEASE AND HEALTH OUTCOMES. TO ADVANCE THE STUDY OF TOXICOLOGY THROUGH EITHER QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURES TO CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES, A MORE COMPLETE ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION SHOULD INCLUDE SDOH EXPOSURES. WE DISCUSS COMMON APPROACHES TO MEASURE SDOH FACTORS AT INDIVIDUAL AND POPULATION LEVELS AND REVIEW THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SDOH RISK FACTORS AND PHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS THAT INFLUENCE CHRONIC DISEASE. WE PROVIDE CLINICAL AND POLICY-BASED MOTIVATION TO ENCOURAGE RESEARCHERS TO CONSIDER THE IMPACT OF SDOH EXPOSURES ON STUDY RESULTS AND DATA INTERPRETATION. WITH VALID MEASURES OF SDOH FACTORS INCORPORATED INTO STUDY DESIGN AND ANALYSES, FUTURE TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO AN EVIDENCE BASE THAT CAN BETTER INFORM PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OPTIONS, TO IMPROVE EQUITABLE CLINICAL CARE AND POPULATION HEALTH. (C) 2022 WILEY PERIODICALS LLC.	2022	
                     
3  707  36 BY WHAT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS DO SOCIAL DETERMINANTS IMPACT CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK? WHILE IT IS WELL KNOWN FROM NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS THAT SOCIAL DETERMINANTS (SOCIOECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS EXPOSED TO OVER THE LIFE-COURSE) CAN DRAMATICALLY IMPACT CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH SOCIAL DETERMINANTS LEAD TO POOR CARDIOMETABOLIC OUTCOMES ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. THIS REVIEW COMPREHENSIVELY SUMMARIZES A VARIETY OF CURRENT TOPICS SURROUNDING THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ADVERSE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS (I.E., THE BIOLOGY OF ADVERSITY), LINKING TRANSLATIONAL AND LABORATORY STUDIES WITH EPIDEMIOLOGIC FINDINGS. WITH A STRONG FOCUS ON THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STRESS, WE HIGHLIGHT AN ARRAY OF STUDIES ON MOLECULAR AND IMMUNOLOGICAL SIGNALING IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH (SDOH). THE MAIN TOPICS COVERED INCLUDE BIOMARKERS OF SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS ACTIVATION, AND THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN THE BIOLOGY OF ADVERSITY FOCUSING ON GLUCOCORTICOID RESISTANCE AND KEY INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES LINKED TO PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS (PSES). WE THEN FURTHER DISCUSS THE EFFECT OF SDOH ON IMMUNE CELL DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERIZATION BY SUBSET, RECEPTOR EXPRESSION, AND FUNCTION. LASTLY, WE DESCRIBE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE CHRONIC STRESS RESPONSE AND EFFECTS OF SDOH ON TELOMERE LENGTH AND AGING. ULTIMATELY, WE HIGHLIGHT CRITICAL KNOWLEDGE GAPS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AS WE STRIVE TO DEVELOP MORE TARGETED INTERVENTIONS THAT ACCOUNT FOR SDOH TO IMPROVE CARDIOMETABOLIC HEALTH FOR AT-RISK, VULNERABLE POPULATIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  120  35 A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT AND DNA METHYLATION: CANDIDATE GENE AND EPIGENOME-WIDE APPROACHES. CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC AND SEVERE MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH PROBLEMS ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MALTREATMENT IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT MAY SUBSEQUENTLY SERVE AS MECHANISMS OF DISEASE. THE CURRENT REVIEW USES A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO IDENTIFY AND SUMMARIZE THE LITERATURE RELATED TO CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT AND ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION IN HUMANS. A TOTAL OF 100 EMPIRICAL ARTICLES WERE IDENTIFIED IN OUR SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RESEARCH PUBLISHED PRIOR TO OR DURING MARCH 2020, INCLUDING STUDIES THAT FOCUSED ON CANDIDATE GENES AND STUDIES THAT LEVERAGED EPIGENOME-WIDE DATA IN BOTH CHILDREN AND ADULTS. THEMES ARISING FROM THE LITERATURE, INCLUDING CONSISTENT AND INCONSISTENT PATTERNS OF RESULTS, ARE PRESENTED. SEVERAL DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH, INCLUDING IMPORTANT METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY DESIGN, ARE DISCUSSED. TAKEN TOGETHER, THE LITERATURE ON CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT AND DNA METHYLATION UNDERSCORES THE COMPLEXITY OF TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND BIOLOGY ACROSS DEVELOPMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  247  38 ADULTHOOD ASTHMA AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF EPIGENETICALLY AFFECTED GENES. THERE IS AN ACCUMULATING DATA THAT SHOWS RELATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND VULNERABILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASES AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES THAT IN TURN GIVE RISE TO THESE DISEASES. ASTHMA IS ONE OF THE CHRONIC DISEASES THAT IS INFLUENCED FROM GENETIC REGULATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY BIOMOLECULES AND THEREFORE THE HYPOTHESIS IN THIS RESEARCH WAS CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY MIGHT HAVE CAUSED EPIGENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN THE ASTHMA-RELATED GENES IN THE POPULATION WHO HAD CHILDHOOD TRAUMA. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, THE LITERATURE WAS SYSTEMATICALLY REVIEWED TO EXTRACT EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED GENE DATA OF THE ADULTS WHO HAD CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY, AND AFFECTED GENES WERE FURTHER EVALUATED FOR THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH ASTHMA. PRISMA GUIDELINES WERE ADOPTED AND PUBMED AND GOOGLE SCHOLAR WERE INCLUDED IN THE SEARCHED DATABASES, TO EVALUATE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN ASTHMA-RELATED GENES OF PHYSICALLY, EMOTIONALLY OR SEXUALLY ABUSED CHILDREN. AFTER RETRIEVING A TOTAL OF 5245 ARTICLES, 36 OF THEM WERE INCLUDED IN THE STUDY. SEVERAL GENES AND PATHWAYS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PATHOGENESIS OF ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT, INCREASED INFLAMMATION, OR RESPONSE TO ASTHMA TREATMENT WERE FOUND EPIGENETICALLY AFFECTED BY CHILDHOOD TRAUMAS. CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY, CAUSING EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN DNA, MAY LEAD TO ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT OR INFLUENCE THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE AND THEREFORE SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR THE PROLONGED HEALTH CONSEQUENCES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6 2021  39 EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRESSORS AND SUICIDE. STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS EPIGENETIC CHANGES. SOME STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE HIGHLY DYNAMIC, WHEREAS OTHERS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LASTING MARKS ON THE EPIGENOME. IN OUR STUDY, A COMPREHENSIVE NARRATIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE WAS PERFORMED BY INVESTIGATING THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR WITH ACUTE STRESS, CHRONIC STRESS, EARLY CHILDHOOD STRESS, AND TRAUMATIC STRESS EXPOSURES, ALONG WITH EXAMINING THOSE OBSERVED IN POST-MORTEM BRAINS OR BLOOD SAMPLES OF SUICIDE COMPLETERS AND ATTEMPTERS. IN ADDITION, THE TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF THESE CHANGES ARE REPORTED. FOR ALL TYPES OF STRESS STUDIES EXAMINED, THE GENES NR3C1, OXTR, SLC6A4, AND BDNF REPRODUCIBLY SHOWED EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WITH SOME MODIFICATIONS OBSERVED TO BE PASSED DOWN TO SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS FOLLOWING STRESS EXPOSURES. THE AFOREMENTIONED GENES ARE KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT AND HORMONAL REGULATION AND ARE ALL ASSOCIATED WITH SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS INCLUDING DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, PERSONALITY DISORDERS, AND PTSD (POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER). FURTHER RESEARCH IS WARRANTED IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE SCOPE OF EPIGENETIC ACTIONABLE TARGETS IN INDIVIDUALS SUFFERING FROM THE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7 5316  36 PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS IN EARLY LIFE AS A PREDISPOSING FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN: CLINICAL AND PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. A WEALTH OF RESEARCH OVER THE PAST 2 DECADES HAS EXPANDED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY ON PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, HEALTH AND WELLBEING IN LATER LIFE. EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY INCREASES THE RISK OF DEVELOPING A NUMBER OF DISORDERS, SUCH AS CHRONIC PAIN, FIBROMYALGIA, AND IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME. ALTHOUGH MUCH OF THE RESEARCH HAS EXAMINED THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL MALTREATMENT, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CHILDHOOD PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND TRAUMA ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. WE REVIEW THE CLINICAL AND PRECLINICAL DATA EXAMINING THE LINK AMONG EARLY-LIFE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, ALTERED NOCICEPTIVE BEHAVIOR, AND CHRONIC PAIN IN LATER LIFE. EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A ROLE FOR CERTAIN KEY NEUROBIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATES, INCLUDING THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; MONOAMINERGIC, OPIOIDERGIC, ENDOCANNABINOID AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS; AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EARLY-LIFE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND CHRONIC PAIN, IS PROVIDED. GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY-LIFE STRESS MAY INFORM THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENTS FOR CHRONIC PAIN IN LATER LIFE AND STRATEGIES TO PREVENT ITS ONSET IN SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. (C) 2016 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8 6478  26 TOPICAL REVIEW: THE EMERGING FIELD OF EPIGENETICS: INFORMING MODELS OF PEDIATRIC TRAUMA AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. OBJECTIVE: TRAUMA EXPERIENCED DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE HAS BEEN LINKED TO A NUMBER OF CHRONIC MEDICAL CONCERNS. WE HIGHLIGHT MAJOR FINDINGS FROM THE PEDIATRIC TRAUMA LITERATURE TO PROVIDE A MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING THIS ASSOCIATION. METHODS: STUDIES EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF TRAUMA WERE SYSTEMATICALLY REVIEWED AND SYNTHESIZED INTO A MODEL PROPOSING A CENTRAL ROLE FOR EPIGENETICS IN THE WAYS THAT CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES CAN AFFECT HEALTH. RESULTS: EARLY HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS RESPONSE MAY IMPACT INITIAL TRAUMA EXPERIENCE, WITH DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS ON POSTTRAUMA ADJUSTMENT REFLECTED IN POSTTRAUMA NEUROBIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH, AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. CONCLUSIONS: PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH WITH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS EXPOSED TO TRAUMA IS NEEDED TO BETTER CHARACTERIZE THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ON THE COURSE OF HPA AND IMMUNE PROCESSES AS RELATED TO POSTTRAUMA PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OUTCOMES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9 1971  41 EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD TRAUMA AND ADULT MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. OBJECTIVES: MULTIPLE, CHRONIC AND REPEATED TRAUMA EXPOSURE IN CHILDHOOD IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES IN ADULTHOOD. IN THIS PAPER WE SYNTHESISE THE LITERATURE ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN CHILDHOOD TRAUMA (CT) AND THE MEDIATING EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTIAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CT AND THE LATER ONSET OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS.METHODS: WE REVIEWED THE LITERATURE UP TO MARCH 2018 IN FOUR DATABASES: PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE, EBSCOHOST AND SCOPUS. NON-HUMAN STUDIES WERE EXCLUDED. ALL STUDIES INVESTIGATING CT EXPOSURE BOTH IN HEALTHY ADULTS (18 YEARS AND OLDER) AND ADULTS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS WERE INCLUDED.RESULTS: THIRTY-SIX PUBLICATIONS WERE INCLUDED. FOR MOOD DISORDERS, METHYLATION OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR NR3C1 GENE, SPECIFICALLY AT THE NGFI-A BINDING SITE IN EXON 1F, AND CORRELATION WITH CT WAS A ROBUST FINDING. SEVERAL STUDIES DOCUMENTED DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF SLC6A4, BDNF, OXTR AND FKBP5 IN ASSOCIATION WITH CT. COMMON PATHWAYS IDENTIFIED INCLUDE NEURONAL FUNCTIONING AND MAINTENANCE, IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES, CHROMATIN AND HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING.CONCLUSIONS: A VARIETY OF EPIGENETIC MEDIATORS THAT LIE ON A COMMON PATHWAY BETWEEN CT AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, ALTHOUGH LONGITUDINAL STUDIES AND CONSISTENCY IN METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ARE NEEDED TO DISENTANGLE CAUSE AND EFFECT ASSOCIATIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10 4591  34 NARRATIVE REVIEW OF THE COMPLEX INTERACTION BETWEEN PAIN AND TRAUMA IN CHILDREN: A FOCUS ON BIOLOGICAL MEMORY, PRECLINICAL DATA, AND EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. THE INCIDENCE AND COLLECTIVE IMPACT OF EARLY ADVERSE EXPERIENCES, TRAUMA, AND PAIN CONTINUE TO INCREASE. THIS UNDERSCORES THE URGENT NEED FOR TRANSLATIONAL EFFORTS BETWEEN CLINICAL AND PRECLINICAL RESEARCH TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND DEVELOP EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. AS OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THESE ISSUES IMPROVES FROM STUDIES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS, WE CAN CREATE MORE PRECISE PRECLINICAL MODELS AND ULTIMATELY TRANSLATE OUR FINDINGS BACK TO CLINICAL PRACTICE. A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IS ESSENTIAL FOR ADDRESSING THE COMPLEX AND WIDE-RANGING EFFECTS OF THESE EXPERIENCES ON INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY. THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW AIMS TO (1) DEFINE PAIN AND TRAUMA EXPERIENCES IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENTS, (2) DISCUSS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAIN AND TRAUMA, (3) CONSIDER THE ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL MEMORY, (4) DECIPHER THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAIN AND TRAUMA USING PRECLINICAL DATA, AND (5) EXAMINE THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT BY INTRODUCING THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. THE ULTIMATE SCOPE IS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE WIDE-RANGING EFFECTS OF TRAUMA, ABUSE, AND CHRONIC PAIN ON CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS, HOW THEY OCCUR, AND HOW TO PREVENT OR MITIGATE THEIR EFFECTS AND DEVELOP EFFECTIVE TREATMENT STRATEGIES THAT ADDRESS BOTH THE UNDERLYING CAUSES AND THE ASSOCIATED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11 1203  37 COULD EPIGENETICS HELP EXPLAIN RACIAL DISPARITIES IN CHRONIC PAIN? AFRICAN AMERICANS DISPROPORTIONATELY SUFFER MORE SEVERE AND DEBILITATING MORBIDITY FROM CHRONIC PAIN THAN DO NON-HISPANIC WHITES. THESE DIFFERENCES MAY ARISE FROM DIFFERENTIAL EXPOSURE TO PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND DEPRESSION, ALL OF WHICH HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC STRESS AND CHRONIC PAIN. RACE, AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT, MAKES IT SUCH THAT AFRICAN AMERICANS ARE MORE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT EARLY LIFE CONDITIONS, WHICH MAY INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT SUSTAIN RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN CHRONIC PAIN. EPIGENETICS IS ONE MECHANISM BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS CHILDHOOD STRESS, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, ECONOMIC HARDSHIP, AND DEPRESSION CAN AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING THE UNDERLYING GENETIC SEQUENCE. THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON EPIGENETICS AS A MECHANISM BY WHICH DIFFERENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE COULD EXPLAIN RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN CHRONIC PAIN. MOST STUDIES OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC PAIN EXAMINE DNA METHYLATION. DNA METHYLATION IS ALTERED IN THE GLUCOCORTICOID (STRESS RESPONSE) RECEPTOR GENE, NR3C1, WHICH HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION, CHILDHOOD STRESS, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND CHRONIC PAIN. SIMILARLY, DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF IMMUNE CYTOKINE GENES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC STRESS STATES. THUS, DNA METHYLATION CHANGES MAY PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF CHRONIC PAIN IN DIFFERENT RACES WITH A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CONTRIBUTING TO MORE SEVERE AND DISABLING CHRONIC PAIN IN AFRICAN AMERICANS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12 2677  33 EVALUATING THE CHALLENGES AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF STUDIES INVESTIGATING DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS. PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF A WIDE RANGE OF NEGATIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES. STUDIES HAVE BEEN COMPLETED TO DETERMINE IF DNA METHYLATION CHANGES OCCUR IN THE HUMAN BRAIN BECAUSE OF STRESS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM EFFECTS AND DISEASE, BUT RESULTS HAVE BEEN INCONSISTENT. HUMAN CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES (150) AND EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (67) WERE SYSTEMATICALLY EVALUATED TO ASSESS HOW DNA METHYLATION IS IMPACTED BY STRESS DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD AND ADULTHOOD. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION OF NR3C1 EXON 1F AND CHILD MALTREATMENT AND EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY WAS WELL DEMONSTRATED, BUT OTHER GENES DID NOT EXHIBIT A CLEAR ASSOCIATION. THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF INDIVIDUAL CPG SITES IN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES WAS ALSO POOR. HOWEVER, BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING STRESS RESPONSE, BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND IMMUNITY, HAVE BEEN CONSISTENTLY IDENTIFIED ACROSS DIFFERENT STRESSORS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE SPAN. FUTURE STUDIES WOULD BENEFIT FROM THE INCREASED SAMPLE SIZE, LONGITUDINAL DESIGN, STANDARDIZED METHODOLOGY, OPTIMAL QUALITY CONTROL, AND IMPROVED STATISTICAL PROCEDURES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13 6026  34 THE BIOLOGY OF STRESS INTOLERANCE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PAIN-STATE OF THE ART AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS. STRESS HAS BEEN CONSISTENTLY LINKED TO NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH. MORE SPECIFICALLY, PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PAIN EXPERIENCE STRESS INTOLERANCE, WHICH IS AN EXACERBATION OR OCCURRENCE OF SYMPTOMS IN RESPONSE TO ANY TYPE OF STRESS. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THIS PHENOMENON REMAIN UNSOLVED. IN THIS STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER, WE SUMMARISED THE ROLE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) AND HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS, THE TWO MAJOR STRESS RESPONSE SYSTEMS IN STRESS INTOLERANCE. WE PROVIDED INSIGHTS INTO SUCH MECHANISMS BASED ON EVIDENCE FROM CLINICAL STUDIES IN BOTH PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PAIN, SHOWING DYSREGULATED STRESS SYSTEMS, AND HEALTHY CONTROLS SUPPORTED BY PRECLINICAL STUDIES, HIGHLIGHTING THE LINK BETWEEN THESE SYSTEMS AND SYMPTOMS OF STRESS INTOLERANCE. FURTHERMORE, WE EXPLORED THE POSSIBLE REGULATING ROLE FOR (EPI)GENETIC MECHANISMS INFLUENCING THE ANS AND HPA AXIS. THE LINK BETWEEN STRESS AND CHRONIC PAIN HAS BECOME AN IMPORTANT AREA OF RESEARCH AS IT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO INFORM THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE FOR INDIVIDUALS LIVING WITH CHRONIC PAIN. AS STRESS HAS BECOME A PREVALENT CONCERN IN MODERN SOCIETY, UNDERSTANDING THE CONNECTION BETWEEN STRESS, HPA AXIS, ANS, AND CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS SUCH AS CHRONIC PAIN IS CRUCIAL TO IMPROVE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELL-BEING.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14 6329  46 THE ROLE OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. THIS REVIEW WILL DISCUSS THE ROLE OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. RELEVANT STUDIES WERE IDENTIFIED VIA MEDLINE (PUBMED) AND PSYCINFO DATABASES PUBLISHED UP TO AND INCLUDING JULY 2015. THIS REVIEW CONTRIBUTES TO A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY LIFE STRESS, AS WELL AS SETTING CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN A BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DISCUSSING NOVEL LONG-TERM PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. CHILDHOOD TRAUMATIC EVENTS ARE RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING BIPOLAR DISORDERS, IN ADDITION TO A MORE SEVERE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OVER TIME (PRIMARILY AN EARLIER AGE AT ONSET AND AN INCREASED RISK OF SUICIDE ATTEMPT AND SUBSTANCE MISUSE). CHILDHOOD TRAUMA LEADS TO ALTERATIONS OF AFFECT REGULATION, IMPULSE CONTROL, AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING THAT MIGHT DECREASE THE ABILITY TO COPE WITH LATER STRESSORS. CHILDHOOD TRAUMA INTERACTS WITH SEVERAL GENES BELONGING TO SEVERAL DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS [HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS, SEROTONERGIC TRANSMISSION, NEUROPLASTICITY, IMMUNITY, CALCIUM SIGNALING, AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS] TO DECREASE THE AGE AT THE ONSET OF THE DISORDER OR INCREASE THE RISK OF SUICIDE. EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY ALSO BE INVOLVED IN THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDER. BIOLOGICAL SEQUELAE SUCH AS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, SLEEP DISTURBANCE, OR TELOMERE SHORTENING ARE POTENTIAL MEDIATORS OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS, IN PARTICULAR WITH REGARD TO PHYSICAL HEALTH. THE MAIN CLINICAL IMPLICATION IS TO SYSTEMATICALLY ASSESS CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN PATIENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDERS, OR AT LEAST IN THOSE WITH A SEVERE OR INSTABLE COURSE. THE CHALLENGE FOR THE NEXT YEARS WILL BE TO FILL THE GAP BETWEEN CLINICAL AND FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AND ROUTINE PRACTICE, SINCE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGING THIS SPECIFIC POPULATION ARE LACKING. IN PARTICULAR, LITTLE IS KNOWN ON WHICH PSYCHOTHERAPIES SHOULD BE PROVIDED OR WHICH TARGETS THERAPISTS SHOULD FOCUS ON, AS WELL AS HOW CHILDHOOD TRAUMA COULD EXPLAIN THE RESISTANCE TO MOOD STABILIZERS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15 6822  33 [GENDER MEDICINE. SEX- AND GENDER-SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF CLINICAL MEDICINE]. GENDER MEDICINE STUDIES SEX- AND GENDER-BASED DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PREVENTION OF DISEASES, THE AWARENESS AND PRESENTATION OF SYMPTOMS, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPY. GENDER MEDICINE IS PART OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, CONSIDERING DIFFERENCES IN BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INDIVIDUALLY. THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN GENES, CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, AND METABOLISM AS WELL AS DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIETY. LIFELONG INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS WILL INFLUENCE THE HEALTH AND ILL-HEALTH OF MEN AND WOMEN IN DIFFERENT WAYS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LIFESTYLE DURING VULNERABLE PHASES ON BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, EFFECTING FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DURING PREGNANCY CAN IMPACT THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING IN LATER LIFE ALREADY IN UTERO IN A SEX-SPECIFIC WAY. PAIN, STRESS, AND COPING STYLES DIFFER BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE DRAMATIC PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING THEIR LIFETIME, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC BURDENS AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ALTERATIONS. WOMEN WITH MULTIPLE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES SUFFERING FROM STRESS DEVELOP DEPRESSION MORE FREQUENTLY. HOWEVER, MEN ARE OFTEN NOT DIAGNOSED AND TREATED APPROPRIATELY IN CASES OF DEPRESSION OR OSTEOPOROSIS, DISEASES THAT ARE TYPICALLY CONSIDERED "FEMALE." THERE ARE PROMINENT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN MEDICINE REGARDING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, INFLAMMATION, AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE OFTEN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND SUFFER MORE FREQUENTLY FROM (CHRONIC) PAIN, NEURODEGENERATIVE CHANGES, AND FUNCTIONAL DISABILITIES. MEN HAVE SHORTER LIFE EXPECTANCY BUT RELATIVELY MORE HEALTHY YEARS OF LIFE, WHICH IS IN GREATER PART ASCRIBED TO PSYCHOSOCIAL DETERMINANTS. STATE-OF-THE-ART CLINICAL MEDICINE COMPRISES INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS BASED ON SEX- AND GENDER-SENSITIVE HEALTH PROGRAMS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE FOR MEN AND WOMEN.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16 1931  29 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, THE EPIGENOME, AND AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN'S HEALTH. STRESS IS A COMMON FEATURE OF MODERN LIFE, BUT BOTH THE EXTENT OF EXPOSURE TO STRESSORS AND THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF THESE STRESS EXPOSURES CAN VARY CONSIDERABLY AMONG INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES, AND POPULATIONS. WHEN INDIVIDUALS ARE EXPOSED TO REPEATED OR CHRONIC STRESS, WEAR AND TEAR ON THE BODY CAN ACCUMULATE AND MANIFEST IN MANY WAYS. THE TERM "ALLOSTATIC LOAD" REPRESENTS THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF REPEATED OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AND IS LINKED TO FLUCTUATING AND/OR HEIGHTENED NEURAL OR NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSES. AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN ARE ONE POPULATION SUBGROUP THAT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS POTENTIALLY HAVING BOTH AN ELEVATED ALLOSTATIC LOAD AND AN ENHANCED RESILIENCE TO EXTERNAL FACTORS. ONE MECHANISM BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS MAY IMPACT HUMAN HEALTH IS VIA EPIGENETIC REMODELING OF THE GENOME. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS MAY AFFECT THE EPIGENOME AND EXPLORE LINKS BETWEEN EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AND ALTERED ALLOSTATIC LOAD AND RESILIENCE AS IT PERTAINS TO AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN'S HEALTH.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17  634  36 BIOLOGICAL EMBEDDING OF EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY AND A SCOPING REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE FOR INTERGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION OF STRESS AND TRAUMA IN HUMANS. SEVERE OR CHRONIC STRESS AND TRAUMA CAN HAVE A DETRIMENTAL IMPACT ON HEALTH. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY CAN BECOME BIOLOGICALLY EMBEDDED AND HAS THE POTENTIAL TO INFLUENCE HEALTH OUTCOMES DECADES LATER. EPIGENETICS IS ONE MECHANISM THAT HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THESE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES IN HUMANS INDICATE THAT THE EFFECTS OF STRESS COULD EVEN PERSIST ACROSS GENERATIONS, ALTHOUGH WHETHER OR NOT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED REMAINS UNDER DEBATE. HERE, WE PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF STUDIES IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS THAT DEMONSTRATE THE EFFECTS OF EARLY-LIFE STRESS ON DNA METHYLATION, ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY STUDIED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND SUMMARIZE FINDINGS FROM ANIMAL MODELS DEMONSTRATING THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETICS IN THE TRANSMISSION OF STRESS ACROSS GENERATIONS. WE THEN DESCRIBE THE RESULTS OF A SCOPING REVIEW TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE TERMS INTERGENERATIONAL OR TRANSGENERATIONAL HAVE BEEN USED IN HUMAN STUDIES INVESTIGATING THE TRANSMISSION OF TRAUMA AND STRESS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. WE END WITH A DISCUSSION OF KEY AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH TO ADVANCE UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE LEGACY EFFECTS OF STRESS AND TRAUMA.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18 1151  32 CONNECTIONS AMONG BIOLOGIC EMBEDDING OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY, ADULT CHRONIC ILLNESS, AND WOUND CARE: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACES) BIOLOGICALLY EMBED BY ALTERING BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND INFLUENCING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THESE EXPERIENCES MAY GENERATE HEALTH RISK FACTORS. PURPOSE: A LITERATURE REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED TO COMPARE ACE-GENERATED HEALTH RISK FACTORS WITH RISK FACTORS FOR WOUND DEVELOPMENT AND ABERRANT HEALING, AS WELL AS TO IDENTIFY A GAP IN LITERATURE REGARDING CRITICAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ACES, CHRONIC ILLNESS, AND WOUND DEVELOPMENT/HEALING, WITH ASSOCIATED PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. METHODOLOGY: A LITERATURE SEARCH OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE ARTICLES WAS CONDUCTED USING THE CUMULATIVE INDEX OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH LITERATURE, MEDLINE, AND PUBMED USING THE SEARCH TERMS ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES, ADULTS, WOUNDS, CHRONIC DISEASE OR ILLNESS, AND EPIGENETICS. THE SEARCHES YIELDED 561 PUBLICATIONS REGARDING ACES, CHRONIC ILLNESS OR DISEASE, AND ADULT; 182 FOR ACES; AND 547 FOR EPIGENETICS AND WOUNDS. ABSTRACTS WERE REVIEWED TO REMOVE DUPLICATES AND STUDIES WITH PARTICIPANTS WHO WERE <18 YEARS OLD. PUBLICATIONS WERE REVIEWED FOR SALIENCE; THOSE DISCUSSING THE BIOLOGIC PLAUSIBILITY OF ACES CONTRIBUTING TO ADULT ILLNESSES AND ASSOCIATED WOUND DEVELOPMENT AND HEALING WERE REVIEWED FOR INCLUSION. RESULTS: SIXTY-EIGHT (68) PUBLICATIONS WERE FOUND APPROPRIATE FOR REVIEW AND INCLUDED POPULATION-BASED STUDIES; LITERATURE REVIEWS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA; META-ANALYSES; AND SYSTEMATIC, CROSS-SECTIONAL, OBSERVATIONAL, AND PROSPECTIVE STUDIES AS SINGULAR OR MIXED METHODS DESIGNS. A SUBSTANTIAL OVERLAP WAS FOUND IN TERMS OF RISK FACTORS GENERATED BY ACE EXPOSURE AND RISK FACTORS FOR WOUND DEVELOPMENT/HEALING, AS WAS A GAP IN THE LITERATURE REGARDING THIS RELATIONSHIP. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALTERED BRAIN DEVELOPMENT ARE IMPLICATED IN PROCESSES THROUGH WHICH CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY ERODES HUMAN HEALTH. CONCLUSION: ADULT HEALTH RISKS AS A RESULT OF EXPOSURE TO ACES AND CRITICAL CONNECTIONS WITH RISKS FOR WOUND DEVELOPMENT AND DISRUPTED WOUND HEALING VIA EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ARE RECOGNIZED IN THE LITERATURE. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS INCLUDE CONSIDERING SCREENING FOR THE RISK FACTOR OF ACES EXPOSURE IN ADULT PATIENTS TO IDENTIFY THIS ADDITIONAL RISK FACTOR AND PRACTICING PATIENT-CENTERED, TRAUMA-INFORMED CARE. FURTHER RESEARCH INTO THE INTEGRATIVE ROLES OF THESE FACTORS IS WARRANTED.	2019	

19 1736  28 EARLY DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOSIS-A REVIEW. PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS OFTEN RUN A CHRONIC COURSE AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A CONSIDERABLE EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT FOR PATIENTS AND THEIR RELATIVES. THEREFORE, EARLY RECOGNITION, COMBINED WITH THE POSSIBILITY OF PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION, IS URGENTLY WARRANTED SINCE THE DURATION OF UNTREATED PSYCHOSIS (DUP) SIGNIFICANTLY DETERMINES THE FURTHER COURSE OF THE DISEASE. IN ADDITION TO ESTABLISHED DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS, NEUROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOSES ARE INCREASINGLY BEING INVESTIGATED. IT IS SHOWN THAT NUMEROUS MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS ALREADY EXIST BEFORE THE CLINICAL ONSET OF THE DISEASE. AS SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOSES ARE NOT ELICITED BY A SINGLE MUTATION IN THE DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) SEQUENCE, EPIGENETICS LIKELY CONSTITUTE THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND COULD POTENTIALLY SERVE AS A BIOMARKER. THE RESULTS FROM TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND PROTEOMIC STUDIES POINT TO A DYSREGULATED IMMUNE SYSTEM, LIKELY EVOKED BY EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. DESPITE THE INCREASING KNOWLEDGE OF THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS, FURTHER RESEARCH EFFORTS WITH LARGE POPULATION-BASED STUDY DESIGNS ARE NEEDED TO IDENTIFY SUITABLE BIOMARKERS. IN CONCLUSION, A COMBINATION OF BLOOD EXAMINATIONS, FUNCTIONAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES, ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) INVESTIGATIONS AND POLYGENIC RISK SCORES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS THE BASIS FOR PREDICTING HOW SUBJECTS WILL TRANSITION INTO MANIFEST PSYCHOSIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20 5164  40 PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO TRAUMA AND CHRONIC STRESS. EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS, EITHER REPEATED SEVERE ACUTE OR MODERATE SUSTAINED STRESS, IS ONE OF THE STRONGEST RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGIES SUCH AS POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND DEPRESSION. CHRONIC STRESS IS LINKED WITH SEVERAL LASTING BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES, PARTICULARLY TO THE STRESS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BUT ALSO AFFECTING INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES SUCH AS BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, IMMUNE FUNCTION, AND BEHAVIOR. ALTHOUGH GENETIC PREDISPOSITION CONFERS A PROPORTION OF THE RISK, THE MOST RELEVANT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS DETERMINING THOSE SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESILIENT TO THE EFFECTS OF STRESS AND TRAUMA MAY BE EPIGENETIC. EPIGENETICS REFERS TO THE MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE GENOMIC INFORMATION BY DYNAMICALLY CHANGING THE PATTERNS OF TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION OF GENES. MOUNTING EVIDENCE FROM PRECLINICAL RODENT AND CLINICAL POPULATION STUDIES STRONGLY SUPPORT THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CAN OCCUR IN RESPONSE TO TRAUMATIC AND CHRONIC STRESS. HERE, WE DISCUSS THIS LITERATURE EXAMINING STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN PRECLINICAL MODELS AND CLINICAL COHORTS OF STRESS AND TRAUMA OCCURRING EARLY IN LIFE OR IN ADULTHOOD. WE HIGHLIGHT THAT A COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TIMING OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AND GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS LIKELY MEDIATE THE RESPONSE TO CHRONIC STRESS OVER TIME, AND THAT A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IS NEEDED BY FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS IN LONGITUDINAL AND POSTMORTEM BRAIN CLINICAL COHORTS.	2017