1 2482 133 EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 2 IN THE SPINAL CORD ATTENUATES OESTROGEN-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. OBJECTIVE: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE POTENTIAL TARGETS TO RELIEVE SOMATIC PAIN. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN WHETHER EPIGENETIC REGULATION INTERFERES WITH VISCERAL PAIN. PREVIOUS STUDIES SHOW THAT OESTROGEN FACILITATES VISCERAL PAIN. THIS STUDY AIMED TO DETERMINE WHETHER HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD COULD ATTENUATE OESTROGEN-FACILITATED VISCERAL PAIN. DESIGN: THE EFFECT OF THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ON THE MAGNITUDE OF THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) TO COLORECTAL DISTENTION WAS EXAMINED IN OVARIECTOMISED RATS WITH/WITHOUT OESTROGEN REPLACEMENT. AN ADDITIONAL INTERACTION WITH THE METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 2/3 (MGLUR2/3) ANTAGONIST LY341495 WAS TESTED. THE LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HISTONE AND MGLUR2 MRNA AND PROTEIN WERE ANALYSED. THE BINDING OF ACETYLATED H3 AND OESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA (ERALPHA) TO THE GRM2 PROMOTER WAS MEASURED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION COUPLED WITH QPCR. RESULTS: IN OVARIECTOMISED RATS, 17BETA-ESTRADIOL (E2), BUT NOT SAFFLOWER OIL, INCREASED THE MAGNITUDE OF THE VMR TO COLORECTAL DISTENTION. SAHA ATTENUATED THE E2-FACILITATED VMR, BUT HAD NO EFFECT IN SAFFLOWER OIL-TREATED RATS. SUBSEQUENT SPINAL ADMINISTRATION OF LY341495 REVERSED THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF SAHA IN E2 RATS. IN ADDITION, SAHA INCREASED MGLUR2 MRNA AND PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN FOLLOWING E2, BUT NOT VEHICLE, TREATMENT. IN CONTRAST, NEITHER E2 NOR SAHA ALONE ALTERED MGLUR2 MRNA. SAHA INCREASED BINDING OF H3K9AC AND ERALPHA TO THE SAME REGIONS OF THE GRM2 PROMOTER IN E2-SAHA-TREATED ANIMALS. CONCLUSIONS: HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD ATTENUATES THE PRONOCICEPTIVE EFFECTS OF OESTROGEN ON VISCERAL SENSITIVITY, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY BE A POTENTIAL APPROACH TO RELIEVE VISCERAL PAIN.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2 2745  57 EXPRESS: HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION MODULATES SPINAL TYPE II METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR ALLEVIATING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN FEMALE RATS. STRESS IS OFTEN A TRIGGER TO EXACERBATE CHRONIC PAIN INCLUDING VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME, A FEMALE PREDOMINANT FUNCTIONAL BOWEL DISORDER. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATE STRESS RESPONSES ARE A POTENTIAL TARGET TO INTERFERE WITH VISCERAL PAIN. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID, ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY A SUBCHRONIC STRESSOR IN FEMALE RATS AND TO INVESTIGATE THE INVOLVEMENT OF SPINAL GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS. THREE DAILY SESSIONS OF FORCED SWIM INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTRATHECAL SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID PREVENTED OR REVERSED THE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, INCREASED SPINAL HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION AND INCREASED MGLUR2 AND MGLUR3 EXPRESSION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ANALYSIS REVEALED ENRICHMENT OF H3K9AC AND H3K18AC AT SEVERAL PROMOTER GRM2 AND GRM3 REGIONS. THE MGLUR2/3 ANTAGONIST LY341495 REVERSED THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID ON THE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. IN SURPRISING CONTRAST, STRESS AND/OR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID HAD NO EFFECT ON SPINAL NMDA RECEPTOR EXPRESSION OR FUNCTION. THESE DATA REVEAL HISTONE MODIFICATION MODULATES MGLUR2/3 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD TO ATTENUATE STRESSINDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. HDAC INHIBITORS MAY PROVIDE A POTENTIAL APPROACH TO RELIEVE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3 5851  42 SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID TRIGGERS AUTOPHAGY BY INFLUENCING THE MTOR PATHWAY IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN A RAT NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL. HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS CAN BE UPREGULATED BY TREATING CELLS WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACIS), WHICH CAN INDUCE AUTOPHAGY. AUTOPHAGY FLUX IN THE SPINAL CORD OF RATS FOLLOWING THE LEFT FIFTH LUMBER SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) IS INVOLVED IN THE PROGRESSION OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), ONE OF THE HDACIS CAN INTERFERE WITH THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, WHICH HAS BEEN SHOWN TO EASE NEUROPATHIC PAIN. RECENT RESEARCH SUGGEST THAT SAHA CAN STIMULATE AUTOPHAGY VIA THE MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR) PATHWAY IN SOME TYPES OF CANCER CELLS. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE ROLE OF SAHA AND AUTOPHAGY IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER NERVE INJURY. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE AIM TO INVESTIGATE AUTOPHAGY FLUX AND THE ROLE OF THE MTOR PATHWAY ON SPINAL CELLS AUTOPHAGY ACTIVATION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY SNL IN RATS THAT RECEIVED SAHA TREATMENT. AUTOPHAGY-RELATED PROTEINS AND MTOR OR ITS ACTIVE FORM WERE ASSESSED BY USING WESTERN BLOT, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, DOUBLE IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STAINING AND TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM). WE FOUND THAT SAHA DECREASED THE PAW MECHANICAL WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD (PMWT) OF THE LOWER COMPARED WITH SNL. AUTOPHAGY FLUX WAS MAINLY DISRUPTED IN THE ASTROCYTES AND NEURONAL CELLS OF THE SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN ON POSTSURGICAL DAY 28 AND WAS REVERSED BY DAILY INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF SAHA (N = 100 NMOL/DAY OR N = 200 NMOL/DAY). SAHA ALSO DECREASED MTOR AND PHOSPHORYLATED MTOR (P-MTOR) EXPRESSION, ESPECIALLY P-MTOR EXPRESSION IN ASTROCYTES AND NEURONAL CELLS OF THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SAHA ATTENUATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND CONTRIBUTES TO AUTOPHAGY FLUX IN ASTROCYTES AND NEURONAL CELLS OF THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN VIA THE MTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4 2249  46 EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF MGLU2 RECEPTORS BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS IN THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY PAIN. KNOWING THAT EXPRESSION OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE 2 (MGLU2) RECEPTORS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IS REGULATED BY ACETYLATION MECHANISMS, WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF TWO SELECTIVE AND CHEMICALLY UNRELATED HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS, N-(2-AMINOPHENYL)-4-[N-(PYRIDINE-3-YLMETHOXY-CARBONYL)AMINOMETHYL]BENZAMIDE (MS-275) AND SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROAMIC ACID (SAHA), IN A MOUSE MODEL OF PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN. ALTHOUGH A SINGLE SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF MS-275 (3 MG/KG) OR SAHA (5-50 MG/KG) WAS INEFFECTIVE, A 5-DAY TREATMENT WITH EITHER OF THE TWO HDAC INHIBITORS SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED THE NOCICEPTIVE RESPONSE IN THE SECOND PHASE OF THE FORMALIN TEST, WHICH REFLECTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRAL SENSITIZATION IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD. ANALGESIA WAS ABROGATED BY A SINGLE INJECTION OF THE MGLU2/3 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (ALPHAS)-ALPHA-AMINO-ALPHA-[(1S,2S)-2-CARBOXYCYCLOPROPYL]-9H-XANTINE-9-PROPANOIC ACID (LY341495; 1 MG/KG, I.P.), WHICH WAS INACTIVE PER SE. BOTH MS-275 AND SAHA UP-REGULATED THE EXPRESSION OF MGLU2 RECEPTORS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AND SPINAL CORD UNDER CONDITIONS IN WHICH THEY CAUSED ANALGESIA, WITHOUT CHANGING THE EXPRESSION OF MGLU1A, MGLU4, OR MGLU5 RECEPTORS. INDUCTION OF DRG MGLU2 RECEPTORS IN RESPONSE TO SAHA WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ACETYLATION OF P65/RELA ON LYSINE 310, A PROCESS THAT ENHANCES THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF P65/RELA AT NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB-REGULATED GENES. TRANSCRIPTION OF THE MGLU2 RECEPTOR GENE IS KNOWN TO BE ACTIVATED BY P65/RELA IN DRG NEURONS. WE CONCLUDE THAT HDAC INHIBITION PRODUCES ANALGESIA BY UP-REGULATING MGLU2 RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE DRG, AN EFFECT THAT RESULTS FROM THE AMPLIFICATION OF NF-KAPPAB TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY. THESE DATA PROVIDE THE FIRST EVIDENCE THAT HDAC INHIBITORS CAUSE ANALGESIA AND SUGGEST THAT HDACS ARE POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR THE EPIGENETIC TREATMENT OF PAIN.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5 2353  37 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA, DEPENDENCE, AND TOLERANCE IN MICE. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF OPIOIDS SUCH AS MORPHINE INDUCES PERSISTENT BEHAVIORAL CHANGES INCLUDING OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA (OIH), TOLERANCE, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE. IN THE CURRENT WORK WE EXPLORED HOW THE BALANCE OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) VERSUS HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) MIGHT REGULATE THESE MORPHINE-INDUCED CHANGES. NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS, ANALGESIA, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE WERE ASSESSED DURING AND FOR A PERIOD OF SEVERAL WEEKS AFTER MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TO PROBE THE ROLES OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, THE HAT INHIBITOR CURCUMIN OR A SELECTIVE HDAC INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) WAS ADMINISTERED DAILY TO GROUPS OF ANIMALS. HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SPINAL CORD WAS ASSESSED BY WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. CONCURRENT ADMINISTRATION OF CURCUMIN WITH MORPHINE FOR 4 DAYS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED DEVELOPMENT OF OPIOID-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA, THERMAL HYPERALGESIA, TOLERANCE, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE. CONVERSELY, THE HDAC INHIBITOR SAHA ENHANCED THESE RESPONSES. INTERESTINGLY, SAHA TREATMENT AFTER THE TERMINATION OF OPIOID ADMINISTRATION SUSTAINED THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES FOR AT LEAST 4 WEEKS. HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD WAS INCREASED AFTER CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT, BUT H4 ACETYLATION WAS UNCHANGED. MOREOVER, WE OBSERVED A DECREASE IN HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORDS OF MORPHINE-TREATED MICE WHILE OVERALL HAT ACTIVITY WAS UNCHANGED, SUGGESTING A SHIFT TOWARD A STATE OF ENHANCED HISTONE ACETYLATION. PERSPECTIVE: THE CURRENT STUDY INDICATES THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN OPIOID-INDUCED LONG-LASTING NEUROPLASTICITY. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE NEW SIGHT INTO UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS OF OPIOID-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY AND SUGGEST NEW STRATEGIES TO LIMIT OPIOID ABUSE POTENTIAL AND INCREASE THE VALUE OF THESE DRUGS AS ANALGESICS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6 3194  41 HDAC INHIBITORS ATTENUATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MODELS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACIS) INTERFERE WITH THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ARE KNOWN TO HAVE ANALGESIC PROPERTIES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER THESE COMPOUNDS COULD ALSO AFFECT NEUROPATHIC PAIN. DIFFERENT CLASS I HDACIS WERE DELIVERED INTRATHECALLY INTO RAT SPINAL CORD IN MODELS OF TRAUMATIC NERVE INJURY AND ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY (STAVUDINE, D4T). MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS ATTENUATED BY 40% TO 50% AS A RESULT OF HDACI TREATMENT, BUT ONLY IF STARTED BEFORE ANY INSULT. THE DRUGS GLOBALLY INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD, BUT APPEARED TO HAVE NO MEASURABLE EFFECTS IN RELEVANT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IN THIS TREATMENT PARADIGM, SUGGESTING THAT ANY POTENTIAL MECHANISM SHOULD BE SOUGHT IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS OF DORSAL CORD RNA REVEALED THE SIGNATURE OF THE SPECIFIC COMPOUND USED (MS-275) AND SUGGESTED THAT ITS MAIN EFFECT WAS MEDIATED THROUGH HDAC1. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUPPORT A ROLE FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE EMERGENCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7 2667  36 ESTROGEN AND SEROTONIN ENHANCE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN FEMALE RATS BY UP-REGULATING BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR IN SPINAL CORD. BACKGROUND: WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT FEMALE OFFSPRING OF DAMS SUBJECTED TO CHRONIC PRENATAL STRESS (CPS) DEVELOP ENHANCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY (VHS) FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULT LIFE THAT IS MEDIATED BY UP-REGULATION OF SPINAL CORD BDNF. THE AIMS OF THIS STUDY WERE TO EXAMINE THE ROLES OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA (ERALPHA) AND AN INCREASE IN SPINAL SEROTONIN SIGNALING IN PROMOTING THIS ENHANCED VHS IN FEMALE RATS AND UP-REGULATION OF SPINAL CORD BDNF TRANSCRIPTION. METHODS: PREGNANT DAMS WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC STRESS FROM E11 UNTIL DELIVERY. AT 8 WEEKS, A CHRONIC ADULT STRESS (CAS) PROTOCOL WAS APPLIED FOR NINE DAYS. KEY RESULTS: OVARIECTOMY BEFORE CAS OR TREATMENT WITH LETROZOLE BEFORE AND DURING CAS SIGNIFICANTLY PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENHANCED VHS IN FEMALE CPS+CAS RATS. INTRATHECAL APPLICATION OF ERALPHA SIRNA SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED VHS, DECREASED LUMBAR-SACRAL SPINAL CORD EXPRESSION OF BOTH ERALPHA AND BDNF, AND REVERSED PRO-TRANSCRIPTIONAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AT BDNF PROMOTER LX. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SEROTONIN LEVELS AND 5HT3A RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE LS SPINAL CORD WERE BOTH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN FEMALE CPS+CAS RATS. DURING CAS, INTRATHECAL INFUSION OF ALOSETRON SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED VHS, REDUCED BDNF AND ERALPHA EXPRESSION IN THE LS SPINAL CORD, AND ATTENUATED RNA POL II AND ERALPHA BINDING TO THE BNDF CORE PROMOTER IX. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: SEROTONIN-MEDIATED ACTIVATION OF 5HT3A RECEPTORS IN THE SPINAL CORD DRIVES THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENHANCED FEMALE-SPECIFIC VHS IN OUR TWO HIT CPS+CAS THROUGH UP-REGULATION OF SPINAL CORD ERALPHA.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8 2785  37 EZH2 REGULATES SPINAL NEUROINFLAMMATION IN RATS WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN. ALTERATION IN GENE EXPRESSION ALONG THE PAIN SIGNALING PATHWAY IS A KEY MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO THE GENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. ACCUMULATING STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN NOCICEPTIVE PROCESS IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. IN THIS PRESENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG-2 (EZH2), A SUBUNIT OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2, IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN THE GENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS INDUCED BY PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION. EZH2 IS A HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE, WHICH CATALYZES THE METHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 ON K27 (H3K27), RESULTING IN GENE SILENCING. WE FOUND THAT LEVELS OF EZH2 AND TRI-METHYLATED H3K27 (H3K27TM) IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE INCREASED IN RATS WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN ON DAY 3 AND DAY 10 POST NERVE INJURIES. EZH2 WAS PREDOMINANTLY EXPRESSED IN NEURONS IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS. THE NUMBER OF NEURONS WITH EZH2 EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED AFTER NERVE INJURY. MORE STRIKINGLY, NERVE INJURY DRASTICALLY INCREASED THE NUMBER OF MICROGLIA WITH EZH2 EXPRESSION BY MORE THAN SEVENFOLD. INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF THE EZH2 INHIBITOR ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA IN RATS WITH NERVE INJURY. SUCH ANALGESIC EFFECTS WERE CONCURRENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE REDUCED LEVELS OF EZH2, H3K27TM, IBA1, GFAP, TNF-ALPHA, IL-1BETA, AND MCP-1 IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN RATS WITH NERVE INJURY. OUR RESULTS HIGHLY SUGGEST THAT TARGETING THE EZH2 SIGNALING PATHWAY COULD BE AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9 1800  38 EFFECT OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. BACKGROUND: INCREASED PAIN SENSITIVITY IS OBSERVED FOLLOWING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL, AND ATTEMPTS TO ALLEVIATE THIS HYPERALGESIA CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE CYCLE OF ADDICTION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE IF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA WAS OBSERVED IN A CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE MODEL AND IF THIS PAIN WAS AFFECTED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, THUS REVEALING AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. METHODS: ADULT MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS RECEIVED LIEBER-DECARLI LIQUID CONTROL OR ETHANOL (9% V/V) DIET FOR 15 DAYS. MECHANICAL SENSITIVITY WAS MEASURED WITH VON FREY HAIR STIMULATION OF THE HINDPAW DURING ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION AND 24- AND 72-HOUR WITHDRAWAL. RESULTS: ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL PRODUCED SEVERE AND SUSTAINED MECHANICAL HYPERALGESIA, AN EFFECT NOT OBSERVED IN THE CONTROL OR ETHANOL-MAINTAINED GROUPS. FURTHERMORE, THIS HYPERALGESIA WAS ATTENUATED BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: HEIGHTENED PAIN SENSITIVITY WAS OBSERVED FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS COULD BE NOVEL TREATMENTS FOR THIS ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10 3832  32 INVOLVEMENT OF SPINAL SIRT1 IN DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS. IT IS KNOWN THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IS INVOLVED IN THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER SIRTUIN TYPE 1 (SIRT1), AN NAD(+) DEPENDENT DEACETYLASE, AFFECTED ALLODYNIA AND HYPERALGESIA IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL WAS ESTABLISHED BY LIGATURE OF THE RIGHT SCIATIC NERVE TO INDUCE CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) IN RATS. HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) ACTIVITY WAS INCREASED AND, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY WAS DECLINED IN TISSUE OF THE SPINAL DORSA HORN IN CCI RATES BY MEANS OF ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA). THE PERSISTENT HYPERALGESIA AND ALLODYNIA CAUSED BY CCI WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DOWNREGULATION OF SIRT1 AND UPREGULATION OF ACETYLATED-H3 (AC-H3) IN TISSUE OF THE SPINAL CORD BY WESTERN BLOT ASSAY, WHICH WAS REVERSED AFTER INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF SIRT1 AGONIST SRT1720. SRT1720 TREATMENT ACHIEVED ANALGESIC THROUGH INHIBITING THE ACETYLATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) AND BLOCKING THE RELEASES OF THE INFLAMMATORY FACTORS INCLUDING TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) AND INTERLEUKIN (IL)-6 BY MEANS OF WESTERN BLOT AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (RT-PCR), RESPECTIVELY. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 IN THE SPINAL CORD PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN THE RAT MODEL.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11 1920  47 ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT PREVENTS STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA TO INHIBIT VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTRODUCTION: STRESS IS A KNOWN TRIGGER FOR THE SYMPTOMS OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), A GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) DISORDER THAT PRESENTS WITH ABNORMAL BOWEL HABITS AND ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. WHILE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES HAVE BEEN USED TO ATTENUATE IBS SYMPTOMS, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE THERAPIES INTERACT WITH STRESS-INDUCED PATHOLOGY REMAINS TO BE DELINEATED. HERE WE USE A RAT MODEL TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT (EE) INHIBITS STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES WITHIN THE BRAIN-GUT AXIS TO PREVENT VISCERAL AND SOMATIC HYPERSENSITIVITY AND COLONIC HYPERPERMEABILITY. METHODS: FEMALE RATS (N = 8/GROUP) WERE HOUSED IN EE ONE WEEK BEFORE AND ONE WEEK DURING EXPOSURE TO WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS) WHILE CONTROLS WERE HOUSED IN STANDARD CAGES (SH). ONE DAY AFTER THE FINAL WAS EXPOSURE, COLONIC AND SOMATIC SENSITIVITY WERE ASSESSED BY THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) TO COLORECTAL DISTENSION (CRD) AND WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD ELICITED BY AN ELECTRONIC VON FREY ON THE HIND PAW OF THE RATS RESPECTIVELY. ALL RATS WERE RETURNED TO SH FOR 3 WEEKS BEFORE COLONIC AND SOMATIC SENSITIVITY WERE REASSESSED ON DAY 28. THE RATS WERE THEN IMMEDIATELY EUTHANIZED AND THE SPINAL CORD WAS COLLECTED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN NEURONAL ACTIVATION (ASSESSED VIA ERK PHOSPHORYLATION) IN RESPONSE TO NOXIOUS CRD. A SEPARATE COHORT OF ANIMALS (N = 8/GROUP) THAT DID NOT UNDERGO BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS WAS EUTHANIZED THE DAY AFTER THE FINAL WAS EXPOSURE AND THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA) WAS COLLECTED TO INVESTIGATE WAS AND EE INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) PROMOTER. THE COLON FROM THESE RATS WAS ALSO COLLECTED TO ASSESS COLONIC PERMEABILITY VIA CHANGES IN TRANSEPITHELIAL ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (TEER) IN VITRO. RESULTS: EXPOSURE TO STRESS PERSISTENTLY INCREASED VMR TO CRD (P < 0.01) AND DECREASED THE HIND PAW WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD (P < 0.001) IN FEMALE RATS. WAS ALSO DECREASED TEER IN THE COLON TISSUE OF FEMALE RATS (P = 0.05). IN THE CEA, WAS INDUCED A DECREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER BUT INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE CRH PROMOTER AND REDUCED GR-CRH INTERACTIONS IN THE CEA. ANALYSIS OF THE SPINAL CORD SHOWED THAT WAS INCREASED CRD-EVOKED ERK PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE DORSAL HORN. EXPOSURE TO EE PREVENTED WAS-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE CEA, DORSAL HORN AND COLON RESPECTIVELY TO PREVENT VISCERAL AND SOMATIC HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION: OUR DATA REVEALS THAT BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES CAN PRODUCE LONG LASTING MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN PREVENT STRESS-INDUCED PATHOLOGIES EVEN AFTER COMPLETION OF THE THERAPY. THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES MAY AMELIORATE VISCERAL PAIN ASSOCIATED STRESS-RELATED PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS THE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME.	2021	

12 3721  47 INHIBITION OF CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASES IN THE SPINAL CORD ATTENUATES INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA. BACKGROUND: SEVERAL CLASSES OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ARE EXPRESSED IN THE SPINAL CORD THAT IS A CRITICAL STRUCTURE OF THE NOCICEPTIVE PATHWAY. HDAC-REGULATED HISTONE ACETYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF CHROMATIN REMODELING LEADING TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION. TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PATHOLOGICAL PAIN, WE HAVE STUDIED THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS IN THE SPINAL CORD ON INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA). RESULTS: WE INTRATHECALLY APPLIED INHIBITORS SPECIFIC TO DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS AND EVALUATED THEIR IMPACT ON INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA. PRE-INJECTED INHIBITORS TARGETING CLASS I AS WELL AS II (SAHA, TSA, LAQ824) OR IIA (VPA, 4-PB) HDACS SIGNIFICANTLY DELAYED THE THERMAL HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY UNILATERAL CFA INJECTION IN THE HINDPAW. EXISTING HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY CFA WAS ALSO ATTENUATED BY THE HDAC INHIBITORS (HDACIS). IN CONTRAST, THESE INHIBITORS DID NOT INTERFERE WITH THE THERMAL RESPONSE EITHER IN NAIVE ANIMALS, OR ON THE CONTRALATERAL SIDE OF INFLAMED ANIMALS. INTERESTINGLY, MS-275 THAT SPECIFICALLY INHIBITS CLASS I HDACS FAILED TO ALTER THE HYPERALGESIA ALTHOUGH IT INCREASED HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD AS SAHA DID. USING IMMUNOBLOT ANALYSIS, WE FURTHER FOUND THAT THE LEVELS OF CLASS IIA HDAC MEMBERS (HDAC4, 5, 7, 9) IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE UPREGULATED FOLLOWING CFA INJECTION WHILE THOSE OF CLASS I HDAC MEMBERS (HDAC1, 2, 3) REMAINED STABLE OR WERE SLIGHTLY REDUCED. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ACTIVITY OF CLASS II HDACS IN THE SPINAL CORD IS CRITICAL TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY CFA, WHILE ACTIVITY OF CLASS I HDACS MAY BE UNNECESSARY. COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF HDACIS SPECIFIC TO CLASS II AND IIA AS WELL AS THE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF DIFFERENT HDACS IN THE SPINAL CORD IN RESPONSE TO CFA SUGGESTS THAT THE MEMBERS OF CLASS IIA HDACS MAY BE POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR ATTENUATING PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13 5781  37 SPINAL SIRT1 ACTIVATION ATTENUATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN MICE. ABNORMAL HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURS DURING NEUROPATHIC PAIN THROUGH AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. SILENT INFORMATION REGULATOR 1 (SIR2 OR SIRT1), A NAD-DEPENDENT DEACETYLASE, PLAYS COMPLEX SYSTEMIC ROLES IN A VARIETY OF PROCESSES THROUGH DEACETYLATING ACETYLATED HISTONE AND OTHER SPECIFIC SUBSTRATES. BUT THE ROLE OF SIRT1 IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS NOT WELL ESTABLISHED YET. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS INTENDED TO DETECT SIRT1 CONTENT AND ACTIVITY, NICOTINAMIDE (NAM) AND NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD) IN THE SPINAL CORD USING IMMUNOBLOTTING OR MASS SPECTROSCOPY OVER TIME IN MICE FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OR SHAM SURGERY. IN ADDITION, THE EFFECT OF INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF NAD OR RESVERATROL ON THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA WAS EVALUATED IN CCI MICE. FINALLY, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER SIRT1 INHIBITOR EX-527 COULD REVERSE THE ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF NAD OR RESVERATROL. IT WAS FOUND THAT SPINAL SIRT1 EXPRESSION, DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY AND NAD/NAM DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY 1, 3, 7, 14 AND 21 DAYS AFTER CCI SURGERY AS COMPARED WITH SHAM GROUP. IN ADDITION, DAILY INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF 5 MICROL 800 MM NAD 1 H BEFORE AND 1 DAY AFTER CCI SURGERY OR SINGLE INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF 5 MICROL 90 MM RESVERATROL 1 H BEFORE CCI SURGERY PRODUCED A TRANSIENT INHIBITORY EFFECT ON THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA IN CCI MICE. FINALLY, AN INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF 5 MICROL 1.2 MM EX-527 1 H BEFORE NAD OR RESVERATROL ADMINISTRATION REVERSED THE ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF NAD OR RESVERATROL. THESE DATA INDICATE THAT THE REDUCTION IN SIRT1 DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY MAY BE A FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN CCI MICE. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE ENHANCEMENT OF SPINAL NAD/NAM AND/OR SIRT1 ACTIVITY MAY BE A POTENTIALLY PROMISING STRATEGY FOR THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14 5657  43 SEX-DEPENDENT PRONOCICEPTIVE ROLE OF SPINAL ALPHA(5) -GABA(A) RECEPTOR AND ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN NEUROPATHIC RODENTS. EXTRASYNAPTIC ALPHA(5) -SUBUNIT CONTAINING GABA(A) (ALPHA(5) -GABA(A) ) RECEPTORS PARTICIPATE IN CHRONIC PAIN. PREVIOUSLY, WE REPORTED A SEX DIFFERENCE IN THE ACTION OF ALPHA(5) -GABA(A) RECEPTORS IN DYSFUNCTIONAL PAIN. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN UNKNOWN. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THIS SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN NEUROPATHIC RODENTS AND THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED. FEMALE AND MALE WISTAR RATS OR ICR MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO NERVE INJURY FOLLOWED BY ALPHA(5) -GABA(A) RECEPTOR INVERSE AGONIST INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION, L-655,708. THE DRUG PRODUCED AN ANTIALLODYNIC EFFECT IN NERVE-INJURED FEMALE RATS AND MICE, AND A LOWER EFFECT IN MALES. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CHANGES IN ALPHA(5) -GABA(A) RECEPTOR, PROBABLY INFLUENCED BY HORMONAL AND EPIGENETIC STATUS, MIGHT UNDERLIE THIS SEX DIFFERENCE. THUS, WE PERFORMED QPCR AND WESTERN BLOT. NERVE INJURY INCREASED ALPHA(5) -GABA(A) MRNA AND PROTEIN IN FEMALE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) AND DECREASED THEM IN DRG AND SPINAL CORD OF MALES. TO INVESTIGATE THE HORMONAL INFLUENCE OVER ALPHA(5) -GABA(A) RECEPTOR ACTIONS, WE PERFORMED NERVE INJURY TO OVARIECTOMIZED RATS AND RECONSTITUTED THEM WITH 17BETA-ESTRADIOL (E2). OVARIECTOMY ABROGATED L-655,708 ANTIALLODYNIC EFFECT AND E2 RESTORED IT. OVARIECTOMY DECREASED ALPHA(5) -GABA(A) RECEPTOR AND ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA PROTEIN IN DRG OF NEUROPATHIC FEMALE RATS, WHILE E2 ENHANCED THEM. SINCE DNA METHYLATION MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO ALPHA(5) -GABA(A) RECEPTOR DOWN-REGULATION IN MALES, WE EXAMINED CPG ISLAND DNA METHYLATION OF ALPHA(5) -GABA(A) RECEPTOR CODING GENE THROUGH PYROSEQUENCING. NERVE INJURY INCREASED METHYLATION IN MALE, BUT NOT FEMALE RATS. PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES INCREASED ALPHA(5) -GABA(A) RECEPTOR AND ENABLED L-655,708 ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT IN MALE RATS. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ALPHA(5) -GABA(A) RECEPTOR IS A SUITABLE TARGET TO TREAT CHRONIC PAIN IN FEMALES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15 2300  35 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY: IMPLICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IS KNOWN TO BE UP-REGULATED IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HERE, WE FOUND THAT THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AT DAY 7 POST-INJURY WERE INHIBITED ONLY WHEN ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY WAS INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTRATED AT DAY 2 POST-INJURY. CONSISTENT WITH BEHAVIORAL RESULTS, WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE MARKEDLY INDUCED DURING EARLY STAGE POST-INJURY. MOREOVER, THE MAXIMAL INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE DRG WAS OBSERVED AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED LEVELS WERE SUSTAINED FOR AT LEAST 14 DAYS. FOUR OF FIVE BDNF MRNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE UP-REGULATED AFTER NERVE INJURY, AND THE MOST INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPT WAS EXON I. USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY, WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY PROMOTES HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE MODIFICATIONS, AT BDNF PROMOTER I AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND THE LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION REMAIN ELEVATED FOR AT LEAST 7 DAYS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT AN INITIAL INCREASE IN BDNF EXON I EXPRESSION CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MIGHT HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16 1163  44 CONTRIBUTION OF AMYGDALA HISTONE ACETYLATION IN EARLY LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITY. PATIENTS WITH IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) EXPERIENCE NOT ONLY ENHANCED VISCERAL PAIN BUT ALSO EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITIES, SUCH AS ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION. EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) IS A HIGH-RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IBS. LITERATURES HAVE REPORTED AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MODULATION IN SUSTAINING EXTRINSIC PHENOTYPES. THE AMYGDALA IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE REGULATION OF VISCERAL FUNCTIONS AND EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ELS-INDUCED REPROGRAMMING INAPPROPRIATE ADAPTATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFICATION IN THE AMYGDALA MAY RESULT IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN ELS RATS. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, THE MODEL OF ELS RATS WAS ESTABLISHED BY NEONATAL COLORECTAL DILATATION (CRD). VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED BASED ON THE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY RESPONSE OF THE ABDOMINAL EXTERNAL OBLIQUE MUSCLE TO CRD. EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITIES WERE EXAMINED USING THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, OPEN FIELD TEST, AND SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST. TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) AND C646 WERE MICROINJECTED INTO THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA (CEA) INDIVIDUALLY TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFICATION ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND EMOTION. WE FOUND NEONATAL CRD RESULTED IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS AFTER ADULTHOOD. INHIBITING HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) IN THE CEA BY TSA ENHANCED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY BUT DID NOT AFFECT ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS, WHEREAS INHIBITING HAT BY C646 ATTENUATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ELS RATS. INTERESTINGLY, CEA TREATMENT WITH TSA INDUCED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE CONTROL RATS. WESTERN BLOT SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSIONS OF ACETYLATED 9 RESIDUE OF HISTONE 3 (H3K9) AND PROTEIN KINASE C ZETA TYPE (PKMZETA) WERE HIGHER IN THE ELS RATS COMPARED TO THOSE OF THE CONTROLS. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PKMZETA INHIBITOR ZIP INTO THE CEA ATTENUATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY OF ELS RATS. FURTHERMORE, THE EXPRESSION OF AMYGDALA PKMZETA WAS ENHANCED BY TSA TREATMENT IN CONTROL RATS. FINALLY, WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE RESULTS INDICATED THE DECREASE OF HDAC1 AND HDAC2 EXPRESSIONS, BUT NOT HDAC3 EXPRESSION, CONTRIBUTED TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN ELS RATS. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT OUR HYPOTHESIS THAT AMYGDALA-ENHANCED HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY STRESS IN EARLY LIFE RESULTS IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN ELS RATS, AND REVERSING THE ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE CRUCIAL TO RELIEVE CHRONIC SYMPTOMS IN ELS RATS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17 1120  33 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS IN ATTENUATING INFLAMMATORY PAIN IN RATS. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACIS), WHICH INTERFERE WITH THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, HAVE SHOWN ANALGESIC EFFECTS IN ANIMAL MODELS OF PERSISTENT PAIN. THE HDAC FAMILY COMPRISES 18 GENES; HOWEVER, THE DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF DISTINCT CLASSES OF HDACIS ON PAIN RELIEF REMAIN UNCLEAR. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE EFFICACY OF THESE HDACIS ON ATTENUATING THERMAL HYPERALGESIA IN PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN. PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN WAS INDUCED BY INJECTING COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) INTO THE LEFT HIND PAW OF RATS. THEN, HDACIS TARGETING CLASS I (ENTINOSTAT (MS-275)) AND CLASS IIA (SODIUM BUTYRATE, VALPROIC ACID (VPA), AND 4-PHENYLBUTYRIC ACID (4-PBA)), OR CLASS II (SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDOXAMIC ACID (SAHA), TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), AND DACINOSTAT (LAQ824)) WERE ADMINISTERED INTRAPERITONEALLY ONCE DAILY FOR 3 OR 4 DAYS. WE FOUND THAT THE INJECTION OF SAHA ONCE A DAY FOR 3 DAYS SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED CFA-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA FROM DAY 4 AND LASTED 7 DAYS. IN COMPARISON WITH SAHA, SUPPRESSION OF HYPERALGESIA BY 4-PBA PEAKED ON DAY 2, WHEREAS THAT BY MS-275 OCCURRED ON DAYS 5 AND 6. FATIGUE WAS A SERIOUS SIDE EFFECT SEEN WITH MS-275. THESE FINDINGS WILL BE BENEFICIAL FOR OPTIMIZING THE SELECTION OF SPECIFIC HDACIS IN MEDICAL FIELDS SUCH AS PAIN MEDICINE AND NEUROPSYCHIATRY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18 5834  32 STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN IN FEMALE RATS IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REMODELING IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA. STRESS AND ANXIETY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), A FEMALE-PREDOMINANT DISORDER OF THE GUT-BRAIN AXIS, CHARACTERIZED BY ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO HEIGHTENED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE IN FEMALE RATS WHETHER EPIGENETIC REMODELING IN THE LIMBIC BRAIN, SPECIFICALLY IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA), IS A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR IN STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT 1 H EXPOSURE TO WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS) FOR 7 CONSECUTIVE DAYS DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER AND INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE CRH PROMOTER IN THE CEA. CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION WERE MEDIATED BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) SIRT-6 AND THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE CBP, RESPECTIVELY. ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) INTO THE CEA PREVENTED STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THROUGH BLOCKADE OF SIRT-6 MEDIATED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER. IN ADDITION, HDAC INHIBITION WITHIN THE CEA PREVENTED STRESS-INDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION OF THE CRH PROMOTER. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, IN FEMALES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE LIMBIC BRAIN REGULATING GR AND CRH EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTE TO STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND OFFER A POTENTIAL EXPLANATION OF HOW STRESS CAN TRIGGER SYMPTOMS IN IBS PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19 2364  52 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SPINAL CORD GENE EXPRESSION CONTROLS OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA. BACKGROUND: THE LONG TERM USE OF OPIOIDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAIN LEADS TO A GROUP OF MALADAPTATIONS WHICH INCLUDES OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA (OIH). OIH TYPICALLY RESOLVES WITHIN FEW DAYS AFTER CESSATION OF MORPHINE TREATMENT IN MICE BUT IS PROLONGED FOR WEEKS IF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY IS INHIBITED DURING OPIOID TREATMENT. THE PRESENT WORK SEEKS TO IDENTIFY GENE TARGETS SUPPORTING THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS RESPONSIBLE FOR OIH PROLONGATION. RESULTS: MICE WERE TREATED WITH MORPHINE ACCORDING TO AN ASCENDING DOSE PROTOCOL. SOME MICE ALSO RECEIVED THE SELECTIVE HDAC INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ADDITIONALLY. CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT WITH SIMULTANEOUS HDAC INHIBITION ENHANCED OIH, AND SEVERAL SPINAL CORD GENES WERE UP-REGULATED. THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF (BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR) AND PDYN (PRODYNORPHIN) WERE MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO THE OBSERVED BEHAVIORAL CHANGES. CHIP (CHROMATIN IMMUOPRECIPATION) ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED THAT PROMOTER REGIONS OF PDYN AND BDNF WERE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH ACEH3K9 (ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 LYSINE9) AFTER MORPHINE AND SAHA TREATMENT. FURTHERMORE, MORPHINE TREATMENT CAUSED AN INCREASE IN SPINAL BDNF AND DYNORPHIN LEVELS, AND THESE LEVELS WERE FURTHER INCREASED IN SAHA TREATED MICE. THE SELECTIVE TRKB (TROPOMYOSIN-RECEPTOR-KINASE) ANTAGONIST ANA-12 REDUCED OIH WHEN GIVEN ONE OR SEVEN DAYS AFTER CESSATION OF MORPHINE. TREATMENT WITH THE SELECTIVE KAPPA OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST NOR-BNI ALSO REDUCED ESTABLISHED OIH. THE CO-ADMINISTRATION OF EITHER RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST AGENT DAILY WITH MORPHINE RESULTED IN ATTENUATION OF HYPERALGESIA PRESENT ONE DAY AFTER CESSATION OF TREATMENT. ADDITIONALLY, REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE INDUCED A RISE IN BDNF EXPRESSION THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED NUMBER OF BDNF+ CELLS IN THE SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN, SHOWING STRONG CO-LOCALIZATION WITH ACEH3K9 IN NEURONAL CELLS. LASTLY, SPINAL APPLICATION OF LOW DOSE BDNF OR DYNORPHIN A AFTER RESOLUTION OF OIH PRODUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WITH NO EFFECT IN CONTROLS. CONCLUSIONS: THE PRESENT STUDY IDENTIFIED TWO GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS DURING MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TREATMENTS AIMED AT PREVENTING THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONES OR BLOCKING BDNF AND DYNORPHIN SIGNALING MAY REDUCE OIH AND IMPROVE LONG-TERM PAIN USING OPIOIDS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20 1320  34 DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION NEURONS IS IMPLICATED IN OPIOID-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN RATS. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF MORPHINE MAY RESULT IN OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY (OIH), WHICH INVOLVES ALTERED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS GENES, INCLUDING BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) NEURONS. YET, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR HOW BDNF EXPRESSION IS INCREASED IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF CERTAIN BDNF GENE PROMOTERS IN DRG NEURONS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH. REAL-TIME RT-PCR WAS USED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN THE MRNA TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF MAJOR BDNF EXONS INCLUDING EXON I, II, IV, VI, AS WELL AS TOTAL BDNF MRNA IN DRGS FROM RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION. THE LEVELS OF EXON IV AND TOTAL BDNF MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED BY REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION, AS COMPARED TO THAT IN SALINE CONTROL GROUP. FURTHER, ELISA ARRAY AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STUDY REVEALED A ROBUST UPREGULATION OF BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. CORRESPONDINGLY, THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF BDNF EXON IV PROMOTER SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION BY MORPHINE TREATMENT. IMPORTANTLY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF A BDNF ANTIBODY, BUT NOT CONTROL IGG, SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT DEVELOPED IN RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. CONVERSELY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF AN INHIBITOR OF DNA METHYLATION, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC) MARKEDLY UPREGULATED THE BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AND ENHANCED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE PROMOTER MAY BE IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH THROUGH EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS.	2016