1 2467 143 EPIGENETIC TOXICITY OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE: A SINGLE-MOLECULE PERSPECTIVE. THE VOLATILE, WATER SOLUBLE TRICHLOROETHYLENE (TCE) IS A HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND COULD LEAD TO VARIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS, INCLUDING CANCER, NEUROPATHY, CARDIOVASCULAR DEFECTS, AND IMMUNE DISEASES. TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES TAKING USE OF IN VITRO AND IN VIVO MODELS HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED TO UNDERSTAND THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF TCE AT THE GENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC, METABOLOMIC, AND SIGNALING LEVELS. THE EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS INDUCED BY TCE HAVE ALSO BEEN REPORTED IN A NUMBER OF MODEL ORGANISMS, WHILE A DETAILED MECHANISTIC ELUCIDATION IS LACKING. IN THIS STUDY WE UNCOVER AN UNREPORTED MECHANISM ACCOUNTING FOR THE EPIGENETIC TOXICITY DUE TO TCE EXPOSURE BY MONITORING THE SINGLE-MOLECULE DYNAMICS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) IN LIVING CELLS. TCE-INDUCED GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION COULD BE PARTLY ATTRIBUTED TO THE DISRUPTED DNMT3A-DNA ASSOCIATION. BY ANALYZING THE COMPONENTS OF DETACHED DNMT3A, WE FOUND THAT THE DNMT3A OLIGOMERS (E.G., DIMER, TRIMER, AND HIGH-ORDER OLIGOMERS) DISSOCIATED FROM HETEROCHROMATIN IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER UPON EXPOSURE. THEREAFTER THE DIMINISHED DNA-BINDING AFFINITY OF DNMT3A RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) UNDER BOTH ACUTE HIGH-DOSAGE AND CHRONIC LOW-DOSAGE TCE EXPOSURE. THE RESULTING DNA DEMETHYLATION MIGHT ALSO BE CONTRIBUTED BY THE ELEVATED EXPRESSION OF TEN-ELEVEN-TRANSLOCATION (TET) ENZYMES AND REFORMED CYSTEINE CYCLE. BESIDES THE GLOBAL EFFECT, WE FURTHER IDENTIFIED THAT A GROUP OF HETEROCHROMATIN-LOCATED, CANCER-RELATED MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) EXPERIENCED PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION UPON TCE EXPOSURE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2 1986  34 EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY REGULATE TEMPORARY REVERSAL OF CD4(+) T CELL ACTIVATION CAUSED BY TRICHLOROETHYLENE EXPOSURE. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SHORT-TERM (4 WEEKS) OR CHRONIC (32 WEEKS) EXPOSURE TO TRICHLOROETHYLENE (TCE) IN DRINKING WATER OF FEMALE MRL+/+ MICE GENERATED CD4(+) T CELLS THAT SECRETED INCREASED LEVELS OF INTERFERON (IFN)-GAMMA AND EXPRESSED AN ACTIVATED (CD44(HI)CD62L(LO)) PHENOTYPE. IN CONTRAST, THE CURRENT STUDY OF SUBCHRONIC TCE EXPOSURE SHOWED THAT MIDWAY IN THE DISEASE PROCESS BOTH OF THESE PARAMETERS OF CD4(+) T CELL ACTIVATION WERE REVERSED. THIS PHASE OF THE DISEASE PROCESS MAY REPRESENT AN ATTEMPT BY THE BODY TO COUNTERACT THE INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF TCE. THE DECREASE IN CD4(+) T CELL PRODUCTION OF IFN-GAMMA FOLLOWING SUBCHRONIC TCE EXPOSURE COULD NOT BE ATTRIBUTED TO SKEWING TOWARD A TH2 OR TH17 PHENOTYPE OR TO AN INCREASE IN TREG CELLS. INSTEAD, THE SUPPRESSION CORRESPONDED TO ALTERATIONS IN MARKERS USED TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION, NAMELY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF RETROTRANSPOSONS IAP (INTRACISTERNAL A PARTICLE) AND MUERV (MURINE ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS). ALSO OBSERVED WAS AN INCREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT1 (DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE-1) AND DECREASED EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL GENES KNOWN TO BE DOWNREGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION, NAMELY IFNG, IL2, AND CDKN1A. CD4(+) T CELLS FROM A SECOND STUDY IN WHICH MRL+/+ MICE WERE TREATED FOR 17 WEEKS WITH TCE SHOWED A SIMILAR INCREASE IN IAP AND DECREASE IN CDKN1A. IN ADDITION, DNA COLLECTED FROM THE CD4(+) T CELLS IN THE SECOND STUDY SHOWED TCE-DECREASED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION. THUS, THESE RESULTS DESCRIBED THE BIPHASIC NATURE OF TCE-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN CD4(+) T CELL FUNCTION AND SUGGESTED THAT THESE CHANGES REPRESENTED POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC PROCESSES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3 1161  39 CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENTAL AND EARLY LIFE TRICHLOROETHYLENE EXPOSURE PROMOTED DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN POLYCOMB PROTEIN BINDING SITES IN EFFECTOR/MEMORY CD4(+) T CELLS. TRICHLOROETHYLENE (TCE) IS AN INDUSTRIAL SOLVENT AND DRINKING WATER POLLUTANT ASSOCIATED WITH CD4(+) T CELL-MEDIATED AUTOIMMUNITY. IN OUR MOUSE MODEL, DISCONTINUATION OF TCE EXPOSURE DURING ADULTHOOD AFTER DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE DID NOT PREVENT IMMUNOTOXICITY. TO DETERMINE WHETHER PERSISTENT EFFECTS WERE LINKED TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES WE CONDUCTED WHOLE GENOME REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) TO EVALUATE METHYLATION OF CPG SITES IN AUTOSOMAL CHROMOSOMES IN ACTIVATED EFFECTOR/MEMORY CD4(+) T CELLS. FEMALE MRL+/+ MICE WERE EXPOSED TO VEHICLE CONTROL OR TCE IN THE DRINKING WATER FROM GESTATION UNTIL ~37 WEEKS OF AGE [POSTNATAL DAY (PND) 259]. IN A SUBSET OF MICE, TCE EXPOSURE WAS DISCONTINUED AT ~22 WEEKS OF AGE (PND 154). AT PND 259, RRBS ASSESSMENT REVEALED MORE GLOBAL METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE GROUP VS. THE DISCONTINUOUS EXPOSURE GROUP. A MAJORITY OF THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG REGIONS (DMRS) ACROSS PROMOTERS, ISLANDS, AND REGULATORY ELEMENTS WERE HYPERMETHYLATED (~90%). HOWEVER, CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENTAL TCE EXPOSURE ALTERED THE METHYLATION OF 274 CPG SITES IN PROMOTERS AND CPG ISLANDS. IN CONTRAST, ONLY 4 CPG ISLAND REGIONS WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED (HYPERMETHYLATED) IN THE DISCONTINUOUS GROUP. INTERESTINGLY, 2 OF THESE 4 SITES WERE ALSO HYPERMETHYLATED IN THE CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE GROUP, AND BOTH OF THESE ISLAND REGIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LYSINE 27 ON HISTONE H3 (H3K27) INVOLVED IN POLYCOMB COMPLEX-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION VIA H3K27 TRI-METHYLATION. CPG SITES WERE OVERLAPPED WITH THE OPEN REGULATORY ANNOTATION DATABASE. UNLIKE THE DISCONTINUOUS GROUP, CONTINUOUS TCE TREATMENT RESULTED IN 129 DMRS INCLUDING 12 UNIQUE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND REGULATORY ELEMENTS; 80% OF WHICH WERE ENRICHED FOR ONE OR MORE POLYCOMB GROUP (PCG) PROTEIN BINDING REGIONS (I.E., SUZ12, EZH2, JARID2, AND MTF2). PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF THE DMRS INDICATED THAT TCE PRIMARILY ALTERED THE METHYLATION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH REGULATION OF CELLULAR METABOLISM AND CELL SIGNALING. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO TCE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BINDING SITES OF PCG PROTEINS IN EFFECTOR/MEMORY CD4(+) CELLS. THERE WERE MINIMAL YET POTENTIALLY BIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS THAT OCCURRED WHEN EXPOSURE WAS DISCONTINUED. THESE RESULTS POINT TOWARD A NOVEL MECHANISM BY WHICH CHRONIC DEVELOPMENTAL TCE EXPOSURE MAY ALTER TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED CD4(+) T CELL FUNCTION IN ADULTHOOD.	2019	

4  912  24 CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO WATER POLLUTANT TRICHLOROETHYLENE INCREASED EPIGENETIC DRIFT IN CD4(+) T CELLS. AIM: AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE AND CD4(+) T-CELL ALTERATIONS ARE INDUCED IN MICE EXPOSED TO THE WATER POLLUTANT TRICHLOROETHYLENE (TCE). WE EXAMINED HERE WHETHER TCE ALTERED GENE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION IN CD4(+) T CELLS AS A POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF IMMUNOTOXICITY. MATERIALS & METHODS: NAIVE AND EFFECTOR/MEMORY CD4(+) T CELLS FROM MICE EXPOSED TO TCE (0.5 MG/ML IN DRINKING WATER) FOR 40 WEEKS WERE EXAMINED BY BISULFITE NEXT-GENERATION DNA SEQUENCING. RESULTS: A PROBABILISTIC MODEL CALCULATED FROM MULTIPLE GENES SHOWED THAT TCE DECREASED METHYLATION CONTROL IN CD4(+) T CELLS. DATA FROM INDIVIDUAL GENES FITTED TO A QUADRATIC REGRESSION MODEL SHOWED THAT TCE INCREASED GENE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION VARIANCE IN BOTH CD4 SUBSETS. CONCLUSION: TCE INCREASED EPIGENETIC DRIFT OF SPECIFIC CPG SITES IN CD4(+) T CELLS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5 1655  23 DOSE-DEPENDENCE, SEX- AND TISSUE-SPECIFICITY, AND PERSISTENCE OF RADIATION-INDUCED GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION CHANGES. RADIATION IS A WELL-KNOWN GENOTOXIC AGENT AND HUMAN CARCINOGEN THAT GIVES RISE TO A VARIETY OF LONG-TERM EFFECTS. ITS DETRIMENTAL INFLUENCE ON CELLULAR FUNCTION IS ACTIVELY STUDIED NOWADAYS. ONE OF THE MOST ANALYZED, YET LEAST UNDERSTOOD LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION IS TRANSGENERATIONAL GENOMIC INSTABILITY. THE INHERITANCE OF GENOMIC INSTABILITY SUGGESTS THE POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS CHANGES OF THE METHYLATION OF CYTOSINE RESIDUES LOCATED WITHIN CPG DINUCLEOTIDES. IN THE CURRENT STUDY WE EVALUATED THE DOSE-DEPENDENCE OF THE RADIATION-INDUCED GLOBAL GENOME DNA METHYLATION CHANGES. WE ALSO ANALYZED THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC HIGH DOSE (5GY) EXPOSURE ON DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER, SPLEEN, AND LUNG TISSUES OF MALE AND FEMALE MICE AND EVALUATED THE POSSIBLE PERSISTENCE OF THE RADIATION-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES. HERE WE REPORT THAT RADIATION-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES WERE SEX- AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC, DOSE-DEPENDENT, AND PERSISTENT. IN PARALLEL WE HAVE STUDIED THE LEVELS OF DNA DAMAGE IN THE EXPOSED TISSUES. BASED ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE LEVELS OF DNA METHYLATION AND DNA DAMAGE WE PROPOSE THAT RADIATION-INDUCED GLOBAL GENOME DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IS DNA REPAIR-RELATED.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6 4604  24 NEGATIVE EVIDENCE FOR A FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF NEURONAL DNMT3A IN PERSISTENT PAIN. TRADITIONALLY, NEUROSCIENCE HAS HAD TO RELY ON MIXED TISSUE ANALYSIS TO EXAMINE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE CONTEXT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION OR PATHOLOGY. HOWEVER, PARTICULARLY WHEN STUDYING CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS, THIS APPROACH CAN BE FLAWED, SINCE IT NEGLECTS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE SHIFTING CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES ACROSS EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THIS USING THE EXAMPLE OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) - A GROUP OF EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS CONSISTING OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B IN MAMMALIAN CELLS. WE USED SENSORY NEURON-SPECIFIC KNOCKOUT MICE FOR DNMT3A/3B AS WELL AS PHARMACOLOGICAL BLOCKADE OF DNMT1 TO STUDY THEIR ROLE IN NOCICEPTION. IN CONTRAST TO PREVIOUS ANALYSES ON WHOLE TISSUE, WE FIND THAT DNMT3A AND 3B PROTEIN IS NOT EXPRESSED IN ADULT DRG NEURONS, THAT NONE OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES ARE REGULATED WITH INJURY AND THAT INTERFERING WITH THEIR FUNCTION HAS NO EFFECT ON NOCICEPTION. OUR RESULTS THEREFORE CURRENTLY DO NOT SUPPORT A ROLE FOR NEURONAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES IN PAIN PROCESSING IN ADULT ANIMALS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7 5067  27 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DNA METHYLATION IN HUMANS. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS A STRONG STIMULUS INFLUENCING THE OVERALL PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN BODY. EXERCISES LEAD TO BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN VARIOUS TISSUES AND EXERT AN IMPACT ON GENE EXPRESSION. EXERCISE-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION MAY BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WHICH REARRANGE THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND THEREFORE MODULATE ITS ACCESSIBILITY FOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. ONE OF SUCH EPIGENETIC MARK IS DNA METHYLATION THAT INVOLVES AN ATTACHMENT OF A METHYL GROUP TO THE FIFTH CARBON OF CYTOSINE RESIDUE PRESENT IN CG DINUCLEOTIDES (CPG). DNA METHYLATION IS CATALYZED BY A FAMILY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES. THIS REVERSIBLE DNA MODIFICATION RESULTS IN THE RECRUITMENT OF PROTEINS CONTAINING METHYL BINDING DOMAIN AND FURTHER TRANSCRIPTIONAL CO-REPRESSORS LEADING TO THE SILENCING OF GENE EXPRESSION. THE ACCUMULATION OF CPG DINUCLEOTIDES, REFERRED AS CPG ISLANDS, OCCURS AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS IN A GREAT MAJORITY OF HUMAN GENES. THEREFORE, CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF MULTIPLE GENES. A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT EXERCISE TRAINING MODULATES DNA METHYLATION IN MUSCLES AND ADIPOSE TISSUE. SOME OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCED RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN HUMANS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8 3738  36 INORGANIC ARSENIC-INDUCED CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION IS COUPLED WITH GENOME WIDE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, TRANSCRIPTOME AND SPLICING PATTERNS. BACKGROUND: ARSENIC (AS) EXPOSURE IS A SIGNIFICANT WORLDWIDE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CONCERN. LOW DOSE, CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER THAN NORMAL RISK OF SKIN, LUNG, AND BLADDER CANCER, AS WELL AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DIABETES. WHILE ARSENIC-INDUCED BIOLOGICAL CHANGES PLAY A ROLE IN DISEASE PATHOLOGY, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE DYNAMIC CELLULAR CHANGES RESULTING FROM ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL. RESULTS: IN THESE STUDIES, WE SOUGHT TO UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BEHIND THE BIOLOGICAL CHANGES INDUCED BY ARSENIC EXPOSURE. A COMPREHENSIVE GLOBAL APPROACH WAS EMPLOYED TO DETERMINE GENOME-WIDE CHANGES TO CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, TRANSCRIPTOME PATTERNS AND SPLICING PATTERNS IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC LOW DOSE ARSENIC AND ITS SUBSEQUENT WITHDRAWAL. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT CELLS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC LOW DOSES OF SODIUM ARSENITE HAVE DISTINCT TEMPORAL AND COORDINATED CHROMATIN, GENE EXPRESSION, AND MIRNA CHANGES CONSISTENT WITH DIFFERENTIATION AND ACTIVATION OF MULTIPLE BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS. MOST OF THESE TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN GENE EXPRESSION ARE REVERSED WHEN ARSENIC IS WITHDRAWN. HOWEVER, SOME GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS REMAINED ALTERED, PLAUSIBLY AS A RESULT OF AN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE BY CELLS. ADDITIONALLY, THE CORRELATION OF CHANGES TO GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN STRUCTURE SOLIDIFY THE ROLE OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE IN GENE REGULATORY CHANGES DUE TO ARSENITE EXPOSURE. LASTLY, WE SHOW THAT ARSENITE EXPOSURE INFLUENCES GENE REGULATION BOTH AT THE INITIATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AS WELL AS AT THE LEVEL OF SPLICING. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT ADAPTATION OF CELLS TO IAS-MEDIATED EMT IS COUPLED TO CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE EFFECTING DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND SPLICING PATTERNS OF GENES. THESE STUDIES PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISM OF IAS-MEDIATED PATHOLOGY, WHICH INCLUDES EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN CHANGES COUPLED WITH CHANGES TO THE TRANSCRIPTOME AND SPLICING PATTERNS OF KEY GENES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9  904  30 CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM INDUCES DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN MICE SPERMATOZOA. CADMIUM EXPOSURE IS UBIQUITOUS AND HAS BEEN LINKED TO DISEASES INCLUDING CANCERS AND REPRODUCTIVE DEFECTS. SINCE CADMIUM IS NONMUTAGENIC, IT IS THOUGHT TO EXERT ITS GENE DYSREGULATORY EFFECTS THROUGH EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED GERMLINE EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM IN DEVELOPMENTAL REPROGRAMMING. HOWEVER, MOST OF THESE STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON MATERNAL EXPOSURE, WHILE THE IMPACT ON SPERM FERTILITY AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY HAS RECEIVED LESS ATTENTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING TO COMPREHENSIVELY INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC CADMIUM EXPOSURE ON MOUSE SPERMATOZOA DNA METHYLATION. ADULT MALE C57BL/J6 MICE WERE PROVIDED WATER WITH OR WITHOUT CADMIUM CHLORIDE FOR 9 WEEKS. SPERM, TESTES, LIVER, AND KIDNEY TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT THE END OF THE TREATMENT PERIOD. CADMIUM EXPOSURE WAS CONFIRMED THROUGH GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF METALLOTHIONEIN-1 AND 2, 2 WELL-KNOWN CADMIUM-INDUCED GENES. ANALYSIS OF SPERM DNA METHYLATION CHANGES REVEALED 1788 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES PRESENT AT REGULATORY REGIONS IN SPERM OF MICE EXPOSED TO CADMIUM COMPARED WITH VEHICLE (CONTROL) MICE. FURTHERMORE, MOST OF THESE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION CHANGES POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AT BOTH THE TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION STAGE AS WELL AS THE SPLICING LEVELS. INTERESTINGLY, THE GENES TARGETED BY CADMIUM EXPOSURE ARE INVOLVED IN SEVERAL CRITICAL DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES. OUR RESULTS PRESENT A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SPERM METHYLOME IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC CADMIUM EXPOSURE. THESE DATA, THEREFORE, HIGHLIGHT A FOUNDATIONAL FRAMEWORK TO STUDY GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS THAT MAY AFFECT FERTILITY IN THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUAL AS WELL AS THEIR OFFSPRING, THROUGH PATERNAL INHERITANCE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10 1794  31 EFFECT OF DIABETES STATUS AND HYPERGLYCEMIA ON GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) IS CHARACTERIZED BY OXIDATIVE STRESS THAT COULD LEAD TO CHRONIC MICRO- AND MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT SOME OF THE TARGET ORGAN DAMAGE IS MEDIATED BY OXIDATIVE ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVING DNA METHYLATION (5MC) AND DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION (5HMC). WE ANALYZED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS IN WELL-CONTROLLED AND POORLY CONTROLLED PATIENTS WITH T2DM AND COMPARED THEM WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE ALSO ANALYZED MICROARRAYS OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF OTHER IMPORTANT TISSUES IN THE CONTEXT OF DIABETES FROM THE GEO DATABASE REPOSITORY AND THEN COMPARED THESE RESULTS WITH OUR EXPERIMENTAL GENE EXPRESSION DATA. DNA METHYLATION AND, MORE IMPORTANTLY, DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION LEVELS WERE INCREASED IN POORLY CONTROLLED PATIENTS COMPARED TO WELL-CONTROLLED AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. BOTH 5MC AND 5HMC MEASUREMENTS WERE CORRELATED WITH THE PERCENTAGE OF GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN, INDICATING A DIRECT IMPACT OF HYPERGLYCEMIA ON CHANGES OVER THE EPIGENOME. THE ANALYSIS OF METHYLATION MICROARRAYS WAS CONCORDANT, AND 5MC LEVELS WERE INCREASED IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF T2DM PATIENTS. HOWEVER, THE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE THE OPPOSITE OF THOSE IN OTHER TISSUES, SUCH AS THE PANCREAS, ADIPOSE TISSUE AND SKELETAL MUSCLE. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT A PROCESS OF DNA OXIDATION ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERGLYCEMIA MAY EXPLAIN THE DNA DEMETHYLATION IN WHICH THE ACTIVITY OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) PROTEINS IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO COMPLETE THE PROCESS. HIGH LEVELS OF GLUCOSE LEAD TO CELLULAR OXIDATION, WHICH TRIGGERS THE PROCESS OF DNA DEMETHYLATION AIDED BY TET ENZYMES, RESULTING IN EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF THE DAMAGED TISSUES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11  476  29 ARSENIC INDUCES FIBROGENIC CHANGES IN HUMAN KIDNEY EPITHELIAL CELLS POTENTIALLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION. ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IS A SIGNIFICANT PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE, AND KIDNEY IS ONE OF THE TARGET ORGAN FOR ARSENIC-INDUCED ADVERSE EFFECTS. RENAL FIBROSIS IS A WELL-KNOWN PATHOLOGICAL STAGE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN PROGRESSIVE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IMPLICATE ARSENIC EXPOSURE TO CKD, BUT THE ROLE OF ARSENIC IN KIDNEY FIBROSIS AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM IS STILL UNCLEAR. IT IS IN THIS CONTEXT THAT THE CURRENT STUDY EVALUATED THE EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM ARSENIC EXPOSURE ON THE CELLULAR RESPONSE IN MORPHOLOGY, AND MARKER GENES EXPRESSION WITH RESPECT TO FIBROSIS USING HUMAN KIDNEY 2 (HK-2) EPITHELIAL CELLS. RESULTS OF THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT IN ADDITION TO INCREASED GROWTH, HK-2 CELLS UNDERWENT PHENOTYPIC, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES INDICATIVE OF EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) IN RESPONSE TO THE EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. MOST IMPORTANTLY, THE ARSENIC-EXPOSED CELLS ACQUIRED THE PATHOGENIC FEATURES OF FIBROSIS AS SUPPORTED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF MARKERS FOR FIBROSIS, SUCH AS COLLAGEN I, FIBRONECTIN, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA, AND ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN. UPREGULATION OF FIBROSIS ASSOCIATED SIGNALING MOLECULES SUCH AS TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASES-3 AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-2 AS WELL AS ACTIVATION OF AKT WAS ALSO OBSERVED. ADDITIONALLY, THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC GENES (DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES 3A AND 3B; METHYL-CPG BINDING DOMAIN 4) WAS INCREASED IN ARSENIC-EXPOSED CELLS. TREATMENT WITH DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DC REVERSED THE EMT PROPERTIES AND RESTORED THE LEVEL OF PHOSPHO-AKT. TOGETHER, THESE DATA FOR THE FIRST TIME SUGGEST THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF KIDNEY FIBROSIS. ADDITIONALLY, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT THE ARSENIC-INDUCED FIBROTIC CHANGES ARE, AT LEAST IN PART, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLATION AND THEREFORE POTENTIALLY CAN BE REVERSED BY EPIGENETIC THERAPEUTICS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12 3042  28 GENOME-WIDE ALTERATION OF HISTONE METHYLATION PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE IN MICE. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A XENOBIOTIC ENTERING THE BODY PRIMARILY THROUGH CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER AND FOOD. THERE ARE DEFINED MECHANISMS THAT DESCRIBE ARSENIC'S ASSOCIATION WITH INCREASED CANCER INCIDENCE, HOWEVER MECHANISMS EXPLAINING ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OR AGING DISORDERS ARE POORLY DEFINED. IN RECENT YEARS, ARSENIC EFFECTS ON EPIGENOME HAVE BECOME A PARTICULAR FOCUS. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT HUMAN RELEVANT ARSENIC EXPOSURE DURING PARTICULAR DEVELOPMENTAL WINDOWS, OR LONG-TERM EXPOSURE LATER IN LIFE INDUCE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL NEURAL CHANGES THROUGH EPIGENOMIC ALTERATIONS, IN PARTICULAR HISTONE METHYLATION PROFILE, MANIFESTING AS COGNITIVE DECLINE. C57BL/6 WILD-TYPE MICE WERE CONTINUALLY EXPOSED TO SODIUM ARSENITE (100 MICROG/L) IN DRINKING WATER PRIOR TO MATING THROUGH WEANING OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGENY. A SECOND COHORT OF AGED APP/PS MICE WERE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO THE SAME LEVEL OF ARSENIC. COGNITIVE TESTING, HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF BRAINS AND GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION LEVELS OF H3K4ME3 AND H3K27ME3 EXAMINED AFTER CHIP-SEQ WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF ARSENIC EXPOSURE. DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE CAUSED SIGNIFICANTLY DIMINISHED COGNITION IN WILD-TYPE MICE. THE ANALYSIS OF CHIP-SEQ DATA AND EXPERIMENTS WITH MOUSE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS DEMONSTRATED THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED BY ARSENIC EXPOSURE TRANSLATED INTO GENE EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE. INCREASED HIPPOCAMPAL AMYLOID PLAQUES LEVELS OF APP/PS MICE AND COGNITIVE DECLINE PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT ARSENIC EXPOSURE AGGRAVATED AN EXISTING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE-LIKE PHENOTYPE. WE SHOW DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACTS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN BRAIN WHICH REMAIN PRESENT INTO ADULTHOOD AND PROVIDE A POTENTIAL MECHANISM BY WHICH DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE INFLUENCES COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS. WE ALSO SHOW THAT HUMAN RELEVANT, CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE HAS DELETERIOUS EFFECTS ON ADULT APP/PS MICE AND EXACERBATES EXISTING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE-LIKE SYMPTOMS. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE HOW DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE IMPACTS THE BRAIN EPIGENOME, LEADING TO ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION LATER IN LIFE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
13 1815  24 EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN ON EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC CODE IN HUMAN PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC EXPOSURES TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN ARE KNOWN RISK FACTORS FOR PROSTATE CANCER. THOUGH THE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC OR ESTROGENS CAN DISRUPT NORMAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE CHEMICALS INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. MOREOVER, THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF CO-EXPOSURE TO THESE TWO CHEMICALS ARE NOT KNOWN. THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN, BOTH ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, ON THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES, THEIR CONSEQUENCES ON DNA METHYLATION, AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. HUMAN PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELLS, RWPE-1, CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WERE USED FOR ANALYSIS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES EXPRESSION, GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT PROTEIN LEVEL. THE RESULT OF THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC, ESTROGEN, AND THEIR COMBINATION ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES AND CHANGES GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION PATTERNS IN RWPE-1 CELLS. THESE CHANGES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER IN ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN COMBINATION TREATED GROUP THAN INDIVIDUALLY TREATED GROUP. THE FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY WILL HELP EXPLAIN THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF ARSENIC- AND/OR ESTROGEN-INDUCED PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14  457  32 APPLYING A MULTISCALE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE TO URANIUM IN RAT KIDNEYS. PURPOSE: TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE TO URANIUM WITH A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH, A MULTISCALE HIGH-THROUGHPUT MULTI-OMICS ANALYSIS WAS APPLIED WITH A PROTOCOL FOR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO THE RAT KIDNEY. METHODS: MALE AND FEMALE RATS WERE CONTAMINATED FOR NINE MONTHS THROUGH THEIR DRINKING WATER WITH A NONTOXIC SOLUTION OF URANYL NITRATE. A MULTISCALE APPROACH ENABLED CLINICAL MONITORING ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC (MRNA AND MICRORNA) ANALYSES. RESULTS: A SEX-INTERACTION EFFECT WAS OBSERVED IN THE KIDNEY, URINE, AND PLASMA METABOLOMES OF CONTAMINATED RATS. MOREOVER, URINE AND KIDNEY METABOLIC PROFILES CORRELATED AND CONFIRMED THAT THE PRIMARY DYSREGULATED METABOLISMS ARE THOSE OF NICOTINATE-NICOTINAMIDE AND OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS. UPSTREAM OF THE METABOLIC PATHWAYS, TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROFILES OF THE KIDNEY REVEAL GENE ACTIVITY FOCUSED ON GENE REGULATION MECHANISMS, CELL SIGNALING, CELL STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES, AND CELL PROLIFERATION. EXAMINATION OF EPIGENETIC POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE REGULATION PROCESSES SHOWED SIGNIFICANT DYSREGULATION OF 70 MICRO-RNAS. THE MULTI-OMICS APPROACH HIGHLIGHTED THE ACTIVITIES OF THE CELLS' BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON MULTIPLE SCALES THROUGH ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION, CONFIRMED BY CHANGES OBSERVED IN THE METABOLOME. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS SHOWED CHANGES IN MULTI-OMIC PROFILES OF RATS EXPOSED TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM CONTAMINATION, COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. THESE CHANGES INVOLVED GENE EXPRESSION AS WELL AS MODIFICATIONS IN THE TRANSCRIPTOME AND THE METABOLOME. THE METABOLOMIC PROFILE CONFIRMED THAT THE MAIN MOLECULAR TARGETS OF URANIUM IN KIDNEY CELLS ARE THE METABOLISM OF NICOTINATE-NICOTINAMIDE AND THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS. ADDITIONALLY, GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE METABOLISM OF FATTY ACIDS IS TARGETED BY PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH CELL FUNCTION. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT MULTISCALE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY IS USEFUL IN ELUCIDATING THE MOST DISCRIMINATIVE PATHWAYS FROM GENOMIC TO METABOLOMIC LEVELS FOR ASSESSING THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THIS LOW-LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE, I.E. THE EXPOSOME.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15 3836  25 IONIZING RADIATION POTENTIATES HIGH-FAT DIET-INDUCED INSULIN RESISTANCE AND REPROGRAMS SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE PROGENITOR CELLS. EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION INCREASES THE RISK OF CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS SUCH AS INSULIN RESISTANCE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES LATER IN LIFE. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT IRRADIATION REPROGRAMS THE EPIGENOME OF METABOLIC PROGENITOR CELLS, WHICH COULD ACCOUNT FOR IMPAIRED METABOLISM AFTER CANCER TREATMENT. C57BL/6 MICE WERE TREATED WITH A SINGLE DOSE OF IRRADIATION AND SUBJECTED TO HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD). RNA SEQUENCING AND REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING WERE USED TO CREATE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC PROFILES OF PREADIPOCYTES AND SKELETAL MUSCLE SATELLITE CELLS COLLECTED FROM IRRADIATED MICE. MICE SUBJECTED TO TOTAL BODY IRRADIATION SHOWED ALTERATIONS IN GLUCOSE METABOLISM AND, WHEN CHALLENGED WITH HFD, MARKED HYPERINSULINEMIA. INSULIN SIGNALING WAS CHRONICALLY DISRUPTED IN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE PROGENITOR CELLS COLLECTED FROM IRRADIATED MICE AND DIFFERENTIATED IN CULTURE. EPIGENOMIC PROFILING OF SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE PROGENITOR CELLS FROM IRRADIATED ANIMALS REVEALED SUBSTANTIAL DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, NOTABLY FOR GENES REGULATING THE CELL CYCLE, GLUCOSE/LIPID METABOLISM, AND EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT TOTAL BODY IRRADIATION ALTERS INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING AND EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS REGULATING CELL PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE PROGENITOR CELLS AND PROVIDE A POSSIBLE MECHANISM BY WHICH IRRADIATION USED IN CANCER TREATMENT INCREASES THE RISK FOR METABOLIC DISEASE LATER IN LIFE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
16 6562  26 TRANSIENT AND PERMANENT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN INORGANIC ARSENIC-MEDIATED EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION. CHRONIC LOW DOSE INORGANIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE CAUSES CELLS TO TAKE ON AN EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL PHENOTYPE, WHICH IS A CRUCIAL PROCESS IN CARCINOGENESIS. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS NOT A MUTAGEN AND THUS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THIS PROCESS. INDEED, DURING THE EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION, MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES TO CELLS CORRELATE WITH CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND GENE EXPRESSION, ULTIMATELY DRIVING THIS PROCESS. HOWEVER, STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF INORGANIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE/WITHDRAWAL ON THE EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION AND THE IMPACT OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THIS PROCESS ARE LIMITED. IN THIS STUDY WE USED HIGH-RESOLUTION MICROARRAY ANALYSIS TO MEASURE THE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN CELLS UNDERGOING INORGANIC ARSENIC-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION, AND ON THE REVERSAL OF THIS PROCESS, AFTER REMOVAL OF THE INORGANIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE. WE FOUND THAT CELLS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC, LOW-DOSE INORGANIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE SHOWED 30,530 SITES WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED, AND WITH INORGANIC ARSENIC WITHDRAWAL SEVERAL DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATED SITES WERE REVERSED, ALBEIT NOT COMPLETELY. FURTHERMORE, THESE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION MAINLY CORRELATED WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AT MOST SITES TESTED BUT NOT AT ALL. THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ON GENE EXPRESSION ARE NOT CLEAR-CUT AND PROVIDE A PLATFORM TO BEGIN TO UNCOVER THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION, SPECIFICALLY WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF INORGANIC ARSENIC TREATMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17 4224  31 METHYLATION CHANGES IN MUSCLE AND LIVER TISSUES OF MALE AND FEMALE MICE EXPOSED TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC LOW-DOSE X-RAY-IRRADIATION. THE BIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC EFFECTS OF CHRONIC LOW-DOSE RADIATION (LDR) EXPOSURE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CARCINOGENESIS HAVE RECEIVED A LOT OF ATTENTION IN THE RECENT YEARS. FOR EXAMPLE, RADIATION-INDUCED GENOME INSTABILITY, WHICH IS THOUGHT TO BE A PRECURSOR OF TUMOROGENESIS, WAS SHOWN TO HAVE A TRANSGENERATIONAL NATURE. THIS INDICATES A POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN LDR-INDUCED GENOME INSTABILITY. GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. EXISTING DATA ON RADIATION EFFECTS ON DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IS LIMITED, AND NO ONE HAS SPECIFICALLY STUDIED THE EFFECTS OF THE LDR. WE REPORT THE FIRST STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF WHOLE-BODY LDR EXPOSURE ON GLOBAL GENOME METHYLATION IN MUSCLE AND LIVER TISSUES OF MALE AND FEMALE MICE. IN PARALLEL, WE EVALUATED CHANGES IN PROMOTER METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE P16(INKA) AND DNA REPAIR GENE O(6)-METHYLGUANINE-DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (MGMT). WE OBSERVED DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF RADIATION-INDUCED GLOBAL GENOME DNA METHYLATION IN THE LIVER AND MUSCLE OF EXPOSED MALES AND FEMALES. WE ALSO FOUND SEX AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN P16(INKA) PROMOTER METHYLATION UPON LDR EXPOSURE. IN MALE LIVER TISSUE, P16(INKA) PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS MORE PRONOUNCED THAN IN FEMALE TISSUE. IN CONTRAST, NO SIGNIFICANT RADIATION-INDUCED CHANGES IN P16(INKA) PROMOTER METHYLATION WERE NOTED IN THE MUSCLE TISSUE OF EXPOSED MALES AND FEMALES. RADIATION ALSO DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT METHYLATION STATUS OF MGMT PROMOTER. WE ALSO OBSERVED SUBSTANTIAL SEX DIFFERENCES IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC RADIATION-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF P16(INKA) AND MGMT GENES. ANOTHER IMPORTANT OUTCOME OF OUR STUDY WAS THE FACT THAT CHRONIC LOW-DOSE RADIATION EXPOSURE PROVED TO BE A MORE POTENT INDUCER OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS THAN THE ACUTE EXPOSURE. THIS SUPPORTS PREVIOUS FINDINGS THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE LEADS TO GREATER GENOME DESTABILIZATION THAN ACUTE EXPOSURE.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18 1511  34 DNA METHYLATION AND POTENTIAL MULTIGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS LINKED TO URANIUM CHRONIC LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE IN GONADS OF MALES AND FEMALES RATS. INTRODUCTION: AN INCREASED HEALTH PROBLEM IN INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES IS THE CONTEMPORARY CONCERN OF PUBLIC AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY AS WELL. THIS HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED IN PART TO ACCUMULATED ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS ESPECIALLY RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS WORLDWIDE. HOWEVER, THE OUTCOME OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF A RADIONUCLIDE SUCH AS URANIUM REMAINS UNKNOWN. RECENTLY, A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERCEPTION OF RISK OF RADIOTOXICOLOGY HAS EMERGED THROUGH INVESTIGATING THE POSSIBILITY OF TRANSMISSION OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OVER GENERATIONS, IN PARTICULAR BY EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS. THESE PROCESSES ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR CRUCIAL ROLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL DISEASES. OBJECTIVE: THE CURRENT WORK INVESTIGATES THE EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM AND ITS INHERITANCE ACROSS GENERATIONS. MATERIALS AND METHODS TO TEST THIS PROPOSITION, A RODENT MULTIGENERATIONAL MODEL, MALES AND FEMALES, WERE EXPOSED TO A NON-TOXIC CONCENTRATION OF URANIUM (40MGL(-1) DRINKING WATER) FOR NINE MONTHS. THE URANIUM EFFECTS ON WERE EVALUATED OVER THREE GENERATIONS (F0, F1 AND F2) BY ANALYSING THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AND DNMT GENES EXPRESSION IN OVARIES AND TESTES TISSUES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT A SIGNIFICANT HYPERMETHYLATION OF TESTES DNA (P <0.005) WHEREAS OVARIES SHOWED HYPOMETHYLATED DNA (P <0.005). INTERESTINGLY, THIS DNA METHYLATION PROFILE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MAINTAINED ACROSS GENERATIONS F0, F1 AND F2. FURTHERMORE, QPCR RESULTS OF BOTH TISSUES IMPLY A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE GENES (DNMT 1 AND DNMT3A/B) AS WELL. CONCLUSION: ALTOGETHER, OUR WORK DEMONSTRATES FOR THE FIRST TIME A SEX-DEPENDANCE AND INHERITANCE OF EPIGENETIC MARKS, DNA METHYLATION, AS A BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO THE EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT CLEAR WHICH TYPE OF REPRODUCTIVE CELL TYPE IS MORE RESPONSIVE IN THIS CONTEXT.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19 3981  29 LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH ORAL ZEBULARINE HAS MINIMAL SIDE EFFECTS AND PREVENTS INTESTINAL TUMORS IN MICE. RECENT SUCCESSES IN THE APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME HAVE RAISED QUESTIONS ON THE SAFETY OF LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF DNA METHYLATION INHIBITORS. WE TREATED PREWEANED CANCER PRONE APC(MIN/+) (MIN) MICE CONTINUOUSLY WITH THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR ZEBULARINE IN THEIR DRINKING WATER TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF THE DRUG ON NORMAL MOUSE DEVELOPMENT AS WELL AS CANCER PREVENTION. ZEBULARINE CAUSED A TISSUE-SPECIFIC REDUCTION IN DNA METHYLATION AT B1 SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS IN THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES OF FEMALE MIN MICE BUT NOT IN OTHER ORGANS EXAMINED AFTER CHRONIC ORAL TREATMENT. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE AVERAGE WEIGHTS OF MICE WAS OBSERVED DURING THE TREATMENT. IN ADDITION, ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION OF COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM THE FEMALES INDICATED THAT ONLY 3% TO 6% OF THE GENES WERE AFFECTED IN THEIR EXPRESSION. WE DID NOT DETECT TOXICITY AND ABNORMALITIES FROM THE HISTOPATHOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF LIVER AND INTESTINAL TISSUES. LASTLY, WE TESTED WHETHER PREVENTION OF TUMORIGENESIS CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH CHRONIC ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF ZEBULARINE IN MIN MICE. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF POLYPS IN MIN FEMALES DECREASED FROM 58 TO 1, WHEREAS THE AVERAGE POLYP NUMBER REMAINED UNAFFECTED IN MIN MALES POSSIBLY DUE TO DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVITY OF ALDEHYDE OXIDASE. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SHOW FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT LONG-TERM ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF ZEBULARINE CAUSES A GENDER-SPECIFIC ABROGATION OF INTESTINAL TUMORS WHILE CAUSING A TISSUE-SPECIFIC DNA DEMETHYLATION. IMPORTANTLY, PROLONGED TREATMENT OF MICE WITH EPIGENETIC DRUGS RESULTED IN ONLY MINOR DEVELOPMENTAL AND HISTOLOGIC CHANGES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20  271  28 AGE-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN HUMAN DNA INCREASE ITS IMMUNOGENICITY. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, INCREASED REACTIVITY TO SELF-ANTIGENS AND INCIDENCES OF CANCER ARE HALLMARKS OF AGING. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. AGE-ASSOCIATED ALTERATIONS IN THE DNA EITHER DUE TO OXIDATIVE DAMAGE, DEFECTS IN DNA REPAIR OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS METHYLATION THAT LEAD TO MUTATIONS AND CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES ARE THOUGHT TO BE PARTIALLY RESPONSIBLE. HERE WE REPORT THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN AGED DNA ALSO INCREASE ITS IMMUNOGENICITY RENDERING IT MORE REACTIVE TO INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS SUCH AS THE DENDRITIC CELLS. WE OBSERVED INCREASED UPREGULATION OF COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES AS WELL AS ENHANCED SECRETION OF IFN-ALPHA FROM DENDRITIC CELLS IN RESPONSE TO DNA FROM AGED DONORS AS COMPARED TO DNA FROM YOUNG DONORS WHEN IT WAS DELIVERED INTRACELLULARLY VIA LIPOFECTAMINE. INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE MECHANISMS REVEALED THAT DNA FROM AGED SUBJECTS IS NOT DEGRADED, NEITHER IS IT MORE DAMAGED COMPARED TO DNA FROM YOUNG SUBJECTS. HOWEVER, THERE IS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED GLOBAL LEVEL OF METHYLATION SUGGESTING THAT AGE-ASSOCIATED HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE DNA MAY BE THE CAUSE OF ITS INCREASED IMMUNOGENICITY. INCREASED IMMUNOGENICITY OF SELF DNA MAY THUS BE ANOTHER MECHANISM THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASE IN AGE-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AUTOIMMUNITY AND CANCER.	2010