1 2450 152 EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF LIVER X RECEPTOR BETA IN ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX BY HDAC5 DRIVES CFA-INDUCED CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN. BACKGROUND: LIVER X RECEPTORS (LXRS), INCLUDING LXRALPHA AND LXRBETA, ARE KEY REGULATORS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS FOR BOTH CHOLESTEROL HOMEOSTASIS AND INFLAMMATION IN THE BRAIN. HERE, THE MODES OF ACTION OF LXRS AND THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING LXRBETA EXPRESSION IN ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (ACC) OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN (CIP) ARE INVESTIGATED. METHODS: THE DEFICIT OF LXR ISOFORM AND ANALGESIC EFFECT OF LXR ACTIVATION BY GW3965 WERE EVALUATED USING THE MOUSE MODEL OF CIP INDUCED BY HINDPAW INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA). THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN GW-MEDIATED ANALGESIC EFFECTS WERE ANALYZED WITH IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL METHODS, ELISA, CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CO-IP), WESTERN BLOT, AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDING. THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF LXRBETA EXPRESSION WAS INVESTIGATED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR, AND SEQUENCING. RESULTS: WE REVEALED THAT CFA INSULT LED TO LXRBETA REDUCTION IN ACC, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH UPREGULATED EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 5 (HDAC5), AND KNOCKDOWN OF LXRBETA BY SHRNA LED TO THERMAL HYPERALGESIA. CO-IP SHOWED THAT LXRBETA INTERACTED WITH NF-KAPPAB P65 PHYSICALLY. LXRBETA ACTIVATION BY GW3965 EXERTED ANALGESIC EFFECTS BY INHIBITING THE NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF NF-KAPPAB, REDUCING THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES (MAPKS) IN ACC, AND DECREASING THE PROMOTED INPUT-OUTPUT AND ENHANCED MEPSC FREQUENCY IN ACC NEURONS AFTER CFA EXPOSURE. IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS CONFIRMED THAT HDAC5 TRIGGERED HISTONE DEACETYLATION ON THE PROMOTER REGION OF LXRBETA, RESULTING IN DOWNREGULATION OF LXRBETA TRANSCRIPTION. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM UNDERLYING LXRBETA DEFICITS LINKED TO CIP, AND LXRBETA ACTIVATION MAY REPRESENT A POTENTIAL NOVEL TARGET FOR THE TREATMENT OF CIP WITH AN ALTERATION IN INFLAMMATION RESPONSES AND SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN ACC.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2 1318  44 DEMETHYLATION OF G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR 151 PROMOTER FACILITATES THE BINDING OF KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR 5 AND ENHANCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER NERVE INJURY IN MICE. G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE CELL-SURFACE SENSORS OF EXTRACELLULAR SIGNALS, THEREBY HAVING A CRUCIAL ROLE IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND BEING THE MOST FRUITFUL TARGETS FOR DRUG DISCOVERY. G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR 151 (GPR151) WAS REPORTED TO BE EXPRESSED SPECIFICALLY IN THE HABENULAR AREA. HERE WE REPORT THE EXPRESSION AND THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GRP151 IN THE SPINAL CORD AFTER SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF GPR151 TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN MALE MICE. SNL DRAMATICALLY INCREASED GPR151 EXPRESSION IN SPINAL NEURONS. GPR151 MUTATION OR SPINAL INHIBITION BY SHRNA ALLEVIATED SNL-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND HEAT HYPERALGESIA. INTERESTINGLY, THE CPG ISLAND IN THE GPR151 GENE PROMOTER REGION WAS DEMETHYLATED, THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B (DNMT3B) WAS DECREASED, AND THE BINDING OF DNMT3B WITH GPR151 PROMOTER WAS REDUCED AFTER SNL. OVEREXPRESSION OF DNMT3B IN THE SPINAL CORD DECREASED GPR151 EXPRESSION AND ATTENUATED SNL-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. FURTHERMORE, KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR 5 (KLF5), A TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTOR OF THE KLF FAMILY, WAS UPREGULATED IN SPINAL NEURONS, AND THE BINDING AFFINITY OF KLF5 WITH GPR151 PROMOTER WAS INCREASED AFTER SNL. INHIBITION OF KLF5 REDUCED GPR151 EXPRESSION AND ATTENUATED SNL-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. FURTHER MRNA MICROARRAY ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT MUTATION OF GPR151 REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF A VARIETY OF PAIN-RELATED GENES IN RESPONSE TO SNL, ESPECIALLY MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) SIGNALING PATHWAY-ASSOCIATED GENES. THIS STUDY REVEALS THAT GPR151, INCREASED BY DNA DEMETHYLATION AND THE ENHANCED INTERACTION WITH KLF5, CONTRIBUTES TO THE MAINTENANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN VIA INCREASING MAPK PATHWAY-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCRS) ARE TARGETS OF VARIOUS CLINICALLY APPROVED DRUGS. HERE WE REPORT THAT SNL INCREASED GPR151 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD, AND MUTATION OR INHIBITION OF GPR151 ALLEVIATED SNL-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN ADDITION, SNL DOWNREGULATED THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3B, WHICH CAUSED DEMETHYLATION OF GPR151 GENE PROMOTER, FACILITATED THE BINDING OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTOR KLF5 WITH THE GPR151 PROMOTER, AND FURTHER INCREASED GPR151 EXPRESSION IN SPINAL NEURONS. THE INCREASED GPR151 MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN VIA ACTIVATING MAPK SIGNALING AND INCREASING PAIN-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION. OUR STUDY REVEALS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM UNDERLYING GPR151 EXPRESSION AND SUGGESTS THAT TARGETING GPR151 MAY OFFER A NEW STRATEGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2018	

3 1298  36 DECREASED NUCLEAR RECEPTOR ACTIVITY AND EPIGENETIC MODULATION ASSOCIATES WITH DOWN-REGULATION OF HEPATIC DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) REQUIRE MANY MEDICATIONS. CYP2C AND CYP3A DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF THE MAJORITY OF PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS. THESE ENZYMES ARE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REGULATED BY THE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS PREGNANE X RECEPTOR (PXR) AND HEPATIC NUCLEAR FACTOR 4ALPHA (HNF-4ALPHA). EXPRESSION OF CYP2C AND CYP3A IS DECREASED IN CKD; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH THIS OCCURS IS UNKNOWN. WE INDUCED CKD IN RATS BY 5/6 NEPHRECTOMY AND USED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) TO DETERMINE NUCLEAR RECEPTOR- AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATION-MEDIATED DIFFERENCES IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE CYP2C AND CYP3A GENES. RNA POLYMERASE II AND HNF-4ALPHA BINDING WAS DECREASED 76 AND 57% IN THE CYP2C11 PROMOTOR AND 71 AND 77% IN THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER, RESPECTIVELY (P<0.05). CHIP ALSO REVEALED A 57% DECREASE IN PXR BINDING TO THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER IN CKD RATS (P<0.05). THE DECREASE IN PXR AND HNF-4ALPHA BINDING WAS ACCOMPANIED BY DIMINISHED HISTONE 4 ACETYLATION IN THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER (48%) AND HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION IN THE CYP2C11 (77%) AND CYP3A2 (77%) PROMOTER LOCI FOR NUCLEAR RECEPTOR ACTIVATION (P<0.05). THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT DECREASED NUCLEAR RECEPTOR BINDING AND HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE MECHANISM OF DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYME DOWN-REGULATION AND ALTERED PHARMACOKINETICS IN CKD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4 3128  50 GIPC-REGULATED IGFBP-3 PROMOTES HSC MIGRATION IN VITRO AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN VIVO THROUGH A BETA1-INTEGRIN PATHWAY. BACKGROUND & AIMS: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF-BETA)-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF QUIESCENT HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS) AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION TO MYOFIBROBLASTS IS A KEY EVENT IN LIVER FIBROSIS AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION. GIPC (ALSO REFERRED TO AS SYNECTIN) IS A DOWNSTREAM SIGNAL ACTIVATION MOLECULE OF TGF-BETA AND OTHER RECEPTORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY NOVEL GENES TARGETED BY TGF-BETA AND GIPC AND ELUCIDATE IF AND HOW THEY MAY CONTRIBUTE TO LIVER FIBROSIS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED SEQUENTIAL MESSENGER RNA SEQUENCING ANALYSIS ON TGF-BETA-STIMULATED HSCS AND THEN ON TGF-BETA-STIMULATED HSCS IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF GIPC ALSO REFERRED TO AS SYNECTIN (GIPC) KNOCKDOWN. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN-3 (IGFBP-3) TRANSPORT PROTEIN EMERGED AS A TOP ACTIVATION TARGET OF BOTH TGF-BETA AND GIPC. QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, TARGETED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS WERE DONE FOR FURTHER CONFIRMATION. RESULTS: IGFBP-3, AN INSULIN GROWTH FACTOR TRANSPORT PROTEIN, EMERGED AS A TOP ACTIVATION TARGET OF BOTH TGF-BETA AND GIPC, WHICH WAS CONFIRMED BY QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. TARGETED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SHOWED THAT GIPC INCREASES THE HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27) ACETYLATION ACTIVATING MARK AND CONCURRENTLY DECREASES THE H3K27 INHIBITORY TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27M3) MARK, PROVIDING AN EPIGENETIC CORRELATE TO THE GENE REGULATION CHANGES. IN VIVO, GLOBAL KNOCKOUT OF IGFBP-3 MICE RESULTED IN ATTENUATION OF HSC ACTIVATION MARKERS AND ATTENUATION OF PORTAL PRESSURE IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC LIVER INJURY MODELS. ANALYSIS OF SERUM LEVELS FROM CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED AN IGFBP-3 INCREASE OF MORE THAN 2-FOLD COMPARED WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS. FINALLY, IN VITRO MECHANISM STUDIES SHOWED THAT IGFBP-3 PROMOTES HSC MIGRATION THROUGH INTEGRIN-DEPENDENT PHOSPHORYLATION OF PROTEIN KINASE B. CONCLUSIONS: TGF-BETA UP-REGULATES IGFBP-3 THROUGH GIPC, LEADING TO INCREASED HSC MIGRATION IN VITRO AND PROMOTES PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN VIVO. THESE STUDIES SUPPORT THE ROLE OF IGFBP-3 AS A POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC TARGET OR BIOMARKER IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5 4696  39 NF-KAPPAB REPRESSES RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR-MEDIATED GPRC5A TRANSACTIVATION IN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS TO PROMOTE NEOPLASIA. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH LUNG TUMORIGENESIS, IN WHICH NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE. LUNG TUMOR SUPPRESSOR G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR, FAMILY C, MEMBER 5A (GPRC5A), IS REPRESSED IN MOST NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER (NSCLC); HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, WE SHOW THAT NF-KAPPAB ACTS AS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR IN SUPPRESSION OF GPRC5A. NF-KAPPAB INDUCED GPRC5A REPRESSION BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. INTRIGUINGLY, TRANSACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB DOWNSTREAM TARGETS WAS NOT REQUIRED, BUT THE TRANSACTIVATION DOMAIN OF RELA/P65 WAS REQUIRED FOR GPRC5A REPRESSION. NF-KAPPAB DID NOT BIND TO ANY POTENTIAL CIS-ELEMENT IN THE GPRC5A PROMOTER. INSTEAD, P65 WAS COMPLEXED WITH RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR ALPHA/BETA (RARALPHA/BETA) AND RECRUITED TO THE RA RESPONSE ELEMENT SITE AT THE GPRC5A PROMOTER, RESULTING IN DISRUPTED RNA POLYMERASE II COMPLEXING AND SUPPRESSED TRANSCRIPTION. NOTABLY, PHOSPHORYLATION ON SERINE 276 OF P65 WAS REQUIRED FOR INTERACTION WITH RARALPHA/BETA AND REPRESSION OF GPRC5A. MOREOVER, NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REPRESSION WAS THROUGH SUPPRESSION OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H3K9 (H3K9AC), BUT NOT DNA METHYLATION OF THE CPG ISLANDS, AT THE GPRC5A PROMOTER. CONSISTENTLY, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, BUT NOT DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, RESTORED GPRC5A EXPRESSION IN NSCLC CELLS. THUS, NF-KAPPAB INDUCES TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF GPRC5A VIA A COMPLEX WITH RARALPHA/BETA AND MEDIATES EPIGENETIC REPRESSION VIA SUPPRESSION OF H3K9AC.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6 6664  32 UPREGULATION OF LNCRNA71132 IN THE SPINAL CORD REGULATES HYPERSENSITIVITY IN A RAT MODEL OF BONE CANCER PAIN. BONE CANCER PAIN (BCP) IS A PERVASIVE CLINICAL SYMPTOM WHICH IMPAIRS THE QUALITY LIFE. LONG NONCODING RNAS (LNCRNAS) ARE ENRICHED IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND PLAY INDISPENSABLE ROLES IN NUMEROUS BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, WHILE ITS REGULATORY FUNCTION IN NOCICEPTIVE INFORMATION PROCESSING REMAINS ELUSIVE. HERE, WE REPORTED THAT FUNCTIONAL MODULATORY ROLE OF ENSRNOT00000071132 (LNCRNA71132) IN THE BCP PROCESS AND SPONGING WITH MIR-143 AND ITS DOWNSTREAM GPR85-DEPENDENT SIGNALING CASCADE. SPINAL LNCRNA71132 WAS REMARKABLY INCREASED IN THE RAT MODEL OF BONE CANCER PAIN. THE KNOCKDOWN OF SPINAL LNCRNA71132 REVERTED BCP BEHAVIORS AND SPINAL C-FOS NEURONAL SENSITIZATION. OVEREXPRESSION OF SPINAL LNCRNA71132 IN NAIVE RAT GENERATED PAIN BEHAVIORS, WHICH WERE ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED SPINAL C-FOS NEURONAL SENSITIZATION. FURTHERMORE, IT WAS FOUND THAT LNCRNA71132 PARTICIPATES IN THE MODULATION OF BCP BY INVERSELY REGULATING THE PROCESSING OF MIR-143-5P. IN ADDITION, AN INCREASE IN EXPRESSION OF SPINAL LNCRNA71132 RESULTED IN THE DECREASE IN EXPRESSION OF MIR-143 UNDER THE BCP STATE. FINALLY, IT WAS FOUND THAT MIR-143-5P REGULATES PAIN BEHAVIORS BY TARGETING GPR85. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-143-5P IN THE SPINAL CORD REVERTED THE NOCICEPTIVE BEHAVIORS TRIGGERED BY BCP, ACCOMPANIED BY A DECREASE IN EXPRESSION OF SPINAL GPR85 PROTEIN, BUT NO INFLUENCE ON EXPRESSION OF GPR85 MRNA. THE FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY INDICATE THAT LNCRNA71132 WORKS AS A MIRNA SPONGE IN MIR-143-5P-MEDIATED POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL MODULATION OF GPR85 EXPRESSION IN BCP. THEREFORE, EPIGENETIC INTERVENTIONS AGAINST LNCRNA71132 MAY POTENTIALLY WORK AS NOVEL TREATMENT AVENUES IN TREATING NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY TRIGGERED BY BONE CANCER.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7 4919  32 PANNEXIN-1 UP-REGULATION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT. PANNEXIN-1 (PANX1) IS A LARGE-PORE MEMBRANE CHANNEL INVOLVED IN THE RELEASE OF ATP AND OTHER SIGNALING MEDIATORS. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF PANX1 IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM INVOLVED IN INCREASED PANX1 EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AFTER NERVE INJURY. SPINAL NERVE LIGATION IN RATS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF PANX1 IN THE DRG BUT NOT IN THE SPINAL CORD. IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LABELING SHOWED THAT PANX1 WAS PRIMARILY EXPRESSED IN A SUBSET OF MEDIUM AND LARGE DRG NEURONS IN CONTROL RATS AND THAT NERVE INJURY MARKEDLY INCREASED THE NUMBER OF PANX1-IMMUNOREACTIVE DRG NEURONS. NERVE INJURY SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE ENRICHMENT OF TWO ACTIVATING HISTONE MARKS (H3K4ME2 AND H3K9AC) AND DECREASED THE OCCUPANCY OF TWO REPRESSIVE HISTONE MARKS (H3K9ME2 AND H3K27ME3) AROUND THE PROMOTER REGION OF PANX1 IN THE DRG. HOWEVER, NERVE INJURY HAD NO EFFECT ON THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL AROUND THE PANX1 PROMOTER IN THE DRG. FURTHERMORE, INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF THE PANX1 BLOCKERS OR PANX1-SPECIFIC SIRNA SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY NERVE INJURY. IN ADDITION, SIRNA KNOCKDOWN OF PANX1 EXPRESSION IN A DRG CELL LINE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED CASPASE-1 RELEASE INDUCED BY NEURONAL DEPOLARIZATION. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT NERVE INJURY INCREASES PANX1 EXPRESSION LEVELS IN THE DRG THROUGH ALTERED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. PANX1 UP-REGULATION CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND STIMULATION OF INFLAMMASOME SIGNALING.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
8 5838  36 STRIATAL SHATI/NAT8L-BDNF PATHWAYS DETERMINE THE SENSITIVITY TO SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS IN MICE THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION. THE GLOBAL NUMBER OF PATIENTS WITH DEPRESSION INCREASES IN CORRELATION TO EXPOSURE TO SOCIAL STRESS. CHRONIC STRESS DOES NOT TRIGGER DEPRESSION IN ALL INDIVIDUALS, AS SOME REMAIN RESILIENT. THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO STRESS SENSITIVITY HAVE BEEN POORLY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH REVEALING THE REGULATION OF STRESS SENSITIVITY COULD HELP DEVELOP TREATMENTS FOR DEPRESSION. WE PREVIOUSLY FOUND THAT STRIATAL SHATI/NAT8L, AN N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE, WAS INCREASED IN A DEPRESSION MOUSE MODEL. WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLES OF SHATI/NAT8L IN STRESS SENSITIVITY IN MICE AND FOUND THAT SHATI/NAT8L AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) LEVELS IN THE DORSAL STRIATUM WERE INCREASED IN STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE BUT NOT IN RESILIENT MICE EXPOSED TO REPEATED SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS (RSDS). KNOCKDOWN OF SHATI/NAT8L IN THE DORSAL STRIATUM INDUCED RESILIENCE TO RSDS. IN ADDITION, BLOCKADE OF BDNF SIGNALING IN THE DORSAL STRIATUM BY ANA-12, A BDNF-SPECIFIC RECEPTOR TROPOMYOSIN-RECEPTOR-KINASE B (TRKB) INHIBITOR, ALSO INDUCED RESILIENCE TO STRESS. SHATI/NAT8L IS CORRELATED WITH BDNF EXPRESSION AFTER RSDS, AND BDNF IS DOWNSTREAM OF SHATI/NAT8L PATHWAYS IN THE DORSAL STRIATUM; SHATI/NAT8L IS EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED BY BDNF VIA HISTONE ACETYLATION. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT STRIATAL SHATI/NAT8L-BDNF PATHWAYS DETERMINE STRESS SENSITIVITY THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION. THE STRIATAL SHATI/NAT8L-BDNF PATHWAY COULD BE A NOVEL TARGET FOR TREATMENTS OF DEPRESSION AND COULD ESTABLISH A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR DEPRESSION PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9  685  32 BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR INVOLVED EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF UGT2B7 IN COLORECTAL CARCINOMA: A MECHANISM TO ALTER MORPHINE GLUCURONIDATION IN TUMOR. URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE (UGT) 2B7, AS ONE OF SIGNIFICANT DRUG ENZYMES, IS RESPONSIBLE ON THE GLUCURONIDATION OF ABUNDANT ENDOBIOTICS OR XENOBIOTICS. WE HERE REPORT THAT IT IS MARKEDLY REPRESSED IN THE TUMOR TISSUES OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMA (CRC) PATIENTS. ACCORDINGLY, MORPHINE IN CRC CELLS WILL STIMULATE THE EXPRESSION OF ITS MAIN METABOLIC ENZYME, UGT2B7 DURING TOLERANCE GENERATION BY ACTIVATING THE POSITIVE SIGNALS IN HISTONE 3, ESPECIALLY FOR TRIMETHYLATED LYSINE 27 (H3K4ME3) AND ACETYLATED LYSINE 4 (H3K27AC). FURTHER STUDY REVEALS THAT BRAIN-DERIVED NEUTROPHILIC FACTOR (BDNF), A SECRETORY NEUROTROPHIN, ENRICHED IN CRC CAN INTERACT AND INHIBIT UGT2B7 BY PRIMARILY BLOCKING THE POSITIVE SIGNALS OF H3K4ME3 AS WELL AS ACTIVATING H3K27AC ON THE PROMOTER REGION OF UGT2B7. MEANWHILE, BDNF REPRESSION ATTRIBUTES TO THE SENSITIZATIONS OF MAIN CORE FACTORS IN POLY-COMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX (PRC) 1 RATHER THAN PRC2 AS THE REASON OF THE DEPRESSION OF SUZ12 IN THE LATER COMPLEX. BESIDES THAT, THE PRODUCTIONS OF TWO MAIN MORPHINE GLUCURONIDES ARE BOTH INCREASED IN THE BDNF DEFICIENT OR TSA AND BIX-01294 TREATED MORPHINE TOLERANCE-LIKE HCT-116 CELLS. ON THE SAME CONDITION, ACTIVE METABOLITE, MORPHINE-6-GLUCURONIDE (M6G) WAS ACCUMULATED MORE THAN INACTIVE M3G. OUR FINDINGS IMPLY THAT ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY ENHANCEMENT AND SUBSTRATE REGIOSELECTIVE CATALYSIS ALTERATION OF UGT2B7 MAY RELEASE MORPHINE TOLERANCE UNDER THE CURE OF TUMOR-INDUCED PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10 5692  25 SILENCING OF LNCRNA PKIA-AS1 ATTENUATES SPINAL NERVE LIGATION-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN THROUGH EPIGENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF CDK6 EXPRESSION. NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NP) IS AMONG THE MOST INTRACTABLE COMORBIDITIES OF SPINAL CORD INJURY. DYSREGULATION OF NON-CODING RNAS HAS ALSO BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HERE, WE IDENTIFIED A NOVEL LNCRNA, PKIA-AS1, BY USING LNCRNA ARRAY ANALYSIS IN SPINAL CORD TISSUE OF SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) MODEL RATS, AND INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF PKIA-AS1 IN SNL-MEDIATED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. WE OBSERVED THAT PKIA-AS1 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED IN SNL MODEL RATS AND THAT PKIA-AS1 KNOCKDOWN ATTENUATED NEUROPATHIC PAIN PROGRESSION. ALTERNATIVELY, OVEREXPRESSION OF PKIA-AS1 WAS SUFFICIENT TO INDUCE NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE SYMPTOMS IN UNINJURED RATS. WE ALSO FOUND THAT PKIA-AS1 MEDIATED SNL-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY DIRECTLY REGULATING THE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF CDK6, WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF NEUROINFLAMMATION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THEREFORE, OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES PKIA-AS1 AS A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR NEUROINFLAMMATION RELATED NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11 6148  35 THE EXPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS MECP2 AND CREB IS MODULATED IN INFLAMMATORY PELVIC PAIN. EARLY ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IS ONE OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC PAIN STATES. PREVIOUS STUDIES IDENTIFIED THE CHANGES IN A NUMBER OF NOCICEPTION-RELATED GENES, SUCH AS CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP), SUBSTANCE P (SP), AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN THE PELVIC ORGANS AFTER TRANSIENT COLONIC INFLAMMATION. THE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF THESE NEUROPEPTIDES COULD BE MODULATED BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) AND CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN (CREB). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MECP2 AND CREB IN THE LUMBOSACRAL (LS) SPINAL CORD AND SENSORY GANGLIA AFTER INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PELVIC PAIN IN RAT. ADULT SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TREATED WITH 2,4,6-TRINITROBENZENESULFONIC ACID (TNBS) TO INDUCE TRANSIENT COLONIC INFLAMMATION. LS (L6-S2) SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS AND RESPECTIVE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIAS (DRGS) WERE ISOLATED FROM CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AT 1, 2, 6, 24 H AND 3 DAYS POST-TNBS TREATMENT. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL (IHC) LABELING AND WESTERN BLOTTING EXPERIMENTS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE EXPRESSION OF MECP2, CREB AND THEIR PHOSPHORYLATED FORMS. TOTAL MECP2 EXPRESSION, BUT NOT PHOSPHORYLATED P-MECP2 (PS421MECP2) EXPRESSION WAS DETECTED IN THE CELLS OF THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN UNDER CONTROL CONDITIONS. COLONIC INFLAMMATION TRIGGERED A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF MECP2-EXPRESSING NEURONS IN PARALLEL WITH ELEVATED NUMBERS OF PS421MECP2-EXPRESSING CELLS AT 2 H AND 6 H POST-TNBS. THE MAJORITY OF MECP2-POSITIVE CELLS (80 +/- 6%) CO-EXPRESSED CREB. TNBS TREATMENT CAUSED A TRANSIENT UP-REGULATION OF CREB-EXPRESSING CELLS AT 1 H POST-TNBS ONLY. THE NUMBER OF CELLS EXPRESSING PHOSPHORYLATED CREB (PS133CREB) DID NOT CHANGE AT 1 H AND 2 H POST-TNBS, BUT WAS DOWN-REGULATED BY THREE FOLDS AT 6 H POST-TNBS. ANALYSIS OF DRG SECTIONS REVEALED THAT THE NUMBER OF MECP2-POSITIVE NEURONS WAS UP-REGULATED BY TNBS TREATMENT, REACHING THREE-FOLD INCREASE AT 2 H POST-TNBS, AND EIGHT-FOLD INCREASE AT 6 H POST-TNBS (P </= 0.05 TO CONTROL). THESE DATA SHOWED EARLY CHANGES IN MECP2 AND CREB EXPRESSION IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD AND SENSORY GANGLIA AFTER COLONIC INFLAMMATION, SUGGESTING A POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION MECP2 AND CREB SIGNALING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISCERAL HYPERALGESIA AND PELVIC PAIN FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12 4001  52 LOSS OF MEN1 LEADS TO RENAL FIBROSIS AND DECREASES HGF-ADAMTS5 PATHWAY ACTIVITY VIA AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. BACKGROUND: RENAL FIBROSIS IS A SERIOUS CONDITION THAT RESULTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES. THE MEN1 GENE IS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT ENCODES THE MENIN PROTEIN AND ITS ROLE IN KIDNEY TISSUE REMAINS UNCLEAR. METHODS: KIDNEY HISTOLOGY WAS EXAMINED ON PARAFFIN SECTIONS STAINED WITH HEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN STAINING. MASSON'S TRICHROME STAINING AND SIRIUS RED STAINING WERE USED TO ANALYZE RENAL FIBROSIS. GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WERE DETERMINED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (QPCR) AND WESTERN BLOT, RESPECTIVELY. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STAINING IN THE KIDNEY TISSUES FROM MICE OR PATIENTS WAS USED TO EVALUATE PROTEIN LEVELS. FLOW CYTOMETRY WAS USED TO ANALYZE THE CELL CYCLE DISTRIBUTIONS AND APOPTOSIS. RNA-SEQUENCING WAS PERFORMED FOR DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION GENES IN THE KIDNEY TISSUES OF THE MEN1F/F AND MEN1?/? MICE. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) WAS CARRIED OUT FOR IDENTIFICATION OF MENIN- AND H3K4ME3-ENRICHED REGIONS WITHIN THE WHOLE GENOME IN THE MOUSE KIDNEY TISSUE. CHIP-QPCR ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED FOR OCCUPANCY OF MENIN AND H3K4ME3 AT THE GENE PROMOTER REGIONS. LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY WAS USED TO DETECT THE PROMOTER ACTIVITY. THE EXACERBATED UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) MODELS IN THE MEN1F/F AND MEN1?/? MICE WERE USED TO ASSESS THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RH-HGF ON RENAL FIBROSIS. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION OF MEN1 IS REDUCE IN KIDNEY TISSUES OF FIBROTIC MOUSE AND HUMAN DIABETIC PATIENTS AND TREATMENT WITH FIBROTIC FACTOR RESULTS IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF MEN1 EXPRESSION IN RENAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS (RTECS). DISRUPTION OF MEN1 IN RTECS LEADS TO HIGH EXPRESSION OF ALPHA-SMA AND COLLAGEN 1, WHEREAS MEN1 OVEREXPRESSION RESTRAINS EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) INDUCED BY TGF-BETA TREATMENT. CONDITIONAL KNOCKOUT OF MEN1 RESULTED IN CHRONIC RENAL FIBROSIS AND UUO-INDUCED TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS (TIF), WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED INDUCTION OF EMT, G2/M ARREST AND JNK SIGNALING. MECHANISTICALLY, MENIN RECRUITS AND INCREASES H3K4ME3 AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR (HGF) AND A DISINTEGRIN AND METALLOPROTEINASE WITH THROMBOSPONDIN MOTIFS 5 (ADAMTS5) GENES AND ENHANCES THEIR TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. IN THE UUO MICE MODEL, EXOGENOUS HGF RESTORED THE EXPRESSION OF ADAMTS5 AND AMELIORATED RENAL FIBROSIS INDUCED BY MEN1 DEFICIENCY. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT MEN1 IS AN ESSENTIAL ANTIFIBROTIC FACTOR IN RENAL FIBROGENESIS AND COULD BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR ANTIFIBROTIC THERAPY.	2022	
                                                                                                         
13  368  35 AMYLOID BETA-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 3 CONTROLS CELL SURVIVAL IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. SWEDISH DOUBLE MUTATION (KM670/671NL) OF AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP) IS REPORTED TO INCREASE TOXIC AMYLOID BETA (ABETA) PRODUCTION VIA ABERRANT CLEAVAGE AT THE BETA-SECRETASE SITE AND THEREBY CAUSE EARLY-ONSET ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD). HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS LEADING TO AD PATHOGENESIS REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. PREVIOUSLY, OUR TRANSCRIPTOME SEQUENCE ANALYSES REVEALED GLOBAL EXPRESSIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF OVER 600 GENES IN APP-SWEDISH MUTANT-EXPRESSING H4 (H4-SW) CELLS COMPARED TO WILD TYPE H4 CELLS. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 3 (IGFBP3) IS ONE GENE THAT SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED MRNA EXPRESSION IN H4-SW CELLS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF IGFBP3 IN AD PATHOGENESIS AND ELUCIDATED THE MECHANISMS REGULATING ITS EXPRESSION. WE OBSERVED DECREASED IGFBP3 EXPRESSION IN THE H4-SW CELL LINE AS WELL AS THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF AD MODEL TRANSGENIC MICE. TREATMENT WITH EXOGENOUS IGFBP3 PROTEIN INHIBITED ABETA1-42- INDUCED CELL DEATH AND CASPASE-3 ACTIVITY, WHEREAS SIRNA-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF IGFBP3 EXPRESSION INDUCED CELL DEATH AND CASPASE-3 CLEAVAGE. IN PRIMARY HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS, ADMINISTRATION OF IGFBP3 PROTEIN BLOCKED APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH DUE TO ABETA1-42 TOXICITY. THESE DATA IMPLICATE A PROTECTIVE ROLE FOR IGFBP3 AGAINST ABETA1-42-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS. NEXT, WE INVESTIGATED THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF IGFBP3 EXPRESSION IN AD PATHOGENESIS. WE OBSERVED ABNORMAL IGFBP3 HYPERMETHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER CPG ISLAND IN H4-SW CELLS. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE RESTORED IGFBP3 EXPRESSION AT BOTH THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ABETA1-42 INDUCED IGFBP3 HYPERMETHYLATION AT CPGS, PARTICULARLY AT LOCI -164 AND -173, AND SUBSEQUENTLY SUPPRESSED IGFBP3 EXPRESSION. THEREFORE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT EXPRESSION OF ANTI-APOPTOTIC IGFBP3 IS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION, SUGGESTING A MECHANISM THAT CONTRIBUTES TO AD PATHOGENESIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14 3153  48 GLUCOSE-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF THE HOMEOTIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PREP1 IS ASSOCIATED WITH HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE. AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: CHRONIC HYPERGLYCAEMIA WORSENS INSULIN RESISTANCE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES. WHETHER THIS EFFECT IS CONTRIBUTED BY EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AND WHICH GENES ARE INVOLVED REMAIN UNCLEAR. PREP1 (ALSO KNOWN AS PKNOX1) IS A GENE EXERTING MAJOR EFFECTS ON THE SENSITIVITY OF THE GLUCOSE TRANSPORT MACHINERY TO INSULIN. HERE, WE SHOW THAT DYSREGULATION OF PREP1 EXPRESSION BY HIGH GLUCOSE LEVELS IS ASSOCIATED WITH HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT ITS 5' REGULATORY REGION. METHODS: WE USED MOUSE AND CELL MODELS TO INVESTIGATE PREP1 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY GLUCOSE. RESULTS: DIFFERENTIATED L6 SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS WERE GROWN IN THE PRESENCE OF EITHER 5.5 OR 25 MMOL/L GLUCOSE (NORMAL [NG] AND HIGH GLUCOSE [HG], RESPECTIVELY). THE HG EXPOSURE INCREASED NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA LIGHT CHAIN ENHANCER OF ACTIVATED B CELLS (NF-KAPPAB) P65 BINDING AND RECRUITMENT OF THE SU(VAR)3-9, ENHANCER-OF-ZESTE, TRITHORAX DOMAIN-CONTAINING LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE 7 (SET7) HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE AND P300 ACETYLTRANSFERASE TO THE 5' REGION OF PREP1, LEADING TO ENHANCED TRANSCRIPTION. IN ADDITION, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS REVEALED CONCOMITANTLY INCREASED HISTONE H3 MONO- AND DIMETHYLATION AND ACETYLATION AT LYS4 AND LYS9/14, RESPECTIVELY. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE FROM STREPTOZOTOCIN-TREATED DIABETIC MICE ALSO SHOWED PREP1 OVEREXPRESSION ACCOMPANIED BY SIMILARLY INCREASED RECRUITMENT OF NF-KAPPAB P65 AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THE 5' REGION OF PREP1. IN THESE SAME MICE, AS WELL AS IN PREP1-OVEREXPRESSING L6 CELLS, PREP1-INDUCED RECRUITMENT OF THE REPRESSOR COMPLEX MYOCYTE ENHANCER FACTOR 2 (MEF2)/HISTONE DEACETYLASE 5 (HDAC5) AT THE GLUT4 PROMOTER WAS ALSO INCREASED, LEADING TO REDUCED GLUT4 EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: THESE STUDIES INDICATE THAT HG EXPOSURE INDUCES NF-KAPPAB RECRUITMENT AND HISTONE MODIFICATION AT THE PREP1 5' REGION, THEREBY ENHANCING THE TRANSCRIPTION OF PREP1 AND REPRESSING THAT OF GLUT4. HISTONE CHANGES AT THE PREP1 GENE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO INSULIN RESISTANCE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15 5503  38 RGS9-2--CONTROLLED ADAPTATIONS IN THE STRIATUM DETERMINE THE ONSET OF ACTION AND EFFICACY OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN STATES. THE STRIATAL PROTEIN REGULATOR OF G-PROTEIN SIGNALING 9-2 (RGS9-2) PLAYS A KEY MODULATORY ROLE IN OPIOID, MONOAMINE, AND OTHER G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR RESPONSES. HERE, WE USE THE MURINE SPARED-NERVE INJURY MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISM BY WHICH RGS9-2 IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A BRAIN REGION INVOLVED IN MOOD, REWARD, AND MOTIVATION, MODULATES THE ACTIONS OF TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS (TCAS). PREVENTION OF RGS9-2 ACTION IN THE NAC INCREASES THE EFFICACY OF THE TCA DESIPRAMINE AND DRAMATICALLY ACCELERATES ITS ONSET OF ACTION. BY CONTROLLING THE ACTIVATION OF EFFECTOR MOLECULES BY G PROTEIN ALPHA AND BETAGAMMA SUBUNITS, RGS9-2 AFFECTS SEVERAL PROTEIN INTERACTIONS, PHOSPHOPROTEIN LEVELS, AND THE FUNCTION OF THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIER HISTONE DEACETYLASE 5, WHICH ARE IMPORTANT FOR TCA RESPONSIVENESS. FURTHERMORE, INFORMATION FROM RNA-SEQUENCING ANALYSIS REVEALS THAT RGS9-2 IN THE NAC AFFECTS THE EXPRESSION OF MANY GENES KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN NOCICEPTION, ANALGESIA, AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ACTIONS. OUR FINDINGS PROVIDE NOVEL INFORMATION ON NAC-SPECIFIC CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATE THE ACTIONS OF TCAS IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN STATES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16 3049  29 GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS REVEALS ZINC TRANSPORTER ZIP9 REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS VIA THE TGF-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY. RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS IS A DETRIMENTAL AND CHRONIC DISORDER THAT OCCURS AFTER RADIATION EXPOSURE. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN CHARACTERIZED AS AN IMPORTANT REGULATORY MECHANISM OF MULTIPLE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES. IN THIS STUDY, WE COMPARED THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN RADIATION-INDUCED FIBROTIC SKIN AND ADJACENT NORMAL TISSUES OF RATS BY METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING. RADIATION-INDUCED FIBROTIC SKIN SHOWED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH 3,650 PROTEIN-CODING GENES, 72 MICRORNAS, 5,836 LONG NONCODING RNAS AND 3 PIWI-INTERACTING RNAS. BY INTEGRATING THE MRNA AND METHYLATION PROFILES, THE ZINC TRANSPORTER SLC39A9/ZIP9 WAS INVESTIGATED IN GREATER DETAIL. THE PROTEIN LEVEL OF ZIP9 WAS INCREASED IN IRRADIATED SKIN TISSUES OF HUMANS, MONKEYS, AND RATS, ESPECIALLY IN RADIOGENIC FIBROTIC SKIN TISSUES. RADIATION INDUCED THE DEMETHYLATION OF A CPG DINUCLEOTIDE IN EXON 1 OF ZIP9 THAT RESULTED IN RECRUITMENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTOR SP1 AND INCREASED ZIP9 EXPRESSION. OVEREXPRESSION OF ZIP9 RESULTED IN ACTIVATION OF THE PROFIBROTIC TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY THROUGH PROTEIN KINASE B IN HUMAN FIBROBLASTS. IN ADDITION, RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ZINC ACCUMULATION. THE ZINC CHELATOR N,N,N',N'-TETRAKIS(2-PYRIDYLMETHYL)-1,2-ETHYLENEDIAMINE ABROGATED ZIP9-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY AND ATTENUATED RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS IN A RAT MODEL. IN SUMMARY, OUR FINDINGS ILLUSTRATE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ZIP9 AND ITS CRITICAL ROLE IN PROMOTING RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17  984  38 CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS ALTERS GENE EXPRESSION IN RAT COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS PROMOTING CHROMATIN REMODELING, BARRIER DYSFUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION. CHRONIC STRESS IS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED ABDOMINAL PAIN (VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY), BUT THE CELLULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HOW CHRONIC STRESS INDUCES VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXAMINED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM A RAT MODEL USING RNA-SEQUENCING TO EXAMINE STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES TO THE TRANSCRIPTOME. FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS, THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED GENES INCLUDED ATG16L1, COQ10B, DCAF13, NAT2, PTBP2, RRAS2, SPINK4 AND DOWN-REGULATED GENES INCLUDING ABAT, CITED2, CNNM2, DAB2IP, PLEKHM1, SCD2, AND TAB2. THE PRIMARY ALTERED BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES REVEALED BY NETWORK ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS WERE INFLAMMATION/IMMUNE RESPONSE, TISSUE MORPHOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT, AND NUCLEOSOME/CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY. THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN-REGULATED PROCESS WAS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT/FUNCTION, WHEREAS THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED PROCESSES WERE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, ORGANISMAL INJURY, AND CHROMATIN REMODELING MEDIATED BY H3K9 METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, A SUBPOPULATION OF STRESSED RATS DEMONSTRATED VERY SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AND TRANSCRIPT ISOFORMS, ENRICHED FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, INCLUDING UPREGULATION OF CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION COUPLED WITH DOWNREGULATION OF EPITHELIAL ADHERENS AND TIGHT JUNCTION MRNAS. IN SUMMARY, THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THAT CHRONIC STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES, THEIR DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING PATHWAYS COUPLED TO DYSREGULATION OF INTESTINAL CELL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELING LIKELY PLAYS A PROMINENT ROLE IN THIS PROCESS. RESULTS ALSO SUGGEST THAT SUPER ENHANCERS PLAY A PRIMARY ROLE IN CHRONIC STRESS-ASSOCIATED INTESTINAL BARRIER DYSFUNCTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18 2674  37 ETHOSUXIMIDE REDUCES EPILEPTOGENESIS AND BEHAVIORAL COMORBIDITY IN THE GAERS MODEL OF GENETIC GENERALIZED EPILEPSY. PURPOSE: ETHOSUXIMIDE (ESX) IS A DRUG OF CHOICE FOR THE SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT OF ABSENCE SEIZURES. CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH ESX HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC ACTIVITY IN THE WAG/RIJ RAT MODEL OF GENETIC GENERALIZED EPILEPSY (GGE) WITH ABSENCE SEIZURES. HERE WE EXAMINED WHETHER CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH ESX (1) POSSESSES ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC EFFECTS IN THE GENETIC ABSENCE EPILEPSY RATS FROM STRASBOURG (GAERS) MODEL OF GGE, (2) IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MITIGATION OF BEHAVIORAL COMORBIDITIES, AND (3) INFLUENCES GENE EXPRESSION IN THE SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX REGION WHERE SEIZURES ARE THOUGHT TO ORIGINATE. METHODS: GAERS AND NONEPILEPTIC CONTROL (NEC) RATS WERE CHRONICALLY TREATED WITH ESX (IN DRINKING WATER) OR CONTROL (TAP WATER) FROM 3 TO 22 WEEKS OF AGE. SUBSEQUENTLY, ALL ANIMALS RECEIVED TAP WATER ONLY FOR ANOTHER 12 WEEKS TO ASSESS ENDURING EFFECTS OF TREATMENT. SEIZURE FREQUENCY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS WERE SERIALLY ASSESSED THROUGHOUT THE EXPERIMENTAL PARADIGM. TREATMENT EFFECTS ON THE EXPRESSION OF KEY COMPONENTS OF THE EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MACHINERY, THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYMES, WERE ASSESSED USING QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR). KEY FINDINGS: ESX TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED SEIZURES IN GAERS DURING THE TREATMENT PHASE, AND THIS EFFECT WAS MAINTAINED DURING THE 12-WEEK POSTTREATMENT PHASE (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE, THE ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS PRESENT IN GAERS WERE REDUCED BY ESX TREATMENT (P < 0.05). MOLECULAR ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT ESX TREATMENT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) IN CORTEX. SIGNIFICANCE: CHRONIC ESX TREATMENT HAS DISEASE-MODIFYING EFFECTS IN THE GAERS MODEL OF GGE, WITH ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC EFFECTS AGAINST ABSENCE SEIZURES AND MITIGATION OF BEHAVIORAL COMORBIDITIES. THE CELLULAR MECHANISM FOR THESE EFFECTS MAY INVOLVE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19 1330  44 DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS ARE REGULATED BY NOX1/NADPH OXIDASE BY REDOX MODIFICATION OF NMDA RECEPTOR 1. INVOLVEMENT OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) HAS BEEN SUGGESTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. NOX1 IS A NONPHAGOCYTIC FORM OF NADPH OXIDASE WHOSE EXPRESSION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS NEGLIGIBLE COMPARED WITH OTHER NOX ISOFORMS. HOWEVER, NOX1-DERIVED ROS INCREASE INFLAMMATORY PAIN AND TOLERANCE TO OPIOID ANALGESIA. TO CLARIFY THE ROLE OF NOX1 IN THE BRAIN, WE EXAMINED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN MICE DEFICIENT IN NOX1 (NOX1(-/Y)). DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS OR ADMINISTRATION OF CORTICOSTERONE (CORT) WERE SIGNIFICANTLY AMELIORATED IN NOX1(-/Y) GENERATION OF ROS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) OF MICE ADMINISTRATED WITH CORT, WHILE NOX1 MRNA WAS UPREGULATED ONLY IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) AMONG BRAIN AREAS RESPONSIBLE FOR EMOTIONAL BEHAVIORS. DELIVERY OF MIRNA AGAINST NOX1 TO VTA RESTORED CORT-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN WILD-TYPE (WT) LITTERMATES. ADMINISTRATION OF CORT TO WT, BUT NOT TO NOX1(-/Y), SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED TRANSCRIPT LEVELS OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), WITH A CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER REGIONS IN BDNF DELIVERY OF MIRNA AGAINST NOX1 TO VTA RESTORED THE LEVEL OF BDNF MRNA IN WT PFC. REDOX PROTEOME ANALYSES DEMONSTRATED THAT NMDA RECEPTOR 1 (NR1) WAS AMONG THE MOLECULES REDOX REGULATED BY NOX1. IN CULTURED CORTICAL NEURONS, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPRESSED NMDA-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTS IN NR1-EXPRESSING CELLS BUT NOT IN CELLS HARBORING MUTANT NR1 (C744A). TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST A KEY ROLE OF NOX1 IN DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS THROUGH NR1-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BDNF IN THE MESOPREFRONTAL PROJECTION.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT NADPH OXIDASE IS A SOURCE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) THAT HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF VARIOUS NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. WE PRESENTLY SHOWED THE INVOLVEMENT OF A NONPHAGOCYTIC TYPE OF NADPH OXIDASE, NOX1, IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS, INCLUDING BEHAVIORAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN MICE. THE OXIDATION OF NR1 BY NOX1-DERIVED ROS WAS DEMONSTRATED IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), WHICH MAY BE CAUSALLY LINKED TO THE DOWNREGULATION OF BDNF, PROMOTING DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS. GIVEN THAT NOX1 IS UPREGULATED ONLY IN VTA BUT NOT IN PFC, MESOCORTICAL PROJECTIONS APPEAR TO PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN NOX1-DEPENDENT DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS. OUR STUDY IS THE FIRST TO PRESENT THE POTENTIAL MOLECULAR MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAJOR DEPRESSION THROUGH THE NOX1-INDUCED OXIDATION OF NR1 AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BDNF.	2017	
                             
20 1622  33 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES IN MALAR MELASMA AND THEIR MODIFICATION BY SUNSCREEN IN COMBINATION WITH 4% NIACINAMIDE, 0.05% RETINOIC ACID, OR PLACEBO. BACKGROUND: MALAR MELASMA HAS A CHRONIC AND RECURRENT CHARACTER THAT MAY BE RELATED TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES. OBJECTIVE: TO RECOGNIZE THE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) IN MALAR MELASMA AND PERILESIONAL SKIN, AS WELL AS THE CHANGES IN DNMTS AFTER THEIR TREATMENT WITH SUNSCREEN IN COMBINATION WITH 4% NIACINAMIDE, 0.05% RETINOIC ACID, OR PLACEBO. METHODS: THIRTY FEMALE PATIENTS WERE CLINICALLY EVALUATED FOR THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT1 AND DNMT3B USING REAL-TIME PCR AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE. THESE INITIAL RESULTS WERE COMPARED TO RESULTS AFTER EIGHT WEEKS OF TREATMENT WITH SUNSCREEN IN COMBINATION WITH NIACINAMIDE, RETINOIC ACID, OR PLACEBO. RESULTS: THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION OF DNMT1 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED IN MELASMA COMPARED WITH UNAFFECTED SKIN IN ALL SUBJECTS, INDICATING DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. AFTER TREATMENT, IT WAS DECREASED IN ALL GROUPS: NIACINAMIDE (7 VERSUS 1; P<0.01), RETINOIC ACID (7 VERSUS 2; P<0.05), AND PLACEBO (7 VERSUS 3; P<0.05), WHICH CORRELATES WITH CLINICAL IMPROVEMENT. DNMT3B WAS NOT OVEREXPRESSED IN LESIONAL SKIN BUT REDUCED IN ALL GROUPS. CONCLUSIONS: WE FOUND DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN MELASMA LESIONS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS SOLAR RADIATION MAY INDUCE CELLULAR CHANGES THAT TRIGGER HYPERPIGMENTATION THROUGH THE ACTIVATION OF PATHWAYS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. HOWEVER, LIMITING OR DECREASING DNA METHYLATION THROUGH SUNSCREEN, NIACINAMIDE, AND RETINOIC ACID TREATMENTS THAT PROVIDE PHOTOPROTECTION AND GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION CAN COUNTERACT THIS.	2019