1 2372 91 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE IL-13-INDUCED HUMAN EOTAXIN-3 GENE BY CREB-BINDING PROTEIN-MEDIATED HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION. THE ETIOLOGY OF A VARIETY OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO THE INTERACTION OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. HEREIN, WE IDENTIFIED A LINK BETWEEN EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND IL-13-DRIVEN EOTAXIN-3 IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION. WE FIRST DEMONSTRATED THAT THE CAMP-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT (CRE) SITE IN THE EOTAXIN-3 PROMOTER AFFECTS IL-13-INDUCED EOTAXIN-3 PROMOTER ACTIVITY. FURTHERMORE, THE CRE-BINDING PROTEIN-BINDING PROTEIN (CBP), A HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, INDUCED BASE-LINE AND IL-13-INDUCED EOTAXIN-3 PROMOTER ACTIVITY. ADDITIONALLY, IL-13 TREATMENT PROMOTED GLOBAL HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION AS WELL AS THE FORMATION OF A COMPLEX CONTAINING CBP AND STAT6 AND THE SUBSEQUENT ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 3 AT THE EOTAXIN-3 PROMOTER. CBP GENE SILENCING DECREASED IL-13-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF EOTAXIN-3. CONVERSELY, INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLATION INCREASED IL-13-INDUCED EOTAXIN-3 PRODUCTION. CLINICAL STUDIES DEMONSTRATED MARKEDLY INCREASED GLOBAL ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 3 IN THE INFLAMED TISSUE OF PATIENTS WITH ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION. COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS IDENTIFY AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM INVOLVING CBP AND CHROMATIN REMODELING IN REGULATING IL-13-INDUCED CHEMOKINE TRANSCRIPTION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
2 5863 25 SUPPRESSION OF ALLERGIC ASTHMA BY LOSS OF FUNCTION OF MIZ1-MEDIATED TH1 SKEWING. ASTHMA IS THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE WORLDWIDE. THERE IS CURRENTLY NO CURE, AND IT REMAINS AN IMPORTANT CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. HERE WE REPORT THAT LUNG-SPECIFIC LOSS OF FUNCTION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MIZ1 (C-MYC-INTERACTING ZINC FINGER PROTEIN-1) UPREGULATES THE PRO-T-HELPER CELL TYPE 1 CYTOKINE IL-12. UPREGULATION OF IL-12 IN TURN STIMULATES A TH1 RESPONSE, THEREBY COUNTERACTING T-HELPER CELL TYPE 2 RESPONSE AND PREVENTING THE ALLERGIC RESPONSE IN MOUSE MODELS OF HOUSE DUST MITE- AND OVA (OVALBUMIN)-INDUCED ASTHMA. USING TRANSGENIC MICE EXPRESSING CRE UNDER A CELL-SPECIFIC PROMOTER, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT MIZ1 ACTS IN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS AND DENDRITIC CELLS IN ASTHMA. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION COUPLED WITH HIGH-THROUGHPUT DNA SEQUENCING OR QUANTITATIVE PCR REVEALS THE BINDING OF MIZ1 ON THE IL12 PROMOTER INDICATING DIRECT REPRESSION OF IL-12 BY MIZ1. IN ADDITION, HDAC1 (HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1) IS RECRUITED TO THE IL12 PROMOTER IN A MIZ1-DEPDENENT MANNER, SUGGESTING EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF IL12 BY MIZ1. FURTHERMORE, MIZ1 IS UPREGULATED IN THE LUNGS OF ASTHMATIC MICE. OUR DATA TOGETHER SUGGEST THAT MIZ1 IS UPREGULATED DURING ASTHMA, WHICH IN TURN PROMOTES ASTHMA PATHOGENESIS BY PREVENTING TH1 SKEWING THROUGH THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF IL-12.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3 5601 25 RORALPHA IS CRUCIAL FOR ATTENUATED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO MAINTAIN INTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS. RETINOIC ACID-RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR ALPHA (RORALPHA) FUNCTIONS AS A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOR VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, INCLUDING CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, CANCER, AND METABOLISM. HERE, WE GENERATE INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELL (IEC)-SPECIFIC RORALPHA-DEFICIENT (RORALPHA(DELTAIEC)) MICE AND FIND THAT RORALPHA IS CRUCIAL FOR MAINTAINING INTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS BY ATTENUATING NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY. RORALPHA(DELTAIEC) MICE EXHIBIT EXCESSIVE INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION AND HIGHLY ACTIVATED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN THE DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS) MOUSE COLITIS MODEL. TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS REVEALS THAT DELETION OF RORALPHA LEADS TO UP-REGULATION OF NF-KAPPAB TARGET GENES IN IECS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS REVEALS CORECRUITMENT OF RORALPHA AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE 3 (HDAC3) ON NF-KAPPAB TARGET PROMOTERS AND SUBSEQUENT DISMISSAL OF CREB BINDING PROTEIN (CBP) AND BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) FOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. TOGETHER, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT RORALPHA/HDAC3-MEDIATED ATTENUATION OF NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING CONTROLS THE BALANCE OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TARGETING THIS EPIGENETIC REGULATION COULD BE BENEFICIAL TO THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, INCLUDING INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD).	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4   35 24 A CHROMATIN ACTIVITY-BASED CHEMOPROTEOMIC APPROACH REVEALS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOME FOR GENE-SPECIFIC SILENCING. IMMUNE CELLS DEVELOP ENDOTOXIN TOLERANCE (ET) AFTER PROLONGED STIMULATION. ET INCREASES THE LEVEL OF A REPRESSION MARK H3K9ME2 IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY SILENT CHROMATIN SPECIFICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENES. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT CLEAR WHAT PROTEINS ARE FUNCTIONALLY INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS. HERE WE SHOW THAT A NOVEL CHROMATIN ACTIVITY-BASED CHEMOPROTEOMIC (CHAC) APPROACH CAN DISSECT THE FUNCTIONAL CHROMATIN PROTEIN COMPLEXES THAT REGULATE ET-ASSOCIATED INFLAMMATION. USING UNC0638 THAT BINDS THE ENZYMATICALLY ACTIVE H3K9-SPECIFIC METHYLTRANSFERASE G9A/GLP, CHAC REVEALS THAT G9A IS CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE AT A G9A-DEPENDENT MEGA-DALTON REPRESSOME IN PRIMARY ENDOTOXIN-TOLERANT MACROPHAGES. G9A/GLP BROADLY IMPACTS THE ET-SPECIFIC REPROGRAMMING OF THE HISTONE CODE LANDSCAPE, CHROMATIN REMODELLING AND THE ACTIVITIES OF SELECT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. WE DISCOVER THAT THE G9A-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC ENVIRONMENT PROMOTES THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION ACTIVITY OF C-MYC FOR GENE-SPECIFIC CO-REGULATION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. CHAC MAY ALSO BE APPLICABLE TO DISSECT OTHER FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN COMPLEXES IN THE CONTEXT OF PHENOTYPIC CHROMATIN ARCHITECTURES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5  368 34 AMYLOID BETA-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 3 CONTROLS CELL SURVIVAL IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. SWEDISH DOUBLE MUTATION (KM670/671NL) OF AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP) IS REPORTED TO INCREASE TOXIC AMYLOID BETA (ABETA) PRODUCTION VIA ABERRANT CLEAVAGE AT THE BETA-SECRETASE SITE AND THEREBY CAUSE EARLY-ONSET ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD). HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS LEADING TO AD PATHOGENESIS REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. PREVIOUSLY, OUR TRANSCRIPTOME SEQUENCE ANALYSES REVEALED GLOBAL EXPRESSIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF OVER 600 GENES IN APP-SWEDISH MUTANT-EXPRESSING H4 (H4-SW) CELLS COMPARED TO WILD TYPE H4 CELLS. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 3 (IGFBP3) IS ONE GENE THAT SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED MRNA EXPRESSION IN H4-SW CELLS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF IGFBP3 IN AD PATHOGENESIS AND ELUCIDATED THE MECHANISMS REGULATING ITS EXPRESSION. WE OBSERVED DECREASED IGFBP3 EXPRESSION IN THE H4-SW CELL LINE AS WELL AS THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF AD MODEL TRANSGENIC MICE. TREATMENT WITH EXOGENOUS IGFBP3 PROTEIN INHIBITED ABETA1-42- INDUCED CELL DEATH AND CASPASE-3 ACTIVITY, WHEREAS SIRNA-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF IGFBP3 EXPRESSION INDUCED CELL DEATH AND CASPASE-3 CLEAVAGE. IN PRIMARY HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS, ADMINISTRATION OF IGFBP3 PROTEIN BLOCKED APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH DUE TO ABETA1-42 TOXICITY. THESE DATA IMPLICATE A PROTECTIVE ROLE FOR IGFBP3 AGAINST ABETA1-42-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS. NEXT, WE INVESTIGATED THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF IGFBP3 EXPRESSION IN AD PATHOGENESIS. WE OBSERVED ABNORMAL IGFBP3 HYPERMETHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER CPG ISLAND IN H4-SW CELLS. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE RESTORED IGFBP3 EXPRESSION AT BOTH THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ABETA1-42 INDUCED IGFBP3 HYPERMETHYLATION AT CPGS, PARTICULARLY AT LOCI -164 AND -173, AND SUBSEQUENTLY SUPPRESSED IGFBP3 EXPRESSION. THEREFORE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT EXPRESSION OF ANTI-APOPTOTIC IGFBP3 IS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION, SUGGESTING A MECHANISM THAT CONTRIBUTES TO AD PATHOGENESIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 4696 28 NF-KAPPAB REPRESSES RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR-MEDIATED GPRC5A TRANSACTIVATION IN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS TO PROMOTE NEOPLASIA. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH LUNG TUMORIGENESIS, IN WHICH NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE. LUNG TUMOR SUPPRESSOR G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR, FAMILY C, MEMBER 5A (GPRC5A), IS REPRESSED IN MOST NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER (NSCLC); HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, WE SHOW THAT NF-KAPPAB ACTS AS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR IN SUPPRESSION OF GPRC5A. NF-KAPPAB INDUCED GPRC5A REPRESSION BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. INTRIGUINGLY, TRANSACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB DOWNSTREAM TARGETS WAS NOT REQUIRED, BUT THE TRANSACTIVATION DOMAIN OF RELA/P65 WAS REQUIRED FOR GPRC5A REPRESSION. NF-KAPPAB DID NOT BIND TO ANY POTENTIAL CIS-ELEMENT IN THE GPRC5A PROMOTER. INSTEAD, P65 WAS COMPLEXED WITH RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR ALPHA/BETA (RARALPHA/BETA) AND RECRUITED TO THE RA RESPONSE ELEMENT SITE AT THE GPRC5A PROMOTER, RESULTING IN DISRUPTED RNA POLYMERASE II COMPLEXING AND SUPPRESSED TRANSCRIPTION. NOTABLY, PHOSPHORYLATION ON SERINE 276 OF P65 WAS REQUIRED FOR INTERACTION WITH RARALPHA/BETA AND REPRESSION OF GPRC5A. MOREOVER, NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REPRESSION WAS THROUGH SUPPRESSION OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H3K9 (H3K9AC), BUT NOT DNA METHYLATION OF THE CPG ISLANDS, AT THE GPRC5A PROMOTER. CONSISTENTLY, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, BUT NOT DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, RESTORED GPRC5A EXPRESSION IN NSCLC CELLS. THUS, NF-KAPPAB INDUCES TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF GPRC5A VIA A COMPLEX WITH RARALPHA/BETA AND MEDIATES EPIGENETIC REPRESSION VIA SUPPRESSION OF H3K9AC.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7  685 25 BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR INVOLVED EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF UGT2B7 IN COLORECTAL CARCINOMA: A MECHANISM TO ALTER MORPHINE GLUCURONIDATION IN TUMOR. URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE (UGT) 2B7, AS ONE OF SIGNIFICANT DRUG ENZYMES, IS RESPONSIBLE ON THE GLUCURONIDATION OF ABUNDANT ENDOBIOTICS OR XENOBIOTICS. WE HERE REPORT THAT IT IS MARKEDLY REPRESSED IN THE TUMOR TISSUES OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMA (CRC) PATIENTS. ACCORDINGLY, MORPHINE IN CRC CELLS WILL STIMULATE THE EXPRESSION OF ITS MAIN METABOLIC ENZYME, UGT2B7 DURING TOLERANCE GENERATION BY ACTIVATING THE POSITIVE SIGNALS IN HISTONE 3, ESPECIALLY FOR TRIMETHYLATED LYSINE 27 (H3K4ME3) AND ACETYLATED LYSINE 4 (H3K27AC). FURTHER STUDY REVEALS THAT BRAIN-DERIVED NEUTROPHILIC FACTOR (BDNF), A SECRETORY NEUROTROPHIN, ENRICHED IN CRC CAN INTERACT AND INHIBIT UGT2B7 BY PRIMARILY BLOCKING THE POSITIVE SIGNALS OF H3K4ME3 AS WELL AS ACTIVATING H3K27AC ON THE PROMOTER REGION OF UGT2B7. MEANWHILE, BDNF REPRESSION ATTRIBUTES TO THE SENSITIZATIONS OF MAIN CORE FACTORS IN POLY-COMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX (PRC) 1 RATHER THAN PRC2 AS THE REASON OF THE DEPRESSION OF SUZ12 IN THE LATER COMPLEX. BESIDES THAT, THE PRODUCTIONS OF TWO MAIN MORPHINE GLUCURONIDES ARE BOTH INCREASED IN THE BDNF DEFICIENT OR TSA AND BIX-01294 TREATED MORPHINE TOLERANCE-LIKE HCT-116 CELLS. ON THE SAME CONDITION, ACTIVE METABOLITE, MORPHINE-6-GLUCURONIDE (M6G) WAS ACCUMULATED MORE THAN INACTIVE M3G. OUR FINDINGS IMPLY THAT ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY ENHANCEMENT AND SUBSTRATE REGIOSELECTIVE CATALYSIS ALTERATION OF UGT2B7 MAY RELEASE MORPHINE TOLERANCE UNDER THE CURE OF TUMOR-INDUCED PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8 1298 25 DECREASED NUCLEAR RECEPTOR ACTIVITY AND EPIGENETIC MODULATION ASSOCIATES WITH DOWN-REGULATION OF HEPATIC DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) REQUIRE MANY MEDICATIONS. CYP2C AND CYP3A DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF THE MAJORITY OF PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS. THESE ENZYMES ARE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REGULATED BY THE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS PREGNANE X RECEPTOR (PXR) AND HEPATIC NUCLEAR FACTOR 4ALPHA (HNF-4ALPHA). EXPRESSION OF CYP2C AND CYP3A IS DECREASED IN CKD; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH THIS OCCURS IS UNKNOWN. WE INDUCED CKD IN RATS BY 5/6 NEPHRECTOMY AND USED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) TO DETERMINE NUCLEAR RECEPTOR- AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATION-MEDIATED DIFFERENCES IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE CYP2C AND CYP3A GENES. RNA POLYMERASE II AND HNF-4ALPHA BINDING WAS DECREASED 76 AND 57% IN THE CYP2C11 PROMOTOR AND 71 AND 77% IN THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER, RESPECTIVELY (P<0.05). CHIP ALSO REVEALED A 57% DECREASE IN PXR BINDING TO THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER IN CKD RATS (P<0.05). THE DECREASE IN PXR AND HNF-4ALPHA BINDING WAS ACCOMPANIED BY DIMINISHED HISTONE 4 ACETYLATION IN THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER (48%) AND HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION IN THE CYP2C11 (77%) AND CYP3A2 (77%) PROMOTER LOCI FOR NUCLEAR RECEPTOR ACTIVATION (P<0.05). THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT DECREASED NUCLEAR RECEPTOR BINDING AND HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE MECHANISM OF DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYME DOWN-REGULATION AND ALTERED PHARMACOKINETICS IN CKD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9 2080 31 EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION OF EBI3 MODULATES HUMAN INTERLEUKIN-35 FORMATION VIA NFKB SIGNALING: A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC OPTION IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS. ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC), A SEVERE CHRONIC DISEASE WITH UNCLEAR ETIOLOGY THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK FOR COLORECTAL CANCER, IS ACCOMPANIED BY DYSREGULATION OF CYTOKINES. EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS-INDUCED GENE 3 (EBI3) ENCODES A SUBUNIT IN THE UNIQUE HETERODIMERIC IL-12 CYTOKINE FAMILY OF EITHER PRO- OR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY FUNCTION. AFTER HAVING RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED THAT UPREGULATION OF EBI3 BY HISTONE ACETYLATION ALLEVIATES DISEASE SYMPTOMS IN A DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS)-TREATED MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC COLITIS, WE NOW AIMED TO EXAMINE A POSSIBLE FURTHER EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF EBI3 BY DNA METHYLATION UNDER INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR (DNMTI) DECITABINE (DAC) AND TNFALPHA LED TO SYNERGISTIC UPREGULATION OF EBI3 IN HUMAN COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS (HCEC). USE OF DIFFERENT SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITORS INDICATED NFKAPPAB SIGNALING WAS NECESSARY AND PROPORTIONAL TO THE SYNERGISTIC EBI3 INDUCTION. MALDI-TOF/MS AND HPLC-ESI-MS/MS ANALYSIS OF DAC/TNFALPHA-TREATED HCEC IDENTIFIED IL-12P35 AS THE MOST PROBABLE BINDING PARTNER TO FORM A FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN. EBI3/IL-12P35 HETERODIMERS (IL-35) INDUCE THEIR OWN GENE UPREGULATION, SOMETHING THAT WAS INDEED OBSERVED IN HCEC CULTURED WITH MEDIA FROM PREVIOUSLY DAC/TNFALPHA-TREATED HCEC. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT UNDER INFLAMMATORY AND DEMETHYLATING CONDITIONS THE UPREGULATION OF EBI3 RESULTS IN THE FORMATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY IL-35, WHICH MIGHT BE CONSIDERED AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN COLITIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10 1334 23 DEREGULATION OF AIOLOS EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY A CLONAL ACCUMULATION OF MATURE NEOPLASTIC B CELLS THAT ARE RESISTANT TO APOPTOSIS. AIOLOS, A MEMBER OF THE IKAROS FAMILY OF ZINC-FINGER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF MATURE B LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION AND MATURATION. IN THIS STUDY, WE SHOWED THAT AIOLOS EXPRESSION IS UP-REGULATED IN B-CLL CELLS. THIS OVEREXPRESSION DOES NOT IMPLICATE ISOFORM IMBALANCE OR DISTURB AIOLOS SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION. THE CHROMATIN STATUS AT THE AIOLOS PROMOTER IN CLL IS DEFINED BY THE DEMETHYLATION OF DNA AND AN ENRICHMENT OF EUCHROMATIN ASSOCIATED HISTONE MARKERS, SUCH AS THE DIMETHYLATION OF THE LYSINE 4 ON HISTONE H3. THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SHOULD ALLOW ITS UPSTREAM EFFECTORS, SUCH AS NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB, CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED IN CLL, TO GAIN ACCESS TO PROMOTER, RESULTING UP-REGULATION OF AIOLOS. TO DETERMINE THE CONSEQUENCES OF AIOLOS DEREGULATION IN CLL, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECTS OF AIOLOS OVEREXPRESSION OR DOWN-REGULATION ON APOPTOSIS. AIOLOS IS INVOLVED IN CELL SURVIVAL BY REGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF SOME BCL-2 FAMILY MEMBERS. OUR RESULTS STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT AIOLOS DEREGULATION BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY BE A HALLMARK OF CLL.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11 3161 29 GRAINYHEAD-LIKE 2 (GRHL2) INHIBITS KERATINOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. WE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED GRAINYHEAD-LIKE 2 (GRHL2), A MAMMALIAN HOMOLOG OF GRAINYHEAD IN DROSOPHILA, TO BE A NOVEL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THAT REGULATES HTERT GENE EXPRESSION AND ENHANCES PROLIFERATION OF NORMAL HUMAN EPIDERMAL KERATINOCYTES (NHEK). IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE SHOW THAT GRHL2 IMPAIRS KERATINOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITION OF THE GENES CLUSTERED AT THE EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION COMPLEX (EDC), LOCATED AT CHROMOSOME 1Q21. GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING AND SUBSEQUENT IN VITRO ASSAYS REVEALED CONSISTENT DOWNREGULATION OF EDC GENES, FOR EXAMPLE, IVL, KRT1, FLG, LCES, AND SPRRS, IN NHEK EXPRESSING EXOGENOUS GRHL2. IN VIVO BINDING ASSAY BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION REVEALED GRHL2 ASSOCIATION AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF ITS TARGET GENES, MANY OF WHICH BELONG TO EDC. EXOGENOUS GRHL2 EXPRESSION ALSO INHIBITED RECRUITMENT OF HISTONE DEMETHYLASE JMJD3 TO THE EDC GENE PROMOTERS AND ENHANCED THE LEVEL OF HISTONE 3 LYS 27 TRIMETHYLATION ENRICHMENT AT THESE PROMOTERS. SURVEY OF GRHL2 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN SKIN TISSUES DEMONSTRATED ENHANCED PROTEIN AND MRNA LEVELS IN CHRONIC SKIN LESIONS WITH IMPAIRED KERATINOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION, FOR EXAMPLE, ATOPIC DERMATITIS AND PSORIASIS, COMPARED WITH NORMAL EPIDERMIS. THESE DATA INDICATE THAT GRHL2 IMPAIRS EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION BY INHIBITING EDC GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND SUPPORT ITS ROLE IN THE HYPERPROLIFERATIVE SKIN DISEASES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12 3049 25 GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS REVEALS ZINC TRANSPORTER ZIP9 REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS VIA THE TGF-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY. RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS IS A DETRIMENTAL AND CHRONIC DISORDER THAT OCCURS AFTER RADIATION EXPOSURE. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN CHARACTERIZED AS AN IMPORTANT REGULATORY MECHANISM OF MULTIPLE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES. IN THIS STUDY, WE COMPARED THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN RADIATION-INDUCED FIBROTIC SKIN AND ADJACENT NORMAL TISSUES OF RATS BY METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING. RADIATION-INDUCED FIBROTIC SKIN SHOWED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH 3,650 PROTEIN-CODING GENES, 72 MICRORNAS, 5,836 LONG NONCODING RNAS AND 3 PIWI-INTERACTING RNAS. BY INTEGRATING THE MRNA AND METHYLATION PROFILES, THE ZINC TRANSPORTER SLC39A9/ZIP9 WAS INVESTIGATED IN GREATER DETAIL. THE PROTEIN LEVEL OF ZIP9 WAS INCREASED IN IRRADIATED SKIN TISSUES OF HUMANS, MONKEYS, AND RATS, ESPECIALLY IN RADIOGENIC FIBROTIC SKIN TISSUES. RADIATION INDUCED THE DEMETHYLATION OF A CPG DINUCLEOTIDE IN EXON 1 OF ZIP9 THAT RESULTED IN RECRUITMENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTOR SP1 AND INCREASED ZIP9 EXPRESSION. OVEREXPRESSION OF ZIP9 RESULTED IN ACTIVATION OF THE PROFIBROTIC TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY THROUGH PROTEIN KINASE B IN HUMAN FIBROBLASTS. IN ADDITION, RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ZINC ACCUMULATION. THE ZINC CHELATOR N,N,N',N'-TETRAKIS(2-PYRIDYLMETHYL)-1,2-ETHYLENEDIAMINE ABROGATED ZIP9-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY AND ATTENUATED RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS IN A RAT MODEL. IN SUMMARY, OUR FINDINGS ILLUSTRATE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ZIP9 AND ITS CRITICAL ROLE IN PROMOTING RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13 3128 32 GIPC-REGULATED IGFBP-3 PROMOTES HSC MIGRATION IN VITRO AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN VIVO THROUGH A BETA1-INTEGRIN PATHWAY. BACKGROUND & AIMS: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF-BETA)-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF QUIESCENT HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS) AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION TO MYOFIBROBLASTS IS A KEY EVENT IN LIVER FIBROSIS AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION. GIPC (ALSO REFERRED TO AS SYNECTIN) IS A DOWNSTREAM SIGNAL ACTIVATION MOLECULE OF TGF-BETA AND OTHER RECEPTORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY NOVEL GENES TARGETED BY TGF-BETA AND GIPC AND ELUCIDATE IF AND HOW THEY MAY CONTRIBUTE TO LIVER FIBROSIS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED SEQUENTIAL MESSENGER RNA SEQUENCING ANALYSIS ON TGF-BETA-STIMULATED HSCS AND THEN ON TGF-BETA-STIMULATED HSCS IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF GIPC ALSO REFERRED TO AS SYNECTIN (GIPC) KNOCKDOWN. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN-3 (IGFBP-3) TRANSPORT PROTEIN EMERGED AS A TOP ACTIVATION TARGET OF BOTH TGF-BETA AND GIPC. QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, TARGETED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS WERE DONE FOR FURTHER CONFIRMATION. RESULTS: IGFBP-3, AN INSULIN GROWTH FACTOR TRANSPORT PROTEIN, EMERGED AS A TOP ACTIVATION TARGET OF BOTH TGF-BETA AND GIPC, WHICH WAS CONFIRMED BY QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. TARGETED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SHOWED THAT GIPC INCREASES THE HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27) ACETYLATION ACTIVATING MARK AND CONCURRENTLY DECREASES THE H3K27 INHIBITORY TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27M3) MARK, PROVIDING AN EPIGENETIC CORRELATE TO THE GENE REGULATION CHANGES. IN VIVO, GLOBAL KNOCKOUT OF IGFBP-3 MICE RESULTED IN ATTENUATION OF HSC ACTIVATION MARKERS AND ATTENUATION OF PORTAL PRESSURE IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC LIVER INJURY MODELS. ANALYSIS OF SERUM LEVELS FROM CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED AN IGFBP-3 INCREASE OF MORE THAN 2-FOLD COMPARED WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS. FINALLY, IN VITRO MECHANISM STUDIES SHOWED THAT IGFBP-3 PROMOTES HSC MIGRATION THROUGH INTEGRIN-DEPENDENT PHOSPHORYLATION OF PROTEIN KINASE B. CONCLUSIONS: TGF-BETA UP-REGULATES IGFBP-3 THROUGH GIPC, LEADING TO INCREASED HSC MIGRATION IN VITRO AND PROMOTES PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN VIVO. THESE STUDIES SUPPORT THE ROLE OF IGFBP-3 AS A POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC TARGET OR BIOMARKER IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14  370 38 AN APICOMPLEXAN BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN, TGBDP1, ASSOCIATES WITH DIVERSE EPIGENETIC FACTORS TO REGULATE ESSENTIAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROCESSES IN TOXOPLASMA GONDII. THE PROTOZOAN PATHOGEN TOXOPLASMA GONDII RELIES ON TIGHT REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION TO INVADE AND ESTABLISH INFECTION IN ITS HOST. THE DIVERGENT GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF TOXOPLASMA AND RELATED APICOMPLEXAN PATHOGENS RELY HEAVILY ON REGULATORS OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. THE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION FOR TOXOPLASMA IN BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFECTION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED, WHERE HISTONE ACETYLATION INCREASES AT ACTIVE GENE LOCI. HOWEVER, THE DIRECT CONSEQUENCES OF SPECIFIC HISTONE ACETYLATION MARKS AND THE CHROMATIN PATHWAY THAT INFLUENCES TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN RESPONSE TO THE MODIFICATION ARE UNCLEAR. AS A READER OF LYSINE ACETYLATION, THE BROMODOMAIN SERVES AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN THE ACETYLATED HISTONE AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS. HERE WE SHOW THAT THE BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN, TGBDP1, WHICH IS CONSERVED AMONG APICOMPLEXA AND WITHIN THE ALVEOLATA SUPERPHYLUM, IS ESSENTIAL FOR TOXOPLASMA ASEXUAL PROLIFERATION. USING CLEAVAGE UNDER TARGETS AND TAGMENTATION, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT TGBDP1 IS RECRUITED TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITES OF A LARGE PROPORTION OF PARASITE GENES. TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING DURING TGBDP1 KNOCKDOWN REVEALED THAT LOSS OF TGBDP1 LEADS TO MAJOR DYSREGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, IMPLYING MULTIPLE ROLES FOR TGBDP1 IN BOTH GENE ACTIVATION AND REPRESSION. THIS IS SUPPORTED BY INTERACTOME ANALYSIS OF TGBDP1 DEMONSTRATING THAT TGBDP1 FORMS A CORE COMPLEX WITH TWO OTHER BROMODOMAIN PROTEINS AND AN APIAP2 FACTOR. THIS CORE COMPLEX APPEARS TO INTERACT WITH OTHER EPIGENETIC FACTORS SUCH AS NUCLEOSOME REMODELING COMPLEXES. WE CONCLUDE THAT TGBDP1 INTERACTS WITH DIVERSE EPIGENETIC REGULATORS TO EXERT OPPOSING INFLUENCES ON GENE EXPRESSION IN THE TOXOPLASMA TACHYZOITE. IMPORTANCE HISTONE ACETYLATION IS CRITICAL FOR PROPER REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE SINGLE-CELLED EUKARYOTIC PATHOGEN TOXOPLASMA GONDII. BROMODOMAIN PROTEINS ARE "READERS" OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND MAY LINK THE MODIFIED CHROMATIN TO TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THE BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN TGBDP1 IS ESSENTIAL FOR PARASITE SURVIVAL AND THAT LOSS OF TGBDP1 RESULTS IN GLOBAL DYSREGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. TGBDP1 IS RECRUITED TO THE PROMOTER REGION OF A LARGE PROPORTION OF PARASITE GENES, FORMS A CORE COMPLEX WITH TWO OTHER BROMODOMAIN PROTEINS, AND INTERACTS WITH DIFFERENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY COMPLEXES. WE CONCLUDE THAT TGBDP1 IS A KEY FACTOR FOR SENSING SPECIFIC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS TO INFLUENCE MULTIPLE FACETS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN TOXOPLASMA GONDII.	2023	

15  460 32 ARACHIDONIC ACID 15-LIPOXYGENASE: EFFECTS OF ITS EXPRESSION, METABOLITES, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIATIONS ON AIRWAY INFLAMMATION. ARACHIDONIC ACID 15-LIPOXYGENASE (ALOX15) IS AN ENZYME THAT CAN OXIDIZE POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS. ALOX15 IS STRONGLY EXPRESSED IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS, WHERE IT CATALYZES THE CONVERSION OF ARACHIDONIC ACID TO 15-HYDROXYEICOSATETRAENOIC ACID (15-HETE) INVOLVED IN VARIOUS AIRWAY INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. INTERLEUKIN (IL)-4 AND IL-13 INDUCE ALOX15 EXPRESSION BY ACTIVATING JAK2 AND TYK2 KINASES AS WELL AS SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS AND ACTIVATORS OF TRANSCRIPTION (STATS) 1/3/5/6. ALOX15 UP-REGULATION AND SUBSEQUENT ASSOCIATION WITH PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (PEBP1) ACTIVATE THE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (MEK)-EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK) PATHWAY, THUS INDUCING EOSINOPHIL-MEDIATED AIRWAY INFLAMMATION. IN ADDITION, ALOX15 PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN PROMOTING THE MIGRATION OF IMMUNE CELLS, SUCH AS IMMATURE DENDRITIC CELLS, ACTIVATED T CELLS, AND MAST CELLS, AND AIRWAY REMODELING, INCLUDING GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE REVEALED MULTIPLE ALOX15 VARIANTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION WITH THE RISK OF DEVELOPING AIRWAY DISEASES. THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF THE ALOX15 GENE, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO CLOSELY RELATE WITH AIRWAY INFLAMMATION. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE ROLE OF ALOX15 IN DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS, ASPIRIN-EXACERBATED RESPIRATORY DISEASE, AND NASAL POLYPS, SUGGESTING NEW TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR THESE AIRWAY INFLAMMATORY DISEASES WITH COMPLEX ETIOLOGY AND POOR TREATMENT RESPONSE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16 3941 24 LNCRNA DRAIR IS DOWNREGULATED IN DIABETIC MONOCYTES AND MODULATES THE INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. LONG NONCODING RNAS (LNCRNAS) ARE INCREASINGLY IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOLOGY OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. HERE, WE EXAMINED THE ROLE OF LNCRNAS IN MONOCYTE DYSFUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2D). RNA SEQUENCING ANALYSIS OF CD14+ MONOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH T2D VERSUS HEALTHY CONTROLS REVEALED DOWNREGULATION OF ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND ANTIPROLIFERATIVE GENES, ALONG WITH SEVERAL LNCRNAS, INCLUDING A POTENTIALLY NOVEL DIVERGENT LNCRNA DIABETES REGULATED ANTIINFLAMMATORY RNA (DRAIR) AND ITS NEARBY GENE CPEB2. HIGH GLUCOSE AND PALMITIC ACID DOWNREGULATED DRAIR IN CULTURED CD14+ MONOCYTES, WHEREAS ANTIINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND MONOCYTE-TO-MACROPHAGE DIFFERENTIATION UPREGULATED DRAIR VIA KLF4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. DRAIR OVEREXPRESSION INCREASED ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND MACROPHAGE DIFFERENTIATION GENES BUT INHIBITED PROINFLAMMATORY GENES. CONVERSELY, DRAIR KNOCKDOWN ATTENUATED ANTIINFLAMMATORY GENES, PROMOTED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, AND INHIBITED PHAGOCYTOSIS. DRAIR REGULATED TARGET GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH INTERACTION WITH CHROMATIN, AS WELL AS INHIBITION OF THE REPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MARK H3K9ME2 AND ITS CORRESPONDING METHYLTRANSFERASE G9A. MOUSE ORTHOLOGOUS DRAIR AND CPEB2 WERE ALSO DOWNREGULATED IN PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES FROM T2D DB/DB MICE, AND DRAIR KNOCKDOWN IN NONDIABETIC MICE ENHANCED PROINFLAMMATORY GENES IN MACROPHAGES. THUS, DRAIR MODULATES THE INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE OF MONOCYTES/MACROPHAGES VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND ITS DOWNREGULATION IN T2D MAY PROMOTE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. AUGMENTATION OF ENDOGENOUS LNCRNAS LIKE DRAIR COULD SERVE AS NOVEL ANTIINFLAMMATORY THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17  197 28 ACINAR ATP8B1/LPC PATHWAY PROMOTES MACROPHAGE EFFEROCYTOSIS AND CLEARANCE OF INFLAMMATION DURING CHRONIC PANCREATITIS DEVELOPMENT. NONINFLAMMATORY CLEARANCE OF DYING CELLS BY PROFESSIONAL PHAGOCYTES, TERMED EFFEROCYTOSIS, IS FUNDAMENTAL IN BOTH HOMEOSTASIS AND INFLAMMATORY FIBROSIS DISEASE BUT HAS NOT BEEN CONFIRMED TO OCCUR IN CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (CP). HERE, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER EFFEROCYTOSIS CONSTITUTES A NOVEL REGULATORY TARGET IN CP AND ITS MECHANISMS. PRSS1 TRANSGENIC (PRSS1(TG)) MICE WERE TREATED WITH CAERULEIN TO MIMIC CP DEVELOPMENT. PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLITE PROFILING AND EPIGENETIC ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED WITH PRSS1(TG) CP MODELS. THE POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF ATP8B1 IN CP MODEL WERE CLARIFIED USING ATP8B1-OVEREXPRESSING ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS, IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY(ELISA), AND LIPID METABOLOMIC APPROACHES. ATAC-SEQ COMBINED WITH RNA-SEQ WAS THEN USED TO IDENTIFY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS BINDING TO THE ATP8B1 PROMOTER, AND CHIP-QPCR AND LUCIFERASE ASSAYS WERE USED TO CONFIRM THAT THE IDENTIFIED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BOUND TO THE ATP8B1 PROMOTER, AND TO IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC BINDING SITE. FLOW CYTOMETRY WAS PERFORMED TO ANALYZE THE PROPORTION OF PANCREATIC MACROPHAGES. DECREASED EFFEROCYTOSIS WITH AGGRAVATED INFLAMMATION WAS IDENTIFIED IN CP. THE LYSOPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (LPC) PATHWAY WAS THE MOST OBVIOUSLY DYSREGULATED PHOSPHOLIPID PATHWAY, AND LPC AND ATP8B1 EXPRESSION GRADUALLY DECREASED DURING CP DEVELOPMENT. H3K27ME3 CHIP-SEQ SHOWED THAT INCREASED ATP8B1 PROMOTER METHYLATION LED TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITION. ATP8B1 COMPLEMENTATION SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED THE LPC CONCENTRATION AND IMPROVED CP OUTCOMES. BHLHA15 WAS IDENTIFIED AS A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THAT BINDS TO THE ATP8B1 PROMOTER AND REGULATES PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM. OUR STUDY INDICATES THAT THE ACINAR ATP8B1/LPC PATHWAY ACTS AS AN IMPORTANT "FIND-ME" SIGNAL FOR MACROPHAGES AND PLAYS A PROTECTIVE ROLE IN CP, WITH ATP8B1 TRANSCRIPTION PROMOTED BY THE ACINAR CELL-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BHLHA15. BHLHA15, ATP8B1, AND LPC COULD BE CLINICALLY TRANSLATED INTO VALUABLE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS TO OVERCOME THE LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT CP THERAPIES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18  136 27 ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION PATTERNS LEAD TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN UVB-EXPOSED SKIN AND UVB-INDUCED SKIN TUMORS OF MICE. OVEREXPOSURE OF THE HUMAN SKIN TO SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET (UV) RADIATION IS THE MAJOR ETIOLOGIC FACTOR FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SKIN CANCERS. HERE, WE REPORT THE RESULTS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN UV-EXPOSED SKIN AND SKIN TUMORS IN A SYSTEMATIC MANNER. THE SKIN AND TUMOR SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AFTER CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF THE SKIN OF SKH-1 HAIRLESS MICE TO UVB RADIATION USING A WELL-ESTABLISHED PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS PROTOCOL. WE FOUND A DISTINCT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION PATTERN IN THE UVB-EXPOSED EPIDERMAL SKIN AND UVB-INDUCED SKIN TUMORS THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ELEVATED EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) 1, DNMT3A AND DNMT3B. TO EXPLORE THE ROLE OF HYPERMETHYLATION IN SKIN PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS, WE FOCUSED ON THE P16(INK4A) AND RASSF1A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, WHICH ARE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY SILENCED ON METHYLATION. WE ESTABLISHED THAT THE SILENCING OF THESE GENES IN UVB-EXPOSED EPIDERMIS AND UVB-INDUCED SKIN TUMORS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A NETWORK OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING HYPOACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AND H4 AND INCREASED HISTONE DEACETYLATION, AS WELL AS RECRUITMENT OF METHYL-BINDING PROTEINS, INCLUDING MECP2 AND MBD1, TO THE METHYLATED CPGS. HIGHER LEVELS OF DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY IN HUMAN SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA SPECIMENS THAN IN NORMAL HUMAN SKIN SUGGEST THAT THE DATA ARE RELEVANT CLINICALLY. OUR DATA INDICATE FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT UVB-INDUCED DNA HYPERMETHYLATION, ENHANCED DNMT ACTIVITY AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS OCCUR IN UVB-EXPOSED SKIN AND UVB-INDUCED SKIN TUMORS AND SUGGEST THAT THESE EVENTS ARE INVOLVED IN THE SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND IN SKIN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19 2155 23 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING IN FIBROGENESIS: DUAL TARGETING OF G9A AND DNMT1 FOR THE INHIBITION OF LIVER FIBROSIS. OBJECTIVE: HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSC) TRANSDIFFERENTIATION INTO MYOFIBROBLASTS IS CENTRAL TO FIBROGENESIS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING HISTONE AND DNA METHYLATION, PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THIS PROCESS. CONCERTED ACTION BETWEEN HISTONE AND DNA-MEHYLTRANSFERASES LIKE G9A AND DNMT1 IS A COMMON THEME IN GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION. WE AIMED TO STUDY THE EFFICACY OF CM272, A FIRST-IN-CLASS DUAL AND REVERSIBLE G9A/DNMT1 INHIBITOR, IN HALTING FIBROGENESIS. DESIGN: G9A AND DNMT1 WERE ANALYSED IN CIRRHOTIC HUMAN LIVERS, MOUSE MODELS OF LIVER FIBROSIS AND CULTURED MOUSE HSC. G9A AND DNMT1 EXPRESSION WAS KNOCKED DOWN OR INHIBITED WITH CM272 IN HUMAN HSC (HHSC), AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC RESPONSES TO TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA1 (TGFBETA1) WERE EXAMINED. GLYCOLYTIC METABOLISM AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION WERE ANALYSED WITH SEAHORSE-XF TECHNOLOGY. GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION WAS ANALYSED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. ANTIFIBROGENIC ACTIVITY AND SAFETY OF CM272 WERE STUDIED IN MOUSE CHRONIC CCL(4) ADMINISTRATION AND BILE DUCT LIGATION (BDL), AND IN HUMAN PRECISION-CUT LIVER SLICES (PCLSS) IN A NEW BIOREACTOR TECHNOLOGY. RESULTS: G9A AND DNMT1 WERE DETECTED IN STROMAL CELLS IN AREAS OF ACTIVE FIBROSIS IN HUMAN AND MOUSE LIVERS. G9A AND DNMT1 EXPRESSION WAS INDUCED DURING MOUSE HSC ACTIVATION, AND TGFBETA1 TRIGGERED THEIR CHROMATIN RECRUITMENT IN HHSC. G9A/DNMT1 KNOCKDOWN AND CM272 INHIBITED TGFBETA1 FIBROGENIC RESPONSES IN HHSC. TGFBETA1-MEDIATED PROFIBROGENIC METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING WAS ABROGATED BY CM272, WHICH RESTORED GLUCONEOGENIC GENE EXPRESSION AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION THROUGH ON-TARGET EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. CM272 INHIBITED FIBROGENESIS IN MICE AND PCLSS WITHOUT TOXICITY. CONCLUSIONS: DUAL G9A/DNMT1 INHIBITION BY COMPOUNDS LIKE CM272 MAY BE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR TREATING LIVER FIBROSIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  142 29 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF PHOSPHODIESTERASE [CORRECTED] 4D ALTERS AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL PHENOTYPES. AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS (AHR) IS A HALLMARK FEATURE IN ASTHMA CHARACTERIZED BY EXAGGERATED AIRWAY CONTRACTILE RESPONSE TO STIMULI DUE TO INCREASED AIRWAY SENSITIVITY AND CHRONIC AIRWAY REMODELING. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT ALLERGEN-INDUCED AHR IN MICE IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN THE LUNG GENOME, SUGGESTING THAT AHR COULD BE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED, AND THESE CHANGES MIGHT PREDISPOSE THE ANIMALS TO ASTHMA. PREVIOUS STUDIES DEMONSTRATED THAT OVEREXPRESSION OF PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4D (PDE4D) IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED AHR. HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THIS GENE IN ASTHMATIC AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (ASMCS) HAS NOT BEEN EXAMINED. IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PDE4D AND ASMC PHENOTYPES. WE IDENTIFIED CPG SITE-SPECIFIC HYPOMETHYLATION AT PDE4D PROMOTER IN HUMAN ASTHMATIC ASMCS. WE NEXT USED METHYLATED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES TO INTRODUCE CPG SITE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION AT PDE4D PROMOTER AND EXAMINED ITS EFFECT ON ASMCS. WE SHOWED THAT PDE4D METHYLATION DECREASED CELL PROLIFERATION AND MIGRATION OF ASTHMATIC ASMCS. WE FURTHER ELUCIDATED THAT METHYLATED PDE4D DECREASED PDE4D EXPRESSION IN ASTHMATIC ASMCS, INCREASED CAMP LEVEL, AND INHIBITED THE ABERRANT INCREASE IN CA(2+) LEVEL. MOREOVER, PDE4D METHYLATION REDUCED THE PHOSPHORYLATION LEVEL OF DOWNSTREAM EFFECTORS OF CA(2+) SIGNALING, INCLUDING MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN KINASE AND P38. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT GENE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY PREDISPOSE ASMCS TO ASTHMA THROUGH ALTERATIONS IN CELL PHENOTYPES. MODULATION OF ASMC PHENOTYPES BY METHYLATED PDE4D OLIGONUCLEOTIDES CAN REVERSE THE ABERRANT ASMC FUNCTIONS TO NORMAL PHENOTYPES. THIS HAS PROVIDED NEW INSIGHT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS FOR THIS DEBILITATIVE DISEASE.	2016