1 2311 129 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CYTOSOLIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 IN SH-SY5Y HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS. GROUP IVA CYTOSOLIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 (CPLA2 OR PLA2G4A) IS A KEY ENZYME THAT CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATION VIA THE GENERATION OF ARACHIDONIC ACID AND EICOSANOIDS. WHILE MUCH IS KNOWN ABOUT REGULATION OF CPLA2 BY POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION SUCH AS PHOSPHORYLATION, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATION. IN THIS STUDY, TREATMENT WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), VALPROIC ACID, TUBACIN AND THE CLASS I HDAC INHIBITOR, MS-275, WERE FOUND TO INCREASE CPLA2ALPHA MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) EXPRESSION IN SH-SY5Y HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS. CO-TREATMENT OF THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) INHIBITOR, ANACARDIC ACID, MODULATED UPREGULATION OF CPLA2ALPHA INDUCED BY TSA. SPECIFIC INVOLVEMENT OF CLASS I HDACS AND HAT IN CPLA2ALPHA REGULATION WAS FURTHER SHOWN, AND A TIP60-SPECIFIC HAT INHIBITOR, NU9056, MODULATED THE UPREGULATION OF CPLA2ALPHA INDUCED BY MS-275. IN ADDITION, CO-TREATMENT OF WITH HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (HMT) INHIBITOR, 5'-DEOXY-5'-METHYLTHIOADENOSINE (MTA) SUPPRESSED TSA-INDUCED CPLA2ALPHA UPREGULATION. THE ABOVE CHANGES IN CPLA2 MRNA EXPRESSION WERE REFLECTED AT THE PROTEIN LEVEL BY WESTERN BLOTS AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) SHOWED TSA INCREASED BINDING OF TRIMETHYLATED H3K4 TO THE PROXIMAL PROMOTER REGION OF THE CPLA2ALPHA GENE. CELL INJURY AFTER TSA TREATMENT AS INDICATED BY LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH) RELEASE WAS MODULATED BY ANACARDIC ACID, AND A ROLE OF CPLA2 IN MEDIATING TSA-INDUCED INJURY SHOWN, AFTER CO-INCUBATION WITH THE CPLA2 SELECTIVE INHIBITOR, ARACHIDONOYL TRIFLUOROMETHYL KETONE (AACOCF3). TOGETHER, RESULTS INDICATE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CPLA2 AND THE POTENTIAL OF SUCH REGULATION FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2 1038  56 CLINACANTHUS NUTANS EXTRACTS MODULATE EPIGENETIC LINK TO CYTOSOLIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 EXPRESSION IN SH-SY5Y CELLS AND PRIMARY CORTICAL NEURONS. CLINACANTHUS NUTANS LINDAU (C. NUTANS), COMMONLY KNOWN AS SABAH SNAKE GRASS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, IS WIDELY USED IN FOLK MEDICINE DUE TO ITS ANALGESIC, ANTIVIRAL, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES. OUR RECENT STUDY PROVIDED EVIDENCE FOR THE REGULATION OF CYTOSOLIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 (CPLA2) MRNA EXPRESSION BY EPIGENETIC FACTORS (TAN ET AL. IN MOL NEUROBIOL. DOI: 10.1007/S12035-015-9314-Z , 2015). THIS ENZYME CATALYZES THE RELEASE OF ARACHIDONIC ACID FROM GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS, AND FORMATION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY EICOSANOIDS OR TOXIC LIPID PEROXIDATION PRODUCTS SUCH AS 4-HYDROXYNONENAL. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF C. NUTANS ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACTS ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CPLA2 MRNA EXPRESSION IN SH-SY5Y HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS AND MOUSE PRIMARY CORTICAL NEURONS. C. NUTANS MODULATED INDUCTION OF CPLA2 EXPRESSION IN SH-SY5Y CELLS BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS, MS-275, MC-1568, AND TSA. C. NUTANS EXTRACTS ALSO INHIBITED HISTONE ACETYLASE (HAT) ACTIVITY. LEVELS OF CPLA2 MRNA EXPRESSION WERE INCREASED IN PRIMARY CORTICAL NEURONS SUBJECTED TO 0.5-H OXYGEN-GLUCOSE DEPRIVATION INJURY (OGD). THIS INCREASE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED BY C. NUTANS TREATMENT. TREATMENT OF PRIMARY NEURONS WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR MS-275 AUGMENTED OGD-INDUCED CPLA2 MRNA EXPRESSION, AND THIS INCREASE WAS MODULATED BY C. NUTANS EXTRACTS. OGD-STIMULATED INCREASE IN CPLA2 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS ALSO REDUCED BY A TIP60 HAT INHIBITOR, NU9056. IN VIEW OF A KEY ROLE OF CPLA2 IN THE PRODUCTION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY EICOSANOIDS AND FREE RADICAL DAMAGE, AND THE FACT THAT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON GENES ARE OFTEN LONG-LASTING, RESULTS SUGGEST A ROLE FOR C. NUTANS AND PHYTOCHEMICALS TO INHIBIT THE PRODUCTION OF ARACHIDONIC ACID-DERIVED PRO-INFLAMMATORY EICOSANOIDS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CPLA2 EXPRESSION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3 2032  38 EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN P21 EXPRESSION IN RENAL CELLS AFTER EXPOSURE TO BROMATE. THIS STUDY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT BROMATE (KBRO3)-INDUCED RENAL CELL DEATH IS MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, AS ASSESSED BY 5-METHYLCYTOSINE STAINING, WAS NOT CHANGED IN NORMAL RAT KIDNEY CELLS TREATED WITH ACUTE CYTOTOXIC DOSES OF KBRO3 (100 AND 200 PPM), AS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. HOWEVER, KBRO3 TREATMENT DID INCREASE P38, P53 AND HISTONE 2AX (H2AX) PHOSPHORYLATION, AND P21 EXPRESSION. TREATMENT OF CELLS WITH INHIBITORS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (5-AZACYTIDINE OR 5-AZA) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (TRICHOSTATIN A OR TSA) IN ADDITION TO KBRO3 INCREASED CYTOTOXICITY, AS COMPARED WITH CELLS EXPOSED TO KBRO3 ALONE. 5-AZA AND TSA CO-TREATMENT DID NOT ALTER P38 OR P53 PHOSPHORYLATION, BUT SLIGHTLY DECREASED H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION AND SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED P21 EXPRESSION. WE ALSO ASSESSED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CELLS TREATED UNDER SUB-CHRONIC CONDITIONS WITH ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATIONS OF KBRO3. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS (0-10PPM KBRO3 FOR UP TO 18 DAYS), WE DETECTED NO INCREASES IN CELL DEATH OR DNA DAMAGE. IN CONTRAST, SLIGHT ALTERATIONS WERE DETECTED IN THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF H2AX, P38, AND P53. SUB-CHRONIC LOW-DOSE KBRO3 TREATMENT ALSO INDUCED A BIPHASIC RESPONSE IN P21 EXPRESSION, WITH LOWER CONCENTRATIONS INCREASING EXPRESSION, BUT HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS DECREASING EXPRESSION. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR DEMONSTRATED THAT SUB-CHRONIC KBRO3 TREATMENT ALTERED THE METHYLATION OF CYTOSINE BASES IN THE P21 GENE, AS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, CORRELATING TO ALTERATIONS IN P21 PROTEIN EXPRESSION. COLLECTIVELY, THESE DATA SHOW THE NOVEL FINDING THAT KBRO3-INDUCED RENAL CELL DEATH IS ALTERED BY INHIBITORS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYMES AND THAT KBRO3 ITSELF INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE P21 GENE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4 5625  27 SELECTIVE CLASS I HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS SUPPRESS PERSISTENT SPONTANEOUS NOCICEPTION AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN A RAT MODEL OF BEE VENOM-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY PAIN. TO CONFIRM WHETHER CLASS I HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACIS) ARE EFFECTIVE IN RELIEF OF PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATORY PAIN, THE EFFECTS OF TWO SELECTIVE INHIBITORS, MS-275 AND MGCD0103, WERE STUDIED IN RATS INFLAMED BY SUBCUTANEOUS (S.C.) INJECTION OF BEE VENOM (BV). THE BV TEST IS CHARACTERIZED BY DISPLAYING BOTH PERSISTENT SPONTANEOUS NOCICEPTION (PSN) AND PRIMARY HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTRATHECAL (I.T.) PRE-TREATMENT OF EITHER MS-275 OR MGCD0103 WITH A SINGLE DOSE OF 60 NMOL/20 MUL RESULTED IN PROFOUND SUPPRESSION OF BOTH PSN AND PRIMARY THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY BUT WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE UPON THE PRIMARY MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND MIRROR-IMAGE THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. MOREOVER, THE UP-REGULATION OF BOTH HDAC1 AND HDAC2 INDUCED BY S.C. BV INJECTION WAS COMPLETELY SUPPRESSED BY I.T. PRE-TREATMENT OF MS-275. THE PRESENT RESULTS PROVIDE WITH ANOTHER NEW LINE OF EVIDENCE SHOWING INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE BY HDAC1/2-MEDIATED HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION IN THE BV-INDUCED PSN AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND DEMONSTRATE THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF CLASS I HDACIS IN PREVENTION OF PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATORY PAIN FROM OCCURRING.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5 6586  34 TUBASTATIN, A SELECTIVE HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 INHIBITOR SHOWS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-RHEUMATIC EFFECTS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS REPRESENT A PROMISING NEW APPROACH TO MODULATE CELL FUNCTIONS AS OBSERVED IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THE UTILITY OF HDAC INHIBITORS IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS. HOWEVER, CLASS AND ISOFORM SELECTIVE INHIBITION OF HDAC IS CURRENTLY FAVORED AS IT LIMITS THE TOXICITY THAT HAS BEEN OBSERVED WITH PAN-HDAC INHIBITORS. HDAC6, A MEMBER OF THE HDAC FAMILY, WHOSE MAJOR SUBSTRATE IS ALPHA-TUBULIN, IS BEING INCREASINGLY IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT TO STUDY THE POTENTIAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-RHEUMATIC EFFECTS OF HDAC6 SELECTIVE INHIBITOR TUBASTATIN. TUBASTATIN, A POTENT HUMAN HDAC6 INHIBITOR WITH AN IC50 OF 11 NM SHOWED SIGNIFICANT INHIBITION OF TNF-ALPHA AND IL-6 IN LPS STIMULATED HUMAN THP-1 MACROPHAGES WITH AN IC50 OF 272 NM AND 712 NM RESPECTIVELY. ADDITIONALLY, TUBASTATIN INHIBITED NITRIC OXIDE (NO) SECRETION IN MURINE RAW 264.7 MACROPHAGES DOSE DEPENDENTLY WITH AN IC50 OF 4.2 MUM AND INDUCED ALPHA-TUBULIN HYPERACETYLATION CORRESPONDING TO HDAC6 INHIBITION IN THP-1 CELLS WITHOUT AFFECTING THE CELL VIABILITY. TUBASTATIN SHOWED SIGNIFICANT INHIBITION OF PAW VOLUME AT 30 MG/KG I.P. IN A FREUND'S COMPLETE ADJUVANT (FCA) INDUCED ANIMAL MODEL OF INFLAMMATION. THE DISEASE MODIFYING ACTIVITY OF TUBASTATIN WAS ALSO EVIDENT IN COLLAGEN INDUCED ARTHRITIS DBA1 MOUSE MODEL AT 30 MG/KG I.P. THE SIGNIFICANT ATTENUATION OF CLINICAL SCORES (~70%) BY TUBASTATIN WAS CONFIRMED HISTOPATHOLOGICALLY AND WAS FOUND COMPARABLE TO DEXAMETHASONE (~90% INHIBITION OF CLINICAL SCORES). TUBASTATIN SHOWED SIGNIFICANT INHIBITION OF IL-6 IN PAW TISSUES OF ARTHRITIC MICE. THE PRESENT WORK HAS DEMONSTRATED ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIRHEUMATIC EFFECTS OF A SELECTIVE HDAC6 INHIBITOR TUBASTATIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6 2345  47 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-1 AND -3 EXPRESSION IN MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION. IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS (TB), THE INFLAMMATORY IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS (MTB) IS ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DESTRUCTION AND CAVITATION, WHICH DRIVES DISEASE TRANSMISSION, CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE, AND MORTALITY. MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE (MMP)-1 IS A HOST ENZYME CRITICAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAVITATION. MMP EXPRESSION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED IN OTHER INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, BUT THE IMPORTANCE OF SUCH MECHANISMS IN MTB-ASSOCIATED INDUCTION OF MMP-1 IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION IN MTB-INDUCED MMP EXPRESSION USING INHIBITORS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) AND HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HAT), HDAC SIRNA, PROMOTER-REPORTER CONSTRUCTS, AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. MTB INFECTION DECREASED CLASS I HDAC GENE EXPRESSION BY OVER 50% IN PRIMARY HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES BUT NOT IN NORMAL HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS (NHBES). NON-SELECTIVE INHIBITION OF HDAC ACTIVITY DECREASED MMP-1/-3 EXPRESSION BY MTB-STIMULATED MACROPHAGES AND NHBES, WHILE CLASS I HDAC INHIBITION INCREASED MMP-1 SECRETION BY MTB-STIMULATED NHBES. MMP-3 EXPRESSION, BUT NOT MMP-1, WAS DOWNREGULATED BY SIRNA SILENCING OF HDAC1. INHIBITION OF HAT ACTIVITY ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED MMP-1/-3 SECRETION BY MTB-INFECTED MACROPHAGES. THE MMP-1 PROMOTER REGION BETWEEN -2,001 AND -2,942 BASE PAIRS FROM THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITE WAS KEY IN CONTROL OF MTB-DRIVEN MMP-1 GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION AND RNA POL II BINDING IN THE MMP-1 PROMOTER REGION WERE INCREASED IN STIMULATED NHBES. IN SUMMARY, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION VIA HDAC AND HAT ACTIVITY HAS A KEY REGULATORY ROLE IN MTB-DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION AND SECRETION OF MMP-1 AND -3, ENZYMES WHICH DRIVE HUMAN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY. MANIPULATION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS MAY HAVE POTENTIAL AS A HOST-DIRECTED THERAPY TO IMPROVE OUTCOMES IN THE ERA OF RISING TB DRUG RESISTANCE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7 4696  32 NF-KAPPAB REPRESSES RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR-MEDIATED GPRC5A TRANSACTIVATION IN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS TO PROMOTE NEOPLASIA. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH LUNG TUMORIGENESIS, IN WHICH NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE. LUNG TUMOR SUPPRESSOR G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR, FAMILY C, MEMBER 5A (GPRC5A), IS REPRESSED IN MOST NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER (NSCLC); HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, WE SHOW THAT NF-KAPPAB ACTS AS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR IN SUPPRESSION OF GPRC5A. NF-KAPPAB INDUCED GPRC5A REPRESSION BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. INTRIGUINGLY, TRANSACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB DOWNSTREAM TARGETS WAS NOT REQUIRED, BUT THE TRANSACTIVATION DOMAIN OF RELA/P65 WAS REQUIRED FOR GPRC5A REPRESSION. NF-KAPPAB DID NOT BIND TO ANY POTENTIAL CIS-ELEMENT IN THE GPRC5A PROMOTER. INSTEAD, P65 WAS COMPLEXED WITH RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR ALPHA/BETA (RARALPHA/BETA) AND RECRUITED TO THE RA RESPONSE ELEMENT SITE AT THE GPRC5A PROMOTER, RESULTING IN DISRUPTED RNA POLYMERASE II COMPLEXING AND SUPPRESSED TRANSCRIPTION. NOTABLY, PHOSPHORYLATION ON SERINE 276 OF P65 WAS REQUIRED FOR INTERACTION WITH RARALPHA/BETA AND REPRESSION OF GPRC5A. MOREOVER, NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REPRESSION WAS THROUGH SUPPRESSION OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H3K9 (H3K9AC), BUT NOT DNA METHYLATION OF THE CPG ISLANDS, AT THE GPRC5A PROMOTER. CONSISTENTLY, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, BUT NOT DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, RESTORED GPRC5A EXPRESSION IN NSCLC CELLS. THUS, NF-KAPPAB INDUCES TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF GPRC5A VIA A COMPLEX WITH RARALPHA/BETA AND MEDIATES EPIGENETIC REPRESSION VIA SUPPRESSION OF H3K9AC.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8 1689  33 DUAL HDAC/BRD4 INHIBITORS RELIEVES NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY ATTENUATING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN MICROGLIA AFTER SPARED NERVE INJURY. DESPITE THE EFFORT ON DEVELOPING NEW TREATMENTS, THERAPY FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS STILL A CLINICAL CHALLENGE AND COMBINATION THERAPY REGIMES OF TWO OR MORE DRUGS ARE OFTEN NEEDED TO IMPROVE EFFICACY. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SHOWS AN ALTERED EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF HISTONE ACETYLATION ENZYMES IN CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS AND RESTORATION OF THESE ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PROMOTES PAIN-RELIEVING ACTIVITY. RECENT STUDIES SHOWED A SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITY IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS BY COMBINATION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) AND BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) INHIBITORS. ON THESE PREMISES, THE PRESENT STUDY INVESTIGATED THE PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF NEW DUAL HDAC/BRD4 INHIBITORS, NAMED SUM52 AND SUM35, IN THE SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI) MODEL IN MICE AS INNOVATIVE STRATEGY TO SIMULTANEOUSLY INHIBIT HDACS AND BETS. INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF SUM52 AND SUM35 ATTENUATED THERMAL AND MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE ABSENCE OF LOCOMOTOR SIDE EFFECTS. BOTH DUAL INHIBITORS SHOWED A PREFERENTIAL INTERACTION WITH BRD4-BD2 DOMAIN, AND SUM52 RESULTED THE MOST ACTIVE COMPOUND. SUM52 REDUCED MICROGLIA-MEDIATED SPINAL NEUROINFLAMMATION IN SPINAL CORD SECTIONS OF SNI MICE AS SHOWED BY REDUCTION OF IBA1 IMMUNOSTAINING, INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS) EXPRESSION, P65 NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) AND P38 MAPK OVER-PHOSPHORYLATION. A ROBUST DECREASE OF THE SPINAL PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES CONTENT (IL-6, IL-1SS) WAS ALSO OBSERVED AFTER SUM52 TREATMENT. PRESENT RESULTS, SHOWING THE PAIN-RELIEVING ACTIVITY OF HDAC/BRD4 DUAL INHIBITORS, INDICATE THAT THE SIMULTANEOUS MODULATION OF BET AND HDAC ACTIVITY BY A SINGLE MOLECULE ACTING AS MULTI-TARGET AGENT MIGHT REPRESENT A PROMISE FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN RELIEF.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9  685  30 BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR INVOLVED EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF UGT2B7 IN COLORECTAL CARCINOMA: A MECHANISM TO ALTER MORPHINE GLUCURONIDATION IN TUMOR. URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE (UGT) 2B7, AS ONE OF SIGNIFICANT DRUG ENZYMES, IS RESPONSIBLE ON THE GLUCURONIDATION OF ABUNDANT ENDOBIOTICS OR XENOBIOTICS. WE HERE REPORT THAT IT IS MARKEDLY REPRESSED IN THE TUMOR TISSUES OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMA (CRC) PATIENTS. ACCORDINGLY, MORPHINE IN CRC CELLS WILL STIMULATE THE EXPRESSION OF ITS MAIN METABOLIC ENZYME, UGT2B7 DURING TOLERANCE GENERATION BY ACTIVATING THE POSITIVE SIGNALS IN HISTONE 3, ESPECIALLY FOR TRIMETHYLATED LYSINE 27 (H3K4ME3) AND ACETYLATED LYSINE 4 (H3K27AC). FURTHER STUDY REVEALS THAT BRAIN-DERIVED NEUTROPHILIC FACTOR (BDNF), A SECRETORY NEUROTROPHIN, ENRICHED IN CRC CAN INTERACT AND INHIBIT UGT2B7 BY PRIMARILY BLOCKING THE POSITIVE SIGNALS OF H3K4ME3 AS WELL AS ACTIVATING H3K27AC ON THE PROMOTER REGION OF UGT2B7. MEANWHILE, BDNF REPRESSION ATTRIBUTES TO THE SENSITIZATIONS OF MAIN CORE FACTORS IN POLY-COMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX (PRC) 1 RATHER THAN PRC2 AS THE REASON OF THE DEPRESSION OF SUZ12 IN THE LATER COMPLEX. BESIDES THAT, THE PRODUCTIONS OF TWO MAIN MORPHINE GLUCURONIDES ARE BOTH INCREASED IN THE BDNF DEFICIENT OR TSA AND BIX-01294 TREATED MORPHINE TOLERANCE-LIKE HCT-116 CELLS. ON THE SAME CONDITION, ACTIVE METABOLITE, MORPHINE-6-GLUCURONIDE (M6G) WAS ACCUMULATED MORE THAN INACTIVE M3G. OUR FINDINGS IMPLY THAT ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY ENHANCEMENT AND SUBSTRATE REGIOSELECTIVE CATALYSIS ALTERATION OF UGT2B7 MAY RELEASE MORPHINE TOLERANCE UNDER THE CURE OF TUMOR-INDUCED PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10 6148  35 THE EXPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS MECP2 AND CREB IS MODULATED IN INFLAMMATORY PELVIC PAIN. EARLY ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IS ONE OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC PAIN STATES. PREVIOUS STUDIES IDENTIFIED THE CHANGES IN A NUMBER OF NOCICEPTION-RELATED GENES, SUCH AS CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP), SUBSTANCE P (SP), AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN THE PELVIC ORGANS AFTER TRANSIENT COLONIC INFLAMMATION. THE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF THESE NEUROPEPTIDES COULD BE MODULATED BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) AND CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN (CREB). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MECP2 AND CREB IN THE LUMBOSACRAL (LS) SPINAL CORD AND SENSORY GANGLIA AFTER INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PELVIC PAIN IN RAT. ADULT SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TREATED WITH 2,4,6-TRINITROBENZENESULFONIC ACID (TNBS) TO INDUCE TRANSIENT COLONIC INFLAMMATION. LS (L6-S2) SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS AND RESPECTIVE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIAS (DRGS) WERE ISOLATED FROM CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AT 1, 2, 6, 24 H AND 3 DAYS POST-TNBS TREATMENT. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL (IHC) LABELING AND WESTERN BLOTTING EXPERIMENTS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE EXPRESSION OF MECP2, CREB AND THEIR PHOSPHORYLATED FORMS. TOTAL MECP2 EXPRESSION, BUT NOT PHOSPHORYLATED P-MECP2 (PS421MECP2) EXPRESSION WAS DETECTED IN THE CELLS OF THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN UNDER CONTROL CONDITIONS. COLONIC INFLAMMATION TRIGGERED A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF MECP2-EXPRESSING NEURONS IN PARALLEL WITH ELEVATED NUMBERS OF PS421MECP2-EXPRESSING CELLS AT 2 H AND 6 H POST-TNBS. THE MAJORITY OF MECP2-POSITIVE CELLS (80 +/- 6%) CO-EXPRESSED CREB. TNBS TREATMENT CAUSED A TRANSIENT UP-REGULATION OF CREB-EXPRESSING CELLS AT 1 H POST-TNBS ONLY. THE NUMBER OF CELLS EXPRESSING PHOSPHORYLATED CREB (PS133CREB) DID NOT CHANGE AT 1 H AND 2 H POST-TNBS, BUT WAS DOWN-REGULATED BY THREE FOLDS AT 6 H POST-TNBS. ANALYSIS OF DRG SECTIONS REVEALED THAT THE NUMBER OF MECP2-POSITIVE NEURONS WAS UP-REGULATED BY TNBS TREATMENT, REACHING THREE-FOLD INCREASE AT 2 H POST-TNBS, AND EIGHT-FOLD INCREASE AT 6 H POST-TNBS (P </= 0.05 TO CONTROL). THESE DATA SHOWED EARLY CHANGES IN MECP2 AND CREB EXPRESSION IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD AND SENSORY GANGLIA AFTER COLONIC INFLAMMATION, SUGGESTING A POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION MECP2 AND CREB SIGNALING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISCERAL HYPERALGESIA AND PELVIC PAIN FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION.	2018	

11  532  31 ASTROCYTIC C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE-HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 CASCADE CONTRIBUTES TO GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER-1 DECREASE AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IN RATS. DECREASE OF GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER-1 (GLT-1) IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN AFTER NERVE INJURY INDUCES ENHANCED EXCITATORY TRANSMISSION AND CAUSES PERSISTENT PAIN. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS)-CATALYZED DEACETYLATION MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE DECREASE OF GLT-1, WHILE THE DETAILED MECHANISMS HAVE YET TO BE FULLY ELABORATED. SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES OF HDAC2 AND DECREASES OF GLT-1 IN SPINAL ASTROCYTES. INTRATHECAL INFUSION OF THE HDAC2 INHIBITORS ATTENUATED THE DECREASE OF GLT-1 AND ENHANCED PHOSPHORYLATION OF GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS. GLT-1 AND PHOSPHORYLATED C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK) WERE HIGHLY COLOCALIZED IN THE SPINAL CORD, AND A LARGE NUMBER OF PJNK POSITIVE CELLS WERE HDAC2 POSITIVE. INTRATHECALLY INFUSION OF THE JNK INHIBITOR SP600125 SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED SNL-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF HDAC2. SNL-INDUCED HDAC2 UP-REGULATION COULD BE INHIBITED BY THE NEUTRALIZING ANTI-TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) BINDING PROTEIN ETANERCEPT OR THE MICROGLIAL INHIBITOR MINOCYCLINE. IN CULTURED ASTROCYTES, TNF-ALPHA INDUCED ENHANCED PHOSPHORYLATION OF JNK AND A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF HDAC2, AS WELL AS A REMARKABLE DECREASE OF GLT-1, WHICH COULD BE PREVENTED BY SP600125 OR THE HDAC2 SPECIFIC INHIBITOR CAY10683. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ASTROCYTIC JNK-HDAC2 CASCADE CONTRIBUTES TO GLT-1 DECREASE AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. NEUROIMMUNE ACTIVATION AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY COULD INDUCE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION CHANGES IN ASTROCYTES AND CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN MAINTENANCE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12 5401  36 REDUCTION OF SIRT1 EPIGENETICALLY UPREGULATES NALP1 EXPRESSION AND CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG BORTEZOMIB. BACKGROUND: BORTEZOMIB IS A FREQUENTLY USED CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG FOR THE TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND OTHER NONSOLID MALIGNANCIES. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT BORTEZOMIB-INDUCED PERSISTENT PAIN SERVES AS THE MOST FREQUENT REASON FOR TREATMENT DISCONTINUATION. METHODS: THE VON FREY TEST WAS PERFORMED TO EVALUATE NEUROPATHIC PAIN BEHAVIOR, AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, WESTERN BLOT, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, AND SMALL INTERFERING RNA WERE PERFORMED TO EXPLORE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN ADULT MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT APPLICATION OF BORTEZOMIB SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF NALP1 PROTEIN AND MRNA LEVELS IN SPINAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS, AND INTRATHECAL APPLICATION OF NALP1 SIRNA ATTENUATED THE BORTEZOMIB-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA. IN ADDITION, BORTEZOMIB ALSO DECREASED THE SIRT1 EXPRESSION, AND TREATMENT WITH SIRT1 ACTIVATOR RESVERATROL AMELIORATED THE NALP1 UPREGULATION AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA INDUCED BY BORTEZOMIB. MEANWHILE, KNOCKDOWN OF SIRT1 USING THE SIRT1 SIRNA INDUCED THE NALP1 UPREGULATION IN DORSAL HORN AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA IN NORMAL ANIMAL. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT REDUCTION OF SIRT1 INDUCED THE NALP1 UPREGULATION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS, AND PARTICIPATED IN BORTEZOMIB-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA. IMPORTANTLY, WE FOUND THAT THE BINDING OF SIRT1 AND NALP1 PROMOTER REGION DID NOT CHANGE BEFORE AND AFTER BORTEZOMIB TREATMENT, BUT SIRT1 DOWNREGULATION INCREASED P-STAT3 EXPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, THE ACTIVATION OF STAT3 ENHANCED THE RECRUITMENT OF P-STAT3 TO THE NALP1 GENE PROMOTER, WHICH INCREASED THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AND H4 IN NALP1 PROMOTER REGIONS AND EPIGENETICALLY UPREGULATED NALP1 EXPRESSION IN THE RODENTS WITH BORTEZOMIB TREATMENT. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED A NEW EPIGENETIC MECHANISM FOR NALP1 UPREGULATION INVOLVING SIRT1 REDUCTION AND SUBSEQUENT STAT3-MEDIATED HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN NALP1 PROMOTER REGION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS, WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO THE BORTEZOMIB-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13   26  30 A 6-ALKYLSALICYLATE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR INHIBITS HISTONE ACETYLATION AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION IN MURINE PRECISION-CUT LUNG SLICES. LYSINE ACETYLATIONS ARE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF CELLULAR PROTEINS, THAT ARE CRUCIAL IN THE REGULATION OF MANY CELLULAR PROCESSES. LYSINE ACETYLATIONS ON HISTONE PROTEINS ARE PART OF THE EPIGENETIC CODE REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION AND ARE INSTALLED BY HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES. OBSERVATIONS THAT INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES, SUCH AS ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, ARE CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY INDICATE THAT DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS FOR THESE ENZYMES MIGHT BE A VALUABLE APPROACH TOWARDS NEW THERAPIES FOR THESE DISEASES. THE 6-ALKYLSALICYLATE MG149 IS A CANDIDATE TO EXPLORE THIS HYPOTHESIS BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO INHIBIT THE MYST TYPE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE K(I) VALUE FOR INHIBITION OF THE MYST TYPE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE KAT8 BY MG149 TO BE 39 +/- 7.7 MUM. UPON INVESTIGATING WHETHER THE INHIBITION OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES BY MG149 CORRELATES WITH INHIBITION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN MURINE PRECISION-CUT LUNG SLICES, INHIBITION OF ACETYLATION WAS OBSERVED USING AN LC-MS/MS BASED ASSAY ON HISTONE H4 RES 4-17, WHICH CONTAINS THE TARGET LYSINE OF KAT8. FOLLOWING UP ON THIS, UPON TREATMENT WITH MG149, REDUCED PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED IN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AND INTERFERON GAMMA STIMULATED MURINE PRECISION-CUT LUNG SLICES. BASED ON THIS, WE PROPOSE THAT 6-ALKYLSALICYLATES SUCH AS MG149 HAVE POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS APPLICATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14 3128  45 GIPC-REGULATED IGFBP-3 PROMOTES HSC MIGRATION IN VITRO AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN VIVO THROUGH A BETA1-INTEGRIN PATHWAY. BACKGROUND & AIMS: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF-BETA)-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF QUIESCENT HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS) AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION TO MYOFIBROBLASTS IS A KEY EVENT IN LIVER FIBROSIS AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION. GIPC (ALSO REFERRED TO AS SYNECTIN) IS A DOWNSTREAM SIGNAL ACTIVATION MOLECULE OF TGF-BETA AND OTHER RECEPTORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY NOVEL GENES TARGETED BY TGF-BETA AND GIPC AND ELUCIDATE IF AND HOW THEY MAY CONTRIBUTE TO LIVER FIBROSIS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED SEQUENTIAL MESSENGER RNA SEQUENCING ANALYSIS ON TGF-BETA-STIMULATED HSCS AND THEN ON TGF-BETA-STIMULATED HSCS IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF GIPC ALSO REFERRED TO AS SYNECTIN (GIPC) KNOCKDOWN. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN-3 (IGFBP-3) TRANSPORT PROTEIN EMERGED AS A TOP ACTIVATION TARGET OF BOTH TGF-BETA AND GIPC. QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, TARGETED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS WERE DONE FOR FURTHER CONFIRMATION. RESULTS: IGFBP-3, AN INSULIN GROWTH FACTOR TRANSPORT PROTEIN, EMERGED AS A TOP ACTIVATION TARGET OF BOTH TGF-BETA AND GIPC, WHICH WAS CONFIRMED BY QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. TARGETED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SHOWED THAT GIPC INCREASES THE HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27) ACETYLATION ACTIVATING MARK AND CONCURRENTLY DECREASES THE H3K27 INHIBITORY TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27M3) MARK, PROVIDING AN EPIGENETIC CORRELATE TO THE GENE REGULATION CHANGES. IN VIVO, GLOBAL KNOCKOUT OF IGFBP-3 MICE RESULTED IN ATTENUATION OF HSC ACTIVATION MARKERS AND ATTENUATION OF PORTAL PRESSURE IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC LIVER INJURY MODELS. ANALYSIS OF SERUM LEVELS FROM CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED AN IGFBP-3 INCREASE OF MORE THAN 2-FOLD COMPARED WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS. FINALLY, IN VITRO MECHANISM STUDIES SHOWED THAT IGFBP-3 PROMOTES HSC MIGRATION THROUGH INTEGRIN-DEPENDENT PHOSPHORYLATION OF PROTEIN KINASE B. CONCLUSIONS: TGF-BETA UP-REGULATES IGFBP-3 THROUGH GIPC, LEADING TO INCREASED HSC MIGRATION IN VITRO AND PROMOTES PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN VIVO. THESE STUDIES SUPPORT THE ROLE OF IGFBP-3 AS A POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC TARGET OR BIOMARKER IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                             
15 2450  37 EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF LIVER X RECEPTOR BETA IN ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX BY HDAC5 DRIVES CFA-INDUCED CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN. BACKGROUND: LIVER X RECEPTORS (LXRS), INCLUDING LXRALPHA AND LXRBETA, ARE KEY REGULATORS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS FOR BOTH CHOLESTEROL HOMEOSTASIS AND INFLAMMATION IN THE BRAIN. HERE, THE MODES OF ACTION OF LXRS AND THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING LXRBETA EXPRESSION IN ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (ACC) OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN (CIP) ARE INVESTIGATED. METHODS: THE DEFICIT OF LXR ISOFORM AND ANALGESIC EFFECT OF LXR ACTIVATION BY GW3965 WERE EVALUATED USING THE MOUSE MODEL OF CIP INDUCED BY HINDPAW INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA). THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN GW-MEDIATED ANALGESIC EFFECTS WERE ANALYZED WITH IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL METHODS, ELISA, CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CO-IP), WESTERN BLOT, AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDING. THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF LXRBETA EXPRESSION WAS INVESTIGATED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR, AND SEQUENCING. RESULTS: WE REVEALED THAT CFA INSULT LED TO LXRBETA REDUCTION IN ACC, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH UPREGULATED EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 5 (HDAC5), AND KNOCKDOWN OF LXRBETA BY SHRNA LED TO THERMAL HYPERALGESIA. CO-IP SHOWED THAT LXRBETA INTERACTED WITH NF-KAPPAB P65 PHYSICALLY. LXRBETA ACTIVATION BY GW3965 EXERTED ANALGESIC EFFECTS BY INHIBITING THE NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF NF-KAPPAB, REDUCING THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES (MAPKS) IN ACC, AND DECREASING THE PROMOTED INPUT-OUTPUT AND ENHANCED MEPSC FREQUENCY IN ACC NEURONS AFTER CFA EXPOSURE. IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS CONFIRMED THAT HDAC5 TRIGGERED HISTONE DEACETYLATION ON THE PROMOTER REGION OF LXRBETA, RESULTING IN DOWNREGULATION OF LXRBETA TRANSCRIPTION. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM UNDERLYING LXRBETA DEFICITS LINKED TO CIP, AND LXRBETA ACTIVATION MAY REPRESENT A POTENTIAL NOVEL TARGET FOR THE TREATMENT OF CIP WITH AN ALTERATION IN INFLAMMATION RESPONSES AND SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN ACC.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16 6294  30 THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TNFALPHA INDUCES DNA DEMETHYLATION-DEPENDENT AND -INDEPENDENT ACTIVATION OF INTERLEUKIN-32 EXPRESSION. IL-32 IS A CYTOKINE INVOLVED IN PROINFLAMMATORY IMMUNE RESPONSES TO BACTERIAL AND VIRAL INFECTIONS. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN THE REGULATION OF IL-32 GENE EXPRESSION IS UNDERSTUDIED. HERE WE SHOW THAT IL-32 IS REPRESSED BY DNA METHYLATION IN HEK293 CELLS. USING CHIP SEQUENCING, LOCUS-SPECIFIC METHYLATION ANALYSIS, CRISPR/CAS9-MEDIATED GENOME EDITING, AND RT-QPCR (QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR) AND IMMUNOBLOT ASSAYS, WE FOUND THAT SHORT-TERM TREATMENT (A FEW HOURS) WITH THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNFALPHA) ACTIVATES IL-32 IN A DNA DEMETHYLATION-INDEPENDENT MANNER. IN CONTRAST, PROLONGED TNFALPHA TREATMENT (SEVERAL DAYS) INDUCED DNA DEMETHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER AND A CPG ISLAND IN THE IL-32 GENE IN A TET (TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION) FAMILY ENZYME- AND NF-KAPPAB-DEPENDENT MANNER. NOTABLY, THE HYPOMETHYLATION STATUS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY ELEMENTS IN IL-32 WAS MAINTAINED FOR A LONG TIME (SEVERAL WEEKS), CAUSING ELEVATED IL-32 EXPRESSION EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF TNFALPHA. CONSIDERING THAT IL-32 CAN, IN TURN, INDUCE TNFALPHA EXPRESSION, WE SPECULATE THAT SUCH FEEDFORWARD EVENTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE TRANSITION FROM AN ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17 4919  39 PANNEXIN-1 UP-REGULATION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT. PANNEXIN-1 (PANX1) IS A LARGE-PORE MEMBRANE CHANNEL INVOLVED IN THE RELEASE OF ATP AND OTHER SIGNALING MEDIATORS. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF PANX1 IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM INVOLVED IN INCREASED PANX1 EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AFTER NERVE INJURY. SPINAL NERVE LIGATION IN RATS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF PANX1 IN THE DRG BUT NOT IN THE SPINAL CORD. IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LABELING SHOWED THAT PANX1 WAS PRIMARILY EXPRESSED IN A SUBSET OF MEDIUM AND LARGE DRG NEURONS IN CONTROL RATS AND THAT NERVE INJURY MARKEDLY INCREASED THE NUMBER OF PANX1-IMMUNOREACTIVE DRG NEURONS. NERVE INJURY SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE ENRICHMENT OF TWO ACTIVATING HISTONE MARKS (H3K4ME2 AND H3K9AC) AND DECREASED THE OCCUPANCY OF TWO REPRESSIVE HISTONE MARKS (H3K9ME2 AND H3K27ME3) AROUND THE PROMOTER REGION OF PANX1 IN THE DRG. HOWEVER, NERVE INJURY HAD NO EFFECT ON THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL AROUND THE PANX1 PROMOTER IN THE DRG. FURTHERMORE, INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF THE PANX1 BLOCKERS OR PANX1-SPECIFIC SIRNA SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY NERVE INJURY. IN ADDITION, SIRNA KNOCKDOWN OF PANX1 EXPRESSION IN A DRG CELL LINE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED CASPASE-1 RELEASE INDUCED BY NEURONAL DEPOLARIZATION. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT NERVE INJURY INCREASES PANX1 EXPRESSION LEVELS IN THE DRG THROUGH ALTERED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. PANX1 UP-REGULATION CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND STIMULATION OF INFLAMMASOME SIGNALING.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18 3153  43 GLUCOSE-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF THE HOMEOTIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PREP1 IS ASSOCIATED WITH HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE. AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: CHRONIC HYPERGLYCAEMIA WORSENS INSULIN RESISTANCE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES. WHETHER THIS EFFECT IS CONTRIBUTED BY EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AND WHICH GENES ARE INVOLVED REMAIN UNCLEAR. PREP1 (ALSO KNOWN AS PKNOX1) IS A GENE EXERTING MAJOR EFFECTS ON THE SENSITIVITY OF THE GLUCOSE TRANSPORT MACHINERY TO INSULIN. HERE, WE SHOW THAT DYSREGULATION OF PREP1 EXPRESSION BY HIGH GLUCOSE LEVELS IS ASSOCIATED WITH HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT ITS 5' REGULATORY REGION. METHODS: WE USED MOUSE AND CELL MODELS TO INVESTIGATE PREP1 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY GLUCOSE. RESULTS: DIFFERENTIATED L6 SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS WERE GROWN IN THE PRESENCE OF EITHER 5.5 OR 25 MMOL/L GLUCOSE (NORMAL [NG] AND HIGH GLUCOSE [HG], RESPECTIVELY). THE HG EXPOSURE INCREASED NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA LIGHT CHAIN ENHANCER OF ACTIVATED B CELLS (NF-KAPPAB) P65 BINDING AND RECRUITMENT OF THE SU(VAR)3-9, ENHANCER-OF-ZESTE, TRITHORAX DOMAIN-CONTAINING LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE 7 (SET7) HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE AND P300 ACETYLTRANSFERASE TO THE 5' REGION OF PREP1, LEADING TO ENHANCED TRANSCRIPTION. IN ADDITION, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS REVEALED CONCOMITANTLY INCREASED HISTONE H3 MONO- AND DIMETHYLATION AND ACETYLATION AT LYS4 AND LYS9/14, RESPECTIVELY. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE FROM STREPTOZOTOCIN-TREATED DIABETIC MICE ALSO SHOWED PREP1 OVEREXPRESSION ACCOMPANIED BY SIMILARLY INCREASED RECRUITMENT OF NF-KAPPAB P65 AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THE 5' REGION OF PREP1. IN THESE SAME MICE, AS WELL AS IN PREP1-OVEREXPRESSING L6 CELLS, PREP1-INDUCED RECRUITMENT OF THE REPRESSOR COMPLEX MYOCYTE ENHANCER FACTOR 2 (MEF2)/HISTONE DEACETYLASE 5 (HDAC5) AT THE GLUT4 PROMOTER WAS ALSO INCREASED, LEADING TO REDUCED GLUT4 EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: THESE STUDIES INDICATE THAT HG EXPOSURE INDUCES NF-KAPPAB RECRUITMENT AND HISTONE MODIFICATION AT THE PREP1 5' REGION, THEREBY ENHANCING THE TRANSCRIPTION OF PREP1 AND REPRESSING THAT OF GLUT4. HISTONE CHANGES AT THE PREP1 GENE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO INSULIN RESISTANCE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19 6118  37 THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF ASPIRIN: THE MODIFICATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION IN THE PREVENTION OF COLON CARCINOGENESIS IN AZOXYMETHANE- AND DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM-TREATED CF-1 MICE. COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) IS THE THIRD MOST COMMON CANCER WORLDWIDE. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION APPEARS TO ENHANCE THE RISK OF CRC. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS SUGGESTED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CRC. ASPIRIN [ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASA)] HAS BEEN SHOWN TO PREVENT CRC; HOWEVER, THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF ITS ACTION REMAIN UNKNOWN. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF ASA IN AZOXYMETHANE (AOM)-INITIATED AND DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS)-PROMOTED COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLON CANCER (CAC) AND EXAMINED THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, PARTICULARLY ON HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION (H3K27AC), UNDERLYING THE PREVENTIVE EFFECT OF ASA. CF-1 MICE WERE FED WITH AIN-93M DIET WITH OR WITHOUT 0.02% ASA FROM 1 WEEK PRIOR TO AOM INITIATION UNTIL THE MICE WERE KILLED 20 WEEKS AFTER AOM INJECTION. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT AOM/DSS + ASA SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPRESSED INFLAMMATORY COLITIS SYMPTOMS AND TUMOR MULTIPLICITY. AOM/DSS + ASA REDUCED AOM/DSS-INDUCED PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND THE ACTIVITY OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) AND GLOBALLY RESTORED H3K27AC. FURTHERMORE, AOM/DSS + ASA INHIBITED AOM/DSS-INDUCED ENRICHMENT OF H3K27AC IN THE PROMOTERS OF INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS), TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) AND INTERLEUKIN 6 (IL-6) THAT CORRESPONDED TO THE DRAMATIC SUPPRESSION OF THE MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) AND PROTEIN LEVELS. SURPRISINGLY, NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE H3K27AC ABUNDANCE IN THE PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASE 2 (COX-2) PROMOTERS OR IN THE COX-2 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WERE OBSERVED. COLLECTIVELY, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT A POTENTIAL NOVEL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM UNDERLIES THE CHEMOPREVENTIVE EFFECTS OF ASA, AND THIS MECHANISM ATTENUATES CAC IN AOM/DSS-INDUCED CF-1 MICE VIA THE INHIBITION OF HDACS AND THE MODIFICATION OF H3K27AC MARKS THAT SUPPRESS INOS, TNF-ALPHA AND IL-6.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20 1298  31 DECREASED NUCLEAR RECEPTOR ACTIVITY AND EPIGENETIC MODULATION ASSOCIATES WITH DOWN-REGULATION OF HEPATIC DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) REQUIRE MANY MEDICATIONS. CYP2C AND CYP3A DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF THE MAJORITY OF PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS. THESE ENZYMES ARE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REGULATED BY THE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS PREGNANE X RECEPTOR (PXR) AND HEPATIC NUCLEAR FACTOR 4ALPHA (HNF-4ALPHA). EXPRESSION OF CYP2C AND CYP3A IS DECREASED IN CKD; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH THIS OCCURS IS UNKNOWN. WE INDUCED CKD IN RATS BY 5/6 NEPHRECTOMY AND USED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) TO DETERMINE NUCLEAR RECEPTOR- AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATION-MEDIATED DIFFERENCES IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE CYP2C AND CYP3A GENES. RNA POLYMERASE II AND HNF-4ALPHA BINDING WAS DECREASED 76 AND 57% IN THE CYP2C11 PROMOTOR AND 71 AND 77% IN THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER, RESPECTIVELY (P<0.05). CHIP ALSO REVEALED A 57% DECREASE IN PXR BINDING TO THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER IN CKD RATS (P<0.05). THE DECREASE IN PXR AND HNF-4ALPHA BINDING WAS ACCOMPANIED BY DIMINISHED HISTONE 4 ACETYLATION IN THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER (48%) AND HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION IN THE CYP2C11 (77%) AND CYP3A2 (77%) PROMOTER LOCI FOR NUCLEAR RECEPTOR ACTIVATION (P<0.05). THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT DECREASED NUCLEAR RECEPTOR BINDING AND HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE MECHANISM OF DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYME DOWN-REGULATION AND ALTERED PHARMACOKINETICS IN CKD.	2014