1 2304 138 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CATHEPSIN L EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. THE EXPRESSION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CATHEPSIN L (CTSL) HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED IN SOLID TUMOURS. HOWEVER NO SUCH INFORMATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) WAS AVAILABLE. WE INVESTIGATED THE ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF THIS PROTEASE IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) OF 47 ADULT CML PATIENTS. THIRTY ADULTS SUFFERING FROM SYSTEMIC DISEASES AND 50 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS SERVED AS CONTROLS. THE MRNA LEVELS OF CTSL, ITS SPECIFIC ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR CYSTATIN C AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL UP-REGULATOR VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) WERE QUANTITATED BY REAL-TIME QPCR. CTSL PROTEASE ACTIVITY AND ITS MRNA EXPRESSION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN CML CHRONIC PHASE (CP) PATIENTS COMPARED TO CML ACCELERATED PHASE/BLAST CRISIS (AP/BC) PATIENTS AND CONTROLS (P</= 0.001). VEGF WHOSE EXPRESSION WAS MOST PRONOUNCED IN CP AND DECLINED (P</= 0.001) IN THE ADVANCED PHASES OF THE MALIGNANCY EXHIBITED A STRONG POSITIVE CORRELATION WITH CTSL EXPRESSION (R= 0.97; P</= 0.001). CYSTATIN C EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER (P</= 0.001) IN CML AND DISPLAYED INVERSE CORRELATION WITH CTSL (R=-0.713; P</= 0.001) ACTIVITY. CTSL PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HYPOMETHYLATED IN CML CP COMPARED TO CML AP/BC PATIENTS AS WELL AS CONTROLS. K562, A BC CML CELL LINE DISPLAYED CTSL ACTIVITY, EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF CTSL PROMOTER THAT WAS COMPARABLE TO CML AP/BC PATIENTS. TREATMENT OF THESE CELLS OR PBMCS ISOLATED FROM CML AP/BC PATIENTS WITH 5'-AZA-CYTIDINE RESULTED IN A DRAMATIC INCREASE IN CSTL ACTIVITY AND/OR EXPRESSION THEREBY DEMONSTRATING THE ROLE OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE STAGE SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF CTSL IN CML. DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF CTSL IN CML AT VARIOUS STAGES OF MALIGNANCY MAY PROVE USEFUL IN IDENTIFICATION OF THE HIGH-RISK PATIENTS THEREBY FACILITATING BETTER MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  145  45 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION STATUS AND MRNA EXPRESSION LEVEL OF SMG1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY. OOBJECTIVE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE MALIGNANCY WITH DIFFERENT STAGES. ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED AS A SIGNATURE FOR DIVERSE CANCERS WHICH ALSO PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN CML PATHOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT. SUPPRESSOR WITH MORPHOGENETIC EFFECT ON GENITALIA (SMG1) GENE RECENTLY HAS BEEN BROUGHT TO THE SPOTLIGHT AS A POTENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE THAT CAN BE SUPPRESSED BY TUMORS FOR FURTHER PROGRESS. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMS TO INVESTIGATE SMG1 STATUS IN CML PATIENTS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IN THIS CASE-CONTROL STUDY, PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM 30 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML [NEW CASE (N)=10, COMPLETE MOLECULAR REMISSION (CMR)=10, BLASTIC PHASE (BP)=10] AND 10 HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE COLLECTED. METHYLATION STATUS AND EXPRESSION LEVEL OF SMG1 GENE PROMOTER WAS ASSESSED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) AND QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION PCR, RESPECTIVELY. RESULTS: MSP RESULTS OF SMG1 GENE PROMOTOR IN THE NEW CASE GROUP WERE METHYLATED (60% METHYLATED, 30% HEMIMETHYLATED AND 10% UNMETHYLATED). ALL CMR AND CONTROL GROUP PATIENTS WERE UNMETHYLATED IN THE SMG1 GENE PROMOTER. IN THE BP GROUP, METHYLATED SMG1 PROMOTER WAS SEEN (50% OF PATIENTS HAD A METHYLATED STATUS AND 50% HAD HEMIMETHYLATED STATUS). IN COMPARISON WITH THE HEALTHY SUBJECTS, EXPRESSION LEVEL OF SMG1 IN THE NEW CASE GROUP WAS DECREASED (P<0.01); IN THE CMR GROUP AND BP-CML GROUPS, IT WAS INCREASED (P<0.05). NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN PATIENTS' HEMATOLOGICAL FEATURES AND SMG1 METHYLATION WAS SEEN. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF SMG1 OCCURRED IN CML PATIENTS AND IT HAD A SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WITH SMG1 EXPRESSION. SMG1 GENE PROMOTER SHOWED DIVERSE METHYLATED STATUS AND SUBSEQUENT EXPRESSION LEVELS IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML. THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED POSSIBLE PARTICIPATION OF SMG1 SUPPRESSION IN THE CML PATHOGENESIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3 3168  43 GTPASE REGULATOR ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOCAL ADHESION KINASE (GRAF) TRANSCRIPT WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. BACKGROUND: GTPASE REGULATOR ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOCAL ADHESION KINASE (GRAF), A PUTATIVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE, IS FOUND INACTIVATED IN HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES BY EITHER GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. HOWEVER, THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF GRAF GENE HAS NOT YET BEEN STUDIED IN LEUKEMIA. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF GRAF GENE IN THOSE PATIENTS WITH MYELOID MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). METHODS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF GRAF TRANSCRIPT WERE DETERMINED IN 94 PATIENTS USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (RQ-PCR). CLINICAL AND LABORATORY DATA OF THESE PATIENTS WERE COLLECTED AND ANALYZED. RESULTS: THE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED LEVEL OF GRAF TRANSCRIPT WAS OBSERVED IN THREE MYELOID MALIGNANCIES COMPARED TO CONTROLS. WITHIN AML, THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN THE LEVEL OF GRAF TRANSCRIPT AMONG DIFFERENT FAB SUBTYPES (P > 0.05). DIFFERENCE WAS NOT OBSERVED IN THE AMOUNT OF GRAF MRNA BETWEEN CML AT CHRONIC PHASE AND CONTROLS. AS CML PROGRESSED, GRAF TRANSCRIPT SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED. IN MDS, THREE CASES WITH 5Q DELETION HAD LOWER GRAF TRANSCRIPT THAN FOUR WITHOUT 5Q DELETION (MEDIAN 0.76 VS 2.99) (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE GRAF TRANSCRIPT IS DECREASED IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4 2763  37 EXPRESSION OF THE LEUKEMIC PROGNOSTIC MARKER CD7 IS LINKED TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE CELL SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN, CD7, AND THE SERINE PROTEASE, ELASTASE 2 (ELA2), IN THE LEUKEMIC CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL OUTCOME. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THE VARIABLE EXPRESSION OF THESE GENES IN THE LEUKEMIC CELLS. RESULTS: TO ADDRESS THIS QUESTION, WE COMPARED THE LEVEL OF THEIR EXPRESSION WITH THE DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION STATUS OF 5' SEQUENCES OF BOTH GENES IN LEUKEMIC CELL LINES AND PRIMITIVE (LIN-CD34+) LEUKEMIC CELLS FROM CHRONIC PHASE CML PATIENTS. DNA METHYLATION OF THE ELA2 GENE PROMOTER DID NOT CORRELATE WITH ITS EXPRESSION PATTERN IN LIN-CD34+ CELLS FROM CHRONIC PHASE CML PATIENT SAMPLES EVEN THOUGH THERE WAS CLEAR DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION OF THIS LOCUS IN ELA2-EXPRESSING AND NON-EXPRESSING CELL LINES. IN CONTRAST, WE FOUND A STRONG RELATION BETWEEN CD7 EXPRESSION AND TRANSCRIPTION-PERMISSIVE CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS, BOTH AT THE LEVEL OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION WITH EVIDENCE OF HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE CD7 PROMOTER REGION IN THE LIN-CD34+ CELLS FROM CML PATIENTS WITH HIGH CD7 EXPRESSION. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE A LINK BETWEEN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND CD7 EXPRESSION IN PRIMITIVE CML CELLS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5 6248  37 THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER IN CHINESE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS A COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION AND AN IMPORTANT FEATURE IN HUMAN CANCERS. THE DEAD BOX POLYPEPTIDE 43 (DDX43) HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE OVEREXPRESSED IN VARIOUS SOLID TUMORS AND SOME HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER IN 87 CHINESE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND EXAMINED THE DDX43 TRANSCRIPT IN 35 PATIENTS USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. DDX43 PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN 22 (25.3%) CML PATIENTS. NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER WITH THE AGE, SEX, WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS, HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION, PLATELET COUNTS, AND CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES OF CML PATIENTS (P>0.05). THE FREQUENCY OF DDX43 HYPOMETHYLATION IN PATIENTS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, IN THE ACCELERATED PHASE, AND IN BLAST CRISIS WAS 23.4% (15/64), 25.0% (2/8), AND 33.3% (5/15), RESPECTIVELY (P>0.05). THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN DDX43 HYPOMETHYLATION AND DDX43 TRANSCRIPT (R=0.469, P=0.004). OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER MAY BE AN EARLY AND FREQUENT MOLECULAR EVENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CML IN CHINESE PATIENTS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6 3484  34 IDENTIFICATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELING GENES ARID4A AND ARID4B AS LEUKEMIA SUPPRESSOR GENES. BACKGROUND: LEUKEMIA EVOLVES THROUGH A MULTISTEP PROCESS FROM PREMALIGNANCY TO MALIGNANCY. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN TUMORIGENESIS. THE INVOLVEMENT OF TWO CHROMATIN REMODELING GENES, RETINOBLASTOMA-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (RBBP1/ARID4A) AND RBBP1-LIKE 1 (RBBP1L1/ARID4B), IN LEUKEMOGENESIS WAS NOT CHARACTERIZED. METHODS: THE LEUKEMIC PHENOTYPE OF MICE DEFICIENT FOR ARID4A WITH OR WITHOUT HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY FOR ARID4B WAS INVESTIGATED BY SERIALLY MONITORING COMPLETE BLOOD COUNTS TOGETHER WITH MICROSCOPIC HISTOLOGIC ANALYSIS AND FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF BONE MARROW AND SPLEEN FROM THE ARID4A(-/-) MICE OR ARID4A(-/-)ARID4B(+/-) MICE. REGULATION IN BONE MARROW CELLS OF DOWNSTREAM GENES IMPORTANT FOR NORMAL HEMATOPOIESIS WAS ANALYZED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. GENOTYPIC EFFECTS ON HISTONE MODIFICATIONS WERE EXAMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS. ALL STATISTICAL TESTS WERE TWO-SIDED. RESULTS: YOUNG (2-5 MONTHS OLD) ARID4A-DEFICIENT MICE HAD INEFFECTIVE BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION IN ALL HEMATOPOIETIC LINEAGES. BEYOND 5 MONTHS OF AGE, THE ARID4A(-/-) MICE MANIFESTED MONOCYTOSIS, ACCOMPANIED BY SEVERE ANEMIA AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA. THESE SICK ARID4A(-/-) MICE SHOWED BONE MARROW FAILURE WITH MYELOFIBROSIS ASSOCIATED WITH SPLENOMEGALY AND HEPATOMEGALY. FIVE OF 42 ARID4A(-/-) MICE AND 10 OF 12 ARID4A(-/-)ARID4B(+/-) MICE PROGRESSED TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AND HAD RAPID FURTHER INCREASES OF LEUKOCYTE COUNTS. EXPRESSION OF HOX GENES (HOXB3, HOXB5, HOXB6, AND HOXB8) WAS DECREASED IN ARID4A-DEFICIENT BONE MARROW CELLS WITH OR WITHOUT ARID4B HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY, AND FOXP3 EXPRESSION WAS REDUCED IN ARID4A(-/-)ARID4B(+/-) BONE MARROW. INCREASES OF HISTONE TRIMETHYLATION OF H3K4, H3K9, AND H4K20 (FOLD INCREASES IN TRIMETHYLATION = 32, 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL [CI] = 27 TO 32; 45, 95% CI = 41 TO 49; AND 2.2, 95% CI = 1.7 TO 2.7, RESPECTIVELY) WERE OBSERVED IN THE BONE MARROW OF ARID4A-DEFICIENT MICE. CONCLUSIONS: ARID4A-DEFICIENT MICE INITIALLY DISPLAY INEFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS, FOLLOWED BY TRANSITION TO CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML)-LIKE MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER, AND THEN TRANSFORMATION TO AML. THE DISEASE PROCESSES IN THE ARID4A-DEFICIENT MICE ARE VERY SIMILAR TO THE COURSE OF EVENTS IN HUMANS WITH CMML AND AML. THIS MOUSE MODEL HAS THE POTENTIAL TO FURNISH ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN LEUKEMOGENESIS, AND IT MAY BE USEFUL IN DEVELOPING NOVEL PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO TREATMENT OF PRELEUKEMIC AND LEUKEMIC STATES.	2008	

7 2327  45 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HUMAN CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGEN GENE, HAGE, IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CANCER TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTA) PROVIDE ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR CANCER-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY. ALTHOUGH CTA GENES ARE EXPRESSED IN SOME NORMAL TISSUES, SUCH AS THE TESTIS, THIS IMMUNOLOGICALLY PROTECTED SITE LACKS MHC I EXPRESSION AND AS SUCH, DOES NOT PRESENT SELF ANTIGENS TO T CELLS. TO DATE, CTA GENES HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE EXPRESSED IN A RANGE OF SOLID TUMORS VIA DEMETHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTER CPG ISLANDS, BUT RARELY IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) OR OTHER HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. DESIGN AND METHODS: IN THIS STUDY, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE HAGE CTA GENE PROMOTER WAS ANALYZED BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) AND SEQUENCING IN FOUR PHILADELPHIA-POSITIVE CELL LINES (TCC-S, K562, KU812 AND KYO-1) AND IN CML SAMPLES TAKEN FROM PATIENTS IN CHRONIC PHASE (CP N=215) OR BLAST CRISIS (BC N=47). HAGE EXPRESSION WAS ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: THE TCC-S CELL LINE SHOWED DEMETHYLATION OF HAGE THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH OVER-EXPRESSION OF THIS GENE. HAGE HYPOMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE FREQUENT IN BC (46%) THAN IN CP (22%) (P=0.01) AND WAS CORRELATED WITH HIGH EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HAGE TRANSCRIPTS (P<0.0001). OF NOTE, IN CP-CML, EXTENSIVE HAGE HYPOMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE TO INTERFERON (P=0.01) OR IMATINIB (P=0.01), MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB (P=0.003) AND PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL (P=0.05). INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSION: THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE HAGE PROMOTER DIRECTLY CORRELATES WITH ITS EXPRESSION IN BOTH CML CELL LINES AND PATIENTS AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE AND POOR OUTCOME.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8 2761  29 EXPRESSION OF TESTIS-SPECIFIC GENES, TEX101 AND ODF4, IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND EVALUATION OF TEX101 IMMUNOGENICITY. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CANCER-TESTIS (CT) ANTIGENS ARE A GROUP OF ANTIGENS WITH A RESTRICTED EXPRESSION IN NORMAL TISSUES, EXCEPT TESTIS, AND THEY HAVE ABERRANT EXPRESSION IN DIFFERENT TUMORS. THIS PATTERN OF EXPRESSION HAS MADE THEM PROMISING TARGETS FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY AND CANCER DETECTION. OUR AIM WAS TO FIND NEW MEMBERS OF THIS GROUP THAT MIGHT BE USEFUL AS MARKERS IN THE DETECTION OF CANCER AND IMMUNOTHERAPY. DESIGN AND SETTING: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY CONDUCTED IN REFERRAL CENTERS OF TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE FROM JANUARY 2008 TO JANUARY 2009. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE ANALYZED THE EXPRESSION OF TWO TESTIS-SPECIFIC GENES NAMED ODF4 (OUTER DENSE FIBER OF SPERM TAILS 4) AND TEX101 (TESTIS EXPRESSED 101) IN 20 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) AND 20 NORMAL SAMPLES BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND SEQUENCING. IMMUNOGENICITY OF TEX101 WAS EVALUATED BY MEANS OF ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. RESULTS: THESE TWO GENES WERE EXPRESSED IN 30% OF CML PATIENTS BUT NOT IN ANY OF THE HEALTHY DONORS. HUMORAL RESPONSE AGAINST TEX101 WAS NOT DETECTED IN ANY SAMPLES. CONCLUSIONS: TEX101 AND ODF4 ARE CT GENES USEFUL FOR DETECTION OF CML. UNLIKE MANY CT GENES, OVEREXPRESSION OF TEX101 WAS NOT SHOWN TO INDUCE IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSES IN THESE SAMPLES. ACCORDING TO THE PREVIOUS STUDIES, OVEREXPRESSION OF TEX101 LEADS TO SUPPRESSION OF CANCER INVASION AND METASTASIS; THUS, THE INDUCTION OF THE EXPRESSION OF TEX101 IN CANCER BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE A TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9 2125  48 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF DLX4 IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF VARIOUS GENES HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). OUR STUDY WAS INTENDED TO INVESTIGATE DLX4 METHYLATION PATTERN IN DIFFERENT CLINICAL STAGES OF CML AND FURTHER DETERMINE ITS ROLE IN REGULATING DLX4 EXPRESSION. REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR WERE APPLIED TO DETECT DLX4 METHYLATION. 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC) WAS USED FOR DEMETHYLATION STUDIES. DLX4 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN CML PATIENTS (P = 0.002) ESPECIALLY IN BLASTIC PHASE (BC) STAGE (P < 0.001) AS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. MOREOVER, DLX4 METHYLATION LEVEL IN BC STAGE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN IN CHRONIC PHASE (CP) STAGE (P < 0.001). DLX4 METHYLATION DENSITY WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED DURING THE PROGRESSION OF CML AMONG THE TESTED TWO PATIENTS (P < 0.001). DLX4 HYPERMETHYLATION OCCURRED WITH THE HIGHEST INCIDENCE IN BC STAGE (83%), LOWER INCIDENCE IN ACUTE PHASE (AP) STAGE (43%), AND THE LOWEST INCIDENCE IN CP STAGE (26%) (P = 0.001). MOREOVER, T(9; 22) WITH ADDITIONAL ALTERATION CASES HAD SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER FREQUENCY OF DLX4 HYPERMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH THE OTHER CYTOGENETICS (P = 0.010). SIGNIFICANTLY NEGATIVE CORRELATION WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN DLX4 METHYLATION AND DLX4-TV2 (THE SHORTER DLX4 ISOFORM) EXPRESSION (R = -0.382, P = 0.001, N = 78) BUT NOT BETWEEN DLX4 METHYLATION AND BP1 (THE LONGER DLX4 ISOFORM) EXPRESSION (R = 0.134, P = 0.244, N = 78) IN CML PATIENTS. BOTH DLX4-TV2 AND BP1 MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AFTER 5-AZA-DC TREATMENT IN K562 CELL LINE (P < 0.001). OUR STUDY INDICATED THAT HYPERMETHYLATION OF DLX4 CORRELATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION OF CML. MOREOVER, DLX4 EXPRESSION WAS REGULATED BY ITS METHYLATION IN CML.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10 1622  34 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES IN MALAR MELASMA AND THEIR MODIFICATION BY SUNSCREEN IN COMBINATION WITH 4% NIACINAMIDE, 0.05% RETINOIC ACID, OR PLACEBO. BACKGROUND: MALAR MELASMA HAS A CHRONIC AND RECURRENT CHARACTER THAT MAY BE RELATED TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES. OBJECTIVE: TO RECOGNIZE THE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) IN MALAR MELASMA AND PERILESIONAL SKIN, AS WELL AS THE CHANGES IN DNMTS AFTER THEIR TREATMENT WITH SUNSCREEN IN COMBINATION WITH 4% NIACINAMIDE, 0.05% RETINOIC ACID, OR PLACEBO. METHODS: THIRTY FEMALE PATIENTS WERE CLINICALLY EVALUATED FOR THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT1 AND DNMT3B USING REAL-TIME PCR AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE. THESE INITIAL RESULTS WERE COMPARED TO RESULTS AFTER EIGHT WEEKS OF TREATMENT WITH SUNSCREEN IN COMBINATION WITH NIACINAMIDE, RETINOIC ACID, OR PLACEBO. RESULTS: THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION OF DNMT1 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED IN MELASMA COMPARED WITH UNAFFECTED SKIN IN ALL SUBJECTS, INDICATING DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. AFTER TREATMENT, IT WAS DECREASED IN ALL GROUPS: NIACINAMIDE (7 VERSUS 1; P<0.01), RETINOIC ACID (7 VERSUS 2; P<0.05), AND PLACEBO (7 VERSUS 3; P<0.05), WHICH CORRELATES WITH CLINICAL IMPROVEMENT. DNMT3B WAS NOT OVEREXPRESSED IN LESIONAL SKIN BUT REDUCED IN ALL GROUPS. CONCLUSIONS: WE FOUND DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN MELASMA LESIONS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS SOLAR RADIATION MAY INDUCE CELLULAR CHANGES THAT TRIGGER HYPERPIGMENTATION THROUGH THE ACTIVATION OF PATHWAYS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. HOWEVER, LIMITING OR DECREASING DNA METHYLATION THROUGH SUNSCREEN, NIACINAMIDE, AND RETINOIC ACID TREATMENTS THAT PROVIDE PHOTOPROTECTION AND GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION CAN COUNTERACT THIS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11 1067  37 CLINICAL UTILITY OF PDSS2 EXPRESSION TO STRATIFY PATIENTS AT RISK FOR RECURRENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IS REQUIRED FOR OPTIMAL STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AT RISK FOR RECURRENCE AND ADVERSE PROGNOSIS. COENZYME Q10 (COQ10), WHICH MEDIATES APOPTOSIS, IS SYNTHESIZED BY PRENYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE SUBUNIT 2 (PDSS2). IN THE PRESENT STUDY WE EVALUATED THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF PDSS2 EXPRESSION IN HCC. PDSS2 EXPRESSION LEVELS AND THOSE OF GENES ENCODING POTENTIALLY INTERACTING PROTEINS AS WELL AS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PDSS2 PROMOTER REGION WERE ANALYZED IN HCC CELL LINES. PDSS2 MRNA LEVELS IN 151 PAIRS OF RESECTED SPECIMENS WERE DETERMINED TO EVALUATE THE ASSOCIATION OF PDSS2 EXPRESSION AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FACTORS. THE EXPRESSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PDSS2 WERE DETERMINED USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. PDSS2 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS DECREASED IN SIX OF NINE HCC CELL LINES AND SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THOSE OF HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4ALPHA. PDSS2 TRANSCRIPTION IN HCC CELLS WITH DECREASED PDSS2 EXPRESSION ACCOMPANYING HYPERMETHYLATION WAS REACTIVATED AFTER TREATING THESE CELLS WITH A METHYLATION INHIBITOR. MEAN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF PDSS2 MRNA RELATIVE TO THAT OF UNINVOLVED LIVER DIMINISHED GRADUALLY IN THE ORDER OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS TO CIRRHOSIS, AND EACH WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THOSE OF HCCS. PDSS2 AND PDSS2 MRNA LEVELS WERE CONSISTENT. DECREASED PDSS2 MRNA LEVELS WERE DETECTED IN HCC TISSUES OF 56 PATIENTS, CORRELATED WITH SHORTER DISEASE-SPECIFIC SURVIVAL, AND WAS IDENTIFIED AS AN INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC FACTOR. PDSS2 IS A PUTATIVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IS A KEY REGULATORY MECHANISM IN HCC. DECREASED LEVELS OF PDSS2 MRNA EXPRESSION MAY REPRESENT A NOVEL BIOMARKER OF HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12 6832  33 [HYPOMETHYLATION OF TNF-ALPHA GENE PROMOTER IN THE PATIENTS WITH ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC HEPATITIS B LIVER FAILURE]. OBJECTIVE: THE PRESENT STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN THE PROMOTER OF TNF-ALPHA IN THE PATIENTS WITH ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC HEPATITIS B LIVER FAILURE (ACHBLF). METHODS: THE METHYLATION OF TNF-ALPHA PROMOTER IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WAS MEASURED BY METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR (MSP). THE LEVEL OF SERUM TNF-ALPHA WAS DETERMINED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA). MODEL FOR END-STAGE LIVER DISEASE (MELD) WAS PERFORMED FOR THE EVALUATION OF LIVER FAILURE. RESULTS: THE SERUM LEVEL OF TNF-ALPHA IN PATIENTS WITH ACHBLF(44.9260 +/- 26.48523) WAS HIGHER THAN THAT IN CHB (18.92505 +/- 9.04461) AND HEALTHY CONTROLS (11.9172 +/- 5.04612) (P < 0.05). MOREOVER, THE SERUM TNF-ALPHA LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN METHYLATION GROUP AS COMPARED TO UNMETHYLAITON GROUP IN PATIENTS WITH ACHBLF (P < 0.05). MELD WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN METHYLATED AND UNMETHYLATED GROUP OF ACHBLF PATIENTS (P > 0.05). IN ADDITION, THE SERUM LEVEL OF TNF-ALPHA WAS FOUND TO BE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH SERUM TOTAL BILIRUBIN (R = 0.891, P < 0.01) AND MELD SCORE (R = 0.792, P < 0.01), BUT TO BE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH PROTHROMBIN ACTIVITY (R = - 0.511, P < 0.05) IN PATIENTS WITH ACHBLF. CONCLUSION: THE TNF-ALPHA METHYLATION PATTEN IS STABLE FOR THE LIVER FAILURE, SUGGESTING THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON METHYLATION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13 5934  29 TARGETING FEATURES OF CURAXIN CBL0137 ON HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. THE ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF CURAXIN CBL0137, A DNA-BINDING SMALL MOLECULE WITH CHROMATIN REMODULATING EFFECT, HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN DIFFERENT CANCERS. HEREIN, A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CBL0137 ACTIVITY WAS PERFORMED IN RESPECT TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) CULTURED IN VITRO. MTT ASSAY SHOWED AML AND MM HIGHER SENSITIVITY TO CBL0137'S CYTOSTATIC EFFECT COMPARATIVELY TO OTHER HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY CELLS. FLOW CYTOMETRY CELL CYCLE ANALYSIS REVEALED AN INCREASE IN SUBG1 AND G2/M POPULATIONS AFTER CBL0137 CELL TREATMENT, BUT THE PREVALENT TYPE OF ARREST VARIED. APOPTOSIS ACTIVATION BY CBL0137 MEASURED BY ANNEXIN-V/PI DUAL STAINING WAS MORE ACTIVE IN AML AND MM CELLS. RT2 PCR ARRAY SHOWED THAT CHANGES CAUSED BY CBL0137 IN SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN CANCER PATHOGENESIS WERE MORE INTENSIVE IN AML AND MM CELLS. ON THE MURINE MODEL OF AML WEHI-3, CBL0137 SHOWED SIGNIFICANT ANTICANCER EFFECTS IN VIVO, WHICH WERE EVALUATED BY CORRESPONDING CHANGES IN SPLEEN AND LIVER. THUS, MORE PRONOUNCED ANTICANCER EFFECTS OF CBL0137 IN VITRO WERE OBSERVED IN RESPECT TO AML AND MM. EXPERIMENTS IN VIVO ALSO INDICATED THE PERSPECTIVE OF CBL0137 USE FOR AML TREATMENT. THIS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE FRONTLINE TREATMENT APPROACH IN AML USING EPIGENETIC DRUGS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14 5775  38 SPERMIDINE/SPERMINE N(1)-ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY ASSOCIATES WITH WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT IN MYELOID LEUKEMIAS. THE METABOLISM OF POLYAMINES, THE CATIONIC SMALL MOLECULES ESSENTIAL FOR CELL PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION, IS ALTERED IN CANCER CELLS AND CAN BE EXPLOITED IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY. SPERMIDINE/SPERMINE N(1)-ACETYLTRANSFERASE (SSAT), WHICH REGULATES INTRACELLULAR LEVELS OF POLYAMINES BY CATABOLIZING SPERMIDINE AND SPERMINE, HAS A CONTROVERSIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCERS. IN THIS STUDY, THE POLYAMINE METABOLISM AND FUNCTION OF SSAT WERE CHARACTERIZED IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), AND ACUTE LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA PATIENT SAMPLES. ALSO, MICE OVEREXPRESSING SSAT AND HAVING A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE PHENOTYPE WERE ANALYZED FOR THEIR RESPONSE TO DECITABINE AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A. THE PRESENCE OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE BONE MARROW CELLS OF SSAT MICE WAS ANALYZED. ELEVATED LEVELS OF SPERMIDINE AND SPERMINE, AS WELL AS INCREASED ACTIVITY OF SSAT, WERE DETECTED IN AML, CML, AND ACUTE LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA PATIENTS COMPARED WITH THE CONTROLS. HOWEVER, WE FOUND SSAT ACTIVITY TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT ONLY IN AML AND CML PATIENTS. DECITABINE TREATMENT BROUGHT THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND BONE MARROW CELL COUNTS OF SSAT MICE TO THE LEVEL OF WILD-TYPE MICE. SPERMIDINE/SPERMINE N(1)-ACETYLTRANSFERASE MICE HAD INCREASED HISTONE METHYLATION AND AN INCREASED LEVEL OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 IN THEIR BONE MARROW CELLS. THE STUDY SUGGESTS THAT SSAT INFLUENCES THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS PARTLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE SSAT OVEREXPRESSION-INDUCED MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE IN MICE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15 2128  43 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF PLCD1 IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PHOSPHOLIPASE C DELTA1 (PLCD1), IS LOCATED AT THE IMPORTANT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR LOCUS 3P22. IT ENCODES AN ENZYME THAT MEDIATES REGULATORY SIGNALING OF ENERGY METABOLISM, CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS AND INTRACELLULAR MOVEMENTS. PLCD1 HAS BEEN STUDIED IN SOME HUMAN SOLID TUMORS RELATING TO THE CPG ISLAND METHYLATION OF THE GENE PROMOTER AS A FUNCTIONAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR. HOWEVER, NO SUCH INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED PLCD1 EXPRESSION IN THE CML K562 CELL LINE (0/1) AND 15% (2/13) OF BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS WITH CML BY USING SEMI-QUANTITATIVE PCR. THE CPG ISLAND (CGI) METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PLCD1 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN K562 (0/1) AND 56% (23/41) OF CML PATIENTS BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR (MSP), BUT NOT IN THE NORMAL ADULT BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS. FURTHERMORE, THE DNA DEMETHYLATION AGENT 5'-AZA-2'DEOXYCYTIDINE RESTORED THE EXPRESSION OF PLCD1 IN K562 CELLS. FUNCTIONAL STUDIES SHOWED THAT ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF PLCD1 IN K562 CELLS WAS ABLE TO DRAMATICALLY INHIBIT THEIR COLONY FORMATION AND INDUCE CELL CYCLE G1 ARREST, SUGGESTING THAT PLCD1 ACTS AS A FUNCTIONAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR AND MAY SERVE AS A BIOMARKER FOR POSSIBLE EARLY DETECTION AND PROGNOSIS OF CML.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16 2088  35 EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS COMPLEMENTS THE JAK2V617F-MUTATION. BACKGROUND: SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS) ARE ANTAGONISTS OF THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY, WHICH PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN STEM CELL MAINTENANCE AND DIFFERENTIATION OF STEM CELLS AND HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS. EPIGENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF SFRPS BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION HAS BEEN DESCRIBED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. THERE IS AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ABERRANT WNT SIGNALING AND THE ESTABLISHED CANCER STEM CELL CONCEPT. IN CONTRAST TO BCR-ABL1-POSITIVE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CML, BCR-ABL1-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (PH-MPN) ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE FREQUENT OCCURRENCE OF AN AUTOACTIVATING MUTATION IN THE JAK2 TYROSINE KINASE (JAK2V617F) OR OTHER MUTATIONS IN THE JAK-STAT PATHWAY. HOWEVER, PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF JAK2 MUTATED OR UNMUTATED PH-MPN REMAIN NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. WE DETERMINED THE PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS OF SFRP-1, -2, -4, AND -5 IN 57 MPN PATIENT SAMPLES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) (MSP). JAK2V617F WAS ASSESSED BY ALLELE-SPECIFIC PCR. RESULTS: ABERRANT METHYLATION AMONG PRIMARY MPN SAMPLES WAS 4% FOR SFRP-1, 25% FOR SFRP-2, 2% FOR SFRP-4, AND 0% FOR SFRP-5. HYPERMETHYLATION OF SFRP-2, WHICH WAS THE MOST FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED GENE IN OUR STUDY, COULD NOT BE CORRELATED TO ANY SPECIFIC MPN SUBTYPE. HOWEVER, WE DETECTED A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN SFRP-2 METHYLATION AND PRESENCE OF A JAK2V617F MUTATION (P = 0.008). NONE OF THE 10 CML SAMPLES SHOWED ANY SFRP-METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY IS A COMMON EVENT IN MPN WITH ABERRANT METHYLATION OF AT LEAST ONE SFRP BEING DETECTED IN 25% OF THE PRIMARY PATIENT SAMPLES AND IN 30% IF ONLY ACCOUNTING FOR PH-MPN. A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN SFRP-2 METHYLATION AND PRESENCE OF JAK2V617F IN OUR DATA SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION MAY BE A COMPLEMENTARY MECHANISM TO GENETIC ABERRATIONS. ABERRANT METHYLATION OF CRUCIAL STEM CELL MAINTENANCE GENES SEEMS TO CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS IN PH-MPN.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17 2431  35 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MIR-26A1 IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA: IMPACT ON EZH2 EXPRESSION. DOWNREGULATION OF MIR26A1 HAS BEEN REPORTED IN VARIOUS B-CELL MALIGNANCIES; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM BEHIND ITS DEREGULATION REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED MIR26A1 METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS IN A WELL-CHARACTERIZED SERIES OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) AND MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA (MCL). FROM 450K METHYLATION ARRAYS, WE FIRST OBSERVED MIR26A1 (CG26054057) AS UNIFORMLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN MCL (N = 24) (ALL >75%), WHILE CLL (N = 18) SHOWED DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION BETWEEN PROGNOSTIC SUBGROUPS. EXTENDED ANALYSIS USING PYROSEQUENCING CONFIRMED OUR FINDINGS AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR VERIFIED LOW MIR26A1 EXPRESSION IN BOTH CLL (N = 70) AND MCL (N = 38) COMPARED TO NORMAL B-CELLS. NOTABLY, THE LEVEL OF MIR26A1 METHYLATION PREDICTED OUTCOME IN CLL, WITH HIGHER LEVELS SEEN IN POOR-PROGNOSTIC, IGHV-UNMUTATED CLL. SINCE EZH2 WAS RECENTLY REPORTED AS A TARGET FOR MIR26A1, WE ANALYZED THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BOTH MIR26A1 AND EZH2 IN PRIMARY CLL SAMPLES AND OBSERVED AN INVERSE CORRELATION. BY OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR26A1 IN CLL AND MCL CELL LINES, REDUCED EZH2 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE OBSERVED USING BOTH WESTERN BLOT AND FLOW CYTOMETRY. IN CONTRAST, METHYL-INHIBITOR TREATMENT LED TO UPREGULATED MIR26A1 EXPRESSION WITH A PARALLEL DECREASE OF EZH2 EXPRESSION. FINALLY, INCREASED LEVELS OF APOPTOSIS WERE OBSERVED IN MIR26A1-OVEREXPRESSING CELL LINES, FURTHER UNDERSCORING THE FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF MIR26A1. IN SUMMARY, WE PROPOSE THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MIR26A1 IS REQUIRED FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF INCREASED LEVELS OF EZH2, WHICH IN TURN TRANSLATE INTO A WORSE OUTCOME, AS SHOWN IN CLL, HIGHLIGHTING MIR26A1 AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MIRNA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18 4221  34 METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE RECEPTOR TYPE O IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: PREVIOUS STUDIES IN OUR LABORATORY HAVE SHOWN THE PROGRESSIVE METHYLATION AND SUPPRESSION OF THE GENE ENCODING PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE, PTPRO, IN THE LIVERS OF RATS FED A METHYL-DEFICIENT DIET THAT INDUCES HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE OBSERVED THE METHYLATION OF PTPRO IN PRIMARY HUMAN LUNG TUMORS AND ALSO SHOWED ITS POTENTIAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THE TRUNCATED FORM OF PTPRO (PTPROT), SPECIFICALLY EXPRESSED IN NAIVE B LYMPHOCYTES, WAS ALSO METHYLATED AND SUPPRESSED IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), A DISEASE GENERALLY AFFECTING B LYMPHOCYTES. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS: INITIAL SCREENING SHOWED THAT 60% OF THE 52 CLL SAMPLES ANALYZED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR ASSAY WERE METHYLATED COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, WHICH WERE NOT METHYLATED. THE EXPRESSION OF PTPROT, AS MEASURED BY SEMIQUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR, INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH METHYLATION IN THE FEW SAMPLES TESTED. ANALYSIS OF ADDITIONAL SAMPLES (N = 50) BY COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE PTPRO CPG ISLAND WAS METHYLATED IN 82% OF PATIENTS WITH CLL COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. FURTHERMORE, OVERALL EXPRESSION OF PTPRO WAS REDUCED IN CLL RELATIVE TO NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES. THE PTPRO GENE WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED BY METHYLATION IN THE CLL CELL LINE WAC3CD5, WHERE IT COULD BE REACTIVATED UPON TREATMENT WITH THE DNA HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZAC. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF PTPROT IN A NONEXPRESSING CELL LINE INCREASED GROWTH INHIBITION WITH FLUDARABINE TREATMENT, A THERAPY COMMONLY USED FOR CLL. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY REVEALS THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PTPRO METHYLATION AND SILENCING IN CLL TUMORIGENESIS AND ALSO PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR TARGET IN THE EPIGENETIC THERAPY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19  671  39 BOTHROPS MOOJENI L-AMINO ACID OXIDASE INDUCES APOPTOSIS AND EPIGENETIC MODULATION ON BCR-ABL(+) CELLS. BACKGROUND: RESISTANCE TO APOPTOSIS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTITUTIVE TYROSINE KINASE ACTIVITY OF THE BCR-ABL ONCOPROTEIN. THE DEREGULATED EXPRESSION OF APOPTOSIS-RELATED GENES AND ALTERATION IN EPIGENETIC MACHINERY MAY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO APOPTOSIS RESISTANCE IN CML. TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS TARGET THE BCR-ABL ONCOPROTEIN AND ARE USED IN CML TREATMENT. THE RESISTANCE OF CML PATIENTS TO TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS HAS GUIDED THE SEARCH FOR NEW COMPOUNDS THAT MAY INDUCE APOPTOSIS IN BCR-ABL(+) LEUKEMIC CELLS AND IMPROVE THE DISEASE TREATMENT. METHODS: IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER THE L-AMINO ACID OXIDASE ISOLATED FROM BOTHROPS MOOJENI SNAKE VENOM (BMOOLAAO-I) (I) WAS CYTOTOXIC TO BCR-ABL(+) CELL LINES (HL-60.BCR-ABL, K562-S, AND K562-R), HL-60 (ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA) CELLS, THE NON-TUMOR CELL LINE HEK-293, AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC); AND (II) AFFECTED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION AND MICRORNAS EXPRESSION IN VITRO. RESULTS: BMOOLAAO-I INDUCED ROS PRODUCTION, APOPTOSIS, AND DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERN OF REGULATORY APOPTOSIS GENES. THE TOXIN UPREGULATED EXPRESSION OF THE PRO-APOPTOTIC GENES BID AND FADD AND DOWNREGULATED DFFA EXPRESSION IN LEUKEMIC CELL LINES, AS WELL AS INCREASED MIR-16 EXPRESSION - WHOSE MAJOR PREDICTED TARGET IS THE ANTI-APOPTOTIC GENE BCL2 - IN BCR-ABL(+) CELLS. CONCLUSION: BMOOLAAO-I EXERTS SELECTIVE ANTITUMOR ACTION MEDIATED BY H(2)O(2) RELEASE AND INDUCES APOPTOSIS, AND ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THESE RESULTS SUPPORT FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF BMOOLAAO-I ON IN VIVO MODELS TO DETERMINE ITS POTENTIAL IN CML THERAPY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20 2888  36 GAIN-OF-FUNCTION MUTATION OF GATA-2 IN ACUTE MYELOID TRANSFORMATION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ACQUISITION OF ADDITIONAL GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES OTHER THAN THE BCR/ABL FUSION GENE IS BELIEVED TO CAUSE DISEASE PROGRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) FROM CHRONIC PHASE TO BLAST CRISIS (BC). TO GAIN INSIGHTS INTO THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF PROGRESSION TO BC, WE SCREENED DNA SAMPLES FROM CML PATIENTS DURING BLAST TRANSFORMATION FOR MUTATIONS IN A NUMBER OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GENES THAT ARE CRITICAL FOR MYELOID-LYMPHOID DEVELOPMENT. IN 85 CASES OF CML BLAST TRANSFORMATION, WE IDENTIFIED TWO NEW MUTATIONS IN THE CODING REGION OF GATA-2, A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM/PROGENITOR CELL DIFFERENTIATION. A L359V SUBSTITUTION WITHIN ZINC FINGER DOMAIN (ZF) 2 OF GATA-2 WAS FOUND IN EIGHT CASES WITH MYELOMONOBLASTIC FEATURES, WHEREAS AN IN-FRAME DELETION OF 6 AA (DELTA341-346) SPANNING THE C-TERMINAL BORDER OF ZF1 WAS DETECTED IN ONE PATIENT AT MYELOID BC WITH EOSINOPHILIA. FURTHER STUDIES INDICATED THAT L359V NOT ONLY INCREASED TRANSACTIVATION ACTIVITY OF GATA-2 BUT ALSO ENHANCED ITS INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON THE ACTIVITY OF PU.1, A MAJOR REGULATOR OF MYELOPOIESIS. CONSISTENT WITH THE MYELOMONOBLASTIC FEATURES OF CML TRANSFORMATION WITH THE GATA-2 L359V MUTANT, TRANSDUCTION OF THE GATA-2 L359V MUTANT INTO HL-60 CELLS OR BCR/ABL-HARBORING MURINE CELLS DISTURBED MYELOMONOCYTIC DIFFERENTIATION/PROLIFERATION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, RESPECTIVELY. THESE DATA STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT GATA-2 MUTATIONS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN ACUTE MYELOID TRANSFORMATION IN A SUBSET OF CML PATIENTS.	2008