1 2284 36 EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC (IVD) DEGENERATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF LOW BACK PAIN, WHICH HAS A STRIKING IMPACT ON NUMEROUS PATIENTS. THEREFORE, COMPREHENSIVELY ILLUMINATING THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF IVD DEGENERATION IS OF GREAT SIGNIFICANCE. HERE, WE DISCUSS THE LATEST ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING THE MAIN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING IVD DEGENERATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2 2706 21 EXERCISE ATTENUATES LOW BACK PAIN AND ALTERS EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS IN A MOUSE MODEL. BACKGROUND CONTEXT: CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN (LBP) IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDER WITH COMPLEX UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, INCLUDING ASSOCIATIONS WITH INTERVERTEBRAL DISC (IVD) DEGENERATION IN SOME INDIVIDUALS. IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOLOGY OF IVD DEGENERATION. EPIGENETICS REFERS TO SEVERAL MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, THAT HAVE THE ABILITY TO CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT INDUCING ANY CHANGE IN THE UNDERLYING DNA SEQUENCE. DNA METHYLATION CAN ALTER THE ENTIRE STATE OF A TISSUE FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME AND THUS COULD POTENTIALLY BE HARNESSED FOR LONG-TERM PAIN RELIEF. LIFESTYLE FACTORS, SUCH AS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HAVE A STRONG INFLUENCE ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION. EXERCISE IS A COMMONLY PRESCRIBED TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC LBP, AND SEX-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS IN RESPONSE TO ENDURANCE EXERCISE HAVE BEEN REPORTED. HOWEVER, WHETHER EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS THAT ATTENUATE LBP ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN DEGENERATING IVDS HAS NOT BEEN EVALUATED. PURPOSE: WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS MEDIATED, AT LEAST IN PART, AT THE EPIGENETIC LEVEL. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO USE THE SPARC-NULL MOUSE MODEL OF LBP ASSOCIATED WITH IVD DEGENERATION TO CLARIFY (1) IF IVD DEGENERATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES IN THE IVDS, (2) IF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MACHINERY IS SENSITIVE TO THERAPEUTIC ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION, AND (3) IF THERE ARE SEX-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN (1) AND/OR (2). STUDY DESIGN: EIGHT-MONTH-OLD MALE AND FEMALE SPARC-NULL AND AGE-MATCHED CONTROL (WT) MICE (N=108) WERE ASSIGNED TO EXERCISE (N=56) OR SEDENTARY (N=52) GROUPS. DELETION OF SPARC IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSIVE IVD DEGENERATION AND BEHAVIORAL SIGNS OF LBP. THE EXERCISE GROUP RECEIVED A CIRCULAR PLASTIC HOME CAGE RUNNING WHEEL ON WHICH THEY COULD RUN FREELY. THE SEDENTARY GROUP RECEIVED AN IDENTICAL WHEEL SECURED IN PLACE TO PREVENT ROTATION. AFTER 6 MONTHS, THE RESULTS OBTAINED IN EACH GROUP WERE COMPARED. METHODS: AFTER 6 MONTHS OF EXERCISE, LBP-RELATED BEHAVIORAL INDICES WERE DETERMINED, AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION (5-METHYLCYTOSINE) AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENE MRNA EXPRESSION IN IVDS WERE ASSESSED. THIS PROJECT WAS SUPPORTED BY THE CANADIAN INSTITUTES FOR HEALTH RESEARCH. THE AUTHORS HAVE NO CONFLICTS OF INTEREST. RESULTS: LUMBAR IVDS FROM WT SEDENTARY AND SPARC-NULL SEDENTARY MICE HAD SIMILAR LEVELS OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION (%5-MC) AND COMPARABLE MRNA EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES (DNMT1,3A,B, MECP2, MBD2A,B, TET1-3) IN BOTH SEXES. EXERCISE ATTENUATED LBP-RELATED BEHAVIORS, DECREASED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN BOTH WT (P<.05) AND SPARC-NULL MICE (P<.01) AND REDUCED MRNA EXPRESSION OF MECP2 IN SPARC-NULL MICE (P<.05). SEX-SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON EXPRESSION OF MRNA WERE ALSO OBSERVED. CONCLUSIONS: EXERCISE ALLEVIATES LBP IN A MOUSE MODEL. THIS MAY BE MEDIATED, IN PART, BY CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MACHINERY IN DEGENERATING IVDS. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DUE TO A LIFESTYLE CHANGE COULD HAVE A LONG-LASTING THERAPEUTIC IMPACT BY CHANGING TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS IN IVDS. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: THIS STUDY CONFIRMED THE THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS OF EXERCISE ON LBP AND SUGGESTS THAT EXERCISE RESULTS IN SEX-SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN IVDS. ELUCIDATING THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY ENABLE THE DISCOVERY OF NOVEL GENE TARGETS OR NEW STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC LBP.	2021	

3 2508 14 EPIGENETICS AND OSTEOARTHRITIS. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF JOINT DISEASE AND THE LEADING CAUSE OF CHRONIC DISABILITY IN MIDDLE-AGED AND OLDER POPULATIONS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE-MODIFYING THERAPY FOR OA CURRENTLY FACES MAJOR OBSTACLES LARGELY BECAUSE THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS FOR THE FUNCTION OF JOINT TISSUE CELLS REMAIN UNCLEAR. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE FOUND THAT THE ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TFS), PRO- OR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, MATRIX PROTEINASES AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) PROTEINS IN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OA. HOWEVER, THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS FOR THE EXPRESSION OF THOSE GENES IN OA CHONDROCYTES ARE LARGELY UNKNOWN. THE RECENT ADVANCES IN EPIGENETIC STUDIES HAVE SHED LIGHTS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OA. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE AND DISCUSS THE RECENT STUDIES ON THE REGULATORY ROLES OF VARIOUS EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES FOR SPECIFIC TFS, CYTOKINES, ECM PROTEINS AND MATRIX PROTEINASES, AS WELL THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OA.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4 1258 15 CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF OSTEOARTHRITIS PATHOGENESIS AND RELEVANT NEW APPROACHES. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS THE MOST COMMON DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE THAT CAUSES PAINFUL SWELLING AND PERMANENT DAMAGE TO THE JOINTS IN THE BODY. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF OA ARE CURRENTLY UNKNOWN. OA IS A HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE THAT AFFECTS THE ENTIRE JOINT, AND MULTIPLE TISSUES ARE ALTERED DURING OA DEVELOPMENT. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF OA, NEW APPROACHES, METHODS, AND TECHNIQUES NEED TO BE USED TO UNDERSTAND OA PATHOGENESIS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FIRST FOCUS ON THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF OA, WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND MICRORNA REGULATION, FOLLOWED BY A SUMMARY OF SEVERAL KEY MEDIATORS IN OA-ASSOCIATED PAIN. WE THEN INTRODUCE SEVERAL INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES THAT HAVE BEEN AND WILL CONTINUE TO BE USED IN THE FIELDS OF OA AND OA-ASSOCIATED PAIN, SUCH AS CRISPR, SCRNA SEQUENCING, AND LINEAGE TRACING. NEXT, WE DISCUSS THE TIMELY UPDATES CONCERNING CELL DEATH REGULATION IN OA PATHOLOGY, INCLUDING PYROPTOSIS, FERROPTOSIS, AND AUTOPHAGY, AS WELL AS THEIR INDIVIDUAL ROLES IN OA AND POTENTIAL MOLECULAR TARGETS IN TREATING OA. FINALLY, OUR REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS NEW DIRECTIONS ON THE ROLE OF THE SYNOVIAL LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IN OA. AN IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF OA PATHOGENESIS WILL AID IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE SPECIFIC AND EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS FOR OA.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5 2550 15 EPIGENETICS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS: POTENTIAL OF HDAC INHIBITORS AS THERAPEUTICS. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS THE MOST COMMON JOINT DISEASE AND THE LEADING CAUSE OF CHRONIC DISABILITY IN MIDDLE-AGED AND OLDER POPULATIONS WORLDWIDE. THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE MODIFYING THERAPY FOR OA IS IN ITS INFANCY LARGELY BECAUSE THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS FOR THE MOLECULAR EFFECTORS OF OA PATHOGENESIS ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. RECENT STUDIES IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC EVENTS AS A CRITICAL REGULATOR OF MOLECULAR PLAYERS INVOLVED IN THE INDUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF OA. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, NON-CODING RNA AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO BRIEFLY HIGHLIGHT THE RECENT ADVANCES IN THE EPIGENETICS OF CARTILAGE AND POTENTIAL OF HDACS (HISTONE DEACETYLASES) INHIBITORS IN THE THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF OA. WE SUMMARIZE THE RECENT STUDIES UTILIZING HDAC INHIBITORS AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTICS FOR INHIBITING DISEASE PROGRESSION AND PREVENTING THE CARTILAGE DESTRUCTION IN OA. HDACS CONTROL NORMAL CARTILAGE DEVELOPMENT AND HOMEOSTASIS AND UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF HDACS INHIBITORS ON THE DISEASE PATHOGENESIS IS OF INTEREST BECAUSE OF ITS IMPORTANCE IN AFFECTING OVERALL CARTILAGE HEALTH AND HOMEOSTASIS. THESE FINDINGS ALSO SHED NEW LIGHT ON CARTILAGE DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PROVIDE SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE THAT HDACS MAY BE POTENTIAL NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN OA.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6 6430 17 THE USE OF MEDICAL OZONE IN CHRONIC INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION CAN BE AN ETIOLOGICAL AND CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT. DEGENERATION OF THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC IS ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENT CAUSES OF LUMBAR PAIN, AND IT PUTS AN EXTREME STRAIN ON WORLDWIDE HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS. FINDING A SOLUTION FOR THIS DISEASE IS AN IMPORTANT CHALLENGE AS CURRENT SURGICAL AND CONSERVATIVE TREATMENTS FAIL TO BRING A SHORT-TERM OR LONG-TERM SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM. MEDICAL OZONE HAS YIELDED EXCELLENT RESULTS IN INTERVERTEBRAL DISC PATHOLOGY. WHEN IT COMES TO EXTRUDED DISC HERNIATION, OZONE IS THE ONLY ETIOLOGICAL TREATMENT BECAUSE IT STIMULATES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO ABSORB THE HERNIATED PORTION OF THE NUCLEUS PULPOSUS, THUS RESOLVING DISCAL EXTRUSION. THIS WORK AIMS TO EXAMINE THE BIOMOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION WHILE HIGHLIGHTING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. CONSIDERING THAT OZONE IS A REGULATOR OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND, THEREFORE, OF INFLAMMATION, WE ASSERT THAT MEDICAL OZONE COULD MODULATE THIS PROCESS AND OBTAIN INFLAMMATORY STAGE MACROPHAGES (M1) TO SWITCH TO THE REPAIR PHASE (M2). CONSEQUENTLY, THE OZONE WOULD BE A THERAPEUTIC RESOURCE THAT WOULD WORK ON THE ETIOLOGY OF THE DISEASE AS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT WOULD HELP REPAIR THE INTERVERTEBRAL SPACE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7 4289 11 MICRORNA IN OSTEOARTHRITIS. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS THE MOST PREVALENT DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE AND IS ACCOMPANIED BY PAIN AND JOINT DYSFUNCTION. ITS CLINICAL TREATMENT TENDS TO BE UNSATISFACTORY. NOVEL TARGETS IN OA INCLUDE GENES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN OA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED USING GENE NETWORK, EPIGENETIC AND MICRORNA (MIRNA) APPROACHES. MIRNA HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN IMPORTANT CELLULAR PROCESSES SUCH AS LIPID METABOLISM, APOPTOSIS, DIFFERENTIATION AND ORGAN DEVELOPMENT. THE IMPORTANCE OF MIRNA REGULATION IN CELLULAR FUNCTION IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY CLEAR AS NEW MIRNA TARGETS ARE REVEALED. THE PRESENT REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT EVIDENCE OF THE IMPORTANT ROLE PLAYED BY MIRNA IN DETERMINING THE COMPLEX GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF OA CHONDROCYTES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION, AND POSSIBLE DEMETHYLATION MECHANISMS THAT MIGHT BE APPLICABLE IN OA. IN SUMMARY, MIRNA MAY HAVE IMPORTANT DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL, AND MIGHT PROVIDE A NOVEL MEANS OF TREATING OA.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
8 2232 15 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF MIRNAS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THEIR METHYLATION LEVELS AND EFFECTS ON CHONDROCYTES, EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND JOINT INFLAMMATION. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS A JOINT DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY PROGRESSIVE DEGENERATION OF CARTILAGE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM), CHONDROCYTE HYPERTROPHY AND APOPTOSIS AND INFLAMMATION. THE CURRENT TREATMENTS MAINLY CONCERN PAIN CONTROL AND REDUCTION OF INFLAMMATION, BUT NO THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A DISEASE-MODIFYING TREATMENT. THEREFORE, IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS USEFUL TO PREVENT, TREAT OR DISTINGUISH THE STAGES OF OA DISEASE HAS BECOME AN IMMEDIATE NEED OF CLINICAL PRACTICE. THE ROLE OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) IN OA HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED IN THE LAST DECADE, AND INCREASING EVIDENCE HAS EMERGED THAT THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC PROCESSES CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT, PROGRESSION AND AGGRESSIVENESS OF OA, IN PARTICULAR ACTING ON THE MICROENVIRONMENT MODULATIONS. THE EFFECTS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION, PARTICULARLY DIFFERENT MIRNA METHYLATION DURING OA DISEASE, WERE HIGHLIGHTED IN THE PRESENT SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. THE EVIDENCE ARISING FROM THIS STUDY OF THE LITERATURE CONDUCTED IN THREE DATABASES (PUBMED, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE) SUGGESTED THAT MIRNA METHYLATION STATE ALREADY STRONGLY IMPACTS OA PROGRESSION, DRIVING CHONDROCYTES AND SYNOVIOCYTE PROLIFERATION, APOPTOSIS, INFLAMMATION AND ECM DEPOSITION. HOWEVER, THE POSSIBILITY OF UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM BY WHICH DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF MIRNA OR PRE-MIRNA SEQUENCES DRIVE THE AGGRESSIVENESS OF OA COULD BE THE NEW FOCUS OF FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9 3038 15 GENOME ENGINEERING FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS: FROM DESIGNER CELLS TO DISEASE-MODIFYING DRUGS. BACKGROUND: OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE INVOLVING JOINT CARTILAGE AND ITS SURROUNDING TISSUES. OA IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF PAIN AND DISABILITY WORLDWIDE. AT PRESENT, THERE ARE NO DISEASE-MODIFYING OA DRUGS, AND THE PRIMARY THERAPIES INCLUDE EXERCISE AND NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS UNTIL TOTAL JOINT REPLACEMENT AT THE END-STAGE OF THE DISEASE. METHODS: IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ASSOCIATIONS AND RISK FACTORS FOR OA AND THEIR POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS. RESULTS: GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES AND ANALYSIS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS (SUCH AS MIRNA EXPRESSION, DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS) CONDUCTED ACROSS VARIOUS POPULATIONS SUPPORT THE NOTION THAT THERE IS A GENETIC BASIS FOR CERTAIN SUBSETS OF OA PATHOGENESIS. CONCLUSION: WITH RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENOME EDITING TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS THE CRISPR-CAS9 SYSTEM, THESE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS IN OA CAN BE USED AS PLATFORMS FROM WHICH POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, DRUG RESPONSE, AND DEVELOPMENT OF POTENTIAL PERSONALIZED THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR OA CAN BE APPROACHED. FURTHERMORE, GENOME EDITING HAS ALLOWED THE DEVELOPMENT OF "DESIGNER" CELLS, WHEREBY THE RECEPTORS, GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS, OR TRANSGENES CAN BE MODIFIED AS A BASIS FOR NEW CELL-BASED THERAPIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10 2309 13 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHONDROCYTES AND SUBCHONDRAL BONE IN OSTEOARTHRITIS. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE AN UPDATED REVIEW OF THE EPIGENETIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA). OA IS A PREVALENT DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, ECTOPIC BONE FORMATION WITHIN THE JOINT, AND PHYSICAL AND PROTEOLYTIC CARTILAGE DEGRADATION WHICH RESULT IN CHRONIC PAIN AND LOSS OF MOBILITY. AT PRESENT, NO DISEASE-MODIFYING THERAPEUTICS EXIST FOR THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE. RESEARCH HAS IDENTIFIED SEVERAL OA RISK FACTORS INCLUDING MECHANICAL STRESSORS, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, OBESITY, TRAUMATIC JOINT INJURY, GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, AND AGE. RECENTLY, THERE HAS BEEN INCREASED INTEREST IN IDENTIFYING EPIGENETIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OA. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DETAIL SEVERAL OF THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WITH KNOWN FUNCTIONS IN THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE. WE ALSO REVIEW CURRENT THERAPEUTICS TARGETING ABERRANT EPIGENETIC REGULATION AS POTENTIAL OPTIONS FOR PREVENTIVE OR THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11 2220 17 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NP) IS A COMMON SYMPTOM IN MANY DISEASES OF THE SOMATOSENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM, WHICH SEVERELY AFFECTS THE PATIENT'S QUALITY OF LIFE. EPIGENETICS ARE HERITABLE ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT DO NOT CAUSE PERMANENT CHANGES IN THE DNA SEQUENCE. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CAN AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION AND CAN ALSO MEDIATE CROSSTALK BETWEEN GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT. INCREASING EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, NON-CODING RNA, AND RNA MODIFICATION, ARE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF NP. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS ON THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF NP. THEN, WE ILLUSTRATE DIFFERENT FACETS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION AND THEIR CROSSTALK. FINALLY, WE DISCUSS THE BURGEONING EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE POTENTIAL OF EMERGING EPIGENETIC THERAPIES, WHICH HAS BEEN VALUABLE IN UNDERSTANDING MECHANISMS AND OFFERS NOVEL AND POTENT TARGETS FOR NP THERAPY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12 4679 14 NEW MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS A CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY DESTRUCTION OF THE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE, SUBCHONDRAL BONE ALTERATIONS AND SYNOVITIS. CURRENT TREATMENTS ARE FOCUSED ON SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF BUT THEY LACK EFFICACY TO CONTROL THE PROGRESSION OF THIS DISEASE WHICH IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DISABILITY. THEREFORE, THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE DISEASE-MODIFYING DRUGS IS URGENTLY NEEDED. DIFFERENT INITIATIVES ARE IN PROGRESS TO DEFINE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF OA. THESE STUDIES SUPPORT THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF PATHWAYS RELEVANT IN JOINT METABOLISM SUCH AS WNT/BETA-CATENIN, DISCOIDIN DOMAIN RECEPTOR 2 OR PROTEINASE-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR 2. THE DYSREGULATION IN CARTILAGE CATABOLISM AND SUBCHONDRAL BONE REMODELING COULD BE IMPROVED BY SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES, AGGRECANASES AND OTHER PROTEASES. ANOTHER APPROACH WOULD FAVOR THE ACTIVITY OF ANABOLIC PROCESSES BY USING GROWTH FACTORS OR REGULATORY MOLECULES. RECENT STUDIES HAVE ALSO REVEALED THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SYNOVITIS IN THE PROGRESSION OF THIS DISEASE, SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NUMBER OF INHIBITORY STRATEGIES. NOVEL TARGETS IN OA ARE REPRESENTED BY GENES INVOLVED IN OA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DISCOVERED USING GENE NETWORK, EPIGENETIC AND MICRORNA APPROACHES. FURTHER INSIGHTS INTO THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN OA INITIATION AND PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW THERAPIES ABLE TO CONTROL JOINT DESTRUCTION AND REPAIR.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13 2523 11 EPIGENETICS AND THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN. OBJECTIVE: THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO REVIEW THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED IN THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN AND TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL, INDIVIDUALIZED PAIN THERAPEUTICS. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETICS IS THE STUDY OF HERITABLE MODIFICATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION AND PHENOTYPE THAT DO NOT REQUIRE A CHANGE IN GENETIC SEQUENCE TO MANIFEST THEIR EFFECTS. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS, MEDICATIONS, DIET, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSES CAN ALTER EPIGENETIC PROCESSES SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION, AND RNA INTERFERENCE. AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS POTENTIALLY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE METABOLISM, STEROID RESPONSIVENESS, AND OPIOID SENSITIVITY, THEY ARE LIKELY KEY FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN. ALTHOUGH OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE HUMAN GENETIC CODE AND DISEASE-ASSOCIATED POLYMORPHISMS HAS GROWN SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE PAST DECADE, WE HAVE NOT YET BEEN ABLE TO ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSISTENT PAIN AFTER NERVE INJURY OR SURGERY. DESIGN: THIS IS A FOCUSED LITERATURE REVIEW OF EPIGENETIC SCIENCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CHRONIC PAIN. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANT LABORATORY AND CLINICAL DATA SUPPORT THE NOTION THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE AFFECTED BY THE ENVIRONMENT AND LEAD TO DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION. SIMILAR TO MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS, THE LITERATURE ENDORSES AN IMPORTANT POTENTIAL ROLE FOR EPIGENETICS IN CHRONIC PAIN. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS MAY IDENTIFY MECHANISMS CRITICAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN AFTER INJURY, AND MAY PROVIDE NEW PATHWAYS AND TARGET MECHANISMS FOR FUTURE DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14 2283 14 EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN FIBROSIS PROGRESS. FIBROSIS, A COMMON PROCESS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, IS DEFINED AS A REPAIR RESPONSE DISORDER WHEN ORGANS UNDERGO CONTINUOUS DAMAGE, ULTIMATELY LEADING TO SCAR FORMATION AND FUNCTIONAL FAILURE. AROUND THE WORLD, FIBROTIC DISEASES CAUSE HIGH MORTALITY, UNFORTUNATELY, WITH LIMITED TREATMENT MEANS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. WITH THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF DEEP SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY, COMPREHENSIVELY EXPLORING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN FIBROSIS HAS BEEN ALLOWED. EXTENSIVE REMODELING OF EPIGENETICS CONTROLLING VARIOUS CELLS PHENOTYPE AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN FIBROGENESIS WAS SUBSEQUENTLY VERIFIED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, NONCODING RNAS (NCRNAS) AND N6-METHYLADENOSINE (M6A) MODIFICATION IN ORGAN FIBROSIS, FOCUSING ON HEART, LIVER, LUNG AND KIDNEY. ADDITIONALLY, WE EMPHASIZE THE DIVERSITY OF EPIGENETICS IN THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS RELATED TO FIBROSIS. FINALLY, THE POTENTIAL AND PROSPECT OF TARGETED THERAPY FOR FIBROSIS BASED ON EPIGENETIC IS DISCUSSED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15 5926 13 TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOR CHRONIC PAIN: A VALID APPROACH FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. CHRONIC PAIN IS A MULTIFACETED AND COMPLEX CONDITION. BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO SOMATIC, VISCERAL, OR NEUROPATHIC PAIN, IT IS POORLY MANAGED DESPITE ITS PREVALENCE. CURRENT DRUGS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN ARE LIMITED BY TOLERANCE WITH LONG-TERM USE, ABUSE POTENTIAL, AND MULTIPLE ADVERSE SIDE EFFECTS. THE PERSISTENT NATURE OF PAIN SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MACHINERY MAY BE A CRITICAL FACTOR DRIVING CHRONIC PAIN. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE LATEST INSIGHTS INTO EPIGENETIC PROCESSES, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND MICRORNAS, AND WE DESCRIBE THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CHRONIC PAIN AND WHETHER EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS COULD BE APPLIED AS FUTURE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR CHRONIC PAIN. WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE FROM EXPERIMENTAL MODELS AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN HUMAN TISSUE THAT HAVE ENHANCED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC PROCESSES MEDIATING NOCICEPTION, AND WE THEN SPECULATE ON THE POTENTIAL FUTURE USE OF MORE SPECIFIC AND SELECTIVE AGENTS THAT TARGET EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS TO ATTENUATE PAIN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16 2532 13 EPIGENETICS IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND INFLAMMATION. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE WITH A SEVERE BURDEN ON WESTERN SOCIETY. RECENT INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS UNDERSCORE THE IMPORTANCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN BOTH THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF VASCULAR REMODELLING. EXPRESSION OF IMMUNOREGULATORY MOLECULES BY VASCULAR WALL COMPONENTS WITHIN THE ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS IS ACCORDINGLY THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE ONGOING INFLAMMATORY PROCESS. BESIDES GENE REGULATORY PROTEINS (TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS), EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ALSO PLAY AN ESSENTIAL AND FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CHANGE THE ACCESSIBILITY OF CHROMATIN BY DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. EPIGENETIC MODULATORS ARE THUS CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF VASCULAR, IMMUNE AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION WITHIN THE ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESION. IMPORTANTLY, EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ARE REVERSIBLE AND MAY PROVIDE AN EXCELLENT THERAPEUTIC TARGET. THE CONCEPT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS GRADUALLY BEING RECOGNIZED AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. RECENT RESEARCH PROVIDES AN ESSENTIAL LINK BETWEEN INFLAMMATION AND REPROGRAMMING OF THE EPIGENOME. IN THIS REVIEW WE THEREFORE DISCUSS THE BASIS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION - AND THE CONTRIBUTION THEREOF IN THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES IN GENERAL AND DURING ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PARTICULAR. MOREOVER WE HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS BASED ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17 4745 11 NOVEL INSIGHTS OF EZH2-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN DEGENERATIVE MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES. DEGENERATIVE MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES (OSTEOPOROSIS, OSTEOARTHRITIS, DEGENERATIVE SPINAL DISEASE AND SARCOPENIA) ARE PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE FUNCTION AND PAIN OF TISSUES SUCH AS BONE, CARTILAGE, AND MUSCLES, AND ARE CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH AGEING AND LONG-TERM DEGENERATION. ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2), AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATOR, REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION MAINLY THROUGH THE PRC2-DEPENDENT TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 27 (H3K27ME3). INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EZH2 IS INVOLVED IN SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CLOSELY RELATED TO DEGENERATIVE MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES, SUCH AS OSTEOGENIC-ADIPOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION OF BONE MARROW MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS, OSTEOCLAST ACTIVATION, CHONDROCYTE FUNCTIONAL STATUS, AND SATELLITE CELL PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION, MAINLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION (H3K27ME3). THEREFORE, THE SYNTHESIS AND ELUCIDATION OF THE ROLE OF EZH2 IN DEGENERATIVE MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES HAVE ATTRACTED INCREASING ATTENTION. IN ADDITION, ALTHOUGH EZH2 INHIBITORS HAVE BEEN APPROVED FOR CLINICAL USE, WHETHER THEY CAN BE REPURPOSED FOR THE TREATMENT OF DEGENERATIVE MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED. HERE, WE REVIEWED THE ROLE OF EZH2 IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEGENERATIVE MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES AND BROUGHT FORWARD PROSPECTS OF ITS PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITORS IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE TREATMENT OF THE DISEASES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18 3108  8 GENOMICS OF PAIN IN OSTEOARTHRITIS. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) ACCOUNTS FOR THE MAJORITY OF THE DISEASE BURDEN FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AND IS ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF DISABILITY WORLDWIDE. THIS DISABILITY IS THE RESULT NOT OF THE CARTILAGE LOSS THAT DEFINES OA RADIOGRAPHICALLY, BUT OF THE CHRONIC PAIN WHOSE PRESENCE DEFINES SYMPTOMATIC OA. IT IS BECOMING CLEAR THAT MANY GENES, EACH WITH A SMALL EFFECT SIZE, CONTRIBUTE TO THE RISK OF DEVELOPING OA. HOWEVER, THE GENETICS OF OA PAIN ARE ONLY JUST STARTING TO BE EXPLORED. THIS REVIEW WILL DESCRIBE THE FIRST GENES TO HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN GENOMIC STUDIES OF OA PAIN, AS WELL AS THE POSSIBLE DUAL ROLES OF GENES PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED IN GENOMIC STUDIES OF OA IN THE CONTEXT OF PAIN. DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH ATTEMPTING TO CHARACTERISE THE GENETICS OF OA PAIN WILL BE DISCUSSED AND PROMISING FUTURE AVENUES OF RESEARCH INTO GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS AFFECTING OA PAIN DESCRIBED.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19 1509 13 DNA METHYLATION AND NON-CODING RNAS DURING TISSUE-INJURY ASSOCIATED PAIN. WHILE ABOUT HALF OF THE POPULATION EXPERIENCE PERSISTENT PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DAMAGES DURING THEIR LIFETIME, CURRENT SYMPTOM-BASED APPROACHES OFTEN FAIL TO REDUCE SUCH PAIN TO A SATISFACTORY LEVEL. TO PROVIDE BETTER PATIENT CARE, MECHANISM-BASED ANALGESIC APPROACHES MUST BE DEVELOPED, WHICH NECESSITATES A COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE NOCICEPTIVE MECHANISM LEADING TO TISSUE INJURY-ASSOCIATED PERSISTENT PAIN. EPIGENETIC EVENTS LEADING THE ALTERED TRANSCRIPTION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ARE PIVOTAL IN THE MAINTENANCE OF PAIN IN TISSUE INJURY. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THOSE EVENTS CONTRIBUTE TO THE PERSISTENCE OF PAIN ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES A SUMMARY AND CRITICAL EVALUATION OF TWO EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, DNA METHYLATION AND NON-CODING RNA EXPRESSION, ON TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODULATION IN NOCICEPTIVE PATHWAYS DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF TISSUE INJURY-ASSOCIATED PAIN. WE ASSESS THE PRE-CLINICAL DATA AND THEIR TRANSLATIONAL IMPLICATION AND EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL OF CONTROLLING DNA METHYLATION AND NON-CODING RNA EXPRESSION AS NOVEL ANALGESIC APPROACHES AND/OR BIOMARKERS OF PERSISTENT PAIN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20 5529 10 RNA N(6) -METHYLADENOSINE MODIFICATIONS AND POTENTIAL TARGETED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IN KIDNEY DISEASE. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE RECEIVED INCREASING ATTENTION AND HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE EXTENSIVELY INVOLVED IN KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE PROGRESSION. AMONG THEM, THE MOST COMMON RNA MODIFICATION, N(6) -METHYLADENOSINE (M(6) A), HAS BEEN SHOWN TO DYNAMICALLY AND REVERSIBLY EXERT ITS FUNCTIONS IN MULTIPLE WAYS, INCLUDING SPLICING, EXPORT, DECAY AND TRANSLATION INITIATION EFFICIENCY TO REGULATE MRNA FATE. MOREOVER, M(6) A HAS ALSO BEEN REPORTED TO EXERT BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS BY DESTABILIZING BASE PAIRING TO MODULATE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS OF RNAS. MOST IMPORTANTLY, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF KIDNEY DISEASES, SUCH AS RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT M(6) A PATTERNS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE COMPREHENSIVELY REVIEW THE CRITICAL ROLES OF M(6) A IN KIDNEY DISEASES AND DISCUSS THE POSSIBILITIES AND RELEVANCE OF M(6) A-TARGETED EPIGENETIC THERAPY, WITH AN INTEGRATED COMPREHENSIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE DETAILED ALTERATIONS IN SPECIFIC LOCI THAT CONTRIBUTE TO CELLULAR PROCESSES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH KIDNEY DISEASES.	2023