1 2239 105 EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY APABETALONE COUNTERS CYTOKINE-DRIVEN ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE IN VITRO, IN MICE AND IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) AND CORRELATES WITH THE ABUNDANCE OF ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE (APR) PROTEINS IN THE LIVER AND PLASMA. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT REGULATE INFLAMMATORY GENE TRANSCRIPTION. WE SHOW THAT BET INHIBITION BY THE SMALL MOLECULE APABETALONE REDUCES APR GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HUMAN HEPATOCYTES, MOUSE MODELS, AND PLASMA FROM CVD PATIENTS. STEADY-STATE EXPRESSION OF SERUM AMYLOID P, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1, AND CERULOPLASMIN, APR PROTEINS LINKED TO CVD RISK, IS REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN CULTURED HEPATOCYTES AND IN HUMANIZED MOUSE LIVER. IN CYTOKINE-STIMULATED HEPATOCYTES, APABETALONE REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP), ALPHA-2-MACROGLOBULIN, AND SERUM AMYLOID P. THE LATTER TWO ARE ALSO REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN THE LIVER OF ENDOTOXEMIC MICE. BET KNOCKDOWN IN VITRO ALSO COUNTERS CYTOKINE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF THE CRP GENE. MECHANISTICALLY, APABETALONE REDUCES THE CYTOKINE-DRIVEN INCREASE IN BRD4 BET OCCUPANCY AT THE CRP PROMOTER, CONFIRMING THAT TRANSCRIPTION OF CRP IS BET-DEPENDENT. IN PATIENTS WITH STABLE CORONARY DISEASE, PLASMA APR PROTEINS CRP, IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, AND FIBRINOGEN GAMMA DECREASE AFTER APABETALONE TREATMENT VERSUS PLACEBO, RESULTING IN A PREDICTED DOWNREGULATION OF THE APR PATHWAY AND CYTOKINE TARGETS. WE CONCLUDE THAT CRP AND COMPONENTS OF THE APR PATHWAY ARE REGULATED BY BET PROTEINS AND THAT APABETALONE COUNTERS CHRONIC CYTOKINE SIGNALING IN PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2  445  52 APABETALONE (RVX-208) REDUCES VASCULAR INFLAMMATION IN VITRO AND IN CVD PATIENTS BY A BET-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. BACKGROUND: APABETALONE (RVX-208) IS A BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL PROTEIN INHIBITOR (BETI) THAT IN PHASE II TRIALS REDUCED THE RELATIVE RISK (RR) OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS (MACE) IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) BY 44% AND IN DIABETIC CVD PATIENTS BY 57% ON TOP OF STATINS. A PHASE III TRIAL, BETONMACE, IS CURRENTLY ASSESSING APABETALONE'S ABILITY TO REDUCE MACE IN STATIN-TREATED POST-ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME TYPE 2 DIABETIC CVD PATIENTS WITH LOW HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN C. THE LEADING CAUSE OF MACE IS ATHEROSCLEROSIS, DRIVEN BY DYSFUNCTIONAL LIPID METABOLISM AND CHRONIC VASCULAR INFLAMMATION (VI). IN VITRO STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED THE BET PROTEIN BRD4 AS AN EPIGENETIC DRIVER OF INFLAMMATION AND ATHEROGENESIS, SUGGESTING THAT BETI MAY BE CLINICALLY EFFECTIVE IN COMBATING VI. HERE, WE ASSESSED APABETALONE'S ABILITY TO REGULATE INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN GENE EXPRESSION AND CELL ADHESION IN VITRO AND INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM BY WHICH APABETALONE SUPPRESSES EXPRESSION. THE CLINICAL IMPACT OF APABETALONE ON MEDIATORS OF VI WAS ASSESSED WITH PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF PHASE II CVD PATIENT PLASMA. RESULTS: IN VITRO, APABETALONE PREVENTED INFLAMMATORY (TNFALPHA, LPS, OR IL-1BETA) INDUCTION OF KEY FACTORS THAT DRIVE ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION, MONOCYTE RECRUITMENT, ADHESION, AND PLAQUE DESTABILIZATION. BRD4 ABUNDANCE ON INFLAMMATORY AND ADHESION GENE PROMOTERS AND ENHANCERS WAS REDUCED BY APABETALONE. BRD2-4 DEGRADATION BY MZ-1 ALSO PREVENTED TNFALPHA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF MONOCYTE AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES AND INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, CONFIRMING BET-DEPENDENT REGULATION. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY APABETALONE TRANSLATED INTO A REDUCTION IN MONOCYTE ADHESION TO AN ENDOTHELIAL MONOLAYER. IN A PHASE II TRIAL, APABETALONE TREATMENT REDUCED THE ABUNDANCE OF MULTIPLE VI MEDIATORS IN THE PLASMA OF CVD PATIENTS (SOMASCAN(R) 1.3 K). THESE PROTEINS CORRELATE WITH CVD RISK AND INCLUDE ADHESION MOLECULES, CYTOKINES, AND METALLOPROTEINASES. INGENUITY(R) PATHWAY ANALYSIS (IPA(R)) PREDICTED THAT APABETALONE INHIBITS PRO-ATHEROGENIC REGULATORS AND PATHWAYS AND PREVENTS DISEASE STATES ARISING FROM LEUKOCYTE RECRUITMENT. CONCLUSIONS: APABETALONE SUPPRESSED GENE EXPRESSION OF VI MEDIATORS IN MONOCYTES AND ENDOTHELIAL CELLS BY INHIBITING BET-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTION INDUCED BY MULTIPLE INFLAMMATORY STIMULI. IN CVD PATIENTS, APABETALONE TREATMENT REDUCED CIRCULATING LEVELS OF VI MEDIATORS, AN OUTCOME CONDUCIVE WITH ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE STABILIZATION AND MACE REDUCTION. INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATORY AND ADHESION MOLECULE GENE EXPRESSION BY APABETALONE IS PREDICTED TO CONTRIBUTE TO MACE REDUCTION IN THE PHASE III BETONMACE TRIAL.	2019	
                   
3  446  43 APABETALONE DOWNREGULATES FIBROTIC, INFLAMMATORY AND CALCIFIC PROCESSES IN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS AND PATIENTS WITH RENAL IMPAIRMENT. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE IMPLICATED IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS DRIVING CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). APABETALONE IS AN ORALLY AVAILABLE INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS, WHICH ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE PHASE 3 BETONMACE TRIAL, APABETALONE REDUCED RISK OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS (MACE) BY 50% IN THE CKD SUBPOPULATION, INDICATING FAVORABLE EFFECTS ALONG THE KIDNEY-HEART AXIS. ACTIVATION OF HUMAN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS (HRMCS) TO A CONTRACTILE PHENOTYPE THAT OVERPRODUCES EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AND PROMOTES CALCIFICATION, FREQUENTLY ACCOMPANIES CKD TO DRIVE PATHOLOGY. HERE, WE SHOW APABETALONE DOWNREGULATED HRMC ACTIVATION WITH TGF-BETA1 STIMULATION BY SUPPRESSING TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) EXPRESSION, ALPHA-SMA ASSEMBLY INTO STRESS FIBERS, ENHANCED CONTRACTION, COLLAGEN OVERPRODUCTION, AND EXPRESSION OF KEY DRIVERS OF FIBROSIS, INFLAMMATION, OR CALCIFICATION INCLUDING THROMBOSPONDIN, FIBRONECTIN, PERIOSTIN, SPARC, INTERLEUKIN 6, AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE. LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-STIMULATED EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IL6, IL1B, AND PTGS2 WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED. TRANSCRIPTOMICS CONFIRMED APABETALONE AFFECTED GENE SETS OF ECM REMODELING AND INTEGRINS. CLINICAL TRANSLATION OF IN VITRO RESULTS WAS INDICATED IN CKD PATIENTS WHERE A SINGLE DOSE OF APABETALONE REDUCED PLASMA LEVELS OF KEY PRO-FIBROTIC AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS, AND INDICATED INHIBITION OF TGF-BETA1 SIGNALING. WHILE PLASMA PROTEINS CANNOT BE TRACED TO THE KIDNEY ALONE, ANTI-FIBROTIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF APABETALONE IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE OBSERVED DECREASE IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN CKD PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  587  42 BENEFIT OF APABETALONE ON PLASMA PROTEINS IN RENAL DISEASE. INTRODUCTION: APABETALONE, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR, TARGETS EPIGENETIC READERS TERMED BET PROTEINS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO GENE DYSREGULATION IN HUMAN DISORDERS. APABETALONE HAS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIATHEROSCLEROTIC PROPERTIES. IN PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIALS, THIS DRUG REDUCED THE INCIDENCE OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF RENAL FUNCTION AND A HIGH RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. WE STUDIED THE IMPACT OF APABETALONE ON THE PLASMA PROTEOME IN PATIENTS WITH IMPAIRED KIDNEY FUNCTION. METHODS: SUBJECTS WITH STAGE 4 OR 5 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND MATCHED CONTROLS RECEIVED A SINGLE DOSE OF APABETALONE. PLASMA WAS COLLECTED FOR PHARMACOKINETIC ANALYSIS AND FOR PROTEOMICS PROFILING USING THE SOMASCAN 1.3K PLATFORM. PROTEOMICS DATA WERE ANALYZED WITH INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY DYSREGULATED PATHWAYS IN DISEASED PATIENTS, WHICH WERE TARGETED BY APABETALONE. RESULTS: AT BASELINE, 169 PLASMA PROTEINS (ADJUSTED P VALUE <0.05) WERE DIFFERENTIALLY ENRICHED IN RENALLY IMPAIRED PATIENTS VERSUS CONTROL SUBJECTS, INCLUDING CYSTATIN C AND BETA(2) MICROGLOBULIN, WHICH CORRELATE WITH RENAL FUNCTION. BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS OF THE PLASMA PROTEOME REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT ACTIVATION OF 42 PATHWAYS THAT CONTROL IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, VASCULAR CALCIFICATION, AND COAGULATION. AT 12 HOURS POSTDOSE, APABETALONE COUNTERED THE ACTIVATION OF PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL DISEASE AND REDUCED THE ABUNDANCE OF DISEASE MARKERS, INCLUDING INTERLEUKIN-6, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR-1, AND OSTEOPONTIN. CONCLUSION: THESE DATA DEMONSTRATED PLASMA PROTEOME DYSREGULATION IN RENALLY IMPAIRED PATIENTS AND THE BENEFICIAL IMPACT OF APABETALONE ON PATHWAYS LINKED TO CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND ITS CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5 4582  35 N-TERMINAL BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS DISRUPT A BRD4-P65 INTERACTION AND REDUCE INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE TRANSCRIPTION IN PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF PANCREATIC ISLETS IS A KEY DRIVER OF BETA-CELL DAMAGE THAT CAN LEAD TO AUTOREACTIVITY AND THE EVENTUAL ONSET OF AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES (T1D). IN THE ISLET, ELEVATED LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES INDUCE THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS) GENE, NOS2, ULTIMATELY RESULTING IN INCREASED NITRIC OXIDE (NO). EXCESSIVE OR PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO NO CAUSES BETA-CELL DYSFUNCTION AND FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH DEFECTS IN MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION. RECENT STUDIES SHOWED THAT INHIBITION OF THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) FAMILY OF PROTEINS, A DRUGGABLE CLASS OF EPIGENETIC READER PROTEINS, PREVENTS THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF T1D IN THE NON-OBESE DIABETIC MOUSE MODEL. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT BET PROTEINS CO-ACTIVATE TRANSCRIPTION OF CYTOKINE-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY GENE TARGETS IN BETA-CELLS AND THAT SELECTIVE, CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC INHIBITION OF BET BROMODOMAINS COULD REDUCE SUCH TRANSCRIPTION. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ABILITY OF BET BROMODOMAIN SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS TO REDUCE THE BETA-CELL RESPONSE TO THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN 1 BETA (IL-1BETA). BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITION ATTENUATED IL-1BETA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF THE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR NOS2 AND CONSEQUENT INOS PROTEIN AND NO PRODUCTION. REDUCED NOS2 TRANSCRIPTION IS CONSISTENT WITH INHIBITION OF NF-KAPPAB FACILITATED BY DISRUPTING THE INTERACTION OF A SINGLE BET FAMILY MEMBER, BRD4, WITH THE NF-KAPPAB SUBUNIT, P65. USING RECENTLY REPORTED SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND BET BROMODOMAINS, INHIBITION OF ONLY THE FIRST BROMODOMAIN WAS NECESSARY TO REDUCE THE INTERACTION OF BRD4 WITH P65 IN BETA-CELLS. MOREOVER, INHIBITION OF THE FIRST BROMODOMAIN WAS SUFFICIENT TO MITIGATE IL-1BETA-DRIVEN DECREASES IN MITOCHONDRIAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RATES AND BETA-CELL VIABILITY. BY IDENTIFYING A ROLE FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BRD4 AND P65 IN CONTROLLING THE RESPONSE OF BETA-CELLS TO PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, WE PROVIDE MECHANISTIC INFORMATION ON HOW BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITION CAN DECREASE INFLAMMATION. THESE STUDIES ALSO SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF MORE SELECTIVE BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS IN ATTENUATING BETA-CELL INFLAMMATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6  593  33 BET PROTEIN INHIBITION REGULATES CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND PROMOTES NEUROPROTECTION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY. BACKGROUND: SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI) USUALLY CAUSES A DEVASTATING LIFELONG DISABILITY FOR PATIENTS. AFTER A TRAUMATIC LESION, DISRUPTION OF THE BLOOD-SPINAL CORD BARRIER INDUCES THE INFILTRATION OF MACROPHAGES INTO THE LESION SITE AND THE ACTIVATION OF RESIDENT GLIAL CELLS, WHICH RELEASE CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES. THESE EVENTS RESULT IN A PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION, WHICH HAS BOTH DETRIMENTAL AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS, BUT EVENTUALLY LIMITS FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE APPEARANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES BY INTERACTING WITH ACETYLATED LYSINE RESIDUES. WHILE BET INHIBITORS ARE A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR CANCER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THEIR IMPLICATION AFTER SCI. THUS, THE CURRENT STUDY WAS AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ROLE OF BET INHIBITORS IN THIS PATHOLOGIC CONDITION. METHODS: WE EVALUATED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE BET INHIBITOR JQ1 TO MODIFY MACROPHAGE REACTIVITY IN VITRO AND TO MODULATE INFLAMMATION IN A SCI MICE MODEL. WE ANALYZED THE EFFECTS OF BET INHIBITION IN PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. WE DETERMINED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BET INHIBITION IN TISSUE SPARING, INFLAMMATION, NEURONAL PROTECTION, AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME AFTER SCI. RESULTS: WE HAVE FOUND THAT THE BET INHIBITOR JQ1 REDUCED THE LEVELS OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. A PROLONGED TREATMENT WITH JQ1 ALSO DECREASED REACTIVITY OF MICROGLIA/MACROPHAGES, ENHANCED NEUROPROTECTION AND FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY, AND ACUTELY REDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER SCI. CONCLUSIONS: BET PROTEIN INHIBITION IS AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT TO REGULATE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND PROMOTE NEUROPROTECTION AFTER SCI. THESE NOVEL RESULTS DEMONSTRATE FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT TARGETING BET PROTEINS IS AN ENCOURAGING APPROACH FOR SCI REPAIR AND A POTENTIAL STRATEGY TO TREAT OTHER INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7  592  34 BET BROMODOMAIN PROTEINS REGULATE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPROGRAMMING IN GENETIC DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY. THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) FAMILY COMPRISES EPIGENETIC READER PROTEINS THAT ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF INFLAMMATORY AND HYPERTROPHIC GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HEART. WE PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED THE ACTIVATION OF PROINFLAMMATORY GENE NETWORKS AS A KEY EARLY DRIVER OF DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY (DCM) IN TRANSGENIC MICE EXPRESSING A MUTANT FORM OF PHOSPHOLAMBAN (PLNR9C) - A GENETIC CAUSE OF DCM IN HUMANS. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT BETS COACTIVATE THIS INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, REPRESENTING A CRITICAL NODE IN THE PROGRESSION OF DCM. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE TREATED PLNR9C OR AGE-MATCHED WT MICE LONGITUDINALLY WITH THE SMALL MOLECULE BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITOR JQ1 OR VEHICLE. BET INHIBITION ABROGATED ADVERSE CARDIAC REMODELING, REDUCED CARDIAC FIBROSIS, AND PROLONGED SURVIVAL IN PLNR9C MICE BY INHIBITING EXPRESSION OF PROINFLAMMATORY GENE NETWORKS AT ALL STAGES OF DISEASE. SPECIFICALLY, JQ1 HAD PROFOUND EFFECTS ON PROINFLAMMATORY GENE NETWORK EXPRESSION IN CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS, WHILE HAVING LITTLE EFFECT ON GENE EXPRESSION IN CARDIOMYOCYTES. CARDIAC FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION WAS ALSO SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED BY JQ1. MECHANISTICALLY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT BRD4 SERVES AS A DIRECT AND ESSENTIAL REGULATOR OF NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED PROINFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION IN CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS. SUPPRESSING PROINFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION VIA BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITION COULD BE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR CHRONIC DCM IN HUMANS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8  689  33 BRD4 AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN PULMONARY DISEASES. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC MODULATORS THAT REGULATE GENE TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH INTERACTING WITH ACETYLATED LYSINE RESIDUES OF HISTONE PROTEINS. BET PROTEINS HAVE MULTIPLE ROLES IN REGULATING KEY CELLULAR FUNCTIONS SUCH AS CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE AND REDOX BALANCE, AND IMMUNE RESPONSES. AS A RESULT, BET PROTEINS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN A BROAD RANGE OF HUMAN LUNG DISEASES INCLUDING ACUTE LUNG INFLAMMATION, ASTHMA, PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY FIBROSIS, AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). DUE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC SMALL MOLECULAR INHIBITORS OF BET PROTEINS, TARGETING BET IN THESE LUNG DISEASES HAS BECOME AN AREA OF INCREASING INTEREST. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS DEMONSTRATED THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF BET INHIBITORS IN PRECLINICAL MODELS OF VARIOUS HUMAN LUNG DISEASES. THIS IS, IN GENERAL, LARGELY RELATED TO THE ABILITY OF BET PROTEINS TO BIND TO PROMOTERS OF GENES THAT ARE CRITICAL FOR INFLAMMATION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND BEYOND. BY MODULATING THESE CRITICAL GENES, BET PROTEINS ARE INTEGRATED INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASE PROGRESSION. THE INTRINSIC HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY OF BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) IS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST, SEEMS TO ACT INDEPENDENTLY OF ITS BROMODOMAIN BINDING ACTIVITY, AND HAS IMPLICATION IN SOME CONTEXTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH ON BET PROTEINS WITH A FOCUS ON BRD4 IN SEVERAL MAJOR HUMAN LUNG DISEASES, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, AS WELL AS FINDINGS OF TARGETING BET PROTEINS USING PHARMACEUTICAL INHIBITORS IN DIFFERENT LUNG DISEASES PRECLINICALLY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
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	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10 5045  27 PHARMACOLOGIC EPIGENETIC MODULATORS OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), DISTURBANCE OF SEVERAL METABOLIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS CAUSE PREMATURE AGEING, ACCELERATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD), AND MORTALITY. SINGLE-TARGET INTERVENTIONS HAVE REPEATEDLY FAILED TO IMPROVE THE PROGNOSIS FOR CKD PATIENTS. EPIGENETIC INTERVENTIONS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MODULATE SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC PROCESSES SIMULTANEOUSLY. ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) IS A ROBUST PREDICTOR OF CVD AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY AND IMPLICATED IN PATHOGENIC PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH CVD IN CKD. RECENT FINDINGS: IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ALP BY MICRORNAS OR BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEIN INHIBITION HAS SHOWN PROMISING RESULTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CVD AND OTHER CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASES. THE BET INHIBITOR APABETALONE IS CURRENTLY BEING EVALUATED FOR CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION IN A PHASE III CLINICAL STUDY IN HIGH-RISK CVD PATIENTS, INCLUDING PATIENTS WITH CKD (CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02586155). PHASE II STUDIES DEMONSTRATE AN ALP-LOWERING POTENTIAL OF APABETALONE, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL OUTCOMES. SUMMARY: ALP IS A PREDICTOR OF CVD AND MORTALITY IN CKD. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ALP HAS THE POTENTIAL TO AFFECT SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC PROCESSES IN CKD AND THEREBY IMPROVE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11 1650  23 DOMAIN-SELECTIVE TARGETING OF BET PROTEINS IN CANCER AND IMMUNOLOGICAL DISEASES. CANCER AND INFLAMMATION ARE STRONGLY INTERCONNECTED PROCESSES. CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES CAN BE AT THE HEART OF TUMOR DEVELOPMENT; SIMILARLY, TUMOR-ELICITED INFLAMMATION IS A CONSEQUENCE OF MANY CANCERS. THE MECHANISTIC INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN CANCER AND INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES POINTS TOWARD COMMON PROTEIN EFFECTORS WHICH REPRESENT POTENTIAL SHARED TARGETS FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OFTEN DRIVE RESISTANCE TO CANCER THERAPY AND IMMUNOMODULATORY STRATEGIES. THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC ADAPTERS WHICH PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN CONTROLLING CELL PROLIFERATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. A PLETHORA OF SMALL MOLECULES AIMED AT INHIBITING BET PROTEIN FUNCTION TO TREAT CANCER AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES HAVE POPULATED ACADEMIC AND INDUSTRY EFFORTS IN THE LAST 10 YEARS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL DISCUSS RECENT PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES AIMED AT TARGETING A SINGLE OR A SUBSET OF THE EIGHT BROMODOMAINS WITHIN THE BET FAMILY WHICH HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO TEASE APART CLINICAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY SIGNALS OF BET INHIBITORS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12 5592  27 ROLE OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA IN THE HUMAN SYSTEMIC ENDOTOXIN-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTOME. TNFALPHA HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF VARIOUS INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES TO INHIBIT TNFALPHA IN PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS HAVE SHOWN CONTRASTING OUTCOMES. ALTHOUGH TNFALPHA INHIBITORS ARE WIDELY USED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, THE IMPACT OF TNFALPHA ANTAGONISM ON WHITE BLOOD CELL GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATION IN HUMANS IN VIVO HAS NOT BEEN ASSESSED. WE HERE LEVERAGED THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF HUMAN ENDOTOXEMIA TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF THE TNFALPHA ANTAGONIST, ETANERCEPT, ON THE GENOME-WIDE TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSES IN CIRCULATING LEUKOCYTES INDUCED BY INTRAVENOUS LPS ADMINISTRATION IN MALE SUBJECTS. ETANERCEPT PRE-TREATMENT RESULTED IN A MARKEDLY DAMPENED TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSE TO LPS. GENE CO-EXPRESSION NETWORK ANALYSIS REVEALED THIS LPS-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTOME CAN BE CATEGORIZED AS TNFALPHA RESPONSIVE AND NON-RESPONSIVE MODULES. HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT TNFALPHA RESPONSIVE MODULES INCLUDE NF-KB SIGNALING, ANTIVIRAL RESPONSES AND T-CELL MEDIATED RESPONSES. WITHIN THESE TNFALPHA RESPONSIVE MODULES WE DELINEATE FUNDAMENTAL GENES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, TRANSCRIPTIONAL INITIATION AND ELONGATION. THUS, WE PROVIDE COMPREHENSIVE INFORMATION ABOUT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS THAT MIGHT BE TARGETED BY THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS THAT SEEK TO INHIBIT TNFALPHA ACTIVITY DURING HUMAN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
13  141  28 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF MTOR PATHWAY GENES PROMOTES INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION OF IMMUNE CELLS IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD), BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL IMMUNE CELLS CONTRIBUTES TO DKD PROGRESSION. WE SHOWED THAT LEVELS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1), A KEY ENZYME FOR DNA METHYLATION, WERE INCREASED ALONG WITH INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN DKD PATIENTS. INHIBITION OF DNMT1 WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA) MARKEDLY INCREASED THE PROPORTION OF CD4(+)CD25(+) REGULATORY T CELLS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN CULTURE AND IN DIABETIC ANIMALS. ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF IMMUNE CELLS FROM 5-AZA-TREATED ANIMALS SHOWED BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON THE HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM, RESULTING IN A SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF DKD. USING GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ASSAYS, WE IDENTIFIED THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CYTOSINES IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR) REGULATORS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS OF DIABETIC PATIENTS. FURTHER, MRNA ARRAYS CONFIRMED THE CONSISTENT INDUCTION OF GENES EXPRESSED IN THE MTOR PATHWAY. IMPORTANTLY, DOWN-REGULATION OF DNMT1 EXPRESSION VIA RNA INTERFERENCE RESULTED IN PROMINENT CYTOSINE DEMETHYLATION OF MTOR NEGATIVE REGULATORS AND SUBSEQUENT DECREASE OF MTOR ACTIVITY. LASTLY, MODULATION OF MTOR RESULTED IN CHANGES IN THE EFFECT OF 5-AZA ON DIABETIC IMMUNE CELLS. THUS, UP-REGULATION OF DNMT1 IN DIABETIC IMMUNE CELLS INDUCES ABERRANT CYTOSINE METHYLATION OF THE UPSTREAM REGULATORS OF MTOR, LEADING TO PATHOGENIC ACTIVATION OF THE MTOR PATHWAY AND CONSEQUENT INFLAMMATION IN DIABETIC KIDNEYS. HENCE, THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN IMMUNE SYSTEM FOR TREATING DKD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14 5054  38 PHARMACOPROTEOMICS REVEAL NOVEL PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF BROMODOMAIN CONTAINING 4 INHIBITORS ON VASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS IN TLR3-MEDIATED AIRWAY REMODELING. SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) ARE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTICS FOR VIRAL AND ALLERGEN-INDUCED AIRWAY REMODELING. A LIMITATION OF THEIR PRECLINICAL ADVANCEMENT IS THE LACK OF DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND BIOMARKERS OF EFFECT. WE REPORT A SYSTEMS-LEVEL PHARMACOPROTEOMICS IN A STANDARDIZED MURINE MODEL OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR TLR3-NFKAPPAB/RELA INNATE INFLAMMATION IN THE ABSENCE OR PRESENCE OF A HIGHLY SELECTIVE BRD4 INHIBITOR (ZL0454) OR NONSELECTIVE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN INHIBITOR (JQ1). PROTEOMICS OF BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID (BALF) SECRETOME AND EXOSOMAL PROTEINS FROM THIS MURINE MODEL REVEALED INCREASED, SELECTIVE, CAPILLARY LEAK ASSOCIATED WITH PERICYTE-MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSITION, A PHENOMENON BLOCKED BY BRD4 INHIBITORS. BALF PROTEOMICS ALSO SUGGESTED THAT ZL0454 BETTER REDUCED THE VASCULAR LEAKAGE AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DEPOSITION THAN JQ1. A SIGNIFICANT SUBSET OF INFLAMMATION-MEDIATED REMODELING FACTORS WAS ALSO IDENTIFIED IN A MOUSE MODEL OF IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS PRODUCED BY BLEOMYCIN. BALF EXOSOME ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT BRD4 INHIBITORS REDUCED THE INDUCTION OF EXOSOMES ENRICHED IN COAGULATION FACTORS WHOSE PRESENCE CORRELATED WITH INTERSTITIAL FIBRIN DEPOSITION. FINALLY, BALF SAMPLES FROM HUMANS WITH SEVERE ASTHMA DEMONSTRATED SIMILAR UPREGULATIONS OF ORM2, APCS, SPARCL1, FGA, AND FN1, SUGGESTING THEIR POTENTIAL AS BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF AIRWAY REMODELING AND/OR MONITORING OF THERAPY RESPONSE. SIGNIFICANCE: REPETITIVE AND CHRONIC VIRAL UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS TRIGGER TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)3-NFKAPPAB/RELA MEDIATED AIRWAY REMODELING WHICH IS LINKED TO A PROGRESSIVE DECLINE IN PULMONARY FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) ARE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTICS FOR VIRAL AND ALLERGEN-INDUCED AIRWAY REMODELING. A LIMITATION OF THEIR PRECLINICAL ADVANCEMENT IS THE LACK OF DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND BIOMARKERS OF EFFECT. OUR STUDY REVEALED THAT THE ACTIVATION OF (TLR)3-NFKAPPAB/RELA PATHWAY IN THE LUNG INDUCED AN ELEVATION IN COAGULATION, COMPLEMENT, AND PLATELET FACTORS, INDICATING THE INCREASED VASCULAR LEAK DURING AIRWAY REMODELING. THE MECHANISM OF VASCULAR LEAKAGE WAS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PERICYTE-MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSITION, WHICH WAS BLOCKED BY BRD4 INHIBITORS. FINALLY, PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS OF THE BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID SAMPLES FROM HUMANS WITH SEVERE ASTHMA DEMONSTRATED SIMILAR FINDINGS THAT WE OBSERVED IN THE ANIMAL MODEL.	2019	

15 6687  20 VALIDATION OF THE EPIGENETIC READER BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR TREATMENT OF AIRWAY REMODELING. STRUCTURAL REMODELING IS CENTRAL TO THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF MANY CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES, REPRESENTING AN IMPORTANT UNMET NEED. WE EXAMINE THE EVIDENCE SUPPORTING BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) AS A VALIDATED BIOLOGICAL TARGET FOR TREATMENT OF AIRWAY REMODELING. IN EPITHELIAL CELLS AND FIBROBLASTS, BRD4 SERVES AS A SCAFFOLD FOR CHROMATIN REMODELING COMPLEXES IN ACTIVE SUPER-ENHANCERS. IN RESPONSE TO INFLAMMATORY STIMULI, BRD4 IS REPOSITIONED TO INNATE AND MESENCHYMAL GENES ACTIVATING THEIR PRODUCTION. PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDIES SHOW PROMISING BENEFIT OF SELECTIVE BRD4 INHIBITORS IN DISRUPTING EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION AND MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSITION IN DIVERSE MODELS OF LUNG INJURY. RECENT IDENTIFICATION OF BIOMARKERS OF BRD4 PROVIDES A BASIS FOR FURTHER DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR APPLICATION IN VIRAL-INDUCED AIRWAY INFLAMMATION, COPD AND INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16 3342  29 HISTONE DEACETYLASE9 REPRESENTS THE EPIGENETIC PROMOTION OF M1 MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE VIA TLR4 REGULATION. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MEDIATED BY VARIOUS FACTORS, WHERE EPIGENETIC REGULATION INVOLVING HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS ENVISAGED TO MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF RELATED PROTEINS BY REGULATING THE BINDING OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO DNA, THEREBY INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. THE MECHANISM OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS PARTLY KNOWN; HENCE, THIS PROJECT AIMED AT INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 (HDAC9) IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. FOR THIS PURPOSE, SERUM WAS SEPARATED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES FOLLOWING CLOTTING AND CENTRIFUGATION FROM ATHEROSCLEROTIC AND HEALTHY PATIENTS (N = 40 EACH), AND THEN, VARIOUS TESTS WERE PERFORMED. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4 (TLR4) WAS NOT ONLY POSITIVELY CORRELATED TO THE HDAC9 GENE, BUT WAS ALSO UPREGULATED IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHERE IT WAS ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED IN THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS CELL MODEL OF OXIDIZED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN-INDUCED MACROPHAGES. CONVERSELY, THE TLR4 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED IN INSTANCES OF LOSS OF HDAC9 FUNCTION, CEMENTING THE BRIDGING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HDAC9 AND MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION, WHERE THE HDAC9 WAS FOUND TO UPREGULATE M1 MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION WHICH TRANSLATED INTO THE RELEASE OF HIGHER CONTENT OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES SUCH AS INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA) AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA), WHICH TEND TO SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE FOLLOWING THE DELETION OF TLR4. HENCE, THIS STUDY REPORTS NOVEL RELATION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC CONTROL AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHICH COULD PARTLY BE EXPLAINED BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17 3795  26 INTERLEUKIN-6 CONTRIBUTES TO GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA CELLS BY ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF MALIGNANCY IS EXEMPLIFIED IN THE BILIARY TRACT WHERE PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION STRONGLY PREDISPOSES TO CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) ENHANCES TUMOR GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA BY ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION VIA AUTOCRINE MECHANISMS. IL-6 CAN REGULATE THE ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND MOREOVER, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CARCINOGENESIS. WE THEREFORE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO IL-6 ON METHYLATION-DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH IN HUMAN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AUTOCRINE IL-6 PATHWAYS, DNA METHYLATION, AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH WAS ASSESSED USING MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES STABLY TRANSFECTED TO OVEREXPRESS IL-6. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE DECREASED CELL PROLIFERATION, GROWTH IN SOFT AGAR, AND METHYLCYTOSINE CONTENT OF MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES. HOWEVER, THIS EFFECT WAS NOT OBSERVED IN IL-6-OVEREXPRESSING CELLS. IL-6 OVEREXPRESSION RESULTED IN THE ALTERED EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION OF SEVERAL GENES, INCLUDING THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR). EGFR PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS DECREASED AND GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED BY IL-6. THUS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY IL-6 CAN CONTRIBUTE TO TUMOR PROGRESSION BY ALTERING PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF GROWTH-REGULATORY PATHWAYS, SUCH AS THOSE INVOLVING EGFR. MOREOVER, ENHANCED IL-6 EXPRESSION MAY DECREASE THE SENSITIVITY OF TUMOR CELLS TO THERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS USING METHYLATION INHIBITORS. THESE OBSERVATIONS HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER TREATMENT AND PROVIDE A MECHANISM BY WHICH PERSISTENT CYTOKINE STIMULATION CAN PROMOTE TUMOR GROWTH.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18 1035  32 CLASS I HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION IMPROVES PANCREATITIS OUTCOME BY LIMITING LEUKOCYTE RECRUITMENT AND ACINAR-TO-DUCTAL METAPLASIA. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: PANCREATITIS IS A COMMON INFLAMMATION OF THE PANCREAS WITH RISING INCIDENCE IN MANY COUNTRIES. DESPITE IMPROVEMENTS IN DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, THE DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH RISK OF SEVERE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AND THERE IS AN URGENT NEED FOR NEW THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EVALUATED WHETHER HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS), KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION, ARE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: WE ANALYSED HDAC REGULATION DURING CERULEIN-INDUCED ACUTE, CHRONIC AND AUTOIMMUNE PANCREATITIS USING DIFFERENT TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODELS. THE FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF CLASS I HDACS WAS TESTED WITH THE SELECTIVE INHIBITOR MS-275 IN VIVO UPON PANCREATITIS INDUCTION AND IN VITRO IN ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES AND PRIMARY ACINAR CELL EXPLANTS. KEY RESULTS: HDAC EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY WERE UP-REGULATED IN A TIME-DEPENDENT MANNER FOLLOWING INDUCTION OF PANCREATITIS, WITH THE HIGHEST ABUNDANCE OBSERVED FOR CLASS I HDACS. CLASS I HDAC INHIBITION DID NOT PREVENT THE INITIAL ACINAR CELL DAMAGE. HOWEVER, IT EFFECTIVELY REDUCED THE INFILTRATION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS, INCLUDING MACROPHAGES AND T CELLS, IN BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC PHASES OF THE DISEASE, AND DIRECTLY DISRUPTED MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION. IN ADDITION, MS-275 TREATMENT REDUCED DNA DAMAGE IN ACINAR CELLS AND LIMITED ACINAR DE-DIFFERENTIATION INTO ACINAR-TO-DUCTAL METAPLASIA IN A CELL-AUTONOMOUS MANNER BY IMPEDING THE EGF RECEPTOR SIGNALLING AXIS. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT CLASS I HDACS ARE CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC FORMS OF PANCREATITIS AND SUGGEST THAT BLOCKADE OF CLASS I HDAC ISOFORMS IS A PROMISING TARGET TO IMPROVE THE OUTCOME OF THE DISEASE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19 3719  26 INHIBITION OF BET PROTEINS REDUCES RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION RESULTING FROM COMBINED HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS A CO-MORBIDITY, WHICH STRONGLY PARTICIPATES IN MORBI-MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). RECENT FINDINGS SHOWED THAT BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEINS, IN CHARGE OF READING HISTONE ACETYLATION, COULD BE INVOLVED IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION. OUR AIM WAS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF I-BET151, AN INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET), ON THE RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, INDUCED BY A COMBINATION OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION, AS THE TWO MAIN STIMULI ENCOUNTERED IN COPD. ADULT WISTAR MALE RATS, EXPOSED TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS PULMONARY INFLAMMATION (CHPI), SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY (+57%, P < 0.001), AN INCREASE IN SYSTOLIC PRESSURE (+46%, P < 0.001) AND IN CONTRACTION SPEED (+36%, P < 0.001), WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROL ANIMALS. I-BET151 TREATED ANIMALS (CHPI-IB) SHOWED RESTORED HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS TO LEVELS SIMILAR TO CONTROL ANIMALS, DESPITE CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS EXPOSURE TO PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. THEY DISPLAYED LOWER RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND HEMATOCRIT COMPARED TO THE CHPI GROUP (RESPECTIVELY -16%, P < 0.001; AND -9%, P < 0.05). OUR DESCRIPTIVE STUDY SHOWS A VALUABLE EFFECT OF THE INHIBITION OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS ON HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS, DESPITE THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. THIS SUGGESTS THAT SUCH INHIBITION COULD BE OF POTENTIAL INTEREST FOR COPD PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO UNRAVEL THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS INVOLVED AND THE NET BENEFITS OF INHIBITING ADAPTATIONS TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20 3720  24 INHIBITION OF CLASS I HISTONE DEACETYLASES ABROGATES TUMOR GROWTH FACTOR BETA EXPRESSION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FIBROSIS DURING CHRONIC PANCREATITIS. PANCREATIC FIBROSIS IS THE HALLMARK OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS, A HIGHLY DEBILITATING DISEASE FOR WHICH THERE IS CURRENTLY NO CURE. THE KEY EVENT AT THE BASIS OF PANCREATIC FIBROSIS IS THE DEPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS BY ACTIVATED PANCREATIC STELLATE CELLS (PSCS). TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA (TGFBETA) IS A POTENT PROFIBROTIC FACTOR IN THE PANCREAS AS IT PROMOTES THE ACTIVATION OF PSC; THUS, PHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS THAT EFFECTIVELY REDUCE TGFBETA EXPRESSION HARBOR CONSIDERABLE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER TGFBETA EXPRESSION IS REDUCED BY PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITION OF THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). TO ADDRESS THIS AIM, CHRONIC PANCREATITIS WAS INDUCED IN C57BL/6 MICE WITH SERIAL INJECTIONS OF CERULEIN, AND THE SELECTIVE CLASS 1 HDAC INHIBITOR MS-275 WAS ADMINISTERED IN VIVO IN A PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC MANNER. BOTH MS-275 REGIMENS POTENTLY REDUCED DEPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND DEVELOPMENT OF FIBROSIS IN THE PANCREAS AFTER 4 WEEKS OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS. REDUCED PANCREATIC FIBROSIS WAS CONCOMITANT WITH LOWER EXPRESSION OF PANCREATIC TGFBETA AND CONSEQUENT REDUCED PSC ACTIVATION. IN SEARCH OF THE CELL TYPES TARGETED BY THE INHIBITOR, WE FOUND THAT MS-275 TREATMENT ABROGATED THE EXPRESSION OF TGFBETA IN ACINAR CELLS STIMULATED BY CERULEIN TREATMENT. OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT MS-275 IS AN EFFECTIVE ANTIFIBROTIC AGENT IN THE CONTEXT OF EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC PANCREATITIS AND THUS MAY CONSTITUTE A VALID THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION FOR THIS SEVERE DISEASE.	2018