1 2222 116 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN SALIVARY GLANDS FROM PATIENTS WITH SJOGREN'S SYNDROME AFFECT CYTOKERATIN 19 EXPRESSION. SJOGREN'S SYNDROME (SS) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE EPITHELITIS, AND SEVERAL LINES OF EXPERIMENTS INDICATE THAT MULTIFACTORIAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO SALIVARY GLAND EPITHELIAL CELLS (SGEC) DYSFUNCTIONS INCLUDING A COMBINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATIONS, GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC DEFECTS. SUCH STATEMENT IS REINFORCED BY THE OBSERVATION THAT GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION (5MECYT) IS ALTERED IN MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS FROM PSS PATIENTS AND THAT SUCH DEFECT IS ASSOCIATED CYTOKERATIN 19 (KRT19) OVEREXPRESSION. AN EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF THE KRT19 GENE WAS FURTHER TESTED BY TREATING THE HUMAN SALIVARY GLAND (HSG) CELL LINE WITH THE DNA DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZACYTIDIN, AND WITH THE HISTONE ACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A. BLOCKING DNA METHYLATION, BUT NOT HISTONE ACETYLATION, WITH 5-AZACYTIDIN WAS ASSOCIATED WITH KRT19 OVEREXPRESSION AT BOTH TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND PROTEIN LEVEL. NEXT, ANALYSIS OF THE CPG GENOME-WIDE METHYLOME ARRAY IN THE KTR19 LOCUS FROM LONG TERM CULTURED SGEC OBTAINED FROM 8 PSS PATIENTS REVEALED A MORE REDUCED DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN THOSE PATIENTS WITH DEFECTIVE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION. ALTOGETHER, OUR DATA, THEREFORE, SUGGEST THAT ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN SGEC MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PSS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IN PART BY CONTROLLING THE EXPRESSION OF KRT19.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
2  823  40 CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPREHENSIVE DYNAMIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING HUMAN PRIMARY SJOGREN'S SYNDROME PROGRESSION. BACKGROUND: PRIMARY SJOGREN'S SYNDROME (PSS) IS A SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY REDUCED EXOCRINE GLAND (PRINCIPALLY THE SALIVARY AND LACRIMAL GLANDS) ACTIVITY CAUSED BY CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATION. ALTHOUGH PSS HAS BEEN CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (MALT) LYMPHOMA, THE DYNAMIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE GLAND CELLS THAT ACCOMPANY THE PATHOGENESIS ARE NOT ENTIRELY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: IN THIS STUDY, WE HARVESTED TISSUE SAMPLES FROM THE LABIAL GLAND WITH (LG_PSS) OR WITHOUT PSS (LG_NC) BEFORE MALT DEVELOPMENT, AS WELL AS THE PAROTID GLAND WITH TUMOR TISSUES (PG_MALT) AND PARACANCEROUS TISSUES (PG_NC) OF TWO PSS PATIENTS WITH MALT LYMPHOMA, AND CONDUCTED RNA-SEQ AND CHIP-SEQ FOR TRI-METHYLATED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4, 9, 27, 36, AND 79 (H3K4/9/27/36/79ME3). RESULTS: TRANSCRIPTOME LANDSCAPES INDICATED TWO OUTCOMES OF PSS PROGRESSION WITH OR WITHOUT MALT LYMPHOMA REPRESENTED BY DISTINCT POPULATIONS OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. FURTHERMORE, THE EPIGENETIC ATLAS OF GENOME-WIDE H3K4/9/27/36/79ME3 WAS IN DIFFERENT STAGES FOR VARIOUS SAMPLES, INDICATING THAT THE VARIANCE OF H3K4ME3 WAS THE EARLIEST EVENT, FOLLOWED BY SELECTIVE ALTERATIONS OF H3K9/27/36/79ME3. THESE FOUR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS DETERMINE THE FINAL OUTCOME OF PSS PROGRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS NOT ONLY ADVANCE THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE DYNAMICS OF PSS PROGRESSION AND HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN REGULATING TRANSCRIPTION DURING THIS PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS, BUT ALSO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR PSS TREATMENT AND LYMPHOMA INTERVENTION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3 1584  24 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF SELECTED PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN ALZHEIMER DISEASE. BY MEANS OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS ANALYSIS, WE RECENTLY DESCRIBED THE MRNA EXPRESSION PROFILES OF VARIOUS GENES INVOLVED IN THE NEUROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE BRAINS OF SUBJECTS WITH LATE-ONSET ALZHEIMER DISEASE (LOAD). SOME OF THESE GENES, NAMELY INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6, SHOWED DISTINCT EXPRESSION PROFILES WITH PEAK EXPRESSION DURING THE FIRST STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND CONTROL-LIKE LEVELS AT LATER STAGES. IL-1BETA AND IL-6 GENES ARE MODULATED BY DNA METHYLATION IN DIFFERENT CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES; IT IS ALSO WELL KNOWN THAT LOAD MAY HAVE AN EPIGENETIC BASIS. INDEED, WE AND OTHERS HAVE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED GENE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN LOAD AND IN RELATED ANIMAL MODELS. BASED ON THESE DATA, WE STUDIED THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES, AT SINGLE CYTOSINE RESOLUTION, OF IL-1BETA AND IL-6 5'-FLANKING REGION BY BISULPHITE MODIFICATION IN THE CORTEX OF HEALTHY CONTROLS AND LOAD PATIENTS AT 2 DIFFERENT DISEASE STAGES: BRAAK I-II/A AND BRAAK V-VI/C. OUR ANALYSIS PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT NEUROINFLAMMATION IN LOAD IS ASSOCIATED WITH (AND POSSIBLY MEDIATED BY) EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
4 3468  36 HYPOXIA-INDUCED DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN PULMONARY FIBROBLASTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PRO-FIBROTIC PHENOTYPE. BACKGROUND: PULMONARY FIBROSIS IS A DEBILITATING AND LETHAL DISEASE WITH NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AT PLAY WILL DIRECT THE APPLICATION OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AVENUES. HYPOXIA HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY FIBROSIS YET THE PRECISE MECHANISM BY WHICH IT CONTRIBUTES TO DISEASE PROGRESSION REMAINS TO BE FULLY ELUCIDATED. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA CAN ALTER DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN TUMOUR-DERIVED CELL LINES. THIS EPIGENETIC ALTERATION CAN INDUCE CHANGES IN CELLULAR PHENOTYPE WITH PROMOTER METHYLATION BEING ASSOCIATED WITH GENE SILENCING. OF PARTICULAR RELEVANCE TO IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS THE OBSERVATION THAT THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MYOFIBROBLAST PHENOTYPE WHERE LOSS OF THY-1 OCCURS ALONGSIDE INCREASED ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) EXPRESSION. THE INITIAL AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER HYPOXIA REGULATES DNA METHYLATION IN NORMAL HUMAN LUNG FIBROBLASTS (CCD19LU). AS IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT HYPOXIA SUPPRESSES THY-1 EXPRESSION DURING LUNG DEVELOPMENT WE ALSO STUDIED THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. METHODS: CCD19LU WERE GROWN FOR UP TO 8 DAYS IN HYPOXIA AND ASSESSED FOR GLOBAL CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION USING FLOW CYTOMETRY. REAL-TIME PCR WAS USED TO QUANTIFY EXPRESSION OF THY-1, ALPHA-SMA, COLLAGEN I AND III. GENOMIC DNA WAS BISULPHITE TREATED AND METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR (MSPCR) WAS USED TO EXAMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE THY-1 PROMOTER. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANT GLOBAL HYPERMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN HYPOXIC FIBROBLASTS RELATIVE TO NORMOXIC CONTROLS AND WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF MYOFIBROBLAST MARKERS. THY-1 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS SUPPRESSED IN HYPOXIC CELLS, WHICH WAS RESTORED WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. MSPCR REVEALED THAT THY-1 BECAME METHYLATED FOLLOWING FIBROBLAST EXPOSURE TO 1% O2. CONCLUSION: THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN FIBROBLAST FUNCTION IN HYPOXIA.	2012	
                                                                                                                                
5 3066  29 GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CD4+ T CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS IS A CHRONIC-RELAPSING AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE OF INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD ETIOLOGY. RECENT EVIDENCE STRONGLY SUPPORTS AN EPIGENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF LUPUS. TO UNDERSTAND THE EXTENT AND NATURE OF DYSREGULATED DNA METHYLATION IN LUPUS T CELLS, WE PERFORMED A GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STUDY IN CD4 (+) T CELLS IN LUPUS PATIENTS COMPARED TO NORMAL HEALTHY CONTROLS. CYTOSINE METHYLATION WAS QUANTIFIED IN 27,578 CG SITES LOCATED WITHIN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF 14,495 GENES. WE IDENTIFIED 236 HYPOMETHYLATED AND 105 HYPERMETHYLATED CG SITES IN LUPUS CD4 (+) T CELLS COMPARED TO NORMAL CONTROLS, CONSISTENT WITH WIDESPREAD DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN LUPUS T CELLS. OF INTEREST, HYPOMETHYLATED GENES IN LUPUS T CELLS INCLUDE CD9, WHICH IS KNOWN TO PROVIDE POTENT T-CELL CO-STIMULATION SIGNALS. OTHER GENES WITH KNOWN INVOLVEMENT IN AUTOIMMUNITY SUCH AS MMP9 AND PDGFRA WERE ALSO HYPOMETHYLATED. THE BST2 GENE, AN INTERFERON-INDUCIBLE MEMBRANE-BOUND PROTEIN THAT HELPS RESTRICT THE RELEASE OF RETROVIRAL PARTICLES WAS ALSO HYPOMETHYLATED IN LUPUS PATIENTS. GENES INVOLVED IN FOLATE BIOSYNTHESIS, WHICH PLAYS A ROLE IN DNA METHYLATION, WERE OVERREPRESENTED AMONG HYPERMETHYLATED GENES. IN ADDITION, THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RUNX3 WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN PATIENTS, SUGGESTING AN IMPACT ON T-CELL MATURATION. PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION MAPS IDENTIFIED A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, HNF4A, AS A REGULATORY HUB AFFECTING A NUMBER OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES. APOPTOSIS WAS ALSO AN OVERREPRESENTED ONTOLOGY IN THESE INTERACTION MAPS. FURTHER, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RAB22A, STX1B2, LGALS3BP, DNASE1L1 AND PREX1 CORRELATES WITH DISEASE ACTIVITY IN LUPUS PATIENTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
6 1545  37 DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER TUMORIGENESIS IN FISH FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, ALTERATION IN DNA METHYLATION AND CANCER HAS BEEN WELL ESTABLISHED IN HUMANS; YET, IT IS UNDER-STUDIED IN UNSEQUENCED NON-MODEL ORGANISMS. THE OCCURRENCE OF LIVER TUMORS IN THE FLATFISH DAB COLLECTED AT CERTAIN UK SAMPLING SITES EXCEEDS 20%, YET THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS AND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TUMOR FORMATION ARE NOT KNOWN, ESPECIALLY REGARDING THE BALANCE BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC FACTORS. METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP) COMBINED WITH DE NOVO HIGH-THROUGHPUT DNA SEQUENCING WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN DAB HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA TUMORS FOR THE FIRST TIME IN AN UNSEQUENCED SPECIES. NOVEL CUSTOM-MADE DAB GENE EXPRESSION ARRAYS WERE DESIGNED AND USED TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. IN ADDITION, THE CONFIRMATORY TECHNIQUES OF BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR (BSP) AND RT-PCR WERE APPLIED. GENES INVOLVED IN PATHWAYS RELATED TO CANCER, INCLUDING APOPTOSIS, WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING AND GENOMIC AND NON-GENOMIC ESTROGEN RESPONSES, WERE ALTERED BOTH IN METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION. GLOBAL METHYLATION WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY 1.8-FOLD REDUCED IN HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA AND NON-CANCEROUS SURROUNDING TISSUES COMPARED WITH LIVER FROM NON-CANCER BEARING DAB. BASED ON THE IDENTIFIED CHANGES AND CHEMICAL EXPOSURE DATA, OUR STUDY SUPPORTS THE EPIGENETIC MODEL OF CANCER. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO A MIXTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS CONTRIBUTES TO A GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION FOLLOWED BY FURTHER EPIGENETIC AND GENOMIC CHANGES. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST A LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, EPIGENETICS AND CANCER IN FISH TUMORS IN THE WILD AND SHOW THE UTILITY OF THIS METHODOLOGY FOR STUDIES IN NON-MODEL ORGANISMS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7 2395  34 EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN MIST1(-/-) MICE PREDICTS THE MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO CERULEIN-INDUCED PANCREATITIS. GENE EXPRESSION IS AFFECTED BY MODIFICATIONS TO HISTONE CORE PROTEINS WITHIN CHROMATIN. CHANGES IN THESE MODIFICATIONS, OR EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, CAN DICTATE CELL FATE AND PROMOTE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC STRESS THAT OCCURS FOLLOWING ABLATION OF MIST1 (MIST1(-/-) ), WHICH IS REPRESSED IN PANCREATIC DISEASE. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOR TRIMETHYLATION OF LYSINE RESIDUE 4 ON HISTONE 3 (H3K4ME3) IN PURIFIED ACINAR CELLS FROM WILD TYPE AND MIST1(-/-) MICE WAS FOLLOWED BY NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) OR CHIP-QPCR. H3K4ME3-ENRICHED GENES WERE ASSESSED FOR EXPRESSION BY QRT-PCR IN PANCREATIC TISSUE BEFORE AND AFTER INDUCTION OF CERULEIN-INDUCED PANCREATITIS. WHILE MOST OF H3K4ME3-ENRICHMENT IS RESTRICTED TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITES, >25% OF ENRICHMENT SITES ARE FOUND WITHIN, DOWNSTREAM OR BETWEEN ANNOTATED GENES. LESS THAN 10% OF THESE SITES WERE ALTERED IN MIST1(-/-) ACINI, WITH MOST CHANGES IN H3K4ME3 ENRICHMENT NOT REFLECTING ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION. INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF GENES DIFFERENTIALLY-ENRICHED FOR H3K4ME3 REVEALED AN ASSOCIATION WITH PANCREATITIS AND PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA IN MIST1(-/-) TISSUE. MOST OF THESE GENES WERE NOT DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BUT SEVERAL WERE READILY INDUCED BY ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL PANCREATITIS, WITH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED EXPRESSION IN MIST1(-/-) TISSUE RELATIVE TO WILD TYPE MICE. WE SUGGEST THAT THE CHRONIC CELL STRESS OBSERVED IN THE ABSENCE OF MIST1 RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF GENES INVOLVED IN PROMOTING PANCREATITIS TO A POISED STATE, THEREBY INCREASING THE SENSITIVITY TO EVENTS THAT PROMOTE DISEASE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8 5269  31 PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION CONTRIBUTES TO HUMAN BETA-DEFENSIN-1 DEFICIENCY IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS. ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE CAUSED BY EPIDERMAL BARRIER DYSFUNCTION AND DYSREGULATION OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HUMAN BETA-DEFENSIN-1 (HBD-1) MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH A VARIETY OF DEFECTS IN THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM DURING AD PATHOGENESIS. WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF DECREASED HBD-1 GENE EXPRESSION IN AD AND DEMONSTRATED THE RESTORATION OF HBD-1 TRANSCRIPTION IN UNDIFFERENTIATED NORMAL HUMAN EPIDERMAL KERATINOCYTE CELLS AFTER TREATMENT WITH A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR. WE ALSO CONDUCTED AN IN VITRO METHYLATED REPORTER ASSAY USING A REPORTER CONTAINING 14 CPG SITES. METHYLATION OF THE 14 CPG SITES WITHIN THE HBD-1 5' REGION RESULTED IN AN APPROXIMATELY 86% REDUCTION IN PROMOTER ACTIVITY AND AFFECTED HBD-1 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. WE THEN COMPARED METHYLATION FREQUENCIES AT CPG 3 AND CPG 4 BETWEEN NON-LESIONAL AND LESIONAL EPIDERMIS SAMPLES OF PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AD AND BETWEEN THESE PAIRED TISSUES AND HEALTHY CONTROL EPIDERMIS FROM NORMAL VOLUNTEERS WITHOUT AD HISTORY. BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING DATA SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION FREQUENCIES AT THE CPG 3 AND 4 SITES IN AD LESIONAL SAMPLES THAN IN NON-LESIONAL AD SKIN AND NORMAL SKIN SAMPLES (P < 0.05). THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE OF HBD-1 IS A NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC/PROGNOSTIC MARKER AND A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR THE COMPROMISED STRATUM CORNEUM BARRIER ATTRIBUTED TO HBD-1 DEFICIENCY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9 3473  32 IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL, METHYLATION-DEPENDENT, RUNX2 REGULATORY REGION ASSOCIATED WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS RISK. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS A COMMON, MULTIFACTORIAL AND POLYGENIC SKELETAL DISEASE THAT, IN ITS SEVEREST FORM, REQUIRES JOINT REPLACEMENT SURGERY TO RESTORE MOBILITY AND TO RELIEVE CHRONIC PAIN. USING TISSUES FROM THE ARTICULATING JOINTS OF 260 PATIENTS WITH OA AND A RANGE OF IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS, INCLUDING CRISPR-CAS9, WE HAVE CHARACTERIZED AN INTERGENIC REGULATORY ELEMENT. HERE, GENOTYPE AT AN OA RISK LOCUS CORRELATES WITH DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION, WITH ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION OF BOTH A TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR (RUNX2), AND A CHROMATIN REMODELLING PROTEIN (SUPT3H). RUNX2 IS A STRONG CANDIDATE FOR OA SUSCEPTIBILITY, WITH ITS ENCODED PROTEIN BEING ESSENTIAL FOR SKELETOGENESIS AND HEALTHY JOINT FUNCTION. THE OA RISK LOCUS INCLUDES SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) LOCATED WITHIN AND FLANKING THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION (DMR). THE OA ASSOCIATION SNP, RS10948172, DEMONSTRATES PARTICULARLY STRONG CORRELATION WITH METHYLATION, AND TWO INTERGENIC SNPS FALLING WITHIN THE DMR (RS62435998 AND RS62435999) DEMONSTRATE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON THE REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF THIS REGION. WE THEREFORE POSIT THAT THE OA SIGNAL MEDIATES ITS EFFECT BY MODULATING THE METHYLATION OF THE REGULATORY ELEMENT, WHICH THEN IMPACTS ON GENE EXPRESSION, WITH RUNX2 BEING THE PRINCIPAL TARGET. OUR STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION, OA GENETIC RISK AND THE DOWNSTREAM REGULATION OF GENES CRITICAL TO NORMAL JOINT FUNCTION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10 1739  30 EARLY DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN CHILDREN DEVELOPING BETA CELL AUTOIMMUNITY AT A YOUNG AGE. AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: TYPE 1 DIABETES IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE OF COMPLEX AETIOLOGY, INCLUDING A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION. PREVIOUS EPIGENOMIC STUDIES FOCUSED MAINLY ON CLINICALLY DIAGNOSED INDIVIDUALS. THE AIM OF THE STUDY WAS TO ASSESS EARLY DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES ALREADY BEFORE THE DIAGNOSIS OR EVEN BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF AUTOANTIBODIES. METHODS: REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULPHITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) WAS APPLIED TO STUDY DNA METHYLATION IN PURIFIED CD4(+) T CELL, CD8(+) T CELL AND CD4(-)CD8(-) CELL FRACTIONS OF 226 PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL SAMPLES LONGITUDINALLY COLLECTED FROM SEVEN TYPE 1 DIABETES-SPECIFIC AUTOANTIBODY-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS MATCHED FOR AGE, SEX, HLA RISK AND PLACE OF BIRTH. WE ALSO EXPLORED CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION USING RNA SEQUENCING DATA FROM THE SAME SAMPLES. TECHNICAL VALIDATION OF RRBS RESULTS WAS PERFORMED USING PYROSEQUENCING. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 79, 56 AND 45 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN CD4(+) T CELLS, CD8(+) T CELLS AND CD4(-)CD8(-) CELL FRACTIONS, RESPECTIVELY, BETWEEN TYPE 1 DIABETES-SPECIFIC AUTOANTIBODY-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS AND CONTROL PARTICIPANTS. THE ANALYSIS OF PRE-SEROCONVERSION SAMPLES IDENTIFIED DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES AT THE VERY EARLY STAGE OF DISEASE, INCLUDING DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER OF IRF5 IN CD4(+) T CELLS. FURTHER, WE VALIDATED RRBS RESULTS USING PYROSEQUENCING AT THE FOLLOWING CPG SITES: CHR19:18118304 IN THE PROMOTER OF ARRDC2; CHR21:47307815 IN THE INTRON OF PCBP3; AND CHR14:81128398 IN THE INTERGENIC REGION NEAR TRAF3 IN CD4(+) T CELLS. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: THESE PRELIMINARY RESULTS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENTIAL EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENES, WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO TYPE 1 DIABETES PATHOGENESIS AT THE VERY EARLY STAGE OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. SHOULD THESE FINDINGS BE VALIDATED, THEY MAY SERVE AS A POTENTIAL SIGNATURE USEFUL FOR DISEASE PREDICTION AND MANAGEMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
11 5723  33 SJOGREN'S SYNDROME X-CHROMOSOME DOSE EFFECT: AN EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE. SJOGREN'S SYNDROME (SS) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE AFFECTING EXOCRINE GLANDS LEADING TO MOUTH AND EYES DRYNESS. THE EXTENT TO WHICH EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR AN X-CHROMOSOME DOSE EFFECT HAS YET TO BE DETERMINED. OUR OBJECTIVES WERE TO (I) DESCRIBE HOW EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION CHANGES COULD EXPLAIN AN X-CHROMOSOME DOSE EFFECT IN SS FOR WOMEN WITH NORMAL 46,XX GENOTYPE AND (II) DETERMINE THE RELEVANT RELATIONSHIPS TO THIS DOSE EFFECT, BETWEEN X-LINKED GENES, GENES CONTROLLING X-CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION (XCI) AND GENES ENCODING ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, ALL OF WHICH ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED AND/OR DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF PATIENTS WITH SS. WE IDENTIFIED 58 UPREGULATED X-CHROMOSOME GENES, INCLUDING 22 GENES PREVIOUSLY SHOWN TO ESCAPE XCI, BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF SS PATIENT SALIVARY GLAND GEO2R GENE EXPRESSION DATASETS. MOREOVER, WE FOUND XIST AND ITS CIS REGULATORS RLIM, FTX, AND CHIC1, AND POLYCOMB REPRESSOR GENES OF THE PRC1/2 COMPLEXES TO BE UPREGULATED. MANY OF THE X-CHROMOSOME GENES IMPLICATED IN SS PATHOGENESIS CAN BE REGULATED BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS WHICH WE FOUND TO BE OVEREXPRESSED AND/OR DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN PATIENTS WITH SS. DETERMINATION OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING METHYLATION-DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION AND IMPAIRED XCI IS NEEDED TO FURTHER ELUCIDATE THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF SS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12 1567  28 DNA METHYLATION OF THE KLF14 GENE REGION IN WHOLE BLOOD CELLS PROVIDES PREDICTION FOR THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE. KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR 14 (KLF14) GENE, WHICH APPEARS TO BE A MASTER REGULATOR OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH BMI AND TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2D) BY LARGE GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES. IN ORDER TO FIND PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF T2D, IT IS NECESSARY TO TAKE EPIGENOMIC CHANGES AFFECTED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INTO ACCOUNT. THIS STUDY FOCUSES ON AGEING AND OBESITY, WHICH ARE T2D RISK FACTORS, AND EXAMINES EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND INFLAMMATORY CHANGES. WE INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE KLF14 PROMOTER REGION IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF MICE FOR COMPARING AGING AND WEIGHT. WE FOUND THAT METHYLATION LEVELS OF THESE SITES WERE INCREASED WITH AGING AND WEIGHT IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE, THE KIDNEY, THE LUNG, THE COLON AND THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS. IN ADDITION, IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE WHOLE BLOOD, THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATORY LEVELS. MOREOVER, NOT ONLY KLF14, BUT ALSO EXPRESSION LEVELS OF SOME DOWNSTREAM GENES WERE DECREASED WITH METHYLATION IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT METHYLATION CHANGES OF KLF14 IN THOSE TISSUES MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND INFLAMMATION ON THE ADIPOSE TISSUE OF OBESITY AND T2D. IN ADDITION, THE METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS MAY SERVE AS A PREDICTIVE EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF T2D.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
13 2025  27 EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN A MURINE MODEL OF HUMAN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING GAIN OR LOSS OF DNA METHYLATION, ARE A HALLMARK OF NEARLY EVERY MALIGNANCY. CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION CAN IMPACT EXPRESSION OF CANCER-RELATED GENES INCLUDING APOPTOSIS REGULATORS AND TUMOR SUPPRESSORS. BECAUSE SUCH EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE, THEY ARE BEING AGGRESSIVELY INVESTIGATED AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. HERE WE USE THE EMU-TCL1 TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) TO DETERMINE THE TIMING AND PATTERNS OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, AND TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. WE SHOW THAT CLL CELLS FROM EMU-TCL1 MICE AT VARIOUS STAGES RECAPITULATE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS SEEN IN HUMAN CLL. ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PROMOTER SEQUENCES IS OBSERVED AS EARLY AS 3 MONTHS OF AGE IN THESE ANIMALS, WELL BEFORE DISEASE ONSET. ABNORMALLY METHYLATED PROMOTER REGIONS INCLUDE BINDING SITES FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXD3. WE SHOW THAT LOSS OF FOXD3 EXPRESSION DUE TO AN NF-KAPPAB P50/P50:HDAC1 REPRESSOR COMPLEX OCCURS IN TCL1-POSITIVE B CELLS BEFORE METHYLATION. THEREFORE, SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION IS AN EARLY EVENT LEADING TO EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TARGET GENES IN MURINE AND HUMAN CLL. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE STRONG RATIONALE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES TO TARGET NF-KAPPAB COMPONENTS IN CLL AND POTENTIALLY OTHER B-CELL MALIGNANCIES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14 2635  35 EPIGENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION REGULATES CARDINAL PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PSORIASIS. BACKGROUND: PSORIASIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AUTOIMMUNE SKIN DISORDER. SEVERAL STUDIES SUGGESTED PSORIASIS TO BE A COMPLEX MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE, BUT THE EXACT TRIGGERING FACTOR IS YET TO BE DETERMINED. EVIDENCES SUGGEST THAT IN ADDITION TO GENETIC FACTORS, EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IS ALSO INVOLVED IN PSORIASIS DEVELOPMENT. MAJOR HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES, LIKE INCREASED PROLIFERATION AND ABNORMAL DIFFERENTIATION OF KERATINOCYTES, AND IMMUNE CELL INFILTRATIONS ARE CHARACTERISTIC MARKS OF PSORIATIC SKIN LESIONS. FOLLOWING THERAPY, HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES AS WELL AS ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION REVERSED TO NORMAL LEVELS. TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN REGULATING THESE CRUCIAL HISTOPATHOLOGIC FEATURES, WE INVESTIGATED THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE OF PSORIASIS PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES. RESULTS: GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING OF PSORIATIC AND ADJACENT NORMAL SKIN TISSUES IDENTIFIED SEVERAL NOVEL DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PSORIASIS. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPGS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED IN SEVERAL PSORIASIS SUSCEPTIBILITY (PSORS) REGIONS AND EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED THE EXPRESSION OF KEY PATHOGENIC GENES, EVEN WITH LOW-CPG PROMOTERS. TOP DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES OVERLAPPED WITH PSORS REGIONS INCLUDING S100A9, SELENBP1, CARD14, KAZN AND PTPN22 SHOWED INVERSE CORRELATION BETWEEN METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. WE IDENTIFIED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES ASSOCIATED WITH CHARACTERISTIC HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES IN PSORIASIS. PSORIATIC SKIN WITH MUNRO'S MICROABSCESS, A DISTINCTIVE FEATURE IN PSORIASIS INCLUDING PARAKERATOSIS AND NEUTROPHIL ACCUMULATION AT THE STRATUM CORNEUM, WAS ENRICHED WITH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES INVOLVED IN NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS. RETE PEG ELONGATION AND FOCAL HYPERGRANULOSIS WERE ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED GENES, SUPPORTING THE REVERSIBLE NATURE OF THESE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES DURING REMISSION AND RELAPSE OF THE LESIONS. CONCLUSION: OUR STUDY, FOR THE FIRST TIME, INDICATED THE POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF DNA METHYLATION IN REGULATING THE CARDINAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES IN PSORIASIS. COMMON GENES INVOLVED IN REGULATION OF THESE PATHOLOGIES MAY BE USED TO DEVELOP DRUGS FOR BETTER CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PSORIASIS.	2018	

15 3764  38 INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DATA IDENTIFIES EPAS1 AS A KEY REGULATOR OF COPD. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A COMPLEX DISEASE. GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE KNOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO COPD RISK AND DISEASE PROGRESSION. THEREFORE WE DEVELOPED A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO IDENTIFY KEY REGULATORS OF COPD THAT INTEGRATES GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION, GENE EXPRESSION, AND PHENOTYPE DATA IN LUNG TISSUE FROM COPD AND CONTROL SAMPLES. OUR INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED 126 KEY REGULATORS OF COPD. WE IDENTIFIED EPAS1 AS THE ONLY KEY REGULATOR WHOSE DOWNSTREAM GENES SIGNIFICANTLY OVERLAPPED WITH MULTIPLE GENES SETS ASSOCIATED WITH COPD DISEASE SEVERITY. EPAS1 IS DISTINCT IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER KEY REGULATORS IN TERMS OF METHYLATION PROFILE AND DOWNSTREAM TARGET GENES. GENES PREDICTED TO BE REGULATED BY EPAS1 WERE ENRICHED FOR BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES INCLUDING SIGNALING, CELL COMMUNICATIONS, AND SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. WE CONFIRMED THAT EPAS1 PROTEIN LEVELS ARE LOWER IN HUMAN COPD LUNG TISSUE COMPARED TO NON-DISEASE CONTROLS AND THAT EPAS1 GENE EXPRESSION IS REDUCED IN MICE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE. AS EPAS1 DOWNSTREAM GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED FOR HYPOXIA RESPONSIVE GENES IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, WE TESTED EPAS1 FUNCTION IN HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. EPAS1 KNOCKDOWN BY SIRNA IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IMPACTED GENES THAT SIGNIFICANTLY OVERLAPPED WITH EPAS1 DOWNSTREAM GENES IN LUNG TISSUE INCLUDING HYPOXIA RESPONSIVE GENES, AND GENES ASSOCIATED WITH EMPHYSEMA SEVERITY. OUR FIRST INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES ILLUSTRATES THAT NOT ONLY DOES DNA METHYLATION PLAY A 'CAUSAL' ROLE IN THE MOLECULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COPD, BUT IT CAN BE LEVERAGED TO DIRECTLY IDENTIFY NOVEL KEY MEDIATORS OF THIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16 1965  26 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS REGULATORY GENES IN ARSENIC EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS (WITH AND WITHOUT SKIN LESIONS) AND IN SKIN CANCER TISSUES: A CASE CONTROL STUDY. CHRONIC ARSENIC TOXICITY HAS BECOME A GLOBAL CONCERN DUE TO ITS ADVERSE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL OUTCOME AND CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL. IT IS ALREADY ESTABLISHED THAT ARSENIC INDUCED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES ALTERS MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONALITY. MAJOR REGULATORY GENES FOR MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS, I.E., PGC1ALPHA, TFAM, NRF1AND NRF2 ARE LOCATED IN THE NUCLEUS. AS A RESULT, MITOCHONDRIA-NUCLEUS CROSSTALK IS CRUCIAL FOR PROPER MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION. THIS PREVIOUS HYPOTHESIS LED US TO INVESTIGATEINVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATION BEHINDENHANCED MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS IN CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE. AN EXTENSIVE CASE-CONTROL STUDY WAS CONDUCTED WITH 390 STUDY PARTICIPANTS (UNEXPOSED, EXPOSED WITHOUT SKIN LESION, EXPOSED WITH SKIN LESION AND EXPOSED SKIN TUMOUR) FROM HIGHLY ARSENIC EXPOSED AREAS OFWEST BENGAL, INDIA. METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCRREVEALED SIGNIFICANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION OFTWO KEY BIOGENESIS REGULATORY GENES, PGC1ALPHAANDTFAM IN ARSENIC EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS AND ALSO IN SKIN TUMOUR TISSUES. LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS INDICATED SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN URINARY ARSENIC CONCENTRATION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF BIOGENESIS REGULATORY GENES WASOBTAINED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR ANALYSIS. MOREOVER, ALTERED MITOCHONDRIAL FUSION-FISSION REGULATORY GENE EXPRESSION WAS ALSO OBSERVED IN SKIN TUMOUR TISSUES. MIR663, HAVING TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENE LIKE FUNCTION WAS KNOWN TO BE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED THROUGH MITOCHONDRIAL RETROGRADE SIGNAL. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION WITH SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED EXPRESSION OF MIR663 WAS FOUND IN SKIN CANCER TISSUES COMPARED TO NON-CANCEROUS CONTROL TISSUE. IN CONCLUSION, RESULTS INDICATED CRUCIAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN ARSENIC INDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS AND ARSENICAL SKIN CARCINOGENESIS FOR THE FIRST TIME. HOWEVER, FURTHER MECHANISTIC STUDIES ARE NECESSARY FOR DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF MITOCHONDRIA-NUCLEUS CROSSTALK IN ARSENIC PERTURBATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17 1144  39 CONCOMITANT HETEROCHROMATINISATION AND DOWN-REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNVEILS EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF RELB IN AN AGGRESSIVE SUBSET OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IN MALES. BACKGROUND: THE SENSITIVITY OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) CELLS TO CURRENT TREATMENTS, BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, RELIES ON THEIR ABILITY TO ACTIVATE APOPTOTIC DEATH. CLL CELLS RESISTANT TO DNA DAMAGE-INDUCED APOPTOSIS DISPLAY DEREGULATION OF A SPECIFIC SET OF GENES. METHODS: MICROARRAY HYBRIDIZATION (HUMAN GENECHIP, AFFYMETRIX), IMMUNOFLUORESCENT IN SITU LABELING COUPLED WITH VIDEO-MICROSCOPY RECORDING/ANALYSES, CHROMATIN-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP), POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS (PCR), REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (RT-QPCR) AND BISULFITE GENOME SEQUENCING WERE THE MAIN METHODS APPLIED. STATISTICAL ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED BY APPLYING GCRMA AND SAM ANALYSIS (MICROARRAY DATA) AND STUDENT'S T-TEST OR MANN & WHITNEY'S U-TEST. RESULTS: HEREIN WE SHOW THAT, REMARKABLY, IN A RESISTANT MALE CLL CELLS THE VAST MAJORITY OF GENES WERE DOWN-REGULATED COMPARED WITH SENSITIVE CELLS, WHEREAS THIS WAS NOT THE CASE IN CELLS DERIVED FROM FEMALES. THIS GENE DOWN-REGULATION WAS FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN OVERALL GAIN OF HETEROCHROMATIN AS EVIDENCED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENT LABELING OF HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1ALPHA (HP-1), TRIMETHYLATED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (3METH3K9), AND 5-METHYLCYTIDINE (5METC). NOTABLY, 17 GENES WERE FOUND TO BE COMMONLY DEREGULATED IN RESISTANT MALE AND FEMALE CELL SAMPLES. AMONG THESE, RELB WAS IDENTIFIED AS A DISCRIMINATORY CANDIDATE GENE REPRESSED IN THE MALE AND UPREGULATED IN THE FEMALE RESISTANT CELLS. CONCLUSION: THE MOLECULAR DEFECTS IN THE SILENCING OF RELB INVOLVE AN INCREASE IN H3K9- BUT NOT CPG-ISLAND METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS. INCREASE IN ACETYL-H3 IN RESISTANT FEMALE BUT NOT MALE CLL SAMPLES AS WELL AS A DECREASE OF TOTAL CELLULAR LEVEL OF RELB AFTER AN INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) BY TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), FURTHER EMPHASIZE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WHICH COULD DISCRIMINATE TWO CLL SUBSETS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHTED THE EPIGENETIC RELB SILENCING AS A NEW MARKER OF THE PROGRESSIVE DISEASE IN MALES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18 6826  28 [GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION IN CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTES OF PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS INDICATES INVOLVEMENT OF THIS EPIGENETIC PROCESS IN THE DISEASE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS]. THE PATHOGENESIS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS), A CHRONIC DISEASE OF THE CNS, INCLUDES AUTOIMMUNE AND NEURODEGENERATIVE COMPONENTS. IN MOST CASES, PATIENTS DEVELOP RELAPSING-REMITTING MS (RRMS), WHILE 10-15% OF PATIENTS DEVELOP PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE MS (PPMS), WHICH DIFFERS FROM RRMS IN THE MECHANISMS OF THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS, SOME DEMOGRAPHIC, AND SOME CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS. THESE DIFFERENCES MAY BE EXPLAINED BY THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PPMS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION AS ONE OF THE KEY EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. THE FEATURES OF DNA METHYLATION IN VARIOUS CELL POPULATIONS IN PPMS PATIENTS REMAIN UNDERSTUDIED. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY IS TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES (DMSS) OF THE GENOME OF CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTES, WHICH CHARACTERIZE PPMS. THE STUDY INCLUDED EIGHT TREATMENT-NAIVE PPMS PATIENTS AND EIGHT HEALTHY CONTROLS. GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION OF CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTES WAS PERFORMED USING HIGH-DENSITY DNA MICROARRAYS. WE HAVE IDENTIFIED 108 DMSS, WHICH DISTINGUISH PPMS PATIENTS FROM HEALTHY CONTROLS. IN PPMS PATIENTS 81% OF THE DMSS ARE HYPERMETHYLATED. MORE THAN A HALF OF THE IDENTIFIED DMSS ARE LOCATED IN KNOWN GENES IN CPG ISLANDS AND ADJACENT REGIONS, WHICH INDICATES A HIGH FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE DMSS IN PPMS DEVELOPMENT. ANALYSIS OF THE OVERREPRESENTATION OF DMS-CONTAINING GENES IN THE MAIN BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES DEMONSTRATES THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THE REGULATION OF CELL ADHESION TO THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE, I.E., ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION, AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION IN CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTES OF PPMS PATIENTS INDICATES THE INVOLVEMENT OF THIS EPIGENETIC PROCESS IN THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. THESE RESULTS MAY HELP BETTER UNDERSTAND THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS SEVERE FORM OF MS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
19 1297  33 DECREASED MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES TYPE 1 AND 3A IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. OBJECTIVES: SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF AUTOANTIBODIES DIRECTED AGAINST NUCLEAR ANTIGENS AND BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. ALTHOUGH THE ETIOLOGY OF SLE REMAINS UNCLEAR, THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT FACTORS, WHICH IS LARGELY REFLECTED BY THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WITH DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN PARTICULAR, IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED AS MAIN PLAYERS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SLE. WE STUDIED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES' (DNMTS) TYPE 1, 3A AND 3B TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND FROM THE HEALTHY CONTROL SUBJECTS. FURTHERMORE, THE ASSOCIATION OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B MRNA LEVELS WITH GENDER, AGE, AND MAJOR CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS WAS ANALYZED. METHODS: PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WERE ISOLATED FROM 32 SLE PATIENTS AND 40 HEALTHY CONTROLS. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-QPCR) ANALYSES WERE USED TO DETERMINE DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER DNMT1 (P = 0.015543) AND DNMT3A (P = 0.003652) TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN SLE PATIENTS WERE OBSERVED COMPARED WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS. NEVERTHELESS, THE DNMT3B MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE MARKEDLY LOWER COMPARED WITH DNMT1 AND DNMT3A, BOTH IN PBMCS FROM AFFECTED PATIENTS AND THOSE FROM CONTROL SUBJECTS. FURTHERMORE, THE DNMT1 TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH SLE DISEASE ACTIVITY INDEX (SLEDAI) (R (S) = 0.4087, P = 0.020224), WHILE THE DNMT3A TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH PATIENTS AGE (R (S) = -0.3765, P = 0.03369). CONCLUSIONS: OUR ANALYSES CONFIRMED THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN SLE ETIOLOGY. MOREOVER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE PRESENCE OF SOME CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, SUCH AS PHOTOTOSENSITIVITY AND ARTHRITIS, MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DYSREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES' MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20 1117  32 COMPARATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE GENES ALTERED BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN HUMAN BRAIN MICROENDOTHELIAL CELLS. BACKGROUND : HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1 ALPHA (HIF1A) IS A MASTER REGULATOR OF ACUTE HYPOXIA; HOWEVER, WITH CHRONIC HYPOXIA, HIF1A LEVELS RETURN TO THE NORMOXIC LEVELS. IMPORTANTLY, THE GENES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE CELL SURVIVAL AND VIABILITY UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIA ARE NOT KNOWN. THEREFORE, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA LEADS TO THE UPREGULATION OF A CORE GROUP OF GENES WITH ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION THAT MEDIATES THE CELL SURVIVAL UNDER HYPOXIA. RESULTS : WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA (3 DAYS; 0.5% OXYGEN) ON HUMAN BRAIN MICRO ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (HBMEC) VIABILITY AND APOPTOSIS. HYPOXIA CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN CELL VIABILITY AND AN INCREASE IN APOPTOSIS. NEXT, WE EXAMINED CHRONIC HYPOXIA ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN TRANSCRIPTOME AND GENOME-WIDE PROMOTER METHYLATION. THE DATA OBTAINED WAS COMPARED WITH 16 OTHER MICROARRAY STUDIES ON CHRONIC HYPOXIA. NINE GENES WERE ALTERED IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN ALL 17 STUDIES. INTERESTINGLY, HIF1A WAS NOT ALTERED WITH CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN ANY OF THE STUDIES. FURTHERMORE, WE COMPARED OUR DATA TO THREE OTHER STUDIES THAT IDENTIFIED HIF-RESPONSIVE GENES BY VARIOUS APPROACHES. ONLY TWO GENES WERE FOUND TO BE HIF DEPENDENT. WE SILENCED EACH OF THESE 9 GENES USING CRISPR/CAS9 SYSTEM. DOWNREGULATION OF EGLN3 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE CELL DEATH UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIA, WHEREAS DOWNREGULATION OF ERO1L, ENO2, ADRENOMEDULLIN, AND SPAG4 REDUCED THE CELL DEATH UNDER HYPOXIA. CONCLUSIONS : WE PROVIDE A CORE GROUP OF GENES THAT REGULATES CELLULAR ACCLIMATIZATION UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS, AND MOST OF THEM ARE HIF INDEPENDENT.	2017