1 2205 144 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE X CHROMOSOME INFLUENCES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME. CONTEXT: THE CAUSE OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) IS UNKNOWN, ALTHOUGH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ARE CLEARLY IMPLICATED. SOME GENETIC STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THE INVOLVEMENT OF X-LINKED GENES IN PCOS, BUT THE INFLUENCE OF X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION (XCI) ON MANIFESTATION OF THIS DISORDER HAS NOT PREVIOUSLY BEEN EXAMINED. OBJECTIVE: THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO TEST THE NULL HYPOTHESIS THAT XCI HAS NO INFLUENCE ON CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF PCOS. DESIGN: WE EXAMINED PATTERNS OF XCI BETWEEN SISTER PAIRS WITH THE SAME GENOTYPE AT A POLYMORPHIC LOCUS ON THE X CHROMOSOME IN FAMILIES WITH PCOS. SETTING: THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED AT A PRIVATE PRACTICE. PARTICIPANTS: PCOS WAS DEFINED AS HYPERANDROGENEMIA WITH CHRONIC ANOVULATION. FORTY FAMILIES WERE STUDIED IN WHICH DNA WAS OBTAINED FROM AT LEAST ONE PARENT, THE PROBAND, AND ONE SISTER THAT COULD BE ACCURATELY DIAGNOSED AS BEING AFFECTED OR UNAFFECTED. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): RELATIVE EXPRESSION OF TWO X-LINKED ALLELES WAS DETERMINED, AND THE RATIO OF ONE TO THE OTHER REPRESENTED THE PATTERN OF XCI. RESULTS: THE STATISTICAL ODDS ON A DIFFERENT CLINICAL PRESENTATION BETWEEN SISTERS WAS APPROXIMATELY 29 TIMES HIGHER IN SISTER PAIRS WITH DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF XCI, COMPARED WITH SISTER PAIRS WITH THE SAME PATTERN OF XCI (ODDS RATIO 28.9; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL 4.0-206; P = 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE TO REFUTE THE NULL HYPOTHESIS AND PROPOSE A CLOSER INSPECTION OF X-LINKED GENES IN PCOS, ONE IN WHICH BOTH GENOTYPE AND EPIGENOTYPE ARE CONSIDERED. ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF PCOS MAY ALTER CLINICAL PRESENTATION VIA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WHICH CURRENTLY REMAIN UNDETECTED IN TRADITIONAL GENETIC ANALYSES.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2 2142  53 EPIGENETIC INVESTIGATION OF VARIABLY X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATED GENES IN MONOZYGOTIC FEMALE TWINS DISCORDANT FOR PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS. PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS (PBC) IS AN AUTOIMMUNE CHRONIC CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASE WITH A STRONG GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY DUE TO THE HIGH CONCORDANCE IN MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) TWINS AND A STRIKING FEMALE PREDOMINANCE. WOMEN WITH PBC MANIFEST AN ENHANCED X MONOSOMY RATE IN PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES AND WE THUS HYPOTHESIZED AN X CHROMOSOME EPIGENETIC COMPONENT TO EXPLAIN PBC FEMALE PREVALENCE. WHILE MOST GENES ON THE FEMALE INACTIVE X CHROMOSOME ARE SILENCED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION FOLLOWING X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION (XCI), APPROXIMATELY 10% OF X- LINKED GENES EXHIBIT VARIABLE ESCAPE FROM XCI IN HEALTHY FEMALES. THIS STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PBC IS MODIFIED BY ONE OR MORE X-LINKED GENE WITH VARIABLE XCI STATUS. PERIPHERAL BLOOD MRNA AND DNA SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED FROM A UNIQUE COHORT OF MZ TWIN SETS DISCORDANT AND CONCORDANT FOR PBC. TRANSCRIPT LEVELS OF THE 125 VARIABLE XCI STATUS GENES WAS DETERMINED BY QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR ANALYSIS AND TWO GENES (CLIC2 AND PIN4) WERE IDENTIFIED AS CONSISTENTLY DOWNREGULATED IN THE AFFECTED TWIN OF DISCORDANT PAIRS. BOTH CLIC2 AND PIN4 DEMONSTRATED PARTIAL AND VARIABLE METHYLATION OF CPG SITES WITHIN 300 BP OF THE TRANSCRIPTION START SITE THAT DID NOT PREDICT THE XCI STATUS. PROMOTER METHYLATION OF CLIC2 MANIFESTED NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SAMPLES AND NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION WITH TRANSCRIPT LEVELS. PIN4 METHYLATION SHOWED A POSITIVE TREND WITH TRANSCRIPTION IN ALL SAMPLES BUT NO DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN DISCORDANT TWINS. A GENETIC POLYMORPHISM AFFECTING THE NUMBER OF CPG SITES IN THE PIN4 PROMOTER DID NOT IMPACT METHYLATION OR TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN A HETEROZYGOUS TWIN PAIR AND SHOWED A SIMILAR FREQUENCY IN INDEPENDENT SERIES OF UNRELATED PBC CASES AND CONTROLS. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS INFLUENCING PBC ONSET ARE MORE COMPLEX THAN METHYLATION DIFFERENCES AT X-LINKED PROMOTERS AND VARIABLY 3 INACTIVATED X-LINKED GENES MAY BE CHARACTERIZED BY PARTIAL PROMOTER METHYLATION AND BIALLELIC TRANSCRIPTION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                        
3 2400  48 EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF IMMUNE CELLS IN WOMEN WITH PCOS IMPACT GENES CONTROLLING REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION. CONTEXT: POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) IS A CHRONIC DISEASE AFFECTING REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION AND WHOLE-BODY METABOLISM. ALTHOUGH THE ETIOLOGY IS UNCLEAR, EMERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE EPIGENETICS MAY BE A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR. OBJECTIVE: TO DETERMINE THE ROLE OF GLOBAL AND GENOME-WIDE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN SPECIFIC IMMUNE CELLS IN PCOS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND WHETHER THESE COULD BE RELATED TO CLINICAL FEATURES OF PCOS. DESIGN: CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. PARTICIPANTS: WOMEN WITH (N = 17) OR WITHOUT PCOS (N = 17). SETTING: RECRUITED FROM THE GENERAL COMMUNITY. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ISOLATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS WERE ANALYZED USING MULTICOLOR FLOW CYTOMETRY METHODS TO DETERMINE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN A CELL-SPECIFIC FASHION. TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED ON T HELPER CELLS USING RNA SEQUENCING AND REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING. RESULTS: WOMEN WITH PCOS HAD LOWER GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN MONOCYTES (P = 0.006) AND IN T HELPER (P = 0.004), T CYTOTOXIC (P = 0.004), AND B CELLS (P = 0.03). SPECIFIC GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF T HELPER CELLS FROM WOMEN WITH PCOS IDENTIFIED 5581 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES. FUNCTIONAL GENE ONTOLOGY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT GENES LOCATED AT THE PROXIMITY OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES BELONG TO PATHWAYS RELATED TO REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION AND IMMUNE CELL FUNCTION. HOWEVER, THESE GENES WERE NOT ALTERED AT THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC LEVEL. CONCLUSIONS: IT WAS SHOWN THAT PCOS IS ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION REMODELING IN A CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC MANNER. FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS WARRANTED TO DETERMINE WHETHER EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF IMMUNE CELLS IS IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING THE DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF PCOS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4 3085  43 GENOME-WIDE SCREEN OF OVARY-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION IN POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME. OBJECTIVE: TO COMPARE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN OVARY TISSUE FROM WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. DESIGN: CASE-CONTROL STUDY MATCHED FOR AGE AND BODY MASS INDEX. SETTING: UNIVERSITY-AFFILIATED HOSPITAL. PATIENT(S): TEN WOMEN WITH PCOS WHO UNDERWENT OVARIAN DRILLING TO INDUCE OVULATION AND 10 HEALTHY WOMEN WHO WERE UNDERGOING LAPAROSCOPIC STERILIZATION, HYSTERECTOMY FOR BENIGN CONDITIONS, DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPY FOR PELVIC PAIN, OR OOPHORECTOMY FOR NONOVARIAN INDICATIONS. INTERVENTION(S): NONE. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS DETERMINED BY IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND MICROARRAY (MEDIP-CHIP) ANALYSIS. RESULT(S): THE METHYLATION LEVELS WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN CPG ISLAND SHORES (CGI SHORES), WHICH LIE OUTSIDE OF CORE PROMOTER REGIONS, AND LOWER WITHIN GENE BODIES IN WOMEN WITH PCOS RELATIVE TO THE CONTROLS. IN ADDITION, HIGH CPG CONTENT PROMOTERS WERE THE MOST FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED PROMOTERS IN PCOS OVARIES BUT WERE MORE OFTEN HYPOMETHYLATED IN CONTROLS. SECOND, 872 CGIS, SPECIFICALLY METHYLATED IN PCOS, REPRESENTED 342 GENES THAT COULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING PROTEIN BINDING, HORMONE ACTIVITY, AND TRANSCRIPTION REGULATOR ACTIVITY. FINALLY, METHYLATION DIFFERENCES WERE VALIDATED IN SEVEN GENES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THESE GENES CORRELATED TO SEVERAL FUNCTIONAL FAMILIES RELATED TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF PCOS AND MAY BE POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR THIS DISEASE. CONCLUSION(S): OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION DIFFERS BETWEEN PCOS AND NORMAL OVARIES, WHICH MAY HELP TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THIS DISEASE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
5 1599  40 DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE OF CHILDHOOD CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN T CELLS OF BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. BACKGROUND: HIGH FREQUENCY OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IS THE CENTRAL FEATURE OF SEVERE CONDUCT DISORDER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE RANGE OF SOCIAL, MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH PROBLEMS. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES IN PERIPHERAL T CELLS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY IN MALES. DESPITE THE FACT THAT SEX DIFFERENCES APPEAR TO PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE DEVELOPMENT, MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF AGGRESSION, MOST OF PREVIOUS STUDIES FOCUSED ON MALES, SO LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT FEMALE CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION. WE THEREFORE TESTED HERE WHETHER OR NOT THERE IS A SIGNATURE OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN FEMALE DNA METHYLATION AND, IF THERE IS, HOW IT RELATES TO THE SIGNATURE OBSERVED IN MALES. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: METHYLATION PROFILES WERE CREATED USING THE METHOD OF METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP) FOLLOWED BY MICROARRAY HYBRIDIZATION AND STATISTICAL AND BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSES ON T CELL DNA OBTAINED FROM ADULT WOMEN WHO WERE FOUND TO BE ON A CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY (CPA) BETWEEN 6 AND 12 YEARS OF AGE COMPARED TO WOMEN WHO FOLLOWED A NORMAL PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY. WE CONFIRMED THE EXISTENCE OF A WELL-DEFINED, GENOME-WIDE SIGNATURE OF DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN THE PERIPHERAL T CELLS OF ADULT FEMALES THAT INCLUDES MANY OF THE GENES SIMILARLY ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN THE SAME CELL TYPES OF ADULT MALES. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IN A SMALL NUMBER OF WOMEN PRESENTS PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR A GENOME-WIDE VARIATION IN PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION THAT ASSOCIATES WITH CPA IN WOMEN THAT WARRANT LARGER STUDIES FOR FURTHER VERIFICATION. A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS WERE PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED IN MEN WITH CPA SUPPORTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF EARLY LIFE AGGRESSION IN FEMALES IS COMPOSED OF A COMPONENT SPECIFIC TO FEMALES AND ANOTHER COMMON TO BOTH MALES AND FEMALES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6 1345  31 DETECTION OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS USING BAYES FACTOR FOR ORDINAL GROUP RESPONSES. RESEARCHERS IN GENOMICS ARE INCREASINGLY INTERESTED IN EPIGENETIC FACTORS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, BECAUSE THEY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT CHANGES IN THE DNA SEQUENCE. THERE HAVE BEEN SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES IN DEVELOPING STATISTICAL METHODS TO DETECT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) ASSOCIATED WITH BINARY DISEASE STATUS. MOST OF THESE METHODS ARE BEING DEVELOPED FOR DETECTING DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION RATES BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS. WE CONSIDER MULTIPLE SEVERITY LEVELS OF DISEASE, AND DEVELOP A BAYESIAN STATISTICAL METHOD TO DETECT THE REGION WITH INCREASING (OR DECREASING) METHYLATION RATES AS THE DISEASE SEVERITY INCREASES. PATIENTS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO MORE THAN TWO GROUPS, BASED ON THE DISEASE SEVERITY (E.G., STAGES OF CANCER), AND DMRS ARE DETECTED BY USING MOVING WINDOWS ALONG THE GENOME. WITHIN EACH WINDOW, THE BAYES FACTOR IS CALCULATED TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS OF MONOTONIC INCREASE IN METHYLATION RATES CORRESPONDING TO SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE VERSUS NO DIFFERENCE. A MIXED-EFFECT MODEL IS USED TO INCORPORATE THE CORRELATION OF METHYLATION RATES OF NEARBY CPG SITES IN THE REGION. RESULTS FROM EXTENSIVE SIMULATION INDICATE THAT OUR PROPOSED METHOD IS STATISTICALLY VALID AND REASONABLY POWERFUL. WE DEMONSTRATE OUR APPROACH ON A BISULFITE SEQUENCING DATASET FROM A CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) STUDY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7 1503  38 DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO OR IN VIVO. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA INDICATE THAT CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO HAVE A GREATER RELATIVE RISK OF LOW BIRTH-WEIGHT, MAJOR AND MINOR BIRTH DEFECTS, AND RARE DISORDERS INVOLVING IMPRINTED GENES, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. WE EXAMINED DNA METHYLATION AT MORE THAN 700 GENES (1536 CPG SITES) IN PLACENTA AND CORD BLOOD AND MEASURED GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF A SUBSET OF GENES THAT DIFFERED IN METHYLATION LEVELS BETWEEN CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO VERSUS IN VIVO. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT IN VITRO CONCEPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER MEAN METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN PLACENTA AND HIGHER MEAN METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN CORD BLOOD. WE ALSO FIND THAT IN VITRO CONCEPTION-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES AT BOTH IMPRINTED AND NON-IMPRINTED GENES. THE RANGE OF INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN GENE EXPRESSION OF THE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO GROUPS OVERLAPS SUBSTANTIALLY BUT SOME INDIVIDUALS FROM THE IN VITRO GROUP DIFFER FROM THE IN VIVO GROUP MEAN BY MORE THAN TWO STANDARD DEVIATIONS. SEVERAL OF THE GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION DIFFERS BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS, SUCH AS OBESITY AND TYPE II DIABETES. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THERE MAY BE EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES IN THE GAMETES OR EARLY EMBRYOS DERIVED FROM COUPLES UNDERGOING TREATMENT FOR INFERTILITY. ALTERNATIVELY, ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY MAY HAVE AN EFFECT ON GLOBAL PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. IN EITHER CASE, THESE DIFFERENCES OR CHANGES MAY AFFECT LONG-TERM PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8 3652  40 INDIVIDUAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERN SHIFTS IN NANOPARTICLES-EXPOSED WORKERS ANALYZED IN FOUR CONSECUTIVE YEARS. A DNA METHYLATION PATTERN REPRESENTS AN ORIGINAL PLAN OF THE FUNCTION SETTINGS OF INDIVIDUAL CELLS AND TISSUES. THE BASIC STRATEGIES OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES DURING THE HUMAN LIFETIME ARE KNOWN, BUT THE DETAILS RELATED TO ITS MODIFICATION OVER THE YEARS ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS HAVE NOT YET BEEN STUDIED. MOREOVER, CURRENT EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE COULD GENERATE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION SETTINGS AND, SUBSEQUENTLY, THE FUNCTION OF GENES. IN THIS STUDY, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO NANOPARTICLES (NP) IN OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED WORKERS REPEATEDLY SAMPLED IN FOUR CONSECUTIVE YEARS (2016-2019). A DETAILED METHYLATION PATTERN ANALYSIS OF 14 PERSONS (10 EXPOSED AND 4 CONTROLS) WAS PERFORMED ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS. A MICROARRAY-BASED APPROACH USING CHIPS, ALLOWING THE ASSESSMENT OF MORE THAN 850 K CPG LOCI, WAS USED. INDIVIDUAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE COMPARED BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA). THE RESULTS SHOW THE SHIFT IN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN INDIVIDUAL YEARS IN ALL THE EXPOSED AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. THE OVERALL RANGE OF DIFFERENCES VARIED BETWEEN THE YEARS IN INDIVIDUAL PERSONS. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FIRST AND LAST YEAR OF EXAMINATION (A THREE-YEAR TIME PERIOD) SEEM TO BE CONSISTENTLY GREATER IN THE NP-EXPOSED SUBJECTS IN COMPARISON WITH THE CONTROLS. THE SELECTED 14 MOST DIFFERENTLY METHYLATED CG LOCI WERE RELATIVELY STABLE IN THE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED SUBJECTS. IN SUMMARY, THE SPECIFIC TYPE OF LONG-TERM EXPOSURE CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE FIXING OF RELEVANT EPIGENETIC CHANGES RELATED TO A SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT AS, E.G., NP INHALATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9 1537  28 DNA METHYLATION IN ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDER: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY. ANXIETY DISORDERS (AD) TYPICALLY MANIFEST IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AND MIGHT PERSIST INTO ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, THERE ARE STILL FEW DATA CONCERNING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH ONSET, PERSISTENCE OR REMISSION OF AD OVER TIME. WE INVESTIGATED A COHORT OF ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AT BASELINE (AGE; 13.19 +/- 2.38) AND AFTER 5 YEARS AND CLASSIFIED THEM ACCORDING TO THE AD DIAGNOSIS AND THEIR LONGITUDINAL TRAJECTORIES INTO 4 GROUPS: (1) TYPICALLY DEVELOPING COMPARISONS (TDC; CONTROL GROUP, N = 14); (2) INCIDENT (AD IN THE SECOND EVALUATION ONLY, N = 11); (3) PERSISTENT (AD IN BOTH EVALUATIONS, N = 14) AND (4) REMITTENT (AD IN THE FIRST EVALUATION ONLY, N = 8). DNA METHYLATION WAS EVALUATED WITH THE INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIP FROM SALIVA SAMPLES COLLECTED AT BOTH EVALUATIONS. GENE SET ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS WAS APPLIED TO CONSIDER BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS. WE FOUND DECREASED DNA METHYLATION IN TDC GROUP WHILE THE CHRONIC CASES OF AD PRESENTED HYPERMETHYLATION IN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS. MOREOVER, WE SHOWED THAT THIS PERSISTENT GROUP ALSO PRESENTED HYPERMETHYLATION WHILE THE OTHER THREE GROUPS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOMETHYLATION IN NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PATHWAY. INCIDENCE AND REMISSION GROUPS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED AND DECREASED METHYLATION IN NEURON DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS, RESPECTIVELY. LARGER STUDIES ARE LIKELY TO DETECT SPECIFIC GENES RELEVANT TO AD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10   70  35 A METHOD TO DETECT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED LOCI WITH NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING. EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ESPECIALLY DNA METHYLATION AT CPG LOCI HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS IN CANCER AND OTHER COMPLEX DISEASES. WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), IT IS FEASIBLE TO GENERATE DATA TO INTERROGATE THE DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION STATUS FOR GENOME-WIDE LOCI USING CASE-CONTROL DESIGN. HOWEVER, A PROPER AND EFFICIENT STATISTICAL TEST IS LACKING. THERE ARE SEVERAL CHALLENGES. FIRST, UNLIKE METHYLATION EXPERIMENTS USING MICROARRAYS, WHERE THERE IS ONE MEASURE OF METHYLATION FOR ONE INDIVIDUAL AT A PARTICULAR CPG SITE, HERE WE HAVE THE COUNTS OF METHYLATION ALLELE AND UNMETHYLATION ALLELE FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL. SECOND, DUE TO THE NATURE OF SAMPLE PREPARATION, THE MEASURED METHYLATION REFLECTS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF A MIXTURE OF CELLS INVOLVED IN SAMPLE PREPARATION. THEREFORE, THE UNDERLYING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEASURED METHYLATION LEVEL IS UNKNOWN, AND A ROBUST TEST IS MORE DESIRABLE THAN PARAMETRIC APPROACH. THIRD, CURRENTLY NGS MEASURES METHYLATION AT OVER 2 MILLION CPG SITES. ANY STATISTICAL TESTS HAVE TO BE COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT IN ORDER TO BE APPLIED TO THE NGS DATA. TAKING THESE CHALLENGES INTO ACCOUNT, WE PROPOSE A TEST FOR DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION BASED ON CLUSTERED DATA ANALYSIS BY MODELING THE METHYLATION COUNTS. WE PERFORMED SIMULATIONS TO SHOW THAT IT IS ROBUST UNDER SEVERAL DISTRIBUTIONS FOR THE MEASURED METHYLATION LEVELS. IT HAS GOOD POWER AND IS COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT. FINALLY, WE APPLY THE TEST TO OUR NGS DATA ON CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT IT IS A PROMISING AND PRACTICAL TEST.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11 1583  38 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF BLOOD CELLS ARE DISTINCT BETWEEN EARLY-ONSET OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS. OBESITY IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT, CHRONIC DISORDER THAT HAS BEEN INCREASING IN INCIDENCE IN YOUNG PATIENTS. BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ABERRATIONS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY. THEREFORE, IN-DEPTH EPIGENOMIC AND GENOMIC ANALYSES WILL ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DETAILED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING OBESITY AND AID IN THE SELECTION OF POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR OBESITY IN YOUTH. HERE, WE PERFORMED MICROARRAY-BASED DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF PERIPHERAL WHITE BLOOD CELLS OBTAINED FROM SIX YOUNG, OBESE INDIVIDUALS AND SIX HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE OBSERVED THAT THE HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING OF DNA METHYLATION, BUT NOT GENE EXPRESSION, CLEARLY SEGREGATES THE OBESE INDIVIDUALS FROM THE CONTROLS, SUGGESTING THAT THE METABOLIC DISTURBANCE THAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF OBESITY AT A YOUNG AGE MAY AFFECT THE DNA METHYLATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS WITHOUT ACCOMPANYING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES. TO EXAMINE THE GENOME-WIDE DIFFERENCES IN THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF YOUNG OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS, WE IDENTIFIED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES AND INVESTIGATED THEIR GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC CONTEXTS. THE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS CAN BE SUMMARIZED AS RELATIVE GAINS AND LOSSES OF DNA METHYLATION IN GENE PROMOTERS AND GENE BODIES, RESPECTIVELY. WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT THE CPG ISLANDS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DNA METHYLATION COMPARED TO CONTROLS. OUR PILOT STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE GENOME-WIDE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS MAY ADVANCE NOT ONLY OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENOMIC PATHOGENESIS BUT ALSO EARLY SCREENING OF OBESITY IN YOUTH.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12  287  31 AGING AND CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE CAUSE DISTINCT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN SKIN. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE WIDELY CONSIDERED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN AGING, BUT EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS HYPOTHESIS HAS BEEN SCARCE. WE HAVE USED ARRAY-BASED ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE GENOME-SCALE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS FROM HUMAN SKIN SAMPLES AND TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF AGING, CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE, AND TISSUE VARIATION. OUR RESULTS REVEAL A HIGH DEGREE OF TISSUE SPECIFICITY IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS AND ALSO SHOWED VERY LITTLE INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIATION WITHIN TISSUES. DATA STRATIFICATION BY AGE REVEALED THAT DNA FROM OLDER INDIVIDUALS WAS CHARACTERIZED BY A SPECIFIC HYPERMETHYLATION PATTERN AFFECTING LESS THAN 1% OF THE MARKERS ANALYZED. INTERESTINGLY, STRATIFICATION BY SUN EXPOSURE PRODUCED A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT PATTERN WITH A SIGNIFICANT TREND TOWARDS HYPOMETHYLATION. OUR RESULTS THUS IDENTIFY DEFINED AGE-RELATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND SUGGEST THAT THESE ALTERATIONS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN AGING.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13  344  44 ALTERED BDNF METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND HIGH BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPLEXITY. PURPOSE: THE INTERMED INSTRUMENT, WHICH WAS DEVELOPED TO MEASURE PATIENT'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL (BPS) COMPLEXITY, REPRESENTS A POWERFUL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TOOL. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE THE INTERFACE BETWEEN SIGNALS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND GENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AFFECTING GENE EXPRESSION, IN PARTICULAR, BY DNA METHYLATION OF CPG DINUCLEOTIDES IN PROMOTOR REGIONS OF THE CORRESPONDING GENES. THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) GENE PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE CENTRAL SENSITIZATION (CS) OF PAIN. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CHRONIC PAIN MODIFIES THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF THE BDNF GENE IN A MANNER THAT IS INTERCONNECTED WITH THE BPS STATUS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: FIFTY-EIGHT CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN PATIENTS (CMSP) WERE ENROLLED IN THE STUDY. DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES, THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF 13 CPG SITES IN THE BDNF PROMOTER WERE MEASURED BY PYROSEQUENCING, AND ASSOCIATION STUDIES WITH VARIOUS PATIENT PARAMETERS AND THE INTERMED SCORES WERE PERFORMED. RESULTS: INTERESTINGLY, A NEGATIVE CORRELATION (-0.40) WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE TOTAL INTERMED SCORES AND THE AVERAGE CPG METHYLATION VALUES OF THE BDNF GENE, BUT NO CORRELATION WAS OBSERVED WITH THE SEVERITY OF PAIN, DEGREE OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, OR KINESIOPHOBIA AND CATASTROPHISM. MOREOVER, THE ASSOCIATION WAS INDEPENDENT OF AGE, SEX AND LEVEL OF COMORBIDITIES. CONCLUSION: THIS RESULT SHOWS THAT CMSP, IN ASSOCIATION WITH ITS BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CONTEXT, EPIGENETICALLY DECREASES THE DEGREE OF METHYLATION OF THE BDNF PROMOTER AND SHOULD THEREFORE INCREASE THE LEVEL OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTION. IT ALSO SUGGESTS A ROLE OF THE INTERMED TOOL TO DETECT A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BPS COMPLEXITY AND THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF A TARGET GENE. THE POSSIBLE UPREGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION MIGHT BE, AT LEAST IN PART, THE SIGNAL FOR CHRONIC PAIN-INDUCED CENTRAL SENSITIZATION (CS). THIS COULD PARTLY EXPLAIN WHY PATIENTS WITH A HIGHER LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY FEEL MORE PAIN THAN THOSE WITH LOWER COMPLEXITY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14 1439  36 DIFFERENTIAL PLACENTAL CPG METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE OF PREMATURITY. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE (CLD) IS THE MOST COMMON PULMONARY MORBIDITY IN EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS. IT IS UNCLEAR TO WHAT EXTENT PRENATAL EXPOSURES INFLUENCE THE RISK OF CLD. EPIGENETIC VARIATION IN PLACENTA DNA METHYLATION MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL RISK OF CLD, AND THESE ASSOCIATIONS MAY BE DEPENDENT UPON SEX. METHODS: DATA WERE OBTAINED FROM A MULTI-CENTER COHORT OF INFANTS BORN EXTREMELY PRETERM (<28 WEEKS' GESTATION) AND AN EPIGENOME-WIDE APPROACH WAS USED TO IDENTIFY ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PLACENTAL DNA METHYLATION AND CLD (N = 423). ASSOCIATIONS WERE EVALUATED USING ROBUST LINEAR REGRESSION ADJUSTING FOR COVARIATES, WITH A FALSE DISCOVERY RATE OF 0.05. ANALYSES STRATIFIED BY SEX WERE USED TO ASSESS DIFFERENCES IN METHYLATION-CLD ASSOCIATIONS. RESULTS: CLD WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AT 49 CPG SITES REPRESENTING 46 GENES IN THE PLACENTA. CLD WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF PROBES WITHIN GENES RELATED TO PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN FETAL LUNG DEVELOPMENT, SUCH AS P53 SIGNALING AND MYO-INOSITOL BIOSYNTHESIS. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CPG METHYLATION AND CLD DIFFERED BY SEX. CONCLUSIONS: DIFFERENTIAL PLACENTAL METHYLATION WITHIN GENES WITH KEY ROLES IN FETAL LUNG DEVELOPMENT MAY REFLECT COMPLEX CELL SIGNALING BETWEEN THE PLACENTA AND FETUS WHICH MEDIATE CLD RISK. THESE PATHWAYS APPEAR TO BE DISTINCT BASED ON FETAL SEX. IMPACT: IN EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS, DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF CPG SITES WITHIN PLACENTAL GENES INVOLVED IN PATHWAYS RELATED TO CELL SIGNALING, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND TROPHOBLAST INVASION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE OF PREMATURITY. DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE WERE DISTINCTLY BASED ON FETAL SEX, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL MECHANISM UNDERLYING DIMORPHIC PHENOTYPES. MECHANISMS RELATED TO FETAL HYPOXIA AND PLACENTAL MYO-INOSITOL SIGNALING MAY PLAY A ROLE IN FETAL LUNG PROGRAMMING AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE. CONTINUED RESEARCH OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PLACENTAL EPIGENOME AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE COULD INFORM EFFORTS TO AMELIORATE OR PREVENT THIS CONDITION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                     
15 6311  31 THE RELATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS AND SERUM CYTOKINE LEVELS IN COMMUNITY-DWELLING ADULTS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY. BACKGROUND: THE LEVELS OF CIRCULATING CYTOKINES FLUCTUATE WITH AGE, ACUTE ILLNESS, AND CHRONIC DISEASE, AND ARE PREDICTIVE OF MORTALITY; THIS IS ALSO TRUE FOR PATTERNS OF DNA (CPG) METHYLATION. GIVEN THAT IMMUNE CELLS ARE PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF CYTOKINES IN THEIR MICROENVIRONMENT, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT SERUM LEVELS OF TNF, IL-6, IL-8 AND IL-10 WOULD CORRELATE WITH GENOME-WIDE ALTERATIONS IN THE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF BLOOD LEUKOCYTES. TO TEST THIS, WE EVALUATED COMMUNITY-DWELLING ADULTS (N = 14; 48-78 YEARS OLD) RECRUITED TO A PILOT STUDY FOR THE CANADIAN LONGITUDINAL STUDY ON AGING (CLSA), EXAMINING DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS USING THE ILLUMINA HUMANMETHYLATION 450 K BEADCHIP. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT, APART FROM AGE, SERUM IL-10 LEVELS EXHIBITED THE MOST SUBSTANTIAL ASSOCIATION TO DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS, FOLLOWED BY TNF, IL-6 AND IL-8. FURTHERMORE, WHILE THE LEVELS OF THESE CYTOKINES WERE HIGHER IN ELDERLY ADULTS, NO ASSOCIATIONS WITH EPIGENETIC ACCELERATED AGING, DERIVED USING THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK, WERE OBSERVED. CONCLUSIONS: AS A PRELIMINARY STUDY WITH A SMALL SAMPLE SIZE, THE CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THIS WORK MUST BE VIEWED WITH CAUTION; HOWEVER, OUR OBSERVATIONS ARE ENCOURAGING AND CERTAINLY WARRANT MORE SUITABLY POWERED STUDIES OF THIS RELATIONSHIP.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
16 6116  28 THE EPIGENETIC CORRELATION AMONG OVARIAN CANCER, ENDOMETRIOSIS AND PCOS: A REVIEW. OVARIAN CANCER IS A FREQUENT MALIGNANCY THAT AFFECTS A LARGE PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A CHRONIC CONDITION, WHERE THERE IS A PRODUCTION OF BENIGN LESIONS WERE OBSERVED IN THE UTERINE ENVIRONMENT. PCOS IS A METABOLIC DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF NUMEROUS CYSTS IN THE OVARIES. THE RELATION BETWEEN OVARIAN MALIGNANCIES AND PCOS, BY AN INCREASED RATIO OF OVARIAN STROMAL TISSUES IN PCOS PATIENTS. THE DIRECT CORRELATION IS NOT YET CONFIRMED AMONG THE THREE DISORDERS, BUT IT IS OFTEN NOTED THAT THEY SHARE RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS OBESITY, HORMONAL IMBALANCES. EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE SHOWN TO BE AN IMPORTANT REASON FOR CANCER PROGRESSION. OUR FINDINGS AT THE EPIGENETIC LEVEL INCLUDES A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, POINT MUTATIONS IN GENES, OVERACTIVATION OF SIGNALING PATHWAYS. THIS REVIEW PAPER, HIGHLIGHT THE POSSIBLE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE THREE DISORDERS IN TERMS OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS AND HOW IT COULD TOGETHER TRIGGER THE CANCER PROGRESSION AND METASTASIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17 5696  36 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD GENE-EXPRESSION SIGNATURES OF INDIVIDUALS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AND THEIR FIRST-DEGREE BIOLOGICAL RELATIVES. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE EVALUATED THE POTENTIAL UTILITY OF BLOOD-BASED WHOLE-TRANSCRIPTOME SIGNATURES AS A SOURCE OF BIOMARKERS FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA. THIS ENDEAVOR HAS BEEN COMPLICATED BY THE FACT THAT INDIVIDUALS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA TYPICALLY DIFFER FROM APPROPRIATE COMPARISON SUBJECTS ON MORE THAN JUST THE PRESENCE OF THE DISORDER; FOR EXAMPLE, INDIVIDUALS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA TYPICALLY RECEIVE ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS, AND HAVE BEEN DEALING WITH THE SEQUELAE OF THIS CHRONIC ILLNESS FOR YEARS. THE INABILITY TO CONTROL SUCH FACTORS INTRODUCES A CONSIDERABLE DEGREE OF UNCERTAINTY IN THE RESULTS TO DATE. TO OVERCOME THIS, WE PERFORMED A BLOOD-BASED GENE-EXPRESSION PROFILING STUDY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS (N = 9) AS WELL AS THEIR UNMEDICATED, NONPSYCHOTIC, BIOLOGICAL SIBLINGS (N = 9) AND UNAFFECTED COMPARISON SUBJECTS (N = 12). THE UNAFFECTED BIOLOGICAL SIBLINGS, WHO MAY HARBOR SOME OF THE GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO SCHIZOPHRENIA, EXHIBITED A HOST OF GENE-EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES FROM UNAFFECTED COMPARISON SUBJECTS, MANY OF WHICH WERE SHARED BY THEIR SCHIZOPHRENIC SIBLINGS, PERHAPS INDICATIVE OF UNDERLYING RISK FACTORS FOR THE DISORDER. SEVERAL GENES THAT WERE DYSREGULATED IN BOTH INDIVIDUALS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AND THEIR SIBLINGS RELATED TO NUCLEOSOME AND HISTONE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE RISK STATE FOR THE DISORDER. NONPSYCHOTIC SIBLINGS ALSO DISPLAYED SOME DIFFERENCES FROM COMPARISON SUBJECTS THAT WERE NOT FOUND IN THEIR AFFECTED SIBLINGS, SUGGESTING THAT THE DYSREGULATION OF SOME GENES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MAY BE INDICATIVE OF UNDERLYING PROTECTIVE FACTORS. THIS STUDY, WHILE EXPLORATORY, ILLUSTRATED THE POTENTIAL UTILITY AND INCREASED INFORMATIVENESS OF INCLUDING UNAFFECTED FIRST-DEGREE RELATIVES IN RESEARCH IN PURSUIT OF PERIPHERAL BIOMARKERS FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18 6159  44 THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. FATIGUE IS A COMMON SYMPTOM AND INCLUDES BOTH PHYSICAL AND MENTAL COMPONENTS. IT CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT SYNDROMES AND DISEASES, BUT IN MANY CASES IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER COMORBID CONDITIONS. MOST HUMANS HAVE EXPERIENCED ACUTE FATIGUE IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT STRESSORS. ACUTE FATIGUE TYPICALLY DECREASES AS THE EFFECT OF THE TRIGGERING FACTOR IS REDUCED AND A NORMAL HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE IS RESTORED. FATIGUE THAT PERSISTS FOR 6 MONTHS OR MORE IS TERMED CHRONIC FATIGUE. CHRONIC FATIGUE (CF) IN COMBINATION WITH A MINIMUM OF 4 OF 8 SYMPTOMS AND THE ABSENCE OF DISEASES THAT COULD EXPLAIN THESE SYMPTOMS, CONSTITUTE THE CASE DEFINITION FOR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. IN SPITE OF ITS PREVALENCE, THE BIOLOGY OF FATIGUE IS RELATIVELY POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAVE NOT YET BEEN IDENTIFIED. THIS LITERATURE SEARCH WAS PERFORMED IN PUBMED TO IDENTIFY RESEARCH ON THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. PUBLICATIONS WERE INCLUDED IF FATIGUE WAS A MAJOR TOPIC AND THE TOPIC WAS COMBINED WITH GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC MEASUREMENTS IN ADULT HUMANS. A TOTAL OF 40 PUBLICATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED. ALTHOUGH ALTERED FUNCTIONING IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, THE SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM, AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH INFECTIOUS AGENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, THE SEARCH FOR GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF FATIGUE, EITHER IN THE CONTEXT OF CF OR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS) HAS BEEN RELATIVELY UNPRODUCTIVE OR, IN THE CASE OF EPIGENETICS, NONEXISTENT. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL STUDIES, BOTH HYPOTHESIS-TESTING AND HYPOTHESIS-GENERATING, HAVE BEEN PERFORMED TO SEARCH FOR BIOMARKERS, THEY HAVE MOSTLY BEEN UNDERPOWERED, RESTRICTED BY THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE PHENOTYPE, OR LIMITED BY AN UNSYSTEMATIC STUDY DESIGN. TO BE ABLE TO CONFIRM THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RISK FOR, OR LEVELS OF, FATIGUE ARE INFLUENCED BY THE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND OF AN INDIVIDUAL, STUDIES NEED TO BE BASED ON LARGER SAMPLE SIZES WITH A MORE CLEARLY DEFINED PHENOTYPE. STUDIES NEED TO FOCUS NOT ONLY ON THE INFLUENCE OF A SINGLE ASPECT SUCH AS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) OR DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION ON DISEASE RISK OR STATE, BUT ALSO ON THE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY BEHIND THE DISEASE IN COMBINATION WITH INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND VALIDATION OF FINDINGS IN FUNCTIONAL STUDIES.	2010	

19 6547  38 TRANSCRIPTOMICS OF LONG-TERM MEDITATION PRACTICE: EVIDENCE FOR PREVENTION OR REVERSAL OF STRESS EFFECTS HARMFUL TO HEALTH. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: STRESS CAN OVERLOAD ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS, LEADING TO EPIGENETIC EFFECTS HARMFUL TO HEALTH. RESEARCH ON THE REVERSAL OF THESE EFFECTS IS IN ITS INFANCY. EARLY RESULTS SUGGEST SOME MEDITATION TECHNIQUES HAVE HEALTH BENEFITS THAT GROW WITH REPEATED PRACTICE. THIS STUDY FOCUSED ON POSSIBLE TRANSCRIPTOMIC EFFECTS OF 38 YEARS OF TWICE-DAILY TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION((R)) (TM((R))) PRACTICE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: FIRST, USING ILLUMINA((R)) BEADCHIP MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGY, DIFFERENCES IN GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WERE SOUGHT BETWEEN HEALTHY PRACTITIONERS AND TIGHTLY MATCHED CONTROLS (N = 12, AGE 65). SECOND, THESE MICROARRAY RESULTS WERE VERIFIED ON A SUBSET OF GENES USING QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR) AND WERE VALIDATED USING QPCR IN LARGER TM AND CONTROL GROUPS (N = 45, AGE 63). BIOINFORMATICS INVESTIGATION EMPLOYED INGENUITY((R)) PATHWAY ANALYSIS (IPA((R))), DAVID, GENOMATIX, AND R PACKAGES. RESULTS: THE 200 GENES AND LOCI FOUND TO MEET STRICT CRITERIA FOR DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN THE MICROARRAY EXPERIMENT SHOWED CONTRASTING PATTERNS OF EXPRESSION THAT DISTINGUISHED THE TWO GROUPS. DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION RELATING TO IMMUNE FUNCTION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY WERE MOST APPARENT. IN THE TM GROUP, RELATIVE TO THE CONTROL, ALL 49 GENES ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION WERE DOWNREGULATED, WHILE GENES ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIVIRAL AND ANTIBODY COMPONENTS OF THE DEFENSE RESPONSE WERE UPREGULATED. THE LARGEST EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES WERE SHOWN BY SIX GENES RELATED TO ERYTHROCYTE FUNCTION THAT APPEARED TO REFLECT A CONDITION OF LOWER ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE CONTROL GROUP. RESULTS SUPPORTING THESE GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES WERE OBTAINED WITH QPCR-MEASURED EXPRESSION BOTH IN THE WELL-MATCHED MICROARRAY GROUPS AND IN THE LARGER, LESS WELL-MATCHED GROUPS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS ARE CONSISTENT WITH PREDICTIONS BASED ON RESULTS FROM EARLIER RANDOMIZED TRIALS OF MEDITATION AND MAY PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR STRESS-RELATED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING REDUCTIONS IN ANXIETY, POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD), CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD), AND OTHER CHRONIC DISORDERS AND DISEASES.	2021	
                                              
20 1588  44 DNA METHYLATION PROFILING IMPLICATES EXPOSURE TO PCBS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVES: TO CHARACTERIZE THE IMPACT OF PCB EXPOSURE ON DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUCOCYTES AND TO EVALUATE THE CORRESPONDING CHANGES IN RELATION TO POSSIBLE HEALTH EFFECTS, WITH A FOCUS ON B-CELL LYMPHOMA. METHODS: WE CONDUCTED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY ON 611 ADULTS FREE OF DIAGNOSED DISEASE, LIVING IN ITALY AND SWEDEN, IN WHOM WE ALSO MEASURED PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF 6 PCB CONGENERS, DDE AND HEXACHLOROBENZENE. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 650 CPG SITES WHOSE METHYLATION CORRELATES STRONGLY (FDR < 0.01) WITH PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF AT LEAST ONE PCB CONGENER. STRONGER EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED IN MALES AND IN SWEDEN. THIS EPIGENETIC EXPOSURE PROFILE SHOWS EXTENSIVE AND HIGHLY STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT OVERLAPS WITH PUBLISHED PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH THE RISK OF FUTURE B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) AS WELL AS WITH CLINICAL CLL (38 AND 28 CPG SITES, RESPECTIVELY). FOR ALL THESE SITES, THE METHYLATION CHANGES WERE IN THE SAME DIRECTION FOR INCREASING EXPOSURE AND FOR HIGHER DISEASE RISK OR CLINICAL DISEASE STATUS, SUGGESTING AN ETIOLOGICAL LINK BETWEEN EXPOSURE AND CLL. MEDIATION ANALYSIS REINFORCED THE SUGGESTION OF A CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN EXPOSURE, CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND DISEASE. DISEASE CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED MULTIPLE ADDITIONAL DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES, INCLUDING MELANOMA FOR WHICH AN ETIOLOGICAL LINK WITH PCB EXPOSURE IS ESTABLISHED, AS WELL AS DEVELOPMENTAL AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES FOR WHICH THERE IS CORRESPONDING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES INCLUDE MANY HOMEOBOX GENES, SUGGESTING THAT PCBS TARGET STEM CELLS. FURTHERMORE, NUMEROUS POLYCOMB PROTEIN TARGET GENES WERE HYPERMETHYLATED WITH INCREASING EXPOSURE, AN EFFECT KNOWN TO CONSTITUTE AN EARLY MARKER OF CARCINOGENESIS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES MECHANISTIC EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF A LINK BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO PCBS AND THE ETIOLOGY OF CLL AND UNDERLINES THE UTILITY OF OMIC PROFILING IN THE EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL TOXICITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS.	2019