1 2155 136 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING IN FIBROGENESIS: DUAL TARGETING OF G9A AND DNMT1 FOR THE INHIBITION OF LIVER FIBROSIS. OBJECTIVE: HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSC) TRANSDIFFERENTIATION INTO MYOFIBROBLASTS IS CENTRAL TO FIBROGENESIS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING HISTONE AND DNA METHYLATION, PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THIS PROCESS. CONCERTED ACTION BETWEEN HISTONE AND DNA-MEHYLTRANSFERASES LIKE G9A AND DNMT1 IS A COMMON THEME IN GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION. WE AIMED TO STUDY THE EFFICACY OF CM272, A FIRST-IN-CLASS DUAL AND REVERSIBLE G9A/DNMT1 INHIBITOR, IN HALTING FIBROGENESIS. DESIGN: G9A AND DNMT1 WERE ANALYSED IN CIRRHOTIC HUMAN LIVERS, MOUSE MODELS OF LIVER FIBROSIS AND CULTURED MOUSE HSC. G9A AND DNMT1 EXPRESSION WAS KNOCKED DOWN OR INHIBITED WITH CM272 IN HUMAN HSC (HHSC), AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC RESPONSES TO TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA1 (TGFBETA1) WERE EXAMINED. GLYCOLYTIC METABOLISM AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION WERE ANALYSED WITH SEAHORSE-XF TECHNOLOGY. GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION WAS ANALYSED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. ANTIFIBROGENIC ACTIVITY AND SAFETY OF CM272 WERE STUDIED IN MOUSE CHRONIC CCL(4) ADMINISTRATION AND BILE DUCT LIGATION (BDL), AND IN HUMAN PRECISION-CUT LIVER SLICES (PCLSS) IN A NEW BIOREACTOR TECHNOLOGY. RESULTS: G9A AND DNMT1 WERE DETECTED IN STROMAL CELLS IN AREAS OF ACTIVE FIBROSIS IN HUMAN AND MOUSE LIVERS. G9A AND DNMT1 EXPRESSION WAS INDUCED DURING MOUSE HSC ACTIVATION, AND TGFBETA1 TRIGGERED THEIR CHROMATIN RECRUITMENT IN HHSC. G9A/DNMT1 KNOCKDOWN AND CM272 INHIBITED TGFBETA1 FIBROGENIC RESPONSES IN HHSC. TGFBETA1-MEDIATED PROFIBROGENIC METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING WAS ABROGATED BY CM272, WHICH RESTORED GLUCONEOGENIC GENE EXPRESSION AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION THROUGH ON-TARGET EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. CM272 INHIBITED FIBROGENESIS IN MICE AND PCLSS WITHOUT TOXICITY. CONCLUSIONS: DUAL G9A/DNMT1 INHIBITION BY COMPOUNDS LIKE CM272 MAY BE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR TREATING LIVER FIBROSIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2 3128  49 GIPC-REGULATED IGFBP-3 PROMOTES HSC MIGRATION IN VITRO AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN VIVO THROUGH A BETA1-INTEGRIN PATHWAY. BACKGROUND & AIMS: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF-BETA)-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF QUIESCENT HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS) AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION TO MYOFIBROBLASTS IS A KEY EVENT IN LIVER FIBROSIS AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION. GIPC (ALSO REFERRED TO AS SYNECTIN) IS A DOWNSTREAM SIGNAL ACTIVATION MOLECULE OF TGF-BETA AND OTHER RECEPTORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY NOVEL GENES TARGETED BY TGF-BETA AND GIPC AND ELUCIDATE IF AND HOW THEY MAY CONTRIBUTE TO LIVER FIBROSIS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED SEQUENTIAL MESSENGER RNA SEQUENCING ANALYSIS ON TGF-BETA-STIMULATED HSCS AND THEN ON TGF-BETA-STIMULATED HSCS IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF GIPC ALSO REFERRED TO AS SYNECTIN (GIPC) KNOCKDOWN. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN-3 (IGFBP-3) TRANSPORT PROTEIN EMERGED AS A TOP ACTIVATION TARGET OF BOTH TGF-BETA AND GIPC. QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, TARGETED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS WERE DONE FOR FURTHER CONFIRMATION. RESULTS: IGFBP-3, AN INSULIN GROWTH FACTOR TRANSPORT PROTEIN, EMERGED AS A TOP ACTIVATION TARGET OF BOTH TGF-BETA AND GIPC, WHICH WAS CONFIRMED BY QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. TARGETED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SHOWED THAT GIPC INCREASES THE HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27) ACETYLATION ACTIVATING MARK AND CONCURRENTLY DECREASES THE H3K27 INHIBITORY TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27M3) MARK, PROVIDING AN EPIGENETIC CORRELATE TO THE GENE REGULATION CHANGES. IN VIVO, GLOBAL KNOCKOUT OF IGFBP-3 MICE RESULTED IN ATTENUATION OF HSC ACTIVATION MARKERS AND ATTENUATION OF PORTAL PRESSURE IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC LIVER INJURY MODELS. ANALYSIS OF SERUM LEVELS FROM CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED AN IGFBP-3 INCREASE OF MORE THAN 2-FOLD COMPARED WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS. FINALLY, IN VITRO MECHANISM STUDIES SHOWED THAT IGFBP-3 PROMOTES HSC MIGRATION THROUGH INTEGRIN-DEPENDENT PHOSPHORYLATION OF PROTEIN KINASE B. CONCLUSIONS: TGF-BETA UP-REGULATES IGFBP-3 THROUGH GIPC, LEADING TO INCREASED HSC MIGRATION IN VITRO AND PROMOTES PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN VIVO. THESE STUDIES SUPPORT THE ROLE OF IGFBP-3 AS A POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC TARGET OR BIOMARKER IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3 4233  33 METHYLATION OF SEPTIN9 MEDIATED BY DNMT3A ENHANCES HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROGENESIS. LIVER FIBROSIS, RESULTING FROM CHRONIC AND PERSISTENT INJURY TO THE LIVER, IS A WORLDWIDE HEALTH PROBLEM. ADVANCED LIVER FIBROSIS RESULTS IN CIRRHOSIS, LIVER FAILURE AND EVEN HEPATOCELLULAR CANCER (HCC), OFTEN EVENTUALLY REQUIRING LIVER TRANSPLANTATION, POSES A HUGE HEALTH BURDEN ON THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FIBROSIS REMAINS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. NUMEROUS BASIC AND CLINICAL STUDIES HAVE PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ESPECIALLY DNA METHYLATION, MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE ACTIVATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS), THE PIVOTAL CELL TYPE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FIBROUS SCAR IN LIVER. HERE, REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) AND BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING PCR (BSP) ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED HYPERMETHYLATION STATUS OF SEPTIN9 (SEPT9) GENE IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS. SEPT9 PROTEIN WAS DRAMATICALLY DECREASED IN LIVERS OF CCL4-TREATED MICE AND IMMORTALIZED HSC-T6 CELLS EXPOSED TO TGF-BETA1. NEVERTHELESS, THE SUPPRESSION OF SEPT9 COULD BE BLOCKED BY DNMT3A-SIRNA AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZADC). OVEREXPRESSED SEPT9 ATTENUATED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF MYOFIBROBLAST MARKERS ALPHA-SMA AND COL1A1, ACCOMPANIED BY UP-REGULATION OF CELL APOPTOSIS-RELATED PROTEINS. CONVERSELY, RNAI-MEDIATED SILENCING OF SEPT9 ENHANCED ACCUMULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. THESE OBSERVATIONS SUGGESTED THAT SEPT9 CONTRIBUTED TO ALLEVIATE LIVER FIBROSIS MIGHT PARTIALLY THROUGH PROMOTING ACTIVATED HSCS APOPTOSIS AND THIS ANTI-FIBROGENESIS EFFECT MIGHT BE BLOCKED BY DNMT-3A MEDIATED METHYLATION OF SEPT9. THEREFORE, PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS THAT INHIBIT SEPT9 METHYLATION AND INCREASE ITS EXPRESSION COULD BE CONSIDERED AS VALUABLE TREATMENTS FOR LIVER FIBROSIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4 4696  28 NF-KAPPAB REPRESSES RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR-MEDIATED GPRC5A TRANSACTIVATION IN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS TO PROMOTE NEOPLASIA. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH LUNG TUMORIGENESIS, IN WHICH NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE. LUNG TUMOR SUPPRESSOR G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR, FAMILY C, MEMBER 5A (GPRC5A), IS REPRESSED IN MOST NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER (NSCLC); HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, WE SHOW THAT NF-KAPPAB ACTS AS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR IN SUPPRESSION OF GPRC5A. NF-KAPPAB INDUCED GPRC5A REPRESSION BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. INTRIGUINGLY, TRANSACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB DOWNSTREAM TARGETS WAS NOT REQUIRED, BUT THE TRANSACTIVATION DOMAIN OF RELA/P65 WAS REQUIRED FOR GPRC5A REPRESSION. NF-KAPPAB DID NOT BIND TO ANY POTENTIAL CIS-ELEMENT IN THE GPRC5A PROMOTER. INSTEAD, P65 WAS COMPLEXED WITH RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR ALPHA/BETA (RARALPHA/BETA) AND RECRUITED TO THE RA RESPONSE ELEMENT SITE AT THE GPRC5A PROMOTER, RESULTING IN DISRUPTED RNA POLYMERASE II COMPLEXING AND SUPPRESSED TRANSCRIPTION. NOTABLY, PHOSPHORYLATION ON SERINE 276 OF P65 WAS REQUIRED FOR INTERACTION WITH RARALPHA/BETA AND REPRESSION OF GPRC5A. MOREOVER, NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REPRESSION WAS THROUGH SUPPRESSION OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H3K9 (H3K9AC), BUT NOT DNA METHYLATION OF THE CPG ISLANDS, AT THE GPRC5A PROMOTER. CONSISTENTLY, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, BUT NOT DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, RESTORED GPRC5A EXPRESSION IN NSCLC CELLS. THUS, NF-KAPPAB INDUCES TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF GPRC5A VIA A COMPLEX WITH RARALPHA/BETA AND MEDIATES EPIGENETIC REPRESSION VIA SUPPRESSION OF H3K9AC.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5 3049  33 GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS REVEALS ZINC TRANSPORTER ZIP9 REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS VIA THE TGF-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY. RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS IS A DETRIMENTAL AND CHRONIC DISORDER THAT OCCURS AFTER RADIATION EXPOSURE. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN CHARACTERIZED AS AN IMPORTANT REGULATORY MECHANISM OF MULTIPLE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES. IN THIS STUDY, WE COMPARED THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN RADIATION-INDUCED FIBROTIC SKIN AND ADJACENT NORMAL TISSUES OF RATS BY METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING. RADIATION-INDUCED FIBROTIC SKIN SHOWED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH 3,650 PROTEIN-CODING GENES, 72 MICRORNAS, 5,836 LONG NONCODING RNAS AND 3 PIWI-INTERACTING RNAS. BY INTEGRATING THE MRNA AND METHYLATION PROFILES, THE ZINC TRANSPORTER SLC39A9/ZIP9 WAS INVESTIGATED IN GREATER DETAIL. THE PROTEIN LEVEL OF ZIP9 WAS INCREASED IN IRRADIATED SKIN TISSUES OF HUMANS, MONKEYS, AND RATS, ESPECIALLY IN RADIOGENIC FIBROTIC SKIN TISSUES. RADIATION INDUCED THE DEMETHYLATION OF A CPG DINUCLEOTIDE IN EXON 1 OF ZIP9 THAT RESULTED IN RECRUITMENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTOR SP1 AND INCREASED ZIP9 EXPRESSION. OVEREXPRESSION OF ZIP9 RESULTED IN ACTIVATION OF THE PROFIBROTIC TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY THROUGH PROTEIN KINASE B IN HUMAN FIBROBLASTS. IN ADDITION, RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ZINC ACCUMULATION. THE ZINC CHELATOR N,N,N',N'-TETRAKIS(2-PYRIDYLMETHYL)-1,2-ETHYLENEDIAMINE ABROGATED ZIP9-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY AND ATTENUATED RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS IN A RAT MODEL. IN SUMMARY, OUR FINDINGS ILLUSTRATE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ZIP9 AND ITS CRITICAL ROLE IN PROMOTING RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6 5601  30 RORALPHA IS CRUCIAL FOR ATTENUATED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO MAINTAIN INTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS. RETINOIC ACID-RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR ALPHA (RORALPHA) FUNCTIONS AS A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOR VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, INCLUDING CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, CANCER, AND METABOLISM. HERE, WE GENERATE INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELL (IEC)-SPECIFIC RORALPHA-DEFICIENT (RORALPHA(DELTAIEC)) MICE AND FIND THAT RORALPHA IS CRUCIAL FOR MAINTAINING INTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS BY ATTENUATING NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY. RORALPHA(DELTAIEC) MICE EXHIBIT EXCESSIVE INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION AND HIGHLY ACTIVATED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN THE DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS) MOUSE COLITIS MODEL. TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS REVEALS THAT DELETION OF RORALPHA LEADS TO UP-REGULATION OF NF-KAPPAB TARGET GENES IN IECS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS REVEALS CORECRUITMENT OF RORALPHA AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE 3 (HDAC3) ON NF-KAPPAB TARGET PROMOTERS AND SUBSEQUENT DISMISSAL OF CREB BINDING PROTEIN (CBP) AND BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) FOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. TOGETHER, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT RORALPHA/HDAC3-MEDIATED ATTENUATION OF NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING CONTROLS THE BALANCE OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TARGETING THIS EPIGENETIC REGULATION COULD BE BENEFICIAL TO THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, INCLUDING INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD).	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7 5636  38 SERELAXIN ALLEVIATES CARDIAC FIBROSIS THROUGH INHIBITING ENDOTHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION VIA RXFP1. RATIONALE: CARDIAC FIBROSIS IS AN INTEGRAL CONSTITUENT OF EVERY FORM OF CHRONIC HEART DISEASE, AND PERSISTENCE OF FIBROSIS REDUCES TISSUE COMPLIANCE AND ACCELERATES THE PROGRESSION TO HEART FAILURE. RELAXIN-2 IS A HUMAN HORMONE, WHICH HAS VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS SUCH AS MEDIATING RENAL VASODILATION IN PREGNANCY. ITS RECOMBINANT FORM SERELAXIN HAS RECENTLY BEEN TESTED IN CLINICAL TRIALS AS A THERAPY FOR ACUTE HEART FAILURE BUT DID NOT MEET ITS PRIMARY ENDPOINTS. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO EXAMINE WHETHER SERELAXIN HAS AN ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECT IN THE HEART AND THEREFORE COULD BE BENEFICIAL IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE. METHODS: WE UTILIZED TWO DIFFERENT CARDIAC FIBROSIS MOUSE MODELS (ASCENDING AORTIC CONSTRICTION (AAC) AND ANGIOTENSIN II (ATII) ADMINISTRATION VIA OSMOTIC MINIPUMPS) TO ASSESS THE ANTI-FIBROTIC POTENTIAL OF SERELAXIN. HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS, IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STAINING AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE FIBROSIS LEVEL AND INDICATE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS WHICH ARE UNDERGOING ENDMT. IN VITRO TGFBETA1-INDUCED ENDOTHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (ENDMT) ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED IN HUMAN CORONARY ARTERY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND MOUSE CARDIAC ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (MCECS) AND WERE EXAMINED USING MOLECULAR METHODS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-QPCR ASSAY WAS UTILIZED TO IDENTIFY THE SERELAXIN EFFECT ON CHROMATIN REMODELING IN THE RXFP1 PROMOTER REGION IN MCECS. RESULTS: OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE A SIGNIFICANT AND DOSE-DEPENDENT ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECT OF SERELAXIN IN THE HEART IN BOTH MODELS. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT SERELAXIN MEDIATES THIS EFFECT, AT LEAST IN PART, THROUGH INHIBITION OF ENDMT THROUGH THE ENDOTHELIAL RELAXIN FAMILY PEPTIDE RECEPTOR 1 (RXFP1). WE FURTHER DEMONSTRATE THAT SERELAXIN ADMINISTRATION IS ABLE TO INCREASE ITS OWN RECEPTOR EXPRESSION (RXFP1) THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN FORM OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY ATTENUATING TGFBETA-PSMAD2/3 SIGNALING IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IS THE FIRST TO IDENTIFY THAT SERELAXIN INCREASES THE EXPRESSION OF ITS OWN RECEPTOR RXFP1 AND THAT THIS MEDIATES THE INHIBITION OF ENDMT AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS, SUGGESTING THAT SERELAXIN MAY HAVE A BENEFICIAL EFFECT AS ANTI-FIBROTIC THERAPY IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8   35  27 A CHROMATIN ACTIVITY-BASED CHEMOPROTEOMIC APPROACH REVEALS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOME FOR GENE-SPECIFIC SILENCING. IMMUNE CELLS DEVELOP ENDOTOXIN TOLERANCE (ET) AFTER PROLONGED STIMULATION. ET INCREASES THE LEVEL OF A REPRESSION MARK H3K9ME2 IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY SILENT CHROMATIN SPECIFICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENES. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT CLEAR WHAT PROTEINS ARE FUNCTIONALLY INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS. HERE WE SHOW THAT A NOVEL CHROMATIN ACTIVITY-BASED CHEMOPROTEOMIC (CHAC) APPROACH CAN DISSECT THE FUNCTIONAL CHROMATIN PROTEIN COMPLEXES THAT REGULATE ET-ASSOCIATED INFLAMMATION. USING UNC0638 THAT BINDS THE ENZYMATICALLY ACTIVE H3K9-SPECIFIC METHYLTRANSFERASE G9A/GLP, CHAC REVEALS THAT G9A IS CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE AT A G9A-DEPENDENT MEGA-DALTON REPRESSOME IN PRIMARY ENDOTOXIN-TOLERANT MACROPHAGES. G9A/GLP BROADLY IMPACTS THE ET-SPECIFIC REPROGRAMMING OF THE HISTONE CODE LANDSCAPE, CHROMATIN REMODELLING AND THE ACTIVITIES OF SELECT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. WE DISCOVER THAT THE G9A-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC ENVIRONMENT PROMOTES THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION ACTIVITY OF C-MYC FOR GENE-SPECIFIC CO-REGULATION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. CHAC MAY ALSO BE APPLICABLE TO DISSECT OTHER FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN COMPLEXES IN THE CONTEXT OF PHENOTYPIC CHROMATIN ARCHITECTURES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9 4001  45 LOSS OF MEN1 LEADS TO RENAL FIBROSIS AND DECREASES HGF-ADAMTS5 PATHWAY ACTIVITY VIA AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. BACKGROUND: RENAL FIBROSIS IS A SERIOUS CONDITION THAT RESULTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES. THE MEN1 GENE IS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT ENCODES THE MENIN PROTEIN AND ITS ROLE IN KIDNEY TISSUE REMAINS UNCLEAR. METHODS: KIDNEY HISTOLOGY WAS EXAMINED ON PARAFFIN SECTIONS STAINED WITH HEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN STAINING. MASSON'S TRICHROME STAINING AND SIRIUS RED STAINING WERE USED TO ANALYZE RENAL FIBROSIS. GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WERE DETERMINED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (QPCR) AND WESTERN BLOT, RESPECTIVELY. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STAINING IN THE KIDNEY TISSUES FROM MICE OR PATIENTS WAS USED TO EVALUATE PROTEIN LEVELS. FLOW CYTOMETRY WAS USED TO ANALYZE THE CELL CYCLE DISTRIBUTIONS AND APOPTOSIS. RNA-SEQUENCING WAS PERFORMED FOR DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION GENES IN THE KIDNEY TISSUES OF THE MEN1F/F AND MEN1?/? MICE. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) WAS CARRIED OUT FOR IDENTIFICATION OF MENIN- AND H3K4ME3-ENRICHED REGIONS WITHIN THE WHOLE GENOME IN THE MOUSE KIDNEY TISSUE. CHIP-QPCR ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED FOR OCCUPANCY OF MENIN AND H3K4ME3 AT THE GENE PROMOTER REGIONS. LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY WAS USED TO DETECT THE PROMOTER ACTIVITY. THE EXACERBATED UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) MODELS IN THE MEN1F/F AND MEN1?/? MICE WERE USED TO ASSESS THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RH-HGF ON RENAL FIBROSIS. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION OF MEN1 IS REDUCE IN KIDNEY TISSUES OF FIBROTIC MOUSE AND HUMAN DIABETIC PATIENTS AND TREATMENT WITH FIBROTIC FACTOR RESULTS IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF MEN1 EXPRESSION IN RENAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS (RTECS). DISRUPTION OF MEN1 IN RTECS LEADS TO HIGH EXPRESSION OF ALPHA-SMA AND COLLAGEN 1, WHEREAS MEN1 OVEREXPRESSION RESTRAINS EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) INDUCED BY TGF-BETA TREATMENT. CONDITIONAL KNOCKOUT OF MEN1 RESULTED IN CHRONIC RENAL FIBROSIS AND UUO-INDUCED TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS (TIF), WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED INDUCTION OF EMT, G2/M ARREST AND JNK SIGNALING. MECHANISTICALLY, MENIN RECRUITS AND INCREASES H3K4ME3 AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR (HGF) AND A DISINTEGRIN AND METALLOPROTEINASE WITH THROMBOSPONDIN MOTIFS 5 (ADAMTS5) GENES AND ENHANCES THEIR TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. IN THE UUO MICE MODEL, EXOGENOUS HGF RESTORED THE EXPRESSION OF ADAMTS5 AND AMELIORATED RENAL FIBROSIS INDUCED BY MEN1 DEFICIENCY. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT MEN1 IS AN ESSENTIAL ANTIFIBROTIC FACTOR IN RENAL FIBROGENESIS AND COULD BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR ANTIFIBROTIC THERAPY.	2022	
                                                                                                                               
10  669  31 BONE MARROW STROMAL CELL ANTIGEN-1 (CD157) REGULATED BY SPHINGOSINE KINASE 2 MEDIATES KIDNEY FIBROSIS. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IS A PROGRESSIVE DISEASE THAT MAY LEAD TO END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE. INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS DEVELOPS AS THE DISEASE PROGRESSES. THERAPIES THAT FOCUS ON FIBROSIS TO DELAY OR REVERSE PROGRESSIVE RENAL FAILURE ARE LIMITED. WE AND OTHERS SHOWED THAT SPHINGOSINE KINASE 2-DEFICIENT MICE (SPHK2 (-/-)) DEVELOP LESS FIBROSIS IN MOUSE MODELS OF KIDNEY FIBROSIS. SPHINGOSINE KINASE2 (SPHK2), ONE OF TWO SPHINGOSINE KINASES THAT PRODUCE SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE (S1P), IS PRIMARILY LOCATED IN THE NUCLEUS. S1P PRODUCED BY SPHK2 INHIBITS HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) AND CHANGES HISTONE ACETYLATION STATUS, WHICH CAN LEAD TO ALTERED TARGET GENE EXPRESSION. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT SPHK2 EPIGENETICALLY REGULATES DOWNSTREAM GENES TO INDUCE FIBROSIS, AND WE PERFORMED A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS USING THE COMBINATION OF RNA-SEQ AND CHIP-SEQ. BST1/CD157 WAS IDENTIFIED AS A GENE THAT IS REGULATED BY SPHK2 THROUGH A CHANGE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVEL, AND BST1 (-/-) MICE WERE FOUND TO DEVELOP LESS RENAL FIBROSIS AFTER UNILATERAL ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY, A MOUSE MODEL OF KIDNEY FIBROSIS. ALTHOUGH BST1 IS A CELL-SURFACE MOLECULE THAT HAS A WIDE VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS THROUGH ITS VARIED ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES AND DOWNSTREAM INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS, NO STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF BST1 IN KIDNEY DISEASES HAVE BEEN REPORTED PREVIOUSLY. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT BST1 IS A GENE THAT IS REGULATED BY SPHK2 THROUGH EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND IS CRITICAL IN KIDNEY FIBROSIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
11 3327  35 HISTONE DEACETYLASE 4 PROMOTES CHOLESTATIC LIVER INJURY IN THE ABSENCE OF PROHIBITIN-1. PROHIBITIN-1 (PHB1) IS AN EVOLUTIONARILY CONSERVED PLEIOTROPIC PROTEIN THAT PARTICIPATES IN DIVERSE PROCESSES DEPENDING ON ITS SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION AND INTERACTOME. RECENT DATA HAVE INDICATED A DIVERSE ROLE FOR PHB1 IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY, CANCER, AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE, AMONG OTHERS. DATA PRESENTED HERE SUGGEST THAT PHB1 IS ALSO LINKED TO CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASE. EXPRESSION OF PHB1 IS MARKEDLY REDUCED IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS AND BILIARY ATRESIA OR WITH ALAGILLE SYNDROME, TWO MAJOR PEDIATRIC CHOLESTATIC CONDITIONS. IN THE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF BILE DUCT LIGATION, SILENCING OF PHB1 INDUCED LIVER FIBROSIS, REDUCED ANIMAL SURVIVAL, AND INDUCED BILE DUCT PROLIFERATION. IMPORTANTLY, THE MODULATORY EFFECT OF PHB1 IS NOT DEPENDENT ON ITS KNOWN MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION. ALSO, PHB1 INTERACTS WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE 4 (HDAC4) IN THE PRESENCE OF BILE ACIDS. HENCE, PHB1 DEPLETION LEADS TO INCREASED NUCLEAR HDAC4 CONTENT AND ITS ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES. REMARKABLY, HDAC4 SILENCING AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR PARTHENOLIDE DURING OBSTRUCTIVE CHOLESTASIS IN VIVO PROMOTE GENOMIC REPROGRAMMING, LEADING TO REGRESSION OF THE FIBROTIC PHENOTYPE IN LIVER-SPECIFIC PHB1 KNOCKOUT MICE. CONCLUSION: PHB1 IS AN IMPORTANT MEDIATOR OF CHOLESTATIC LIVER INJURY THAT REGULATES THE ACTIVITY OF HDAC4, WHICH CONTROLS SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MARKERS; THESE RESULTS IDENTIFY POTENTIAL NOVEL STRATEGIES TO TREAT LIVER INJURY AND FIBROSIS, PARTICULARLY AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CHRONIC CHOLESTASIS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12 1668  40 DOWNREGULATION OF SOCS1 INCREASES INTERFERON-INDUCED ISGYLATION DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF INDUCED-PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS TO HEPATOCYTES. BACKGROUND & AIMS: INCREASED EXPRESSION OF IFN-STIMULATED GENE 15 (ISG15) AND SUBSEQUENTLY INCREASED ISGYLATION ARE KEY FACTORS IN THE HOST RESPONSE TO VIRAL INFECTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO CHARACTERIZE THE EXPRESSION OF ISG15, ISGYLATION, AND ASSOCIATED ENZYMES AT EACH STAGE OF DIFFERENTIATION FROM INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS (IPSCS) TO HEPATOCYTES. METHODS: TO STUDY THE REGULATION OF ISGYLATION, WE UTILIZED PATIENT SAMPLES AND IN VITRO CELL CULTURE MODELS INCLUDING IPSCS, HEPATOCYTES-LIKE CELLS, IMMORTALIZED CELL LINES, AND PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES. PROTEIN/MRNA EXPRESSION WERE MEASURED FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH POLY(I:C), IFNALPHA AND HCV INFECTION. RESULTS: WHEN COMPARED TO HLCS, WE OBSERVED SEVERAL NOVEL ASPECTS OF THE ISGYLATION PATHWAY IN IPSCS. THESE INCLUDE A LOWER BASELINE EXPRESSION OF THE ISGYLATION-ACTIVATING ENZYME, UBE1L, A LACK OF IFN-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF THE ISGYLATION-CONJUGATION ENZYME UBE2L6, AN ATTENUATED ACTIVATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR STAT1 AND CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSION OF SOCS1. ISGYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN IPSCS FOLLOWING DOWNREGULATION OF SOCS1, WHICH FACILITATED STAT1 ACTIVATION AND SUBSEQUENTLY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF UBE2L6. INTRIGUINGLY, HCV PERMISSIVE TRANSFORMED HEPATOMA CELL LINES DEMONSTRATED HIGHER INTRINSIC EXPRESSION OF SOCS1 AND WEAKER ISGYLATION FOLLOWING IFN TREATMENT. SOCS1 DOWNREGULATION IN HCV-INFECTED HUH 7.5.1 CELLS LED TO INCREASED ISGYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: HEREIN, WE SHOW THAT HIGH BASAL LEVELS OF SOCS1 INHIBIT STAT1 ACTIVATION AND SUBSEQUENTLY IFN-INDUCED UBE2L6 AND ISGYLATION IN IPSCS. FURTHERMORE, AS IPSCS DIFFERENTIATE INTO HEPATOCYTES, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE ISGYLATION BY MODIFYING UBE1L AND SOCS1 EXPRESSION LEVELS. OVERALL, THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELL-INTRINSIC INNATE IMMUNITY DURING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF IPSCS TO HEPATOCYTES PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC REGULATION OF HOST DEFENSE RESPONSES AND RELATED ONCOGENIC PROCESSES. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: TO ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING REGULATION OF ISGYLATION, A KEY PROCESS IN THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE, WE STUDIED CHANGES IN ISGYLATION-ASSOCIATED GENES AT THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF DIFFERENTIATION FROM IPSCS TO HEPATOCYTES. WE FOUND THAT HIGH BASAL LEVELS OF SOCS1 INHIBIT STAT1 ACTIVATION AND SUBSEQUENTLY IFN-INDUCED UBE2L6 AND ISGYLATION IN IPSCS. IMPORTANTLY, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SOCS1 AND SUBSEQUENTLY ISGYLATION MAY BE IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC HOST DEFENSE RESPONSES IN HEPATOCYTES THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN STUDYING CHRONIC INFECTIONS AND ONCOGENIC PROCESSES IN THE LIVER.	2022	

13 1298  31 DECREASED NUCLEAR RECEPTOR ACTIVITY AND EPIGENETIC MODULATION ASSOCIATES WITH DOWN-REGULATION OF HEPATIC DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) REQUIRE MANY MEDICATIONS. CYP2C AND CYP3A DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF THE MAJORITY OF PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS. THESE ENZYMES ARE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REGULATED BY THE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS PREGNANE X RECEPTOR (PXR) AND HEPATIC NUCLEAR FACTOR 4ALPHA (HNF-4ALPHA). EXPRESSION OF CYP2C AND CYP3A IS DECREASED IN CKD; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH THIS OCCURS IS UNKNOWN. WE INDUCED CKD IN RATS BY 5/6 NEPHRECTOMY AND USED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) TO DETERMINE NUCLEAR RECEPTOR- AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATION-MEDIATED DIFFERENCES IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE CYP2C AND CYP3A GENES. RNA POLYMERASE II AND HNF-4ALPHA BINDING WAS DECREASED 76 AND 57% IN THE CYP2C11 PROMOTOR AND 71 AND 77% IN THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER, RESPECTIVELY (P<0.05). CHIP ALSO REVEALED A 57% DECREASE IN PXR BINDING TO THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER IN CKD RATS (P<0.05). THE DECREASE IN PXR AND HNF-4ALPHA BINDING WAS ACCOMPANIED BY DIMINISHED HISTONE 4 ACETYLATION IN THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER (48%) AND HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION IN THE CYP2C11 (77%) AND CYP3A2 (77%) PROMOTER LOCI FOR NUCLEAR RECEPTOR ACTIVATION (P<0.05). THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT DECREASED NUCLEAR RECEPTOR BINDING AND HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE MECHANISM OF DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYME DOWN-REGULATION AND ALTERED PHARMACOKINETICS IN CKD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14 3161  29 GRAINYHEAD-LIKE 2 (GRHL2) INHIBITS KERATINOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. WE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED GRAINYHEAD-LIKE 2 (GRHL2), A MAMMALIAN HOMOLOG OF GRAINYHEAD IN DROSOPHILA, TO BE A NOVEL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THAT REGULATES HTERT GENE EXPRESSION AND ENHANCES PROLIFERATION OF NORMAL HUMAN EPIDERMAL KERATINOCYTES (NHEK). IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE SHOW THAT GRHL2 IMPAIRS KERATINOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITION OF THE GENES CLUSTERED AT THE EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION COMPLEX (EDC), LOCATED AT CHROMOSOME 1Q21. GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING AND SUBSEQUENT IN VITRO ASSAYS REVEALED CONSISTENT DOWNREGULATION OF EDC GENES, FOR EXAMPLE, IVL, KRT1, FLG, LCES, AND SPRRS, IN NHEK EXPRESSING EXOGENOUS GRHL2. IN VIVO BINDING ASSAY BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION REVEALED GRHL2 ASSOCIATION AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF ITS TARGET GENES, MANY OF WHICH BELONG TO EDC. EXOGENOUS GRHL2 EXPRESSION ALSO INHIBITED RECRUITMENT OF HISTONE DEMETHYLASE JMJD3 TO THE EDC GENE PROMOTERS AND ENHANCED THE LEVEL OF HISTONE 3 LYS 27 TRIMETHYLATION ENRICHMENT AT THESE PROMOTERS. SURVEY OF GRHL2 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN SKIN TISSUES DEMONSTRATED ENHANCED PROTEIN AND MRNA LEVELS IN CHRONIC SKIN LESIONS WITH IMPAIRED KERATINOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION, FOR EXAMPLE, ATOPIC DERMATITIS AND PSORIASIS, COMPARED WITH NORMAL EPIDERMIS. THESE DATA INDICATE THAT GRHL2 IMPAIRS EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION BY INHIBITING EDC GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND SUPPORT ITS ROLE IN THE HYPERPROLIFERATIVE SKIN DISEASES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15 4400  35 MODULATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS BY MUTAFLOR((R)) PROBIOTIC IN NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE MANAGEMENT. BACKGROUND: NAFLD AND NASH ARE EMERGING AS PRIMARY CAUSES OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, INDICATING A NEED FOR AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT. MUTAFLOR(R) PROBIOTIC, A MICROBIAL TREATMENT OF INTEREST, WAS EFFECTIVE IN SUSTAINING REMISSION IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS PATIENTS. OBJECTIVE: TO CONSTRUCT A GENETIC-EPIGENETIC NETWORK LINKED TO HSC SIGNALING AS A MODULATOR OF NAFLD/NASH PATHOGENESIS, THEN ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF MUTAFLOR((R)) ON THIS NETWORK. METHODS: FIRST, IN SILICO ANALYSIS WAS USED TO CONSTRUCT A GENETIC-EPIGENETIC NETWORK LINKED TO HSC SIGNALING. SECOND, AN INVESTIGATION USING RATS, INCLUDING HFHSD INDUCED NASH AND MUTAFLOR((R)) TREATED ANIMALS, WAS DESIGNED. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES INCLUDED BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF RAT BLOOD AND LIVER SAMPLES. AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, THE EXPRESSION OF GENETIC (FOXA2, TEAD2, AND LATS2 MRNAS) AND EPIGENETIC (MIR-650, RPARP AS-1 LNCRNA) NETWORK WAS MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. PCR RESULTS WERE VALIDATED WITH IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (ALPHA-SMA AND LATS2). TARGET EFFECTOR PROTEINS, IL-6 AND TGF-BETA, WERE ESTIMATED BY ELISA. RESULTS: MUTAFLOR((R)) ADMINISTRATION MINIMIZED BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC ALTERATIONS CAUSED BY NAFLD/NASH. HSC ACTIVATION AND EXPRESSION OF PROFIBROGENIC IL-6 AND TGF-BETA EFFECTOR PROTEINS WERE REDUCED VIA INHIBITION OF HEDGEHOG AND HIPPO PATHWAYS. PATHWAYS MAY HAVE BEEN INHIBITED THROUGH UPREGULATION OF RPARP AS-1 LNCRNA WHICH IN TURN DOWNREGULATED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-650, FOXA2 MRNA AND TEAD2 MRNA AND UPREGULATED LATS2 MRNA EXPRESSION. CONCLUSION: MUTAFLOR((R)) MAY SLOW THE PROGRESSION OF NAFLD/NASH BY MODULATING A GENETIC-EPIGENETIC NETWORK LINKED TO HSC SIGNALING. THE PROBIOTIC MAY BE A USEFUL MODALITY FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF NAFLD/NASH.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16 4867  25 OSSIFYING FIBROMA TUMOR STEM CELLS ARE MAINTAINED BY EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF A TSP1/TGF-BETA/SMAD3 AUTOCRINE LOOP. ABNORMAL STEM CELL FUNCTION MAKES A KNOWN CONTRIBUTION TO MANY MALIGNANT TUMORS, BUT THE ROLE OF STEM CELLS IN BENIGN TUMORS IS NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. HERE, WE SHOW THAT OSSIFYING FIBROMA (OF) CONTAINS A STEM CELL POPULATION THAT RESEMBLES MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS (OFMSCS) AND IS CAPABLE OF GENERATING OF-LIKE TUMOR XENOGRAFTS. MECHANISTICALLY, OFMSCS SHOW ENHANCED TGF-BETA SIGNALING THAT INDUCES ABERRANT PROLIFERATION AND DEFICIENT OSTEOGENESIS VIA NOTCH AND BMP SIGNALING PATHWAYS, RESPECTIVELY. THE ELEVATED TGF-BETA ACTIVITY IS TIGHTLY REGULATED BY JHDM1D-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THROMBOSPONDIN-1 (TSP1), FORMING A JHDM1D/TSP1/TGF-BETA/SMAD3 AUTOCRINE LOOP. INHIBITION OF TGF-BETA SIGNALING IN OFMSCS CAN RESCUE THEIR ABNORMAL OSTEOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION AND ELEVATED PROLIFERATION RATE. FURTHERMORE, CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF TGF-BETA CAN CONVERT NORMAL MSCS INTO OF-LIKE MSCS VIA ESTABLISHMENT OF THIS JHDM1D/TSP1/TGF-BETA/SMAD3 AUTOCRINE LOOP. THESE RESULTS REVEAL THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TGF-BETA SIGNALING IN MSCS GOVERNS THE BENIGN TUMOR PHENOTYPE IN OF AND HIGHLIGHT TGF-BETA SIGNALING AS A CANDIDATE THERAPEUTIC TARGET.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17 1806  29 EFFECT OF TRANSCRIPTION INHIBITION AND GENERATION OF SUPPRESSIVE VIRAL NON-CODING RNAS. BACKGROUND: HIV-1 PATIENTS RECEIVING COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (CART) SURVIVE INFECTION BUT REQUIRE LIFE-LONG ADHERENCE AT HIGH EXPENSE. IN CHRONIC CART-TREATED PATIENTS WITH UNDETECTABLE VIRAL TITERS, CELL-ASSOCIATED VIRAL RNA IS STILL DETECTABLE, POINTING TO LOW-LEVEL VIRAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEAKINESS. TO DATE, THERE ARE NO FDA-APPROVED DRUGS AGAINST HIV-1 TRANSCRIPTION. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT F07#13, A THIRD GENERATION TAT PEPTIDE MIMETIC WITH COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY AGAINST CDK9/T1-TAT BINDING SITES, INHIBITS HIV-1 TRANSCRIPTION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. RESULTS: HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS OF F07#13 (0.01, 0.1, 1 MICROM) CAUSE A DECREASE IN TAT LEVELS IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER BY INHIBITING THE CDK9/T1-TAT COMPLEX FORMATION AND SUBSEQUENT UBIQUITIN-MEDIATED TAT SEQUESTRATION AND DEGRADATION. OUR DATA INDICATE THAT COMPLEXES I AND IV CONTAIN DISTINCT PATTERNS OF UBIQUITINATED TAT AND THAT TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITION INDUCED BY F07#13 CAUSES AN OVERALL REDUCTION IN TAT LEVELS. THIS REDUCTION MAY BE TRIGGERED BY F07#13 BUT ULTIMATELY IS MEDIATED BY TAR-GAG VIRAL RNAS THAT BIND SUPPRESSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (SIMILAR TO 7SK, NRON, HOTAIR, AND XIST LNCRNAS) TO ENHANCE TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE SILENCING AND LATENCY. THESE RNAS COMPLEX WITH PRC2, SIN3A, AND CUL4B, RESULTING IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. FINALLY, WE OBSERVED AN F07#13-MEDIATED DECREASE OF VIRAL BURDEN BY TARGETING THE R REGION OF THE LONG TERMINAL REPEAT (HIV-1 PROMOTER REGION, LTR), PROMOTING BOTH PAUSED POLYMERASES AND INCREASED EFFICIENCY OF CRISPR/CAS9 EDITING IN INFECTED CELLS. THIS IMPLIES THAT GENE EDITING MAY BE BEST PERFORMED UNDER A REPRESSED TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATE. CONCLUSIONS: COLLECTIVELY, OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT F07#13, WHICH CAN TERMINATE RNA POLYMERASE II AT DISTINCT SITES, CAN GENERATE SCAFFOLD RNAS, WHICH MAY ASSEMBLE INTO SPECIFIC SETS OF "RNA MACHINES" THAT CONTRIBUTE TO GENE REGULATION. IT REMAINS TO BE SEEN WHETHER THESE EFFECTS CAN ALSO BE SEEN IN VARIOUS CLADES THAT HAVE VARYING PROMOTER STRENGTH, MUTANT LTRS, AND IN PATIENT SAMPLES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
18 3941  34 LNCRNA DRAIR IS DOWNREGULATED IN DIABETIC MONOCYTES AND MODULATES THE INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. LONG NONCODING RNAS (LNCRNAS) ARE INCREASINGLY IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOLOGY OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. HERE, WE EXAMINED THE ROLE OF LNCRNAS IN MONOCYTE DYSFUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2D). RNA SEQUENCING ANALYSIS OF CD14+ MONOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH T2D VERSUS HEALTHY CONTROLS REVEALED DOWNREGULATION OF ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND ANTIPROLIFERATIVE GENES, ALONG WITH SEVERAL LNCRNAS, INCLUDING A POTENTIALLY NOVEL DIVERGENT LNCRNA DIABETES REGULATED ANTIINFLAMMATORY RNA (DRAIR) AND ITS NEARBY GENE CPEB2. HIGH GLUCOSE AND PALMITIC ACID DOWNREGULATED DRAIR IN CULTURED CD14+ MONOCYTES, WHEREAS ANTIINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND MONOCYTE-TO-MACROPHAGE DIFFERENTIATION UPREGULATED DRAIR VIA KLF4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. DRAIR OVEREXPRESSION INCREASED ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND MACROPHAGE DIFFERENTIATION GENES BUT INHIBITED PROINFLAMMATORY GENES. CONVERSELY, DRAIR KNOCKDOWN ATTENUATED ANTIINFLAMMATORY GENES, PROMOTED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, AND INHIBITED PHAGOCYTOSIS. DRAIR REGULATED TARGET GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH INTERACTION WITH CHROMATIN, AS WELL AS INHIBITION OF THE REPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MARK H3K9ME2 AND ITS CORRESPONDING METHYLTRANSFERASE G9A. MOUSE ORTHOLOGOUS DRAIR AND CPEB2 WERE ALSO DOWNREGULATED IN PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES FROM T2D DB/DB MICE, AND DRAIR KNOCKDOWN IN NONDIABETIC MICE ENHANCED PROINFLAMMATORY GENES IN MACROPHAGES. THUS, DRAIR MODULATES THE INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE OF MONOCYTES/MACROPHAGES VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND ITS DOWNREGULATION IN T2D MAY PROMOTE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. AUGMENTATION OF ENDOGENOUS LNCRNAS LIKE DRAIR COULD SERVE AS NOVEL ANTIINFLAMMATORY THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19 5863  29 SUPPRESSION OF ALLERGIC ASTHMA BY LOSS OF FUNCTION OF MIZ1-MEDIATED TH1 SKEWING. ASTHMA IS THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE WORLDWIDE. THERE IS CURRENTLY NO CURE, AND IT REMAINS AN IMPORTANT CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. HERE WE REPORT THAT LUNG-SPECIFIC LOSS OF FUNCTION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MIZ1 (C-MYC-INTERACTING ZINC FINGER PROTEIN-1) UPREGULATES THE PRO-T-HELPER CELL TYPE 1 CYTOKINE IL-12. UPREGULATION OF IL-12 IN TURN STIMULATES A TH1 RESPONSE, THEREBY COUNTERACTING T-HELPER CELL TYPE 2 RESPONSE AND PREVENTING THE ALLERGIC RESPONSE IN MOUSE MODELS OF HOUSE DUST MITE- AND OVA (OVALBUMIN)-INDUCED ASTHMA. USING TRANSGENIC MICE EXPRESSING CRE UNDER A CELL-SPECIFIC PROMOTER, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT MIZ1 ACTS IN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS AND DENDRITIC CELLS IN ASTHMA. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION COUPLED WITH HIGH-THROUGHPUT DNA SEQUENCING OR QUANTITATIVE PCR REVEALS THE BINDING OF MIZ1 ON THE IL12 PROMOTER INDICATING DIRECT REPRESSION OF IL-12 BY MIZ1. IN ADDITION, HDAC1 (HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1) IS RECRUITED TO THE IL12 PROMOTER IN A MIZ1-DEPDENENT MANNER, SUGGESTING EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF IL12 BY MIZ1. FURTHERMORE, MIZ1 IS UPREGULATED IN THE LUNGS OF ASTHMATIC MICE. OUR DATA TOGETHER SUGGEST THAT MIZ1 IS UPREGULATED DURING ASTHMA, WHICH IN TURN PROMOTES ASTHMA PATHOGENESIS BY PREVENTING TH1 SKEWING THROUGH THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF IL-12.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20 2080  32 EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION OF EBI3 MODULATES HUMAN INTERLEUKIN-35 FORMATION VIA NFKB SIGNALING: A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC OPTION IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS. ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC), A SEVERE CHRONIC DISEASE WITH UNCLEAR ETIOLOGY THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK FOR COLORECTAL CANCER, IS ACCOMPANIED BY DYSREGULATION OF CYTOKINES. EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS-INDUCED GENE 3 (EBI3) ENCODES A SUBUNIT IN THE UNIQUE HETERODIMERIC IL-12 CYTOKINE FAMILY OF EITHER PRO- OR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY FUNCTION. AFTER HAVING RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED THAT UPREGULATION OF EBI3 BY HISTONE ACETYLATION ALLEVIATES DISEASE SYMPTOMS IN A DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS)-TREATED MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC COLITIS, WE NOW AIMED TO EXAMINE A POSSIBLE FURTHER EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF EBI3 BY DNA METHYLATION UNDER INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR (DNMTI) DECITABINE (DAC) AND TNFALPHA LED TO SYNERGISTIC UPREGULATION OF EBI3 IN HUMAN COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS (HCEC). USE OF DIFFERENT SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITORS INDICATED NFKAPPAB SIGNALING WAS NECESSARY AND PROPORTIONAL TO THE SYNERGISTIC EBI3 INDUCTION. MALDI-TOF/MS AND HPLC-ESI-MS/MS ANALYSIS OF DAC/TNFALPHA-TREATED HCEC IDENTIFIED IL-12P35 AS THE MOST PROBABLE BINDING PARTNER TO FORM A FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN. EBI3/IL-12P35 HETERODIMERS (IL-35) INDUCE THEIR OWN GENE UPREGULATION, SOMETHING THAT WAS INDEED OBSERVED IN HCEC CULTURED WITH MEDIA FROM PREVIOUSLY DAC/TNFALPHA-TREATED HCEC. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT UNDER INFLAMMATORY AND DEMETHYLATING CONDITIONS THE UPREGULATION OF EBI3 RESULTS IN THE FORMATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY IL-35, WHICH MIGHT BE CONSIDERED AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN COLITIS.	2021