1 2143 139 EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF HIV-1 INFECTION IN PRIMARY HUMAN MACROPHAGE. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)-INFECTED MACROPHAGES ARE LONG-LIVED CELLS THAT SUSTAIN PERSISTENT VIRUS EXPRESSION, WHICH IS BOTH A BARRIER TO VIRAL ERADICATION AND CONTRIBUTOR TO NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS DESPITE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART). TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE REGULATION OF HIV-1 IN MACROPHAGES, WE COMPARED HIV-INFECTED PRIMARY HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES (MDM) TO ACUTELY INFECTED PRIMARY CD4 T CELLS AND JURKAT CELLS LATENTLY INFECTED WITH HIV (JLAT 8.4). HIV GENOMES IN MDM WERE ACTIVELY TRANSCRIBED DESPITE ENRICHMENT WITH HETEROCHROMATIN-ASSOCIATED H3K9ME3 ACROSS THE COMPLETE HIV GENOME IN COMBINATION WITH ELEVATED ACTIVATION MARKS OF H3K9AC AND H3K27AC AT THE LONG TERMINAL REPEAT (LTR). MACROPHAGE PATTERNS CONTRASTED WITH JLAT CELLS, WHICH SHOWED CONVENTIONAL BIVALENT H3K4ME3/H3K27ME3, AND ACUTELY INFECTED CD4 T CELLS, WHICH SHOWED AN INTERMEDIATE EPIGENOTYPE. 5'-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) WAS ENRICHED ACROSS THE HIV GENOME IN LATENTLY INFECTED JLAT CELLS, WHILE 5'-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) WAS ENRICHED IN CD4 CELLS AND MDMS. HIV INFECTION INDUCED MULTINUCLEATION OF MDMS ALONG WITH DNA DAMAGE-ASSOCIATED P53 PHOSPHORYLATION, AS WELL AS LOSS OF TET2 AND THE NUCLEAR REDISTRIBUTION OF 5-HYDOXYMETHYLATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HIV INDUCES A UNIQUE MACROPHAGE NUCLEAR AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILE, AND VIRAL GENOMES ARE MAINTAINED IN A NONCANONICAL BIVALENT EPIGENETIC STATE. IMPORTANCE MACROPHAGES SERVE AS A RESERVOIR FOR LONG-TERM PERSISTENCE AND CHRONIC PRODUCTION OF HIV. WE FOUND AN ATYPICAL EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF HIV IN MACROPHAGES MARKED BY HETEROCHROMATIC H3K9ME3 DESPITE ACTIVE VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION. HIV INFECTION INDUCED CHANGES IN MACROPHAGE NUCLEAR MORPHOLOGY AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORY FACTORS. THESE FINDINGS MAY IDENTIFY NEW MECHANISMS TO CONTROL CHRONIC HIV EXPRESSION IN INFECTED MACROPHAGES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2   64  53 A HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREENING ASSAY FOR SILENCING ESTABLISHED HIV-1 MACROPHAGE INFECTION IDENTIFIES NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS THAT PERTURB H3K9ME3 ON PROVIRAL GENOMES. HIV-INFECTED MACROPHAGES ARE LONG-LIVED CELLS THAT REPRESENT A BARRIER TO FUNCTIONAL CURE. ADDITIONALLY, LOW-LEVEL VIRAL EXPRESSION BY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) MACROPHAGES CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROCOGNITIVE DEFICITS THAT DEVELOP DESPITE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART). WE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED H3K9ME3 AS AN ATYPICAL EPIGENETIC MARK ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HIV INFECTION IN MACROPHAGES. THUS, STRATEGIES ARE NEEDED TO SUPPRESS HIV-1 EXPRESSION IN MACROPHAGES, BUT THE UNIQUE MYELOID ENVIRONMENT AND THE RESPONSIBLE MACROPHAGE/CNS-TROPIC STRAINS REQUIRE CELL/STRAIN-SPECIFIC APPROACHES. HERE, WE GENERATED AN HIV-1 REPORTER VIRUS FROM A CNS-DERIVED STRAIN WITH INTACT AUXILIARY GENES EXPRESSING DESTABILIZED LUCIFERASE. WE EMPLOYED THIS REPORTER VIRUS IN POLYCLONAL INFECTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES (MDM) FOR A HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREEN (HTS) TO IDENTIFY COMPOUNDS THAT SUPPRESS VIRUS EXPRESSION FROM ESTABLISHED MACROPHAGE INFECTION. SCREENING ~6,000 KNOWN DRUGS AND COMPOUNDS YIELDED 214 HITS. A SECONDARY SCREEN WITH 10-DOSE TITRATION IDENTIFIED 24 MEETING CRITERIA FOR HIV-SELECTIVE ACTIVITY. USING THREE REPLICATION-COMPETENT CNS-DERIVED MACROPHAGE-TROPIC HIV-1 ISOLATES AND VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION READOUT IN MDM, WE CONFIRMED THE EFFECT OF THREE PURINE ANALOGS, NELARABINE, FLUDARABINE, AND ENTECAVIR, SHOWING THE SUPPRESSION OF HIV-1 EXPRESSION FROM ESTABLISHED MACROPHAGE INFECTION. NELARABINE INHIBITED THE FORMATION OF H3K9ME3 ON HIV GENOMES IN MACROPHAGES. THUS, THIS NOVEL HTS ASSAY CAN IDENTIFY SUPPRESSORS OF HIV-1 TRANSCRIPTION IN ESTABLISHED MACROPHAGE INFECTION, SUCH AS NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS AND HDAC INHIBITORS, WHICH MAY BE LINKED TO H3K9ME3 MODIFICATION. THIS SCREEN MAY BE USEFUL TO IDENTIFY NEW METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC AGENTS THAT AMELIORATE HIV-DRIVEN NEUROINFLAMMATION IN PEOPLE ON ART OR PREVENT VIRAL RECRUDESCENCE FROM MACROPHAGE RESERVOIRS IN STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE ART-FREE REMISSION. IMPORTANCE MACROPHAGES INFECTED BY HIV-1 ARE A LONG-LIVED RESERVOIR AND A BARRIER IN CURRENT EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE HIV CURE AND ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROCOGNITIVE COMPLICATIONS IN PEOPLE DESPITE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART). SILENCING HIV EXPRESSION IN THESE CELLS WOULD BE OF GREAT VALUE, BUT THE REGULATION OF HIV-1 IN MACROPHAGES DIFFERS FROM T CELLS. WE DEVELOPED A NOVEL HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREEN FOR COMPOUNDS THAT CAN SILENCE ESTABLISHED INFECTION OF PRIMARY MACROPHAGES, AND IDENTIFIED AGENTS THAT DOWNREGULATE VIRUS EXPRESSION AND ALTER PROVIRUS EPIGENETIC PROFILES. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS ASSAY IS THE POTENTIAL TO IDENTIFY NEW DRUGS THAT ACT IN THE UNIQUE MACROPHAGE ENVIRONMENT ON RELEVANT VIRAL STRAINS, WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT FOR HIV-ASSOCIATED NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS AND/OR PREVENT VIRAL REBOUND IN EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE ART-FREE REMISSION OR CURE.	2023	

3 2115  36 EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY IN HIV-1 LATENCY ESTABLISHMENT. DESPITE PROLONGED ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIV-1 PERSISTS AS TRANSCRIPTIONALLY INACTIVE PROVIRUSES. THE HIV-1 LATENCY REMAINS A PRINCIPAL OBSTACLE IN CURING AIDS. IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND MECHANISMS BY WHICH HIV-1 LATENCY IS ESTABLISHED TO MAKE THE LATENT RESERVOIR SMALLER. WE PRESENT A MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF DISTINCT POPULATIONS AT AN EARLY PHASE OF INFECTION. WE DEVELOPED AN ORIGINAL DUAL-COLOR REPORTER VIRUS TO MONITOR LTR KINETICS FROM ESTABLISHMENT TO MAINTENANCE STAGE. WE FOUND THAT THERE ARE TWO WAYS OF LATENCY ESTABLISHMENT I.E., BY IMMEDIATE SILENCING AND SLOW INACTIVATION FROM ACTIVE INFECTION. HISTONE COVALENT MODIFICATIONS, PARTICULARLY POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2)-MEDIATED H3K27 TRIMETHYLATION, APPEARED TO DOMINATE VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION AT THE EARLY PHASE. PRC2 ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO TIME-DEPENDENT LTR DORMANCY IN THE CHRONIC PHASE OF THE INFECTION. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN SENSITIVITY AGAINST SEVERAL STIMULI WERE OBSERVED BETWEEN THESE TWO DISTINCT POPULATIONS. THESE RESULTS WILL EXPAND OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HETEROGENEOUS ESTABLISHMENT OF HIV-1 LATENCY POPULATIONS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4 3379  36 HIV LATENCY AND THE NONCODING RNA THERAPEUTIC LANDSCAPE. THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) BELONGS TO THE SUBFAMILY OF LENTIVIRUSES THAT ARE CHARACTERIZED BY LONG INCUBATION PERIODS AND CHRONIC, PERSISTENT INFECTION. THE VIRUS INTEGRATES INTO THE GENOME OF INFECTED CD4+ CELLS AND, IN A SUBPOPULATION OF CELLS, ADOPTS A TRANSCRIPTIONALLY SILENT STATE, A PROCESS REFERRED TO A VIRAL LATENCY. THIS PROPERTY MAKES IT EXCEEDINGLY DIFFICULT TO THERAPEUTICALLY TARGET THE VIRUS AND ERADICATE INFECTION. IF LEFT UNTREATED, THE INEXORABLE DEMISE OF THE INFECTED INDIVIDUAL'S IMMUNE SYSTEM ENSUES, A CAUSAL RESULT OF ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS). LATENTLY INFECTED CELLS PROVIDE A RESERVOIR THAT MAINTAINS VIRAL INFECTION INDEFINITELY. IN THIS CHAPTER WE EXPLORE THE ROLE OF NONCODING RNAS IN HIV INFECTION AND IN THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF VIRAL LATENCY. BOTH SHORT AND LONG NONCODING RNAS ARE ENDOGENOUS MODULATORS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN HUMAN CELLS AND PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE IN GENE EXPRESSION. LASTLY, WE EXPLORE THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES BASED ON EXPRESSED RNAS THAT ARE CAPABLE OF COUNTERING INFECTION, TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REGULATING THE VIRUS, AND SUPPRESSING OR ACTIVATING THE LATENT STATE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5 2200  32 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF FOXP3 IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HIV INFECTION. OBJECTIVES: HIV-1 MODULATES HOST CELL EPIGENETIC MACHINERY TO CONTROL ITS OWN REPLICATION AND INDUCE IMMUNE SUPPRESSION. HIV-1 INFECTION LEADS TO ACTIVATION OF T REGULATORY CELL (T(REG)), BUT THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THIS IMMUNE MODULATION IS UNCLEAR. T(REG) PLAYS A PROMINENT ROLE IN GUT-MUCOSAL IMMUNE TOLERANCE BY RESTRAINING EXCESSIVE EFFECTOR T-CELL RESPONSES, A MECHANISM THAT IS KNOWN TO BE DISTURBED IN CHRONIC HIV-1 INFECTION. DNA METHYLATION PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN T(REG) LINEAGE COMMITMENT AND IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS, WHICH MAY BE REGULATED BY HIV. TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS OF ABERRANT METHYLATION OF THE T(REG) MARKER FOXP3 IN HIV-1 INFECTION, WE EVALUATED THE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF METHYLATION-RELATED ENZYMES AND ITS CORRELATION TO FOXP3 METHYLATION. METHODS: FOXP3 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE COLON MUCOSA AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS AND CONTROL SUBJECTS WAS MEASURED USING PYROSEQUENCING. GENE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF DNA METHYLATION ENZYMES IN THE COLON MUCOSA WAS INVESTIGATED BY MICROARRAY AND QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ANALYSIS IN THE SAME SUBJECTS. RESULTS: FOXP3 PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY (P </= 0.0001) DEMETHYLATED IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROL SUBJECTS IN BOTH TISSUES. EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNAMT1), DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1(DMAP1), METHYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE 7B (METTL7B), AND METHYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE 10 (METTL10) WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN REGULATED IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND HAD A SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE CORRELATION TO FOXP3 PROMOTER METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: WE PRESENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT ALTERED METHYLATION PATTERN OF FOXP3 AND ACCORDINGLY HIGHER T(REG) FREQUENCY IN GUT MUCOSA OF HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS MAY BE BECAUSE OF ABERRANT METHYLATION PROCESSING IN HIV.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6 4056  39 MAPPING THE HETEROGENEITY OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ON HEPATITIS B VIRUS DNA USING LIVER NEEDLE BIOPSIES OBTAINED FROM CHRONICALLY INFECTED PATIENTS. COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) FORMS THE BASIS FOR REPLICATION AND PERSISTENCE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IN THE CHRONICALLY INFECTED LIVER. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION IS SUBJECT TO REGULATION BY POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS (PTMS) OF HISTONE PROTEINS BOUND TO CCCDNA THROUGH ANALYSIS OF DE NOVO HBV-INFECTED CELL LINES. WE NOW REPORT THE SUCCESSFUL ADAPTATION OF THIS CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING (CHIPSEQ) APPROACH FOR ANALYSIS OF FINE-NEEDLE PATIENT LIVER BIOPSY SPECIMENS TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF HISTONE PTMS IN CHRONICALLY HBV-INFECTED PATIENTS. USING 18 SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF CHRONIC HBV INFECTION, OUR WORK SHOWS THAT THE PROFILE OF HISTONE PTMS IN CHRONIC INFECTION IS MORE NUANCED THAN PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED IN IN VITRO MODELS OF ACUTE INFECTION. IN LINE WITH OUR PREVIOUS FINDINGS, WE FIND THAT THE MAJORITY OF HBV-DERIVED SEQUENCES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACTIVATING HISTONE PTM H3K4ME3. HOWEVER, WE SHOW A STRIKING INTERPATIENT VARIABILITY OF ITS DEPOSITION IN THIS PATIENT COHORT CORRELATED WITH VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION AND PATIENT HBV EARLY ANTIGEN (HBEAG) STATUS. UNEXPECTEDLY, WE DETECTED DEPOSITION OF THE CLASSICAL INHIBITORY HISTONE PTM H3K9ME3 ON HBV-DNA IN AROUND HALF OF THE PATIENT BIOPSY SPECIMENS, WHICH COULD NOT BE LINKED TO REDUCED LEVELS OF VIRAL TRANSCRIPTS. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT CURRENT IN VITRO MODELS ARE UNABLE TO FULLY RECAPITULATE THE COMPLEX EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF CHRONIC HBV INFECTION OBSERVED IN VIVO AND DEMONSTRATE THAT FINE-NEEDLE LIVER BIOPSY SPECIMENS CAN PROVIDE SUFFICIENT MATERIAL TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE INTERACTION OF VIRAL AND HOST PROTEINS ON HBV-DNA.IMPORTANCE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A MAJOR GLOBAL HEALTH CONCERN, CHRONICALLY INFECTING MILLIONS OF PATIENTS AND CONTRIBUTING TO A RISING BURDEN OF LIVER DISEASE. THE VIRAL GENOME FORMS THE BASIS FOR CHRONIC INFECTION AND HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE SUBJECT TO REGULATION BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF HISTONE PROTEINS. HERE, WE CONFIRM AND EXPAND ON PREVIOUS RESULTS BY ADAPTING A HIGH-RESOLUTION TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYSIS OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS FOR USE WITH PATIENT-DERIVED FINE-NEEDLE LIVER BIOPSY SPECIMENS. OUR WORK HIGHLIGHTS THAT THE SITUATION IN VIVO IS MORE COMPLEX THAN PREDICTED BY CURRENT IN VITRO MODELS, FOR EXAMPLE, BY SUGGESTING A NOVEL, NONCANONICAL ROLE OF THE HISTONE MODIFICATION H3K9ME3 IN THE HBV LIFE CYCLE. IMPORTANTLY, ENABLING THE USE OF FINE-NEEDLE LIVER BIOPSY SPECIMENS FOR SUCH HIGH-RESOLUTION ANALYSES MAY FACILITATE FURTHER RESEARCH INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE HBV GENOME.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                              
7 1594  35 DNA METHYLATION PROFILING REVEALS DIFFERENCES IN THE 3 HUMAN MONOCYTE SUBSETS AND IDENTIFIES UREMIA TO INDUCE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING DIFFERENTIATION. HUMAN MONOCYTES ARE A HETEROGENEOUS CELL POPULATION CONSISTING OF 3 SUBSETS: CLASSICAL CD14++CD16-, INTERMEDIATE CD14++CD16+ AND NONCLASSICAL CD14+CD16++ MONOCYTES. VIA POORLY CHARACTERIZED MECHANISMS, INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTE COUNTS RISE IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, AMONG WHICH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IS OF PARTICULAR EPIDEMIOLOGIC IMPORTANCE. DNA METHYLATION IS A CENTRAL EPIGENETIC FEATURE THAT CONTROLS HEMATOPOIESIS. BY APPLYING NEXT-GENERATION METHYL-SEQUENCING WE NOW TESTED HOW FAR THE 3 MONOCYTE SUBSETS DIFFER IN THEIR DNA METHYLOME AND WHETHER UREMIA INDUCES DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN DIFFERENTIATING MONOCYTES. WE FOUND THAT EACH MONOCYTE SUBSET DISPLAYS A UNIQUE PHENOTYPE WITH REGARDS TO DNA METHYLATION. GENES WITH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROMOTER REGIONS IN INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTES WERE LINKED TO DISTINCT IMMUNOLOGICAL PROCESSES, WHICH IS IN LINE WITH RESULTS FROM RECENT GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSES. IN VITRO, UREMIA INDUCED DYSREGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN DIFFERENTIATING MONOCYTES, WHICH AFFECTED SEVERAL TRANSCRIPTION REGULATORS IMPORTANT FOR MONOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION (E.G., FLT3, HDAC1, MNT) AND LED TO ENHANCED GENERATION OF INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTES. AS POTENTIAL MEDIATOR, THE UREMIC TOXIN AND METHYLATION INHIBITOR S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE INDUCED SHIFTS IN MONOCYTE SUBSETS IN VITRO, AND ASSOCIATED WITH MONOCYTE SUBSET COUNTS IN VIVO. OUR DATA SUPPORT THE CONCEPT OF MONOCYTE TRICHOTOMY AND THE DISTINCT ROLE OF INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTES IN HUMAN IMMUNITY. THE SHIFT IN MONOCYTE SUBSETS THAT OCCURS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, A PROINFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF SUBSTANTIAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL IMPACT, MAY BE INDUCED BY ACCUMULATION OF UREMIC TOXINS THAT MEDIATE EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8 2055  28 EPIGENETIC CONTROL DURING LYMPHOID DEVELOPMENT AND IMMUNE RESPONSES: ABERRANT REGULATION, VIRUSES, AND CANCER. METHYLATION OF CYTOSINES CONTROLS A NUMBER OF BIOLOGIC PROCESSES SUCH AS IMPRINTING AND X CHROMOSOMAL INACTIVATION. DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING, WHILE DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. HYPOACETYLATION OF HISTONES LEADS TO COMPACT CHROMATIN WITH REDUCED ACCESSIBILITY TO THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL MACHINERY. METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEINS CAN RECRUIT COREPRESSORS AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES; THUS, THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATES GENE ACTIVATION. METHYLATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED AS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM DURING IMMUNE DEVELOPMENT, CONTROLLING VDJ RECOMBINATION, LINEAGE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS, AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF CYTOKINE GENES DURING IMMUNE RESPONSES. ABERRATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MACHINERY, EITHER BY GENETIC MUTATIONS OR BY SOMATIC CHANGES SUCH AS VIRAL INFECTIONS, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY ALTERATIONS IN CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND CANCER.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9 5872  23 SUSTAINED TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION LEADS TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL MEMORY THAT GREATLY ENHANCES SIGNAL SENSITIVITY AND ROBUSTNESS. TRANSCRIPTIONAL MEMORY ALLOWS CERTAIN GENES TO RESPOND TO PREVIOUSLY EXPERIENCED SIGNALS MORE ROBUSTLY. HOWEVER, WHETHER AND HOW THE KEY PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TNF-ALPHA MEDIATES TRANSCRIPTIONAL MEMORY ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. USING HEK293F CELLS AS A MODEL SYSTEM, WE REPORT THAT SUSTAINED TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION INDUCES TRANSCRIPTIONAL MEMORY DEPENDENT ON TET ENZYMES. THE HYPOMETHYLATED STATUS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY REGIONS CAN BE INHERITED, FACILITATING NF-KAPPAB BINDING AND MORE ROBUST SUBSEQUENT ACTIVATION. A HIGH INITIAL METHYLATION LEVEL AND CPG DENSITY AROUND KAPPAB SITES ARE CORRELATED WITH THE FUNCTIONAL POTENTIAL OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL MEMORY MODULES. INTERESTINGLY, THE CALCB GENE, ENCODING THE PROVEN MIGRAINE THERAPEUTIC TARGET CGRP, EXHIBITS THE BEST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MEMORY. A NEIGHBORING PRIMATE-SPECIFIC ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS STIMULATES MORE RAPID, MORE STRONG, AND AT LEAST 100-FOLD MORE SENSITIVE CALCB INDUCTION IN SUBSEQUENT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. OUR STUDY REVEALS THAT TNF-ALPHA-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL MEMORY IS GOVERNED BY ACTIVE DNA DEMETHYLATION AND GREATLY SENSITIZES MEMORY GENES TO MUCH LOWER DOSES OF INFLAMMATORY CUES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
10 3948  32 LNCRNA-CD160 DECREASES THE IMMUNITY OF CD8(+) T CELLS THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. THE TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE T CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE, THEREFORE INVESTIGATING THE KEY REGULATORS OF CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE CHRONIC HBV TREATMENT. BLOOD SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION WERE USED TO CONFIRM THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HBV INFECTION STAGE AND CD160 RECEPTOR EXPRESSION LEVELS IN CD8(+) T CELLS, THE CD8(+) T CELLS ARE USED TO RESEARCH THE MECHANISM OF T CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE MODULATION, MOREOVER, C3H/HEN MICE WITH REDUCED CD160 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LONG NON-CODING (LNC)RNA-CD160 AND HBV INFECTION. LONG NON-CODING (LNC)RNA-CD160 AND HISTONE-MODIFICATION ENZYME GENE HISTONE DEACETYLASE 11 (HDAC11) EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH CD160 EXPRESSION. LNCRNA-CD160 CAN INHIBIT THE SECRETION OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA THROUGH HDAC11 RECRUITMENT AND BIND TO HDAC11 TO FORM A COMPLEX ON THE PROMOTERS OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA. THE HDAC11, IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA FORM A COMPLEX AND ENHANCE THE METHYLATION OF H3K9ME1, CHROMATIN CHANGES INTO THE HETEROCHROMATIN AND THE TRANSCRIPTION OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA IS BLOCKED; MOREOVER, THE HDAC11/IFN-GAMMA/TNF-ALPHA COMPLEX CAN ALSO INHIBIT THE SECRETION OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA IN CD160(-) CD8(+) T CELLS AND SUPPRESSES THE FUNCTION OF CD8(+) T CELLS. FURTHERMORE, SMALL INTERFERING RNA TARGETING LNCRNA-CD160 CAN BLOCK HBV INFECTION PROGRESSION. LNCRNA-CD160 ACTS AS AN IMMUNE SUPPRESSIVE FACTOR AND IS EXPRESSED AT A HIGH LEVEL IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CD8(+) T CELLS OF HBV INFECTED PATIENTS. FURTHERMORE, HIGH EXPRESSION LEVELS OF LNCRNA-CD160 CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE INHIBITION OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA SECRETION IN CD8(+) T CELLS AND DECREASE THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF CD8(+) T CELLS. THEREFORE, LNCRNA-CD160 MAY BECOME A NEW TARGET FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CHRONIC HBV INFECTION IN THE FUTURE AND MAY PROVIDE A NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF HBV INFECTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11 2146  29 EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION RESTORES FUNCTIONS OF DEFECTIVE CD8(+) T CELLS FROM CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION. FUNCTIONAL EXHAUSTION OF ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC T CELLS IS A DEFINING CHARACTERISTIC OF MANY CHRONIC INFECTIONS, BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF T CELL DYSFUNCTION ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. EPIGENETICS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF T CELL DEVELOPMENT, DIFFERENTIATION, AND FUNCTION. TO EXAMINE IF EPIGENETICS ALSO PLAYS A ROLE IN T CELL EXHAUSTION, WE ANALYZED CHROMATIN REMODELING IN CD8(+) T CELLS FROM MICE WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS INFECTION. WE OBSERVED DOWNREGULATION OF DIACETYLATED HISTONE H3 IN BOTH VIRUS-SPECIFIC AND TOTAL CD8(+) T CELLS, AND FUNCTIONAL DEFECTS NOT ONLY IN VIRUS-SPECIFIC CD8(+) T CELLS BUT ALSO WITHIN THE TOTAL CD8(+) T CELL POPULATION. IN VITRO TREATMENT OF THESE EXHAUSTED CD8(+) T CELLS WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS RESTORED DIACETYLATED HISTONE H3 LEVELS, AND IMPROVED THEIR IMMUNE FUNCTIONS. UPON ADOPTIVE TRANSFER, THESE TREATED CD8(+) T CELLS DEVELOPED INTO FUNCTIONAL MEMORY T CELLS IN VIVO THAT ENHANCED PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY. THESE RESULTS DEFINE A ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN T CELL EXHAUSTION AND SUGGEST EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION AS A NOVEL MOLECULAR THERAPY TO RESTORE IMMUNE FUNCTIONS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12 5982  30 TET2 REGULATES IMMUNE TOLERANCE IN CHRONICALLY ACTIVATED MAST CELLS. MUTATION OF THE TET2 DNA-HYDROXYMETHYLASE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A NUMBER OF IMMUNE PATHOLOGIES. THE DISPARITY IN PHENOTYPE AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION AMONG THESE PATHOLOGIES LEADS TO QUESTIONS REGARDING THE ROLE OF TET2 MUTATION IN PROMOTING DISEASE EVOLUTION IN DIFFERENT IMMUNE CELL TYPES. HERE WE SHOW THAT, IN PRIMARY MAST CELLS, TET2 EXPRESSION IS INDUCED IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC AND ACUTE ACTIVATION SIGNALS. IN TET2-DEFICIENT MAST CELLS, CHRONIC ACTIVATION VIA THE ONCOGENIC KITD816V ALLELE ASSOCIATED WITH MASTOCYTOSIS, SELECTS FOR A SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERMETHYLATED DNA REGIONS (HMR) AT IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES. H3K27AC AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING IS CONSISTENT WITH PRIMING OR MORE OPEN CHROMATIN AT BOTH HMR AND NON-HMR IN PROXIMITY TO IMMUNE GENES IN THESE CELLS, AND THIS SIGNATURE COINCIDES WITH INCREASED PATHOLOGICAL INFLAMMATION SIGNALS. HMR ARE ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH A SUBSET OF IMMUNE GENES THAT ARE DIRECT TARGETS OF TET2 AND REPRESSED IN TET2-DEFICIENT CELLS. REPRESSION OF THESE GENES RESULTS IN IMMUNE TOLERANCE TO ACUTE STIMULATION THAT CAN BE RESCUED WITH VITAMIN C TREATMENT OR REITERATED WITH A TET INHIBITOR. OVERALL, OUR DATA SUPPORT A MODEL WHERE TET2 PLAYS A DIRECT ROLE IN PREVENTING IMMUNE TOLERANCE IN CHRONICALLY ACTIVATED MAST CELLS, SUPPORTING TET2 AS A VIABLE TARGET TO REPROGRAM THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE FOR INNOVATIVE THERAPIES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13 3523  29 IL-10-PRODUCING B CELLS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A SPECIFIC METHYLATION SIGNATURE. AMONG THE FAMILY OF REGULATORY B CELLS, THE SUBSET ABLE TO PRODUCE INTERLEUKIN-10 (IL-10) IS THE MOST STUDIED, YET ITS BIOLOGY IS STILL A MATTER OF INVESTIGATION. THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING OF THE IL-10 GENE LOCUS REVEALED A NOVEL EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE CHARACTERIZING MURINE B CELLS READY TO RESPOND THROUGH IL-10 SYNTHESIS: A DEMETHYLATED REGION LOCATED 4.5 KB FROM THE TRANSCRIPTION STARTING SITE (TSS), THAT WE NAMED EARLY IL10 REGULATORY REGION (EIL10RR). THIS FEATURE ALLOWS TO DISTINGUISH B CELLS THAT ARE IMMEDIATELY PRONE AND DEVELOPMENTALLY COMMITTED TO IL-10 PRODUCTION FROM THOSE THAT REQUIRE A PERSISTENT STIMULATION TO EXERT AN IL-10-MEDIATED REGULATORY FUNCTION. THESE LATE IL-10 PRODUCERS ARE INSTEAD CHARACTERIZED BY A DELAYED IL10 REGULATORY REGION (DIL10RR), A PARTIALLY DEMETHYLATED DNA PORTION LOCATED 9 KB UPSTREAM FROM THE TSS. A DEMETHYLATED REGION WAS ALSO FOUND IN HUMAN IL-10-PRODUCING B CELLS AND, VERY INTERESTINGLY, IN SOME B-CELL MALIGNANCIES, SUCH AS CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA, CHARACTERIZED BY AN IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE MICROENVIRONMENT. OUR FINDINGS DEFINE MURINE AND HUMAN REGULATORY B CELLS AS AN EPIGENETICALLY CONTROLLED FUNCTIONAL STATE OF MATURE B CELL SUBSETS AND OPEN A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON IL-10 REGULATION IN B CELLS IN HOMEOSTASIS AND DISEASE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14 2114  33 EPIGENETIC HETEROCHROMATIN MARKERS DISTINGUISH TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED LEUKOCYTES FROM INCOMPLETELY DIFFERENTIATED LEUKEMIA CELLS IN HUMAN BLOOD. OBJECTIVE: DURING TERMINAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION, NUCLEAR CHROMATIN BECOMES CONDENSED AND THE REPERTOIRE OF EPIGENTIC HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEINS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHROMATIN CONDENSATION IS DRAMATICALLY CHANGED. IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY THE CHROMATIN REGULATORY FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INCOMPLETE CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND IMPAIRED CHROMATIN CONDENSATION IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, WE EXAMINED EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MAJOR HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEINS IN NORMAL BLOOD CELLS AND CELLS DERIVED FROM A NUMBER OF CHRONIC AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA PATIENTS EXHIBITING DIFFERENT DEGREES OF DIFFERENTIATION. METHODS: WE USED IMMUNOBLOTTING AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TO EXAMINE THE LEVELS AND LOCALIZATION OF EPIGENETIC HETEROCHROMATIN FACTORS IN ISOLATED CELL NUCLEI AND FRACTIONATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS. RESULTS: WHILE THE MAJOR EPIGENETIC HETEROCHROMATIN FACTOR, HISTONE H3 METHYLATED AT LYSINE 9, IS PRESENT IN ALL CELL TYPES, ITS MAIN COUNTERPARTS, NONHISTONE PROTEINS, HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEINS 1 (HP1) ALPHA, BETA, AND GAMMA, ARE DRAMATICALLY REDUCED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES OF NORMAL DONORS AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA PATIENTS, BUT ARE SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED IN THE BLOOD OF ACCELERATED PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS. IN THE TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED CELLS, NUCLEAR CHROMATIN ACCUMULATES A NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC SERPIN, MONOCYTE AND NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE INHIBITOR (MNEI). HP1 AND MNEI LEVELS INVERSELY CORRELATE IN A NUMBER OF NORMAL AND LEUKEMIA MYELOID CELLS AND SHOW STRIKINGLY OPPOSITE COORDINATED CHANGES DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF U937 CELL LINE INDUCED BY RETINOIC ACID. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT REPRESSION OF HP1 AND ACCUMULATION OF MNEI ARE LINKED TO TERMINAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND THAT THEIR LEVELS MAY BE MONITORED IN BLOOD CELL POPULATIONS TO DETECT TRANSITIONS IN CELL DIFFERENTIATION ASSOCIATED WITH LEUKEMIA PROGRESSION AND TREATMENT.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15 3527  29 IL-6 ENHANCES THE NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF DNA CYTOSINE-5-METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1) VIA PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE BY THE AKT KINASE. THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF GENOMIC DNA IS ACCOMPLISHED, IN PART, BY SEVERAL DNA CYTOSINE-5-METHYLTRANSFERASES THAT ACT BY COVALENTLY MODIFYING CYTOSINES WITH THE ADDITION OF A METHYL GROUP. THIS COVALENT MODIFICATION IS MAINTAINED BY THE DNA CYTOSINE-5-METHYLTRANSFERASE-1 ENZYME (DNMT1), WHICH IS CAPABLE OF ACTING IN CONCERT WITH OTHER SIMILAR ENZYMES TO SILENCE IMPORTANT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. IL-6 IS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL MEDIATOR OF INFLAMMATION, ACTING THROUGH SEVERAL MAJOR SIGNALING CASCADES, INCLUDING THE PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-3-KINASE PATHWAY (PI-3-K), WHICH ACTIVATES PROTEIN KINASE B (AKT/PKB) DOWNSTREAM. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THE SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF DNMT1 CAN BE ALTERED BY THE ADDITION OF IL-6, INCREASING THE RATE OF NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF THE ENZYME FROM THE CYTOSOLIC COMPARTMENT. THE MECHANISM OF NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF DNMT1 IS GREATLY ENHANCED BY PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE DNMT1 NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNAL (NLS) BY PKB/AKT KINASE. MUTAGENIC ALTERATION OF THE TWO AKT TARGET AMINO ACIDS WITHIN THE NLS RESULTS IN A MAJOR LOSS OF DNMT1 NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION, WHILE THE CREATION OF A "PHOSPHO-MIMIC" AMINO ACID (MUTATION TO ACIDIC RESIDUES) RESTORES THIS COMPARTMENTATION ABILITY. THESE OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST AN INTERESTING HYPOTHESIS REGARDING HOW MEDIATORS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION MAY DISTURB THE DELICATE BALANCE OF CELLULAR COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF IMPORTANT PROTEINS, AND REVEALS A POTENTIAL MECHANISM FOR THE INDUCTION OR ENHANCEMENT OF TUMOR GROWTH VIA ALTERATION OF THE COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF A CELL.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16 3658  26 INDUCTION OF ABERRANT TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 BY INFLAMMATION IN MOUSE COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. A FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION (FIELD DEFECT), WHERE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE ACCUMULATED IN NORMAL-APPEARING TISSUES, IS INVOLVED IN HUMAN CARCINOGENESIS, ESPECIALLY CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. ALTHOUGH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS INVOLVED IN THE FIELD DEFECT AND INDUCED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, IT IS STILL UNCLEAR FOR TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27ME3), WHICH IS INVOLVED IN GENE REPRESSION INDEPENDENT OF DNA METHYLATION AND FUNCTIONS AS A PRE-MARK FOR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. IN THIS STUDY, USING A MOUSE COLITIS MODEL INDUCED BY DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS), WE AIMED TO CLARIFY WHETHER ABERRANT H3K27ME3 IS INDUCED BY INFLAMMATION AND INVOLVED IN A FIELD DEFECT. CHIP-ON-CHIP ANALYSIS OF COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS REVEALED THAT H3K27ME3 LEVELS WERE INCREASED OR DECREASED FOR 266 GENOMIC REGIONS BY AGING, AND MORE EXTENSIVELY (23 INCREASED AND 3574 DECREASED REGIONS) BY COLITIS. SUCH INCREASE OR DECREASE OF H3K27ME3 WAS INDUCED AS EARLY AS 2 WEEKS AFTER THE INITIATION OF DSS TREATMENT, AND PERSISTED AT LEAST FOR 16 WEEKS EVEN AFTER THE INFLAMMATION DISAPPEARED. SOME OF THE ABERRANT H3K27ME3 IN COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS WAS CARRIED OVER INTO COLON TUMORS. FURTHERMORE, H3K27ME3 ACQUIRED AT DAPK1 BY COLITIS WAS FOLLOWED BY INCREASED DNA METHYLATION, SUPPORTING ITS FUNCTION AS A PRE-MARK FOR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT ABERRANT H3K27ME3 CAN BE INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO A SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT, SUCH AS COLITIS, AND SUGGESTED THAT ABERRANT HISTONE MODIFICATION, IN ADDITION TO ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, IS INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF A FIELD DEFECT.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17 6765  31 ZINC DEFICIENCY LEADS TO REDUCED INTERLEUKIN-2 PRODUCTION BY ACTIVE GENE SILENCING DUE TO ENHANCED CREMALPHA EXPRESSION IN T CELLS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: THE MICRONUTRIENT ZINC IS ESSENTIAL FOR PROPER IMMUNE FUNCTION. CONSEQUENTLY, ZINC DEFICIENCY LEADS TO IMPAIRED IMMUNE FUNCTION, AS SEEN IN DECREASED SECRETION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-2 BY T CELLS. ALTHOUGH THIS ASSOCIATION HAS BEEN KNOWN SINCE THE LATE 1980S, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS ARE STILL UNKNOWN. ZINC DEFICIENCY AND REDUCED IL-2 LEVELS ARE ESPECIALLY FOUND IN THE ELDERLY, WHICH IN TURN ARE PRONE TO CHRONIC DISEASES. HERE, WE DESCRIBE A NEW MOLECULAR LINK BETWEEN ZINC DEFICIENCY AND REDUCED IL-2 EXPRESSION IN T CELLS. METHODS: THE EFFECTS OF ZINC DEFICIENCY WERE FIRST INVESTIGATED IN VITRO IN THE HUMAN T CELL LINES JURKAT AND HUT-78 AND COMPLEMENTED BY IN VIVO DATA FROM ZINC-SUPPLEMENTED PIGS. A SHORT- AND LONG-TERM MODEL FOR ZINC DEFICIENCY WAS ESTABLISHED. ZINC LEVELS WERE DETECTED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY AND EXPRESSION PROFILES WERE INVESTIGATED ON THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CAMP-RESPONSIVE-ELEMENT MODULATOR ALPHA (CREMALPHA) IS INCREASED DURING ZINC DEFICIENCY IN VITRO, DUE TO INCREASED PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A (PP2A) ACTIVITY, RESULTING IN DECREASED IL-2 PRODUCTION. ADDITIONALLY, ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION IN VIVO REDUCED CREMALPHA LEVELS CAUSING INCREASED IL-2 EXPRESSION. ON EPIGENETIC LEVELS INCREASED CREMALPHA BINDING TO THE IL-2 PROMOTER IS MEDIATED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 (HDAC1). THE HDAC1 ACTIVITY IS INHIBITED BY ZINC. MOREOVER, DEACETYLATION OF THE ACTIVATING HISTONE MARK H3K9 WAS INCREASED UNDER ZINC DEFICIENCY, RESULTING IN REDUCED IL-2 EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: WITH THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CREMALPHA A MOLECULAR LINK WAS UNCOVERED, CONNECTING ZINC DEFICIENCY WITH REDUCED IL-2 PRODUCTION DUE TO ENHANCED PP2A AND HDAC1 ACTIVITY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18  492  38 ASSESSMENT OF HIV-1 INTEGRATION IN TISSUES AND SUBSETS ACROSS INFECTION STAGES. THE INTEGRATION OF HIV DNA INTO THE HOST GENOME CONTRIBUTES TO LIFELONG INFECTION IN MOST INDIVIDUALS. FEW STUDIES HAVE EXAMINED INTEGRATION IN LYMPHOID TISSUE, WHERE HIV PREDOMINANTLY PERSISTS BEFORE AND AFTER ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT (ART). OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS WHETHER INTEGRATION SITE DISTRIBUTIONS DIFFER BETWEEN INFECTION STAGES WITH PAIRED BLOOD AND TISSUE COMPARISONS. HERE, WE PROFILED HIV INTEGRATION SITE DISTRIBUTIONS IN SORTED MEMORY, TISSUE-RESIDENT, AND/OR FOLLICULAR HELPER CD4+ T CELL SUBSETS FROM PAIRED BLOOD AND LYMPHOID TISSUE SAMPLES FROM ACUTE, CHRONIC, AND ART-TREATED INDIVIDUALS. WE OBSERVED MINOR DIFFERENCES IN THE FREQUENCY OF NONINTRONIC AND NONDISTAL INTERGENIC SITES, VARYING WITH TISSUE AND RESIDENCY PHENOTYPES DURING ART. GENOMIC AND EPIGENETIC ANNOTATIONS WERE GENERALLY SIMILAR. CLONAL EXPANSION OF CELLS MARKED BY IDENTICAL INTEGRATION SITES WAS DETECTED, WITH INCREASED DETECTION IN CHRONIC AND ART-TREATED INDIVIDUALS. HOWEVER, OVERLAP BETWEEN OR WITHIN CD4+ T CELL SUBSETS OR TISSUE COMPARTMENTS WAS ONLY OBSERVED IN 8 UNIQUE SITES OF THE 3540 SITES STUDIED. TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT SHARED INTEGRATION SITES BETWEEN BLOOD AND TISSUE MAY, DEPENDING ON THE TISSUE SITE, BE THE EXCEPTION RATHER THAN THE RULE AND INDICATE THAT ADDITIONAL STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO FULLY UNDERSTAND THE HETEROGENEITY OF TISSUE-SEQUESTERED HIV RESERVOIRS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19 1615  30 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B PLAYS A PROTECTIVE ROLE AGAINST HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS CAUSED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION VIA MAINTAINING MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS. MOST HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS) DEVELOP ON THE BASIS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS, BUT THE MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN INFLAMMATORY HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS HAS YET TO BE ELUCIDATED. AMONG DE NOVO DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), DNMT3B HAS LATELY BEEN REPORTED TO ACT SPECIFICALLY ON ACTIVELY TRANSCRIBED GENES, SUGGESTING THE POSSIBILITY THAT IT PLAYS A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CANCER. WE CONFIRMED THAT DNMT3B ISOFORMS LACKING ITS CATALYTIC DOMAIN WERE HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN HCCS COMPARED WITH NON-TUMOROUS LIVER TISSUE. TO ELUCIDATE THE ROLE OF DNMT3B IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, WE GENERATED A GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MOUSE MODEL WITH HEPATOCYTE-SPECIFIC DNMT3B DELETION. THE LIVER OF THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT MICE EXHIBITED AN EXACERBATION OF THIOACETAMIDE-INDUCED HEPATITIS, PROGRESSION OF LIVER FIBROSIS AND A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF HCC COMPARED WITH THE LIVER OF THE CONTROL MICE. WHOLE-GENOME BISULFITE SEQUENCING VERIFIED A LOWER CG METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT LIVER, DEMONSTRATING DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS THROUGHOUT THE GENOME. TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS REVEALED DECREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT LIVER. MOREOVER, PRIMARY HEPATOCYTES ISOLATED FROM THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT MICE SHOWED REDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CAPACITY, LEADING TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE LIVER TISSUE. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF DNMT3B AGAINST CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND HCC DEVELOPMENT VIA MAINTAINING MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20 2389  29 EPIGENETIC REPOLARIZATION OF T LYMPHOCYTES FROM CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATIENTS USING 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. T CELL IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PROFOUND IMMUNE SUPPRESSION THAT CHARACTERIZES CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). IMPROPER POLARIZATION OF T CELLS HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS ONE OF THE MECHANISM INVOLVED. MOUNTING DATA IMPLICATES CHROMATIN REGULATION, NAMELY PROMOTER METHYLATION, IN THE PLASTICITY OF NAIVE HUMAN T CELLS. RECENT IN VITRO EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THIS PLASTICITY MAY BE PHENOTYPICALLY ALTERED BY USING METHYLATION INHIBITORS WHICH ARE APPROVED FOR CLINICAL USE IN CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. THESE RESULTS BEG THE QUESTION: CAN THE INEFFECTIVE POLARIZATION OF T LYMPHOCYTES IN THE CONTEXT OF CLL BE EFFECTIVELY MODULATED USING METHYLATION INHIBITORS IN A SUSTAINABLE THERAPEUTIC FASHION? TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION OUR LABORATORY HAS STUDIED THE EFFECTS OF 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5A2) IN HELPER AND CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES FROM HEALTHY DONORS AND CLL PATIENTS IN WELL CHARACTERIZED MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN EFFECTIVE POLARIZATION. MOREOVER, WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE CONSEQUENCES OF METHYLATION INHIBITOR TREATMENT ON LYMPHOCYTE SURVIVAL, ACTIVATION INTENSITY, AND NAIVE CELL POLARIZATION. OUR DATA INDICATES THAT 5A2 TREATMENT CAN DEPOLARIZE TH2 CELLS TO EFFECTIVELY SECRETE INTERFERON GAMMA, SIGNAL VIA T-BET, AND ACHIEVE DEMETHYLATION OF CRITICAL TH1 SPECIFIC PROMOTERS. MOREOVER, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT 5A2 CAN FORCE TH1 POLARIZATION OF NAIVE T CELLS DESPITE A STRONG IL-4 STIMULI AND A LACK OF IL-12. IN CONCLUSION OUR DATA SEEKS TO DEFINE A MODALITY IN WHICH IMPROPER OR INEFFECTIVE T CELL POLARIZATION CAN BE ALTERED BY 5AZA AND COULD BE INCORPORATED IN FUTURE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS.	2011