1 2134 158 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE MIR129-2 IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. BACKGROUND: MIR129-2 HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNA HYPERMETHYLATED IN EPITHELIAL CANCERS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF MIR129-2 WAS STUDIED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR (MSP) IN 13 CELL LINES (EIGHT MYELOMA AND FIVE LYMPHOMA), 15 NORMAL CONTROLS AND 344 PRIMARY SAMPLES INCLUDING ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL), MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) AT DIAGNOSIS, MM AT RELAPSE/PROGRESSION, AND MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE (MGUS). EXPRESSION OF MIR129 AND ITS TARGET, SOX4, IN CELL LINES WAS MEASURED BEFORE AND AFTER HYPOMETHYLATING TREATMENT AND MIR129 OVEREXPRESSION. MIR129 EXPRESSION WAS CORRELATED WITH MIR129-2 METHYLATION STATUS IN PRIMARY LYMPHOMA SAMPLES. TUMOR SUPPRESSOR FUNCTION OF MIR129 WAS DEMONSTRATED BY MTT AND TRYPAN BLUE EXCLUSION ASSAY AFTER MIR129 OVEREXPRESSION. RESULTS: THE SENSITIVITY OF THE METHYLATED-MSP WAS ONE IN 10(3). DIFFERENT MSP STATUSES, INCLUDING COMPLETE METHYLATION, PARTIAL METHYLATION, AND COMPLETE UNMETHYLATION, WERE VERIFIED BY QUANTITATIVE BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. ALL FIVE LYMPHOMA AND SEVEN OF EIGHT MYELOMA CELL LINES SHOWED COMPLETE AND PARTIAL MIR129-2 METHYLATION. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES, MIR129-2 METHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN AML AND CML, BUT DETECTED IN 5% ALL, 45.9% CLL, 49.5% MM AT DIAGNOSIS, AND 59.1% NHL. IN CLL, MIR129-2 METHYLATION ADVERSELY IMPACTED ON SURVIVAL (P=0.004). IN MM, MIR129-2 METHYLATION INCREASED FROM 27.5% MGUS TO 49.5% MM AT DIAGNOSIS AND 41.5% AT RELAPSE/PROGRESSION (P=0.023). IN NHL, MIR129-2 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH MIR124-1 AND MIR203 METHYLATION (P<0.001), AND LOWER MIR129 EXPRESSION (P=0.009). HYPOMETHYLATION TREATMENT OF JEKO-1, HOMOZYGOUSLY METHYLATED FOR MIR129-2, LED TO MIR129-2 DEMETHYLATION AND MIR129 RE-EXPRESSION, WITH DOWNREGULATION OF SOX4 MRNA. MOREOVER, MIR129 OVEREXPRESSION IN BOTH MANTLE CELL LINES, JEKO-1 AND GRANTA-519, INHIBITED CELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND ENHANCED CELL DEATH, WITH CONCOMITANT SOX4 MRNA DOWNREGULATION. CONCLUSIONS: MIR129-2 IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSIVE MICRORNA FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN LYMPHOID BUT NOT MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, LEADING TO REVERSIBLE MIR129-2 SILENCING. IN CLL, MIR129-2 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INFERIOR SURVIVAL. IN MM, MIR129-2 METHYLATION MIGHT BE ACQUIRED DURING PROGRESSION FROM MGUS TO SYMPTOMATIC MM. IN NHL, MIR129-2 METHYLATION MIGHT COLLABORATE WITH MIR124-1 AND MIR203 METHYLATION IN LYMPHOMAGENESIS.	2013	
                                                                                                             
2 2127  74 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF MIR-9 FAMILY MICRORNAS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA--IMPLICATIONS ON CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF NFKAPPAB PATHWAY. BACKGROUND: THE MIR-9 FAMILY MICRORNAS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MIRNA IN CANCERS. WE POSTULATED THAT MIR-9-1, MIR-9-2 AND MIR-9-3 MIGHT BE INACTIVATED BY DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). METHODS: METHYLATION OF MIR-9-1, MIR-9-2 AND MIR-9-3 WAS STUDIED IN EIGHT NORMAL CONTROLS INCLUDING NORMAL BONE MARROW, BUFFY COAT, AND CD19-SORTED PERIPHERAL BLOOD B-CELLS FROM HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS, SEVEN CLL CELL LINES, AND SEVENTY-EIGHT DIAGNOSTIC CLL SAMPLES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: THE PROMOTERS OF MIR-9-3 AND MIR-9-1 WERE BOTH UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS, BUT METHYLATED IN FIVE (71.4%) AND ONE OF SEVEN CLL CELL LINES RESPECTIVELY. HOWEVER, MIR-9-2 PROMOTER WAS METHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS INCLUDING CD19 + VE B-CELLS, HENCE SUGGESTIVE OF A TISSUE-SPECIFIC BUT NOT TUMOR-SPECIFIC METHYLATION, AND THUS NOT FURTHER STUDIED. DIFFERENT MSP STATUSES OF MIR-9-3, INCLUDING COMPLETE METHYLATION, PARTIAL METHYLATION, AND COMPLETE UNMETHYLATION, WERE VERIFIED BY QUANTITATIVE BISULFITE METHYLATION ANALYSIS. 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE TREATMENT RESULTED IN MIR-9-3 PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION AND RE-EXPRESSION OF PRI-MIR-9-3 IN I83-E95 AND WAC3CD5+ CELLS, WHICH WERE HOMOZYGOUSLY METHYLATED FOR MIR-9-3. MOREOVER, OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-9 LED TO SUPPRESSED CELL PROLIFERATION AND ENHANCED APOPTOSIS TOGETHER WITH DOWNREGULATION OF NFKAPPAB1 IN I83-E95 CELLS, SUPPORTING A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ROLE OF MIR-9-3 IN CLL. IN PRIMARY CLL SAMPLES, MIR-9-3 WAS DETECTED IN 17% AND MIR-9-1 METHYLATION IN NONE OF THE PATIENTS AT DIAGNOSIS. MOREOVER, MIR-9-3 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED RAI STAGE (>/= STAGE 2) (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: OF THE MIR-9 FAMILY, MIR-9-3 IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MIRNA RELATIVELY FREQUENTLY METHYLATED, AND HENCE SILENCED IN CLL; WHEREAS MIR-9-1 METHYLATION IS RARE IN CLL. THE ROLE OF MIR-9-3 METHYLATION IN THE CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF NFKAPPAB SIGNALING PATHWAY IN CLL WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3 2125  48 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF DLX4 IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF VARIOUS GENES HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). OUR STUDY WAS INTENDED TO INVESTIGATE DLX4 METHYLATION PATTERN IN DIFFERENT CLINICAL STAGES OF CML AND FURTHER DETERMINE ITS ROLE IN REGULATING DLX4 EXPRESSION. REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR WERE APPLIED TO DETECT DLX4 METHYLATION. 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC) WAS USED FOR DEMETHYLATION STUDIES. DLX4 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN CML PATIENTS (P = 0.002) ESPECIALLY IN BLASTIC PHASE (BC) STAGE (P < 0.001) AS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. MOREOVER, DLX4 METHYLATION LEVEL IN BC STAGE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN IN CHRONIC PHASE (CP) STAGE (P < 0.001). DLX4 METHYLATION DENSITY WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED DURING THE PROGRESSION OF CML AMONG THE TESTED TWO PATIENTS (P < 0.001). DLX4 HYPERMETHYLATION OCCURRED WITH THE HIGHEST INCIDENCE IN BC STAGE (83%), LOWER INCIDENCE IN ACUTE PHASE (AP) STAGE (43%), AND THE LOWEST INCIDENCE IN CP STAGE (26%) (P = 0.001). MOREOVER, T(9; 22) WITH ADDITIONAL ALTERATION CASES HAD SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER FREQUENCY OF DLX4 HYPERMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH THE OTHER CYTOGENETICS (P = 0.010). SIGNIFICANTLY NEGATIVE CORRELATION WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN DLX4 METHYLATION AND DLX4-TV2 (THE SHORTER DLX4 ISOFORM) EXPRESSION (R = -0.382, P = 0.001, N = 78) BUT NOT BETWEEN DLX4 METHYLATION AND BP1 (THE LONGER DLX4 ISOFORM) EXPRESSION (R = 0.134, P = 0.244, N = 78) IN CML PATIENTS. BOTH DLX4-TV2 AND BP1 MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AFTER 5-AZA-DC TREATMENT IN K562 CELL LINE (P < 0.001). OUR STUDY INDICATED THAT HYPERMETHYLATION OF DLX4 CORRELATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION OF CML. MOREOVER, DLX4 EXPRESSION WAS REGULATED BY ITS METHYLATION IN CML.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4 1843  34 EFFECTS OF TELOMERASE INHIBITOR ON EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN MODIFICATION ENZYMES IN MALIGNANCIES. TELOMERASE HAS A CRITICAL ROLE IN CELL PROLIFERATION, TUMOR MAINTAINING, AND THERAPY RESISTANCE, WHICH ACT BY MODIFYING MANY SIGNALING PATHWAYS. 2-[(E)-3-NAPHTALEN-2-YL-BUT-2-ENOYLAMINO]-BENZOIC ACID (BIBR1532) IS ONE OF THE MOST STUDIED TELOMERASE INHIBITORS, AND IT TARGETS TELOMERASE COMPONENTS TERC AND TERT. IN THIS NOVEL STUDY, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF BIBR1532 ON BOTH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES AND SOLID TUMORS. K-562 HUMAN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELL LINE AND U87MG GLIOBLASTOMA CELL LINE WERE COMPARED WITH CONTROL GROUPS WITHOUT BIBR1532 TREATMENT. CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF BIBR1532 WERE DETERMINED BY USING WST-1 ASSAY. APOPTOTIC EFFECTS OF BIBR1532 WERE DETECTED BY USING ANNEXIN V METHOD. TO ASSESS EXPRESSION CHANGES IN THE HUMAN EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN MODIFICATION ENZYME GENES, TOTAL RNA WAS ISOLATED FROM K-562 AND U87MG CELLS TREATED WITH BIBR1532 AND UNTREATED CONTROL CELLS. BIBR1532 INDUCED 2.41-FOLD APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH IN U87MG CELL LINES COMPARED WITH CONTROL GROUPS. APOPTOSIS WAS SLIGHTLY INDUCED IN K-562 CELLS WITH BIBR1532 TREATMENT COMPARED WITH CONTROL CELLS. WE OBSERVED THAT BIBR1532 ALSO REGULATES SIMILAR GENES IN BOTH CELL LINES, AND IT IS USEFUL ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. AS A RESULT, TELOMERASE INHIBITOR BIBR1532 HAS A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON BOTH HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AND SOLID TUMORS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5 5775  40 SPERMIDINE/SPERMINE N(1)-ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY ASSOCIATES WITH WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT IN MYELOID LEUKEMIAS. THE METABOLISM OF POLYAMINES, THE CATIONIC SMALL MOLECULES ESSENTIAL FOR CELL PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION, IS ALTERED IN CANCER CELLS AND CAN BE EXPLOITED IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY. SPERMIDINE/SPERMINE N(1)-ACETYLTRANSFERASE (SSAT), WHICH REGULATES INTRACELLULAR LEVELS OF POLYAMINES BY CATABOLIZING SPERMIDINE AND SPERMINE, HAS A CONTROVERSIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCERS. IN THIS STUDY, THE POLYAMINE METABOLISM AND FUNCTION OF SSAT WERE CHARACTERIZED IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), AND ACUTE LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA PATIENT SAMPLES. ALSO, MICE OVEREXPRESSING SSAT AND HAVING A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE PHENOTYPE WERE ANALYZED FOR THEIR RESPONSE TO DECITABINE AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A. THE PRESENCE OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE BONE MARROW CELLS OF SSAT MICE WAS ANALYZED. ELEVATED LEVELS OF SPERMIDINE AND SPERMINE, AS WELL AS INCREASED ACTIVITY OF SSAT, WERE DETECTED IN AML, CML, AND ACUTE LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA PATIENTS COMPARED WITH THE CONTROLS. HOWEVER, WE FOUND SSAT ACTIVITY TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT ONLY IN AML AND CML PATIENTS. DECITABINE TREATMENT BROUGHT THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND BONE MARROW CELL COUNTS OF SSAT MICE TO THE LEVEL OF WILD-TYPE MICE. SPERMIDINE/SPERMINE N(1)-ACETYLTRANSFERASE MICE HAD INCREASED HISTONE METHYLATION AND AN INCREASED LEVEL OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 IN THEIR BONE MARROW CELLS. THE STUDY SUGGESTS THAT SSAT INFLUENCES THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS PARTLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE SSAT OVEREXPRESSION-INDUCED MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE IN MICE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6 5934  42 TARGETING FEATURES OF CURAXIN CBL0137 ON HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. THE ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF CURAXIN CBL0137, A DNA-BINDING SMALL MOLECULE WITH CHROMATIN REMODULATING EFFECT, HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN DIFFERENT CANCERS. HEREIN, A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CBL0137 ACTIVITY WAS PERFORMED IN RESPECT TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) CULTURED IN VITRO. MTT ASSAY SHOWED AML AND MM HIGHER SENSITIVITY TO CBL0137'S CYTOSTATIC EFFECT COMPARATIVELY TO OTHER HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY CELLS. FLOW CYTOMETRY CELL CYCLE ANALYSIS REVEALED AN INCREASE IN SUBG1 AND G2/M POPULATIONS AFTER CBL0137 CELL TREATMENT, BUT THE PREVALENT TYPE OF ARREST VARIED. APOPTOSIS ACTIVATION BY CBL0137 MEASURED BY ANNEXIN-V/PI DUAL STAINING WAS MORE ACTIVE IN AML AND MM CELLS. RT2 PCR ARRAY SHOWED THAT CHANGES CAUSED BY CBL0137 IN SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN CANCER PATHOGENESIS WERE MORE INTENSIVE IN AML AND MM CELLS. ON THE MURINE MODEL OF AML WEHI-3, CBL0137 SHOWED SIGNIFICANT ANTICANCER EFFECTS IN VIVO, WHICH WERE EVALUATED BY CORRESPONDING CHANGES IN SPLEEN AND LIVER. THUS, MORE PRONOUNCED ANTICANCER EFFECTS OF CBL0137 IN VITRO WERE OBSERVED IN RESPECT TO AML AND MM. EXPERIMENTS IN VIVO ALSO INDICATED THE PERSPECTIVE OF CBL0137 USE FOR AML TREATMENT. THIS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE FRONTLINE TREATMENT APPROACH IN AML USING EPIGENETIC DRUGS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7  829  29 CHARACTERIZATION OF P190-BCR-ABL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA REVEALS SPECIFIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. THE ONCOGENIC PROTEIN BCR-ABL HAS TWO MAJOR ISOFORMS, P190(BCR-ABL) AND P210(BCR-ABL). WHILE P210(BCR-ABL) IS THE HALLMARK OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), P190(BCR-ABL) OCCURS IN THE MAJORITY OF PHILADELPHIA-POSITIVE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (PH + ALL) PATIENTS. IN CML, P190(BCR-ABL) OCCURS IN A MINORITY OF PATIENTS ASSOCIATING WITH DISTINCT HEMATOLOGICAL FEATURES AND INFERIOR OUTCOMES, YET THE PATHOGENIC ROLE OF P190(BCR-ABL) AND POTENTIAL TARGETING THERAPIES ARE LARGELY UNCHARACTERIZED. WE EMPLOYED NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING, PHOSPHO-PROTEOMIC PROFILING, AND DRUG SENSITIVITY TESTING TO CHARACTERIZE P190(BCR-ABL) IN CML AND HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELL LINE MODELS (BA/F3 AND HPC-LSK). P190(BCR-ABL) CML PATIENTS DEMONSTRATED POOR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB AND FREQUENT MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS GENES. IN CONTRAST WITH P210(BCR-ABL), P190(BCR-ABL) EXHIBITED SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL UPREGULATION OF INTERFERON, INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR, AND P53 SIGNALING PATHWAYS, ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERPHOSPHORYLATION OF RELEVANT SIGNALING MOLECULES INCLUDING JAK1/STAT1 AND PAK1 IN ADDITION TO SRC HYPERPHOSPHORYLATION. COMPARABLE TO P190(BCR-ABL) CML PATIENTS, P190(BCR-ABL) CELL LINES DEMONSTRATED SIMILAR TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND PHOSPHO-SIGNALING SIGNATURES. WITH THE DRUG SENSITIVITY SCREENING WE IDENTIFIED TARGETED DRUGS WITH SPECIFIC ACTIVITY IN P190(BCR-ABL) CELL LINES INCLUDING IAP-, PAK1-, AND SRC INHIBITORS AND GLUCOCORTICOIDS. OUR RESULTS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DISTINCT FEATURES OF P190(BCR-ABL) CML AND PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THIS HIGH-RISK PATIENT GROUP.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  145  50 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION STATUS AND MRNA EXPRESSION LEVEL OF SMG1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY. OOBJECTIVE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE MALIGNANCY WITH DIFFERENT STAGES. ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED AS A SIGNATURE FOR DIVERSE CANCERS WHICH ALSO PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN CML PATHOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT. SUPPRESSOR WITH MORPHOGENETIC EFFECT ON GENITALIA (SMG1) GENE RECENTLY HAS BEEN BROUGHT TO THE SPOTLIGHT AS A POTENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE THAT CAN BE SUPPRESSED BY TUMORS FOR FURTHER PROGRESS. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMS TO INVESTIGATE SMG1 STATUS IN CML PATIENTS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IN THIS CASE-CONTROL STUDY, PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM 30 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML [NEW CASE (N)=10, COMPLETE MOLECULAR REMISSION (CMR)=10, BLASTIC PHASE (BP)=10] AND 10 HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE COLLECTED. METHYLATION STATUS AND EXPRESSION LEVEL OF SMG1 GENE PROMOTER WAS ASSESSED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) AND QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION PCR, RESPECTIVELY. RESULTS: MSP RESULTS OF SMG1 GENE PROMOTOR IN THE NEW CASE GROUP WERE METHYLATED (60% METHYLATED, 30% HEMIMETHYLATED AND 10% UNMETHYLATED). ALL CMR AND CONTROL GROUP PATIENTS WERE UNMETHYLATED IN THE SMG1 GENE PROMOTER. IN THE BP GROUP, METHYLATED SMG1 PROMOTER WAS SEEN (50% OF PATIENTS HAD A METHYLATED STATUS AND 50% HAD HEMIMETHYLATED STATUS). IN COMPARISON WITH THE HEALTHY SUBJECTS, EXPRESSION LEVEL OF SMG1 IN THE NEW CASE GROUP WAS DECREASED (P<0.01); IN THE CMR GROUP AND BP-CML GROUPS, IT WAS INCREASED (P<0.05). NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN PATIENTS' HEMATOLOGICAL FEATURES AND SMG1 METHYLATION WAS SEEN. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF SMG1 OCCURRED IN CML PATIENTS AND IT HAD A SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WITH SMG1 EXPRESSION. SMG1 GENE PROMOTER SHOWED DIVERSE METHYLATED STATUS AND SUBSEQUENT EXPRESSION LEVELS IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML. THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED POSSIBLE PARTICIPATION OF SMG1 SUPPRESSION IN THE CML PATHOGENESIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9 3305  33 HIGH-LEVEL EXPRESSION OF BCL3 DIFFERENTIATES T(2;5)(P23;Q35)-POSITIVE ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA FROM HODGKIN DISEASE. ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA (ALCL) WITH T(2;5)(P23;Q35) AND HODGKIN DISEASE (HD) SHARE MANY CELLULAR FEATURES, INCLUDING EXPRESSION OF CD30. WE COMPARED GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF 4 ALCL (KARPAS 299, SU-DHL-1, DEL, SR-786) AND 3 HD CELL LINES AND FOUND THAT BCL3, WHICH ENCODES A NUCLEAR PROTEIN BELONGING TO THE I KAPPA B FAMILY OF INHIBITORS OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B (NF-KAPPA B) TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS, WAS EXPRESSED AT HIGHER LEVELS IN ALCL THAN HD. NORTHERN AND WESTERN BLOTTING ANALYSES CONFIRMED THE HIGH-LEVEL EXPRESSION OF BCL3 IN ALCL AT BOTH MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. WE ESTABLISHED A REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-MEDIATED POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAY TO MEASURE THE BCL3 MRNA LEVEL AND FOUND A PREDOMINANT LEVEL OF BCL3 EXPRESSION IN T(2;5)(+) ALCL; THE LEVELS OF CELL LINES AND CLINICAL MATERIALS WERE COMPARABLE TO OR HIGHER THAN THAT OF A B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CARRYING T(14;19)(Q32;Q13). SOUTHERN BLOTTING AND FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION DISCLOSED THAT THE BCL3 GENE COPIES WERE AMPLIFIED IN SU-DHL-1, WHEREAS KARPAS 299 CARRIED 4 BCL3 GENE LOCI. THE BCL3 GENE CONTAINS 2 CYTOSINE-GUANINE DINUCLEOTIDE (CPG) ISLANDS, AND THE INTRAGENIC 3' CPG WAS ENTIRELY DEMETHYLATED IN SU-DHL-1 AND DEL. IN CONTRAST TO HD, IN WHICH NF-KAPPA B WAS CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED, ALCL CELLS CONSISTENTLY SHOWED (P50)(2) HOMODIMER BINDING ACTIVITY ON ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAY. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE HIGH-LEVEL NUCLEAR BCL-3 SEQUESTERS THE (P50)(2) HOMODIMER TO THE NUCLEUS, WHICH MAY ACCOUNT FOR THE CONTRADICTORY EFFECT OF CD30 STIMULATION ON ALCL AND HD. WE PROPOSE THAT BCL3 IS OVEREXPRESSED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, POTENTIALLY CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF T(2;5)(+) ALCL.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10 6248  32 THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER IN CHINESE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS A COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION AND AN IMPORTANT FEATURE IN HUMAN CANCERS. THE DEAD BOX POLYPEPTIDE 43 (DDX43) HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE OVEREXPRESSED IN VARIOUS SOLID TUMORS AND SOME HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER IN 87 CHINESE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND EXAMINED THE DDX43 TRANSCRIPT IN 35 PATIENTS USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. DDX43 PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN 22 (25.3%) CML PATIENTS. NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER WITH THE AGE, SEX, WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS, HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION, PLATELET COUNTS, AND CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES OF CML PATIENTS (P>0.05). THE FREQUENCY OF DDX43 HYPOMETHYLATION IN PATIENTS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, IN THE ACCELERATED PHASE, AND IN BLAST CRISIS WAS 23.4% (15/64), 25.0% (2/8), AND 33.3% (5/15), RESPECTIVELY (P>0.05). THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN DDX43 HYPOMETHYLATION AND DDX43 TRANSCRIPT (R=0.469, P=0.004). OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE DDX43 PROMOTER MAY BE AN EARLY AND FREQUENT MOLECULAR EVENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CML IN CHINESE PATIENTS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11 5298  37 PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 5 SUPPRESSES THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE RB FAMILY OF TUMOR SUPPRESSORS IN LEUKEMIA AND LYMPHOMA CELLS. THE PROPER EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF CHROMATIN BY PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASES (PRMTS) IS CRUCIAL FOR NORMAL CELL GROWTH AND HEALTH. THE HUMAN SWI/SNF-ASSOCIATED PRMT5 IS INVOLVED IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF TARGET GENES BY DIRECTLY METHYLATING H3R8 AND H4R3. TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND THE IMPACT OF PRMT5-MEDIATED HISTONE METHYLATION ON CANCER, WE ANALYZED ITS EXPRESSION IN NORMAL AND TRANSFORMED HUMAN B LYMPHOCYTES. OUR FINDINGS REVEAL THAT PRMT5 PROTEIN LEVELS ARE ENHANCED IN VARIOUS HUMAN LYMPHOID CANCER CELLS, INCLUDING TRANSFORMED CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) CELL LINES. PRMT5 OVEREXPRESSION IS CAUSED BY THE ALTERED EXPRESSION OF THE PRMT5-SPECIFIC MICRORNAS 19A, 25, 32, 92, 92B, AND 96 AND RESULTS IN THE INCREASED GLOBAL SYMMETRIC METHYLATION OF H3R8 AND H4R3. AN EVALUATION OF BOTH EPIGENETIC MARKS AT PRMT5 TARGET GENES SUCH AS RB1 (P105), RBL1 (P107), AND RBL2 (P130) SHOWED THAT PROMOTERS H3R8 AND H4R3 ARE HYPERMETHYLATED, WHICH IN TURN TRIGGERS POCKET PROTEIN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, REDUCING PRMT5 EXPRESSION IN WAC3CD5 B-CLL CELLS ABOLISHES H3R8 AND H4R3 HYPERMETHYLATION, RESTORES RBL2 EXPRESSION, AND INHIBITS CANCER CELL PROLIFERATION. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT PRMT5 OVEREXPRESSION EPIGENETICALLY ALTERS THE TRANSCRIPTION OF KEY TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND SUGGEST A CAUSAL ROLE OF THE ELEVATED SYMMETRIC METHYLATION OF H3R8 AND H4R3 AT THE RBL2 PROMOTER IN TRANSFORMED B-LYMPHOCYTE PATHOLOGY.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12 3303  31 HIGH-FREQUENCY P16(INK) (4A) PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE SETDB1 EXPRESSION IN SPORADIC CUTANEOUS MELANOMA. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PARTICIPATE IN MELANOMA DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION. THE EFFECT OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND THEIR CATALYSING ENZYMES OVER EUCHROMATIC PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION IN MELANOMA REMAINS UNCLEAR. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE POTENTIAL ASSOCIATION OF P16(INK) (4A) PROMOTER METHYLATION WITH HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE SETDB1 EXPRESSION IN GREEK PATIENTS WITH SPORADIC MELANOMA AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS DETECTED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR IN 100 PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES AND 58 MELANOMA TISSUES FROM THE SAME PATIENTS. CELL PROLIFERATION (KI-67 INDEX), P16(INK) (4A) AND SETDB1 EXPRESSION WERE EVALUATED BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. HIGH-FREQUENCY PROMOTER METHYLATION (25.86%) WAS OBSERVED IN TISSUE SAMPLES AND CORRELATED WITH INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATION (P = 0.0514). P16(INK) (4A) PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN VERTICAL GROWTH-PHASE (60%) MELANOMAS THAN IN RADIAL (40%, P = 0.063) AND THOSE DISPLAYING EPIDERMAL INVOLVEMENT (P = 0.046). IMPORTANTLY, P16(INK) (4A) METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH INCREASED MELANOMA THICKNESS ACCORDING TO BRESLOW INDEX (P = 0.0495) AND MARGINALLY WITH INCREASED CLARK LEVEL (I/II VS III/IV/V, P = 0.070). LOW (1-30%) P16(INK) (4A) EXPRESSION WAS DETECTED AT THE MAJORITY (19 OF 54) OF MELANOMA CASES (35.19%), BEING MARGINALLY CORRELATED WITH TUMOR LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATION (P = 0.078). SETDB1 NUCLEAR IMMUNOREACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED IN 47 OF 57 (82.46%) CASES, WHEREAS 27 OF 57 (47.37%) SHOWED CYTOPLASMIC IMMUNOEXPRESSION. CYTOPLASMIC SETDB1 EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH HIGHER FREQUENCY OF P16(INK) (4A) METHYLATION AND P16(INK) (4A) EXPRESSION (P = 0.033, P = 0.011, RESPECTIVELY). INCREASED NUCLEAR SETDB1 LEVELS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER MITOTIC COUNT (0-5/MM(2) VS >5/MM(2) , P = 0.0869), ADVANCED CLARK LEVEL (III-V, P = 0.0380), EPIDERMAL INVOLVEMENT (P = 0.0331) AND THE NON-CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE-ASSOCIATED MELANOMA TYPE (P = 0.0664). OUR DATA DEMONSTRATE FOR THE FIRST TIME THE ASSOCIATION OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE SETDB1 WITH FREQUENT METHYLATION OF THE EUCHROMATIC P16(INK) (4A) PROMOTER AND SEVERAL PROGNOSTIC PARAMETERS IN MELANOMAS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13 1421  31 DIFFERENTIAL BRAIN ADRA2A AND ADRA2C GENE EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. EFFECT OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG TREATMENT. POSTSYNAPTIC ALPHA(2A)-ADRENOCEPTOR DENSITY IS ENHANCED IN THE DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (DLPFC) OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC-TREATED SCHIZOPHRENIA SUBJECTS. THIS ALTERATION MIGHT BE DUE TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION, AND COULD BE REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS (PTMS). THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE ADRA2A AND ADRA2C GENE EXPRESSION (CODIFYING FOR ALPHA(2)-ADRENOCEPTOR SUBTYPES), AND PERMISSIVE AND REPRESSIVE HISTONE PTMS AT GENE PROMOTER REGIONS IN THE DLPFC OF SUBJECTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AND MATCHED CONTROLS (N = 24 PAIRS). WE STUDIED THE EFFECT OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC (AP) TREATMENT IN AP-FREE (N = 12) AND AP-TREATED (N = 12) SUBGROUPS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA SUBJECTS AND IN RATS ACUTELY AND CHRONICALLY TREATED WITH TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS. ADRA2A MRNA EXPRESSION WAS SELECTIVELY UPREGULATED IN AP-TREATED SCHIZOPHRENIA SUBJECTS (+93%) WHEREAS ADRA2C MRNA EXPRESSION WAS UPREGULATED IN ALL SCHIZOPHRENIA SUBJECTS (+53%) REGARDLESS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC TREATMENT. ACUTE AND CHRONIC CLOZAPINE TREATMENT IN RATS DID NOT ALTER BRAIN CORTEX ADRA2A MRNA EXPRESSION BUT INCREASED ADRA2C MRNA EXPRESSION. BOTH ADRA2A AND ADRA2C PROMOTER REGIONS SHOWED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION BY HISTONE METHYLATION AND ACETYLATION IN HUMAN DLPFC. THE UPREGULATION OF ADRA2A EXPRESSION IN AP-TREATED SCHIZOPHRENIA SUBJECTS MIGHT BE RELATED TO OBSERVED BIVALENT CHROMATIN AT ADRA2A PROMOTER REGION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA (DEPICTED BY INCREASED PERMISSIVE H3K4ME3 AND REPRESSIVE H3K27ME3) AND COULD BE TRIGGERED BY THE ENHANCED H4K16AC AT ADRA2A PROMOTER. IN CONCLUSION, EPIGENETIC PREDISPOSITION DIFFERENTIALLY MODULATED ADRA2A AND ADRA2C MRNA EXPRESSION IN DLPFC OF SCHIZOPHRENIA SUBJECTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14 2974  28 GENETIC AND METHYLATION STATUS OF CDKN2A (P14(ARF)/P16(INK4A)) AND TP53 GENES IN RECURRENT RESPIRATORY PAPILLOMATOSIS. RECURRENT RESPIRATORY PAPILLOMATOSIS (RRP) IS A RARE AND CHRONIC DISEASE AFFECTING THE UPPER AIRWAY WITH PAPILLOMATOUS LESIONS CAUSED BY THE HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) INFECTION, ESPECIALLY HPV-6 AND/OR HPV-11 TYPES. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DRIVERS IN RRP PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. FOR THIS PURPOSE, WE ANALYZED 27 PAPILLOMATOUS LESIONS FROM PATIENTS WITH RRP TO EVALUATE SOMATIC MUTATIONS AND METHYLATION STATUS IN CDKN2A (P14(ARF)/P16(INK4A)) AND TP53, WHICH ARE KEY TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES FOR THE CELL CYCLE CONTROL. SANGER SEQUENCING ANALYSIS REVEALED ONE SOMATIC MUTATION IN TP53 (C.733_734INSA) AND FOUR MUTATIONS IN CDKN2A (C.-30G > T, C.29_30INSA, C.69DELT, AND C.300C > A). THESE MUTATIONS WERE OBSERVED IN 10 PATIENTS, 6 OF WHICH CARRIED DOUBLE MUTATION. FURTHERMORE, 50% (5/10) OF THESE PATIENTS CARRYING SOMATIC MUTATIONS HAD RRP SEVERITY, REPRESENTING 62.5% (5/8) OF THE SEVERITY CASES IN THIS STUDY, ALBEIT NO SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN SOMATIC MUTATIONS AND DISEASE SEVERITY. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAYS REVEALED P14(ARF) PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN 100% OF CASES, FOLLOWED BY TP53 (96.3%) AND P16(INK4A) (55.6%), SUGGESTING THE INFLUENCE OF HPV IN THE DNA METHYLATION MACHINERY. IN CONCLUSION, SOMATIC MUTATIONS WERE NOT COMMON EVENTS IDENTIFIED IN PATIENTS WITH RRP. HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY HIGH METHYLATION RATES, PARTICULARLY FOR THE P14(ARF)/TP53 PATHWAY, SEEMS TO BE IN THE COURSE OF RRP DEVELOPMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15 3484  43 IDENTIFICATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELING GENES ARID4A AND ARID4B AS LEUKEMIA SUPPRESSOR GENES. BACKGROUND: LEUKEMIA EVOLVES THROUGH A MULTISTEP PROCESS FROM PREMALIGNANCY TO MALIGNANCY. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN TUMORIGENESIS. THE INVOLVEMENT OF TWO CHROMATIN REMODELING GENES, RETINOBLASTOMA-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (RBBP1/ARID4A) AND RBBP1-LIKE 1 (RBBP1L1/ARID4B), IN LEUKEMOGENESIS WAS NOT CHARACTERIZED. METHODS: THE LEUKEMIC PHENOTYPE OF MICE DEFICIENT FOR ARID4A WITH OR WITHOUT HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY FOR ARID4B WAS INVESTIGATED BY SERIALLY MONITORING COMPLETE BLOOD COUNTS TOGETHER WITH MICROSCOPIC HISTOLOGIC ANALYSIS AND FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF BONE MARROW AND SPLEEN FROM THE ARID4A(-/-) MICE OR ARID4A(-/-)ARID4B(+/-) MICE. REGULATION IN BONE MARROW CELLS OF DOWNSTREAM GENES IMPORTANT FOR NORMAL HEMATOPOIESIS WAS ANALYZED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. GENOTYPIC EFFECTS ON HISTONE MODIFICATIONS WERE EXAMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS. ALL STATISTICAL TESTS WERE TWO-SIDED. RESULTS: YOUNG (2-5 MONTHS OLD) ARID4A-DEFICIENT MICE HAD INEFFECTIVE BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION IN ALL HEMATOPOIETIC LINEAGES. BEYOND 5 MONTHS OF AGE, THE ARID4A(-/-) MICE MANIFESTED MONOCYTOSIS, ACCOMPANIED BY SEVERE ANEMIA AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA. THESE SICK ARID4A(-/-) MICE SHOWED BONE MARROW FAILURE WITH MYELOFIBROSIS ASSOCIATED WITH SPLENOMEGALY AND HEPATOMEGALY. FIVE OF 42 ARID4A(-/-) MICE AND 10 OF 12 ARID4A(-/-)ARID4B(+/-) MICE PROGRESSED TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AND HAD RAPID FURTHER INCREASES OF LEUKOCYTE COUNTS. EXPRESSION OF HOX GENES (HOXB3, HOXB5, HOXB6, AND HOXB8) WAS DECREASED IN ARID4A-DEFICIENT BONE MARROW CELLS WITH OR WITHOUT ARID4B HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY, AND FOXP3 EXPRESSION WAS REDUCED IN ARID4A(-/-)ARID4B(+/-) BONE MARROW. INCREASES OF HISTONE TRIMETHYLATION OF H3K4, H3K9, AND H4K20 (FOLD INCREASES IN TRIMETHYLATION = 32, 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL [CI] = 27 TO 32; 45, 95% CI = 41 TO 49; AND 2.2, 95% CI = 1.7 TO 2.7, RESPECTIVELY) WERE OBSERVED IN THE BONE MARROW OF ARID4A-DEFICIENT MICE. CONCLUSIONS: ARID4A-DEFICIENT MICE INITIALLY DISPLAY INEFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS, FOLLOWED BY TRANSITION TO CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML)-LIKE MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER, AND THEN TRANSFORMATION TO AML. THE DISEASE PROCESSES IN THE ARID4A-DEFICIENT MICE ARE VERY SIMILAR TO THE COURSE OF EVENTS IN HUMANS WITH CMML AND AML. THIS MOUSE MODEL HAS THE POTENTIAL TO FURNISH ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN LEUKEMOGENESIS, AND IT MAY BE USEFUL IN DEVELOPING NOVEL PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO TREATMENT OF PRELEUKEMIC AND LEUKEMIC STATES.	2008	

16 1950  35 EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF TENSIN 4 PROMOTES GASTRIC CANCER PROGRESSION. GASTRIC CANCER (GC) IS A COMPLEX DISEASE INFLUENCED BY MULTIPLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CAUSED BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION AND DIETARY RISK FACTORS CAN RESULT IN THE ACCUMULATION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN GASTRIC MUCOSA, WHICH PROMOTES GC DEVELOPMENT. TENSIN 4 (TNS4), A MEMBER OF THE TENSIN FAMILY OF PROTEINS, IS LOCALIZED TO FOCAL ADHESION SITES, WHICH CONNECT THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND CYTOSKELETAL NETWORK. WE IDENTIFIED UPREGULATION OF TNS4 IN GC USING QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR WITH 174 PAIRED SAMPLES OF GC TUMORS AND ADJACENT NORMAL TISSUES. TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF TNS4 OCCURRED EVEN DURING THE EARLY STAGE OF TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. TNS4 DEPLETION IN GC CELL LINES THAT EXPRESSED HIGH TO MODERATE LEVELS OF TNS4, I.E., SNU-601, KATO III, AND MKN74, REDUCED CELL PROLIFERATION AND MIGRATION, WHEREAS ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF TNS4 IN THOSE LINES THAT EXPRESSED LOWER LEVELS OF TNS4, I.E., SNU-638, MKN1, AND MKN45 INCREASED COLONY FORMATION AND CELL MIGRATION. THE PROMOTER REGION OF TNS4 WAS HYPOMETHYLATED IN GC CELL LINES THAT SHOWED UPREGULATION OF TNS4. WE ALSO FOUND A SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN TNS4 EXPRESSION AND CPG METHYLATION IN 250 GC TUMORS BASED ON THE CANCER GENOME ATLAS (TCGA) DATA. THIS STUDY ELUCIDATES THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF TNS4 ACTIVATION AND FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF TNS4 IN GC DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION AND SUGGESTS A POSSIBLE APPROACH FOR FUTURE GC TREATMENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17 1067  33 CLINICAL UTILITY OF PDSS2 EXPRESSION TO STRATIFY PATIENTS AT RISK FOR RECURRENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IS REQUIRED FOR OPTIMAL STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AT RISK FOR RECURRENCE AND ADVERSE PROGNOSIS. COENZYME Q10 (COQ10), WHICH MEDIATES APOPTOSIS, IS SYNTHESIZED BY PRENYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE SUBUNIT 2 (PDSS2). IN THE PRESENT STUDY WE EVALUATED THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF PDSS2 EXPRESSION IN HCC. PDSS2 EXPRESSION LEVELS AND THOSE OF GENES ENCODING POTENTIALLY INTERACTING PROTEINS AS WELL AS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PDSS2 PROMOTER REGION WERE ANALYZED IN HCC CELL LINES. PDSS2 MRNA LEVELS IN 151 PAIRS OF RESECTED SPECIMENS WERE DETERMINED TO EVALUATE THE ASSOCIATION OF PDSS2 EXPRESSION AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FACTORS. THE EXPRESSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PDSS2 WERE DETERMINED USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. PDSS2 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS DECREASED IN SIX OF NINE HCC CELL LINES AND SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THOSE OF HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4ALPHA. PDSS2 TRANSCRIPTION IN HCC CELLS WITH DECREASED PDSS2 EXPRESSION ACCOMPANYING HYPERMETHYLATION WAS REACTIVATED AFTER TREATING THESE CELLS WITH A METHYLATION INHIBITOR. MEAN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF PDSS2 MRNA RELATIVE TO THAT OF UNINVOLVED LIVER DIMINISHED GRADUALLY IN THE ORDER OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS TO CIRRHOSIS, AND EACH WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THOSE OF HCCS. PDSS2 AND PDSS2 MRNA LEVELS WERE CONSISTENT. DECREASED PDSS2 MRNA LEVELS WERE DETECTED IN HCC TISSUES OF 56 PATIENTS, CORRELATED WITH SHORTER DISEASE-SPECIFIC SURVIVAL, AND WAS IDENTIFIED AS AN INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC FACTOR. PDSS2 IS A PUTATIVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IS A KEY REGULATORY MECHANISM IN HCC. DECREASED LEVELS OF PDSS2 MRNA EXPRESSION MAY REPRESENT A NOVEL BIOMARKER OF HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18  511  34 ASSOCIATION OF RASSF1A HYPERMETHYLATION WITH RISK OF HBV/HCV-INDUCED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: A META-ANALYSIS. BACKGROUND: RESEARCHERS HAVE DISCOVERED A LARGE NUMBER OF DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN HUMAN CANCER. THESE CANCER-SPECIFIC METHYLATION PATTERNS CAN PROVIDE INFORMATION FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS OF CANCER. METHYLATION STUDIES CAN FIND NEW BIOMARKERS BASED ON EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS AND APPLY THESE BIOMARKERS TO CLINICAL ONCOLOGY. MANY STUDIES ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RAASF1A METHYLATION STATUS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV)/HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV)-INDUCED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) HAVE REACHED CONTROVERSIAL CONCLUSIONS. HENCE, THE CURRENT REVIEW COMPREHENSIVELY ASSESSED THE CORRELATION BETWEEN RAS ASSOCIATION DOMAIN FAMILY 1A (RASSF1A) METHYLATION AND THE RISK OF THE HCV/HBV-INDUCED HCC. METHODS: THE APPROPRIATED PUBLICATIONS WERE EXTRACTED IN EMBASE, PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE, COCHRANE LIBRARY, AND CHINA NATIONAL KNOWLEDGE INFRASTRUCTURE DATABASES USING STATA 5.0 SOFTWARE. THE ODDS RATIOS (ORS) WITH 95 % CONFIDENCE INTERVAL (95 % CI) OF RASSF1A METHYLATION WERE COMPUTED. RESULTS: A TOTAL OF 1015 HBV/HCV-RELATED HCC SAMPLES, 124 NON-HBV/HCV-RELATED HCC (NBNC-HCC) SAMPLES, AND 1225 NONTUMOROUS CONTROLS WERE EXTRACTED AND EXAMINED IN THIS RESEARCH. THE FREQUENCY OF THE METHYLATED RASSF1A IN THE HBV/HCV-RELATED TUMOR CASES DISPLAYED A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED OR COMPARED WITH THE OVERALL NONTUMOR SAMPLES (OR = 19.372, 95 % CI = 11.060-33.931, P = 0.000). THE FREQUENCY OF THE METHYLATED RASSF1A IN HBV/HCV-RELATED NEOPLASM CASES DISPLAYED A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED OR COMPARED WITH THE NON-HBV/HCV-RELATED NEOPLASM (NBNC-NEOPLASM) SAMPLES (OR = 2.150, 95 % CI = 1.398-3.308, P = 0.000). COMPARED WITH NORMAL, CHRONIC HEPATITIS B OR C, CIRRHOSIS, AND PARACANCEROUS SAMPLES, THE POOLED OR OF THE RASSF1A PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE HBV/HCV-INDUCED HCC SAMPLES WAS 62.785(95 % CI = 35.224-111.909), 25.07 (95 % CI = 13.85-45.36), 6.89 (95 % CI = 3.33-14.264) AND 9.02 (95 % CI = 0.91-89.80), RESPECTIVELY. THE RATE OF RASSF1A HYPERMETHYLATION WAS ROBUSTLY CORRELATED WITH TUMOR SIZE AND VASCULAR INVASION, AND THE POOLED OR WAS 0.346 (95 % CI = 0.210 - 0.569) AND 0.081 (95 % CI = 0.022 - 0.303), RESPECTIVELY. CONCLUSION: RESULTS SHOWED ROBUST ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN RASSF1A GENE METHYLATION IN PROMOTER REGION AND ENHANCED HBV/HCV-RELATED HCC SUSCEPTIBILITY, THEREBY REVEALING THAT RASSF1A METHYLATION STATUS MAY SERVE AS AN IMPORTANT INDICATOR FOR HCC ONCOGENESIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19 2304  37 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CATHEPSIN L EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. THE EXPRESSION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CATHEPSIN L (CTSL) HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED IN SOLID TUMOURS. HOWEVER NO SUCH INFORMATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) WAS AVAILABLE. WE INVESTIGATED THE ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF THIS PROTEASE IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) OF 47 ADULT CML PATIENTS. THIRTY ADULTS SUFFERING FROM SYSTEMIC DISEASES AND 50 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS SERVED AS CONTROLS. THE MRNA LEVELS OF CTSL, ITS SPECIFIC ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR CYSTATIN C AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL UP-REGULATOR VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) WERE QUANTITATED BY REAL-TIME QPCR. CTSL PROTEASE ACTIVITY AND ITS MRNA EXPRESSION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN CML CHRONIC PHASE (CP) PATIENTS COMPARED TO CML ACCELERATED PHASE/BLAST CRISIS (AP/BC) PATIENTS AND CONTROLS (P</= 0.001). VEGF WHOSE EXPRESSION WAS MOST PRONOUNCED IN CP AND DECLINED (P</= 0.001) IN THE ADVANCED PHASES OF THE MALIGNANCY EXHIBITED A STRONG POSITIVE CORRELATION WITH CTSL EXPRESSION (R= 0.97; P</= 0.001). CYSTATIN C EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER (P</= 0.001) IN CML AND DISPLAYED INVERSE CORRELATION WITH CTSL (R=-0.713; P</= 0.001) ACTIVITY. CTSL PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HYPOMETHYLATED IN CML CP COMPARED TO CML AP/BC PATIENTS AS WELL AS CONTROLS. K562, A BC CML CELL LINE DISPLAYED CTSL ACTIVITY, EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF CTSL PROMOTER THAT WAS COMPARABLE TO CML AP/BC PATIENTS. TREATMENT OF THESE CELLS OR PBMCS ISOLATED FROM CML AP/BC PATIENTS WITH 5'-AZA-CYTIDINE RESULTED IN A DRAMATIC INCREASE IN CSTL ACTIVITY AND/OR EXPRESSION THEREBY DEMONSTRATING THE ROLE OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE STAGE SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF CTSL IN CML. DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF CTSL IN CML AT VARIOUS STAGES OF MALIGNANCY MAY PROVE USEFUL IN IDENTIFICATION OF THE HIGH-RISK PATIENTS THEREBY FACILITATING BETTER MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20 1951  34 EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF THE TUSC3 GENE AS A POTENTIAL THERAPY FOR XMEN DISEASE. BACKGROUND: X-LINKED MAGT1 DEFICIENCY WITH INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTION AND N-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION DEFECT (XMEN) DISEASE IS A RARE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY CAUSED BY LOSS-OF-FUNCTION MUTATIONS IN THE MAGNESIUM TRANSPORTER 1 (MAGT1) GENE. MAGT1 DEFICIENCY IMPAIRS MAGNESIUM TRANSPORT AND THE N-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION OF A PANEL OF PROTEINS, WHICH SUBSEQUENTLY ABOLISHES THE EXPRESSION OF KEY IMMUNE RECEPTORS SUCH AS NATURAL KILLER GROUP 2, MEMBER D (AKA NKG2D). THESE EFFECTS INDUCE IMMUNE SYSTEM ABNORMALITIES, CHRONIC EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTION, AND NEOPLASIA. RECENT RESEARCH SHOWS THAT MAGT1 AND TUMOR CANDIDATE SUPPRESSOR 3 (TUSC3) SHARE HIGH SEQUENCE AND FUNCTIONAL SIMILARITY. OBJECTIVE: WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE FEASIBILITY OF ACTIVATING TUSC3 EXPRESSION TO PROVIDE A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR XMEN DISEASE. METHODS: THE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF MAGT1 AND TUSC3 WERE ANALYZED USING MULTIPLE DATABASES, REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR, AND WESTERN BLOT. THE EFFECTS OF DECITABINE AND PANOBINOSTAT ON THE REGULATION OF TUSC3 EXPRESSION WERE EXPLORED IN BOTH MAGT1 KNOCKOUT (KO)/PATIENT-DERIVED LYMPHOCYTES AND MAGT1 KO HEPATOCYTES. RESULTS: ALTHOUGH TUSC3 IS WIDELY EXPRESSED, IT IS UNDETECTABLE SPECIFICALLY IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND LIVER, CONSISTENT WITH THE MAIN DISEASED TISSUES IN PATIENTS WITH XMEN DISEASE. CRISPR/CAS9-MEDIATED KO OF MAGT1 IN THE NKL CELL LINE SUCCESSFULLY MIMICKED THE PHENOTYPES OF XMEN PATIENT-DERIVED LYMPHOCYTES, AND EXOGENOUS EXPRESSION OF TUSC3 RESCUED THE DEFICIENCIES IN KO NKL CELLS. USING THIS IN VITRO MODEL, WE IDENTIFIED 2 EPIGENETIC DRUGS, DECITABINE AND PANOBINOSTAT, BY SCREENING. COMBINATION TREATMENT USING THESE 2 DRUGS SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED TUSC3 EXPRESSION AND RESCUED THE IMMUNE AND LIVER ABNORMALITIES. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF TUSC3 EXPRESSION CONSTITUTES AN EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR XMEN DISEASE.	2023