1 2096 182 EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY IN THE BRAIN AND SUICIDE RISK. WITH PREVALENCE ESTIMATES RANGING BETWEEN 6.4% AND 10.1% [-5], MAJOR DEPRESSION RANKS FIRST AMONG THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CAUSES OF DISABILITY AND PREMATURE DEATH, THUS IMPOSING A CONTINUAL ECONOMIC BURDEN ON SOCIETY. FOR INSTANCE, IN THE UNITED STATES, THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS ARE ESTIMATED AT U.S.$44 BILLION/YEAR [6]. THE GREATEST LOSS TO OUR SOCIETY, HOWEVER, IS THE ASSOCIATED MORTALITY BY SUICIDE RELATED TO MAJOR DEPRESSION. INDEED, IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED THAT BETWEEN 50% AND 70% OF SUICIDE COMPLETERS WILL DIE DURING AN EPISODE OF MAJOR DEPRESSION [7,8] AND PROSPECTIVE FOLLOW-UP STUDIES OF MAJOR DEPRESSION SUGGEST THAT BETWEEN 7% AND 15% OF THESE PATIENTS WILL DIE BY SUICIDE [-12]. SUICIDE IS A COMPLEX PROBLEM, WHICH IS BELIEVED TO RESULT FROM THE INTERACTION OF SEVERAL DIFFERENT FACTORS [13,14]. INDEED, PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND PERSONALITY TRAITS SUCH AS IMPULSIVITY AND NEGATIVE AFFECT [14,15], SOCIAL FACTORS [16,17], ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY [-20], GENETIC FACTORS [21], AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS [22] HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO INDUCE BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS, WHICH IN TURN MAY PREDISPOSE CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS TO DEVELOP DEPRESSIVE AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIORS. HOWEVER, SINCE THESE FACTORS ALONE ARE UNLIKELY TO EXPLAIN SUICIDE AND SUICIDE RISK, IT MAY BE MORE READILY EXPLAINED WHEN CONSIDERING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THESE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF VARIATION [23,24]. AMONG THESE RISK FACTORS, EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY, PARTICULARLY CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE (CSA) AND CHILDHOOD PHYSICAL ABUSE (CPA), IS ONE OF THE STRONGEST PREDICTORS OF MENTAL DISORDERS [25,26] AND SUICIDE [18,19]. FOR EXAMPLE, STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT CSA IS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY ONSET OF DEPRESSION, CHRONIC COURSE, AND MORE SEVERE DEPRESSIVE OUTCOME [-29] BUT, MORE IMPORTANTLY, WITH 12 TIMES HIGHER ODDS OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIORS [26,30]. ALTHOUGH LESS CONSISTENTLY, CPA AND NEGLECT HAVE ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SUICIDAL BEHAVIORS [19,31]. CSA AND CPA HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER ODDS OF SELF-HARM [,,-34], SUICIDAL IDEATION [35,36], AND SUICIDE ATTEMPTS [,-39]. MOREOVER, THE PREVALENCE OF SUICIDAL IDEATION AND SUICIDE ATTEMPTS HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INCREASE WITH THE SEVERITY AND INTENSITY OF THE ABUSE [35,36,38].	2012	

2 6853  47 [NEUROBIOLOGY OF EARLY LIFE TRAUMATIC STRESS AND TRAUMA: PROLONGED NEUROENDOCRINE DYSREGULATION AS A NEURODEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTOR]. EARLY LIFE STRESSORS DISPLAY A HIGH UNIVERSAL PREVALENCE AND CONSTITUTE A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WITH TWO THIRDS OF YOUTH BEING EXPOSED TO POTENTIALLY TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES BY THE AGE OF 17. TRAUMATIC STRESS EXPOSURE DURING CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT MAY HAVE ESSENTIAL AND LONG-LASTING EFFECTS ON THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH OF INDIVIDUALS AND REPRESENTS A DEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTOR MEDIATING RISK FOR DISEASE. EARLY-LIFE STRESS (ELS) AND CHILDHOOD TRAUMA (CT) CAN BOTH HAVE AN IMPACT ON SENSITIVE NEURONAL BRAIN NETWORKS INVOLVED IN STRESS REACTIONS, AND COULD EXERT A PROGRAMMING EFFECT ON GLUCOCORTICOID SIGNALING LEADING TO CHRONIC HYPER- OR HYPO-ACTIVATION OF THE STRESS SYSTEM. IN ADDITION, ALTERATIONS IN EMOTIONAL AND AUTONOMIC REACTIVITY, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM DISRUPTION, FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, AS WELL AS IMMUNE AND METABOLIC DYSREGULATION HAVE BEEN LATELY IDENTIFIED AS IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS FOR A CHRONICALLY IMPAIRED HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE AFTER ELS/CT. FURTHERMORE, HUMAN GENETIC BACKGROUND AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THROUGH STRESS-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION COULD INTERACT WITH THESE ALTERATIONS AND EXPLAIN INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN VULNERABILITY OR RESILIENCE TO STRESS. THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW PRESENTS RELEVANT EVIDENCE FROM MAINLY HUMAN RESEARCH ON THE MOST ACKNOWLEDGED NEUROBIOLOGICAL ALLOSTATIC PATHWAYS EXERTING ENDURING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ELS/CT EVEN DECADES LATER. FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD PROSPECTIVELY INVESTIGATE POTENTIAL CONFOUNDERS, THEIR TEMPORAL SEQUENCE AND COMBINED EFFECTS AT THE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL, WHILE CONSIDERING THE POTENTIALLY DELAYED TIME-FRAME FOR THE EXPRESSION OF THEIR EFFECTS. FINALLY, SCREENING STRATEGIES FOR ELS/CT AND TRAUMA NEED TO BE IMPROVED. INFORMATION ABOUT ELS/CT HISTORY AND THE NUMBER OF ADVERSE EXPERIENCES COULD HELP TO BETTER IDENTIFY THE INDIVIDUAL RISK FOR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, PREDICT INDIVIDUAL TREATMENT RESPONSE AND DESIGN PREVENTION STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ELS/CT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                           
3 6292  28 THE PRIMACY OF PSYCHOANALYTIC INTERVENTION IN RECOVERY FROM THE PSYCHOSES AND SCHIZOPHRENIAS. FUNCTIONAL CAPACITIES, SUCH AS ATTACHMENT AND AFFECT REGULATION, OBJECT RELATIONS CAPACITY, SYMBOLIC FUNCTION AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, NOW DOCUMENTED BY NEUROSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EPIGENETICS, ARE REVIEWED. RESULTS FROM THIS RESEARCH, TOGETHER WITH OTHER FACTORS, ARE POSITED TO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO EFFECTIVE CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOANALYTIC AND PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS FOR THE PSYCHOSES AND SCHIZOPHRENIAS. ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS INVOLVING THE SCHIZOPHRENIAS AND OTHER PSYCHOSES ARE CONSIDERED BOTH IN TERMS OF AN EPIGENETIC MODEL, AND IN TERMS OF HOW ETIOLOGY MAY, OR MAY NOT, AFFECT CLINICAL TREATMENT. THE LACANIAN 388 PROGRAM IS REVIEWED IN SOME DETAIL, AS ARE SEVERAL PSYCHOANALYTIC AND PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC CLINICAL APPROACHES USED WITH THIS POPULATION OVER THE LAST SIX DECADES. ALL TREATMENTS FOCUS ON THE PRIMACY OF PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION, AND USE MEDICATIONS MINIMALLY, NOT AT ALL, OR ONLY AS INFORMED BY AN OVER-ARCHING PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL OF TREATMENT. THE AUTHOR ARGUES THAT THERE IS NOW SUBSTANTIAL RESEARCH AND OUTCOME DATA SUGGESTING THAT THE PSYCHOSES AND SCHIZOPHRENIAS ARE NOT CHRONIC DETERIORATING CONDITIONS. RECOVERY IS OBSERVED IN MANY PSYCHOTIC AND SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS TREATED WITH APPROACHES THAT FOCUS ON THE PRIMACY OF PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4 2999  35 GENETIC VARIATION, STRESS, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE IN ADULTS WITH FOOD ALLERGY OR CELIAC DISEASE. BACKGROUND: PERSISTENTLY HIGH CHRONIC STRESS CAN LEAD TO MALADAPTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSES AND POOR MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH, HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUALS AT INCREASED RISK. CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITION DIAGNOSIS AND GENETICS ARE 2 CHARACTERISTICS THAT CAN INFLUENCE STRESS, STRESS RESPONSE, AND HEALTH OUTCOMES. PURPOSE: FOOD ALLERGY (FA) AND CELIAC DISEASE (CD) REQUIRE CONSTANT VIGILANCE IN DAILY LIFE AND CAN LEAD TO INCREASED STRESS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS WAS TO EXAMINE THE ASSOCIATION OF VARIANTS IN SELECTED STRESS-RELATED GENES WITH STRESS EXPOSURES, STRESS, CLINICAL MEASURES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE, AND MENTAL HEALTH SYMPTOMS IN ADULTS WITH AND WITHOUT FA OR CD. METHODS: WE COMPARED STRESS EXPOSURES, SYMPTOMS OF PTSD, DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS, BMI, AND WAIST-HIP RATIO BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS. WE ANALYZED THE ASSOCIATION OF SNPS IN GENES WITH KNOWN OR HYPOTHESIZED ASSOCIATIONS WITH STRESS-RELATED MEASURES IN 124 CASES AND 124 MATCHED CONTROLS: CRHBP (RS7718461, RS10474485), CRHR1 (RS242940) AND OXTR (RS2268490). FOR THIS EXPLORATORY STUDY, P-VALUES </= 0.10 WERE CONSIDERED SUGGESTIVE. RESULTS: FOR CASES AND CONTROLS, RS7718461 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS SYMPTOMS, RS2268490 WITH SYMPTOMS OF STRESS AND PTSD, AND RS242940 WITH SYMPTOMS OF STRESS, PTSD, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION. FURTHER ANALYSES FOUND THAT STRESS-RELATED OUTCOMES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH FA OR CD MAY BE INFLUENCED BY SNP GENOTYPE. CONCLUSIONS: GIVEN THESE SUGGESTIVE FINDINGS, LARGER PROSPECTIVE STUDIES SHOULD EXAMINE SIMILAR RELATIONSHIPS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH OTHER CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS, INCORPORATING FACTORS SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5 5810  29 STRESS & SLEEP: A RELATIONSHIP LASTING A LIFETIME. STRESS IS AN ADAPTATIVE RESPONSE AIMED AT RESTORING BODY HOMEOSTASIS. THE CLASSICAL NEUROENDOCRINE STRESS RESPONSE INVOLVING THE ACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS MODULATES MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS, SUCH AS THE WAKE-SLEEP CYCLE. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, WE WILL FIRST REPORT A SERIES OF HUMAN AND RODENT STUDIES SHOWING THAT EACH ACTOR OF THE HPA AXIS HAS THE POTENTIAL TO INTERFERE WITH SLEEP HOMEOSTASIS AND, THEN, WE WILL HIGHLIGHT HOW ACUTE OR CHRONIC STRESS DIFFERENTLY MODULATES THE WAKE-SLEEP CYCLE. MOREOVER, WE WILL PRESENT NEW AND INTERESTING STUDIES DEALING WITH THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP AND STRESS ON A DIFFERENT (LONGER) TIME SCALE. PARTICULARLY, WE WILL DISCUSS HOW THE EXPOSURE TO PERINATAL STRESS, PROBABLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS, IS SUFFICIENT TO CAUSE PERSISTENT SLEEP DERANGEMENTS DURING ADULT LIFE. IN LIGHT OF THIS EVIDENCE, THE MAIN MESSAGE OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS THAT THE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP AND STRESS CHANGES DRAMATICALLY ON THE BASIS OF THE TIME SCALE CONSIDERED AND, CONSEQUENTLY, "TIME" SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A CRITICAL FACTOR WHEN FACING THIS TOPIC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6 5650  29 SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION: AN INTERGENERATIONAL PERSPECTIVE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION (CPA), WITH THE AIM OF IDENTIFYING THE MOST EFFECTIVE PREVENTION STRATEGIES. WE SPECIFICALLY FOCUS ON THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION, ON SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE USE OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION, AND ON THE TRANSMISSION OF BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE OTHER. THE BODY OF RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CPA FROM THE PAST THREE DECADES THAT WE REVIEW SHOWS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT ITS PREVENTION REQUIRES A LONG-TERM BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH WHICH ALSO MUST INCLUDE AN INTERGENERATIONAL PERSPECTIVE. RECENT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC RESEARCH HAS INDICATED THAT THERE ARE BOTH IMPORTANT GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION WHICH START AT CONCEPTION. WE CONCLUDE THAT ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES TO BREAK THE INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF CPA INVOLVES GIVING LONG-TERM SUPPORT TO PREGNANT WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS, THEIR SPOUSE, AND THEIR OFFSPRING.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7 2808  38 FETAL PROGRAMMING OF HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS FUNCTION AND BEHAVIOR BY SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS. REDUCED FETAL GROWTH HAS BEEN CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASE IN LATER LIFE. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT FETAL EXPOSURE TO EXCESS GLUCOCORTICOIDS REPRESENTS A CRITICAL MECHANISM UNDERLYING THIS ASSOCIATION. APPROXIMATELY 7% OF PREGNANT WOMEN ARE AT RISK OF PRETERM DELIVERY AND THESE WOMEN ARE ROUTINELY TREATED WITH SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS (SGC) BETWEEN 24 AND 34 OF WEEKS GESTATION TO IMPROVE NEONATAL OUTCOME. ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT MATERNALLY ADMINISTERED SGC CROSSES THE PLACENTA, AFFECTING FETAL HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) DEVELOPMENT, RESULTING IN CHANGES IN HPA AXIS FUNCTION THAT PERSIST THROUGHOUT LIFE. THESE CHANGES APPEAR TO BE MODULATED AT THE LEVEL OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS (GR) AND MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS (MR) IN THE BRAIN AND PITUITARY. AS THE HPA AXIS INTERACTS WITH MANY OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, THE CHANGES IN ENDOCRINE FUNCTION ARE ALSO SEX-SPECIFIC AND AGE-DEPENDENT. ALTERATIONS IN BEHAVIOR, PARTICULARLY LOCOMOTION, IN ANIMALS EXPOSED TO SGC IN UTERO HAVE ALSO BEEN DEMONSTRATED. CONSISTENT WITH THE FINDING IN ANIMAL MODELS, EMERGING HUMAN DATA ARE INDICATING ATTENTION DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)-LIKE SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO REPEATED COURSES OF SGC IN UTERO. THIS BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPE IS LIKELY LINKED TO ALTERATIONS IN DOPAMINE (DA) SIGNALING, SUGGESTING THAT SGC ARE ABLE TO PERMANENTLY MODIFY OR 'PROGRAM' THIS SYSTEM. FINALLY, IT IS EMERGING THAT CHANGES IN HPA AXIS FUNCTION AND BEHAVIOR FOLLOWING ANTENATAL EXPOSURE TO SGC ARE TRANSGENERATIONAL AND LIKELY INVOLVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. A COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE ACUTE AND LONG-TERM IMPACT OF SGC EXPOSURE IN UTERO IS NECESSARY TO BEGIN TO DEVELOP RECOMMENDATIONS AND TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PREGNANT WOMEN AT RISK OF PRETERM DELIVERY.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8 2000  27 EPIGENETIC AND NON-CODING REGULATION OF ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ADDICTION. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS A CHRONIC DEBILITATED CONDITION ADVERSELY AFFECTING THE LIVES OF MILLIONS OF INDIVIDUALS THROUGHOUT THE MODERN WORLD. INDIVIDUALS SUFFERING FROM AN ALCOHOL USE DISORDER DIAGNOSIS FREQUENTLY HAVE SERIOUS COOCCURRING CONDITIONS, WHICH OFTEN FURTHER EXACERBATES PROBLEMATIC DRINKING BEHAVIOR. COMPREHENDING THE BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES UNDERLYING THE PROGRESSION AND PERPETUATION OF DISEASE IS ESSENTIAL FOR MITIGATING MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR IN ORDER TO RESTORE BOTH PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH. THE RANGE OF CELLULAR AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS CONTRIBUTING TO, AND AFFECTED BY, ALCOHOL USE DISORDER AND OTHER COMORBID DISORDERS NECESSITATES A FUNDAMENTAL GRASP OF INTRICATE FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS THAT GOVERN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. EPIGENETIC FACTORS ARE RECOGNIZED AS ESSENTIAL MEDIATORS OF CELLULAR BEHAVIOR, ORCHESTRATING A SYMPHONY OF GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES WITHIN MULTICELLULAR ENVIRONMENTS THAT ARE ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE FOR DIRECTING HUMAN BEHAVIOR. UNDERSTANDING THE EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASE IS IMPORTANT FOR IMPROVING AVAILABLE PHARMACOTHERAPIES AND REDUCING THE INCIDENCE OF ALCOHOL ABUSE AND COOCCURRING CONDITIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9 1647  34 DOES THE STRESS OF LABORATORY LIFE AND EXPERIMENTATION ON ANIMALS ADVERSELY AFFECT RESEARCH DATA? A CRITICAL REVIEW. RECURRENT ACUTE AND/OR CHRONIC STRESS CAN AFFECT ALL VERTEBRATE SPECIES, AND CAN HAVE SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES. IT IS INCREASINGLY AND WIDELY APPRECIATED THAT LABORATORY ANIMALS EXPERIENCE SIGNIFICANT AND REPEATED STRESS, WHICH IS UNAVOIDABLE AND IS CAUSED BY MANY ASPECTS OF LABORATORY LIFE, SUCH AS CAPTIVITY, TRANSPORT, NOISE, HANDLING, RESTRAINT AND OTHER PROCEDURES, AS WELL AS THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES APPLIED TO THEM. SUCH STRESS IS DIFFICULT TO MITIGATE, AND LACK OF SIGNIFICANT DESENSITISATION/HABITUATION CAN RESULT IN CONSIDERABLE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL WELFARE PROBLEMS, WHICH ARE MEDIATED BY THE ACTIVATION OF VARIOUS NEUROENDOCRINE NETWORKS THAT HAVE NUMEROUS AND PERVASIVE EFFECTS. PSYCHOLOGICAL DAMAGE CAN BE REFLECTED IN STEREOTYPICAL BEHAVIOURS, INCLUDING REPETITIVE PACING AND CIRCLING, AND EVEN SELF-HARM. PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES INCLUDE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON IMMUNE FUNCTION, INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, METABOLISM, AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND PROGRESSION. FURTHER, SOME OF THESE EFFECTS ARE EPIGENETIC, AND ARE THEREFORE POTENTIALLY TRANSGENERATIONAL: THE BIOLOGY OF ANIMALS WHOSE PARENTS/GRANDPARENTS WERE WILD-CAUGHT AND/OR HAVE EXPERIENCED CHRONIC STRESS IN LABORATORIES COULD BE ALTERED, AS COMPARED TO FREE-LIVING INDIVIDUALS. IT IS ARGUED THAT THESE EFFECTS MUST HAVE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE RELIABILITY OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND THEIR EXTRAPOLATION TO HUMANS, AND THIS MAY NOT BE RECOGNISED SUFFICIENTLY AMONG THOSE WHO USE ANIMALS IN EXPERIMENTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10   14  35 3RD COLLEGE OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH LECTURE--THE PAST, THE PRESENT AND THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME.. THE GROWTH TRENDS OF SINGAPORE CHILDREN SPANNING 5 DECADES ARE REVIEWED, BASED ON 8 ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDIES FROM 1957 TILL 2002. THE HEIGHTS OF PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN AND SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN APPEAR TO HAVE OPTIMISED ACCORDING TO THEIR GENETIC POTENTIAL, BUT THE WEIGHTS AND BODY MASS INDICES OF CHILDREN STILL APPEAR TO BE INCREASING FROM 6 TO 18 YEARS FOR BOTH SEXES, PROBABLY AS A CONSEQUENCE OF INCREASING AFFLUENCE. THIS TREND IS REFLECTED IN THE INCREASING OBESITY PREVALENCE IN SCHOOL CHILDREN OVER THE PAST 30 YEARS, AND THE CONCOMITANT INCREASED MORBIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, NECESSITATES FURTHER RESEARCH INTO THE CAUSES OF OBESITY. BARKER'S HYPOTHESIS FIRST SUGGESTED THAT CHANGES IN THE INTRA-UTERINE ENVIRONMENT CAN CAUSE FETAL ADAPTATIONS WHICH PERSIST INTO ADULTHOOD, AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MANY CHRONIC DISEASES OF ADULT LIFE. MORE RECENTLY, INTENSE RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF EPIGENETICS SUGGESTS THAT THE ENVIRONMENT CAN ALSO INFLUENCE THE PHENOTYPE THROUGH GENE EXPRESSION, THROUGH MODIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONES WHICH, IN TURN, INFLUENCES GENE EXPRESSION. THE CHALLENGE FOR THE FUTURE IS TO DETERMINE IF THERE ARE CLEAR EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INCREASED PREVALENCE OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT OBESITY, AND WHETHER THESE CHANGES ARE TRANSMITTED THROUGH GENERATIONS. UNRAVELLING THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE THE KEY TO THE PREVENTION OF OBESITY AND THE METABOLIC SYNDROME.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11 6422  34 THE THIN-FAT PHENOTYPE AND GLOBAL METABOLIC DISEASE RISK. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: THERE HAS BEEN A GREAT DEAL OF INTEREST IN THE THIN-FAT PHENOTYPE EVIDENT IN ASIAN INDIANS AND ITS RISK ASSOCIATIONS IN THE EPIDEMIC OF NONCOMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH IT. THE CAUSE OF THIS PHENOTYPE IS PROBABLY RELATED TO LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENT; HOWEVER, GENOTYPIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN UTERO ALSO HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED. RECENT FINDINGS: THE THIN-FAT PHENOTYPE OCCURS WHEN FAT IS ADDED TO AN ALREADY THIN FRAME. THIS MAY OCCUR WITH RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, WHEN POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE OCCURS IN A MIGRATING POPULATION WHO WERE PREDOMINANTLY THIN AND PHYSICALLY ACTIVE TO BEGIN WITH. THE ROLE OF THE PRE-EXISTING SKELETAL MUSCLE MASS AND ITS INTERACTION WITH NEWLY DEPOSITED FAT MUST BE CONSIDERED. THE THIN-FAT PHENOTYPE MAY BE PROGRAMMED DURING FETAL GROWTH, BUT THE EVIDENCE FOR THIS PHENOMENON IS STILL NOT COMPLETELY CLEAR. FINALLY, ALTHOUGH THERE IS INCREASED CHRONIC DISEASE MORBIDITY AT LOWER BMI AND YOUNGER AGE IN SOUTH ASIAN POPULATIONS, BMI-RELATED MORTALITY DOES NOT APPEAR TO FOLLOW THIS TREND. SUMMARY: AT PRESENT, THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE APPEARS TO LINK THE THIN-FAT PHENOTYPE TO AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND LIFESTYLE PHENOMENON OCCURRING IN PREVIOUSLY THIN PEOPLE. THIS IS PARTICULARLY RELEVANT IN INDIA, GIVEN THE PACE OF TRANSITION OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12  847  29 CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT AND HEADACHE DISORDERS. CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT IS SUBSTANTIATED IN 12 % OF CHILDREN, BUT NEARLY 50 % ADULTS RECALL HAVING BEEN NEGLECTED OR ABUSED AS CHILDREN. MALTREATMENT, ESPECIALLY EMOTIONAL ABUSE, IS ASSOCIATED WITH MIGRAINE. DYSREGULATION OF THE HPA AXIS, AUTONOMIC, IMMUNE, AND METABOLIC SYSTEMS APPEARS TO BE A CONSEQUENCE OF MALTREATMENT, AND IS ALSO REPORTED IN MIGRAINE. AREAS OF THE BRAIN STRUCTURALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY AFFECTED BY CHILDHOOD ABUSE AND BY MIGRAINE ARE ALSO SIMILAR, AND INCLUDE THE LIMBIC SYSTEM STRUCTURES, WHICH CONNECT TO PAIN REGIONS IN THE BRAINSTEM. PUTATIVE MECHANISMS BY WHICH EARLY LIFE STRESS INCREASES THE LIKELIHOOD OF DEVELOPING MIGRAINE INCLUDE GENE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS, IN ADDITION TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS VIA DNA METHYLATION. THESE MODIFICATIONS ARE STABLE AND MAY BE TRANSFERRED ACROSS GENERATIONS, BUT THEY MAY ALSO BE REVERSED BY SOME MEDICATIONS COMMONLY USED IN MIGRAINE, INCLUDING VALPROIC ACID AND TOPIRAMATE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13 2901  32 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN GERM-CELL MUTAGENESIS AND GENETIC RISK. CURRENT INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR CHEMICAL MUTAGENS ARE HAZARD-BASED RATHER THAN AIMED AT ASSESSING RISKS QUANTITATIVELY. IN THE PAST, GERM-CELL TESTS HAVE BEEN MAINLY PERFORMED WITH A LIMITED NUMBER OF SOMATIC CELL MUTAGENS, AND RARELY UNDER CONDITIONS AIMED AT COMPARING GENDER-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MUTAGEN EXPOSURES. THERE ARE PROFOUND DIFFERENCES IN THE GENETIC CONSTITUTION, AND IN HORMONAL, STRUCTURAL, AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF DIFFERENTIATION AND CONTROL OF GAMETOGENESIS BETWEEN THE SEXES. A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE SUGGESTS THAT THESE DIFFERENCES MAY HAVE A PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY, STAGE OF HIGHEST SENSITIVITY AND THE RELATIVE RISK FOR THE GENESIS OF GENE MUTATION, AS WELL AS STRUCTURAL AND NUMERICAL CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS IN MALE AND FEMALE GERM CELLS. TRANSMISSION OF GERM-CELL MUTATIONS TO THE OFFSPRING MAY ALSO ENCOUNTER GENDER-SPECIFIC INFLUENCES. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHEMICALLY DERIVED ALTERATIONS IN IMPRINTING PATTERNS MAY POSE A THREAT FOR THE HEALTH OF THE OFFSPRING AND MAY ALSO BE TRANSMITTED TO FUTURE GENERATIONS. RECENT REPORTS ON DIFFERENT GENETIC EFFECTS FROM HIGH ACUTE AND FROM CHRONIC LOW-DOSE EXPOSURES CHALLENGE THE VALIDITY OF CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM STANDARD METHODS OF MUTAGENICITY TESTING. IN CONCLUSION, RESEARCH IS URGENTLY NEEDED TO IDENTIFY GENETIC HAZARDS FOR A LARGER RANGE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, INCLUDING THOSE SUSPECTED TO DISTURB PROPER CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION. ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING AND THEIR HEALTH CONSEQUENCES WILL HAVE TO BE INVESTIGATED. MORE ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO GENDER-SPECIFIC GENETIC EFFECTS. FINALLY, THE DATABASE FOR GERM-CELL MUTAGENS SHOULD BE ENLARGED USING MOLECULAR METHODOLOGIES, AND GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES SHOULD BE PERFORMED WITH THESE TECHNIQUES TO VERIFY HUMAN GENETIC RISK.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14 6137  34 THE EPIGENETICS OF PSYCHOSIS: A STRUCTURED REVIEW WITH REPRESENTATIVE LOCI. THE EVIDENCE FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT IN CHRONIC PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS IS STRONG AND RESEARCH ON THE EPIGENETIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THESE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS HAS COMMENCED IN EARNEST. IN REVIEWING THIS RESEARCH, THE FOCUS IS ON THREE GENES AS MODELS FOR DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION, MCHR1, AKT1 AND TDO2, EACH OF WHICH HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED FOR GENETIC ASSOCIATION WITH PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS, AND WHICH INTERACT WITH THESE MODEL GENES, ARE EXPLORED IN DEPTH. THE LOCATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MOTIFS RELATIVE TO KEY METHYLATION SITES IS EVALUATED FOR PREDICTED GENE EXPRESSION RESULTS, AND FOR OTHER SITES, EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED FOR METHYLATION DIRECTING ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FROM KEY STUDIES SHOW DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION: FOR MCHR1, IN PSYCHOSIS CASES VERSUS CONTROLS; FOR AKT1, AS A PRE-EXISTING METHYLATION PATTERN INFLUENCING BRAIN ACTIVATION FOLLOWING ACUTE ADMINISTRATION OF A PSYCHOSIS-ELICITING ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULUS; AND FOR TDO2, IN A PATTERN ASSOCIATED WITH A DEVELOPMENTAL FACTOR OF RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS, IN ALL CASES THE PREDICTED EXPRESSION IMPACT BEING HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON LOCATION. METHYLATION INDUCED BY SMOKING, A CONFOUNDING VARIABLE, EXHIBITS AN INTRIGUING PATTERN FOR ALL THREE GENES. FINALLY, HOW DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION MESHES WITH DARWINIAN PRINCIPLES IS EXAMINED, IN PARTICULAR AS IT RELATES TO THE "FLEXIBLE STEM" THEORY OF EVOLUTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15 6127  34 THE EPIGENETIC OVERLAP BETWEEN OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. (1) BACKGROUND: OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS ARE CONSIDERED AS THE MOST PREVALENT MORBIDITIES IN MANY COUNTRIES. WE SUPPOSE THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY INDUCE HIGHER RATES OF OBESITY IN SUBJECTS WHO SUFFER FROM MOOD DISORDERS. IN THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, WE FOCUSED ON THE POTENTIAL ROLES OF DNA METHYLATION ON MOOD DISORDERS AND OBESITY DEVELOPMENT. (2) METHODS: THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRISMA STATEMENT AND REGISTERED IN PROSPERO. A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED IN MEDLINE, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, COCHRANE CENTRAL DATABASE, EMBASE, AND CINHAL. WE ALSO CONDUCTED A GREY LITERATURE SEARCH, SUCH AS GOOGLE SCHOLAR. (3) RESULTS: AFTER DEDUPLICATION, WE IDENTIFIED 198 POTENTIALLY RELATED CITATIONS. FINALLY, TEN UNIQUE STUDIES MET OUR INCLUSION CRITERIA. WE HAVE FOUND THREE OVERLAP GENES THAT SHOW SIGNIFICANT DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, BOTH IN OBESITY AND DEPRESSION. PATHWAY ANALYSIS INTERACTION FOR TAPBP, BDNF, AND SORBS2 CONFIRMED THE RELATION OF THESE GENES IN BOTH OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS. (4) CONCLUSIONS: WHILE MECHANISMS LINKING BOTH OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS TO EPIGENETIC RESPONSE ARE STILL UNKNOWN, WE HAVE ALREADY KNOWN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION INDUCES A NOVEL EPIGENETIC PROGRAM. AS THE RESULTS OF GENE ENRICHMENT, PATHWAYS ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT TAPBP, BDNF, AND SORBS2 LINKED TOGETHER BY INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS. HYPERMETHYLATION IN THESE GENES MIGHT PLAY A CRUCIAL RULE IN THE CO-OCCURRENCE OF OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
16 5000  30 PERINATAL PROGRAMMING PREVENTION MEASURES. OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN OUTSTANDING SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS RELATED TO PERINATAL PROGRAMMING AND ITS EPIGENETIC EFFECTS IN HEALTH, AND WE CAN ANTICIPATE THIS TREND WILL CONTINUE IN THE NEAR FUTURE. WE NEED TO MAKE USE AND APPLY THESE ACHIEVEMENTS TO HUMAN NEURODEVELOPMENT VIA PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS. BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENOME AND AMBIOME, THIS CHAPTER PROPOSES LOW-COST EASY-IMPLEMENTATION PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES FOR MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH INSTITUTIONS.BREASTFEEDING AND HUMAN MILK ADMINISTRATION ARE THE FIRST PREVENTIVE MEASURES, AS HAS BEEN REVIEWED IN THE POLICY STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS. ANOTHER STRATEGY IS THE SAFE AND FAMILY-CENTERED MATERNITY HOSPITALS INITIATIVE THAT PROMOTES AND EMPOWERS THE INCLUSION OF THE FAMILIES AND THE RESPECT FOR THEIR RIGHTS, ESPECIALLY DURING PREGNANCY AND BIRTH. (THIS CHANGE OF PARADIGM WAS APPROVED AND IS RECOMMENDED BY BOTH UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND, UNICEF, AND PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION, PAHO.) THEN, THERE IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT EMPHASIS GIVEN TO THE SACRED HOUR-WHICH HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPACT OF BONDING, ATTACHMENT, AND BREASTFEEDING DURING THE FIRST HOUR OF LIFE-THE PAIN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT IN NEWBORNS, THE CONTROL OF THE "NEW MORBIDITY" REPRESENTED BY LATE PRETERM INFANTS, AND FINALLY, THE IMPORTANCE OF AVOIDING INTRAUTERINE AND EXTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION. (HOWEVER, THERE ARE NOT YET CLEAR RECOMMENDATIONS ABOUT NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS IN ORDER TO DIMINISH THE POTENTIAL METABOLIC SYNDROME CONSEQUENCE IN THE ADULT.).	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17 1747  24 EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY: EPIGENETIC REGULATION UNDERLYING DRUG ADDICTION SUSCEPTIBILITY. DRUG ADDICTION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DISABILITY WORLDWIDE, WITH MORE THAN 70,000 AMERICANS DYING FROM DRUG OVERDOSE IN 2019 ALONE. WHILE ONLY A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF CHRONIC DRUG USERS ESCALATE TO DRUG ADDICTION, LITTLE IS UNDERSTOOD ON THE PRECISE MECHANISMS OF THIS SUSCEPTIBILITY. EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY IS CAUSALLY RELEVANT TO ADULT PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE AND MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE RISK OF ADDICTION. HERE WE REVIEW RECENT PRE-CLINICAL EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO STRESS AND/OR DRUGS REGULATES CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR, GENE EXPRESSION, AND THE EPIGENOME THAT PERSIST INTO ADULTHOOD. WE SUMMARIZE THE MAJOR FINDINGS AND GAPS IN THE PRECLINICAL LITERATURE, HIGHLIGHTING STUDIES THAT DEMONSTRATE THE OFTEN PROFOUND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FEMALE AND MALE SUBJECTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18 2949  41 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CONSEQUENCE OF EARLY-LIFE SOCIAL STRESS ON DEPRESSION: ROLE OF SEROTONIN-ASSOCIATED GENES. EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY CAUSED BY POOR SOCIAL BONDING AND DEPRIVED MATERNAL CARE IS KNOWN TO AFFECT MENTAL WELLBEING AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. IT IS A FORM OF CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS THAT PERSISTS BECAUSE OF A NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENT, AND THE CONSEQUENCES ARE LONG-LASTING ON MENTAL HEALTH. THE PRESENCE OF SOCIAL STRESS DURING EARLY LIFE CAN HAVE AN EPIGENETIC EFFECT ON THE BODY, POSSIBLY RESULTING IN MANY COMPLEX MENTAL DISORDERS, INCLUDING DEPRESSION IN LATER LIFE. HERE, WE REVIEW THE EVIDENCE FOR EARLY-LIFE SOCIAL STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT MODULATE JUVENILE AND ADULT SOCIAL BEHAVIOR (DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY). THIS REVIEW HAS A PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EARLY-LIFE SOCIAL STRESS AND GENETIC VARIATION OF SEROTONIN ASSOCIATE GENES INCLUDING THE SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER GENE (5-HTT; ALSO KNOWN AS SLC6A4), WHICH ARE KEY MOLECULES INVOLVED IN DEPRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19 1363  40 DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES ON MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS. BACKGROUND: MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED (OR 'FUNCTIONAL') SYMPTOMS (MUS) ARE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS THAT PROMPT THE SUFFERER TO SEEK HEALTHCARE BUT REMAIN UNEXPLAINED AFTER AN APPROPRIATE MEDICAL EVALUATION. EXAMPLES OF MUS ALSO OCCUR IN VETERINARY MEDICINE. FOR EXAMPLE, DOMESTIC CATS SUFFER A SYNDROME COMPARABLE TO INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS, A CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME OF HUMANS. METHOD: REVIEW OF CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN SOME CASES OF MUS. MATERNAL PERCEPTION OF A THREATENING ENVIRONMENT MAY BE TRANSMITTED TO THE FETUS WHEN HORMONES CROSS THE PLACENTA AND AFFECT FETAL PHYSIOLOGY, EFFECTIVELY 'PROGRAMMING' THE FETAL STRESS RESPONSE SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORS TOWARD ENHANCED VIGILANCE. AFTER BIRTH, INTENSE STRESS RESPONSES IN THE INDIVIDUAL MAY RESULT IN SIMILAR VULNERABILITY, WHICH MAY BE UNMASKED BY SUBSEQUENT STRESSORS. RESULTS: EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION (EMGEX) APPEARS TO PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN CREATION OF THIS 'SURVIVAL PHENOTYPE'. THE RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES TO IDENTIFY THE PRESENCE OF EMGEX PROVIDES NEW TOOLS TO INVESTIGATE THESE QUESTIONS, AND DRUGS AND OTHER INTERVENTIONS THAT MAY REVERSE EMGEX ARE ALSO UNDER ACTIVE INVESTIGATION. CONCLUSION: VIEWING MUS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF UNDERLYING DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES INVOLVING EMGEX THAT AFFECT FUNCTION OF A VARIETY OF ORGANS BASED ON FAMILIAL (GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL) PREDISPOSITIONS RATHER THAN FROM THE TRADITIONAL VIEWPOINT OF ISOLATED ORGAN-ORIGINATING DISEASES HAS AT LEAST TWO IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS: IT PROVIDES A PARSIMONIOUS EXPLANATION FOR FINDINGS HERETOFORE DIFFICULT TO RECONCILE, AND IT OPENS WHOLE NEW AREAS OF INVESTIGATION INTO CAUSES AND TREATMENTS FOR THIS CLASS OF DISORDERS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20  844  37 CHILDHOOD ALLERGY DISEASE, EARLY DIAGNOSIS, AND THE POTENTIAL OF SALIVARY PROTEIN BIOMARKERS. ALLERGIC DISEASE HAS RISEN TO EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS SINCE THE LAST DECADE AND IS AMONG THE MOST COMMON NONCOMMUNICABLE, CHRONIC DISEASES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WORLDWIDE. ALLERGIC DISEASE USUALLY OCCURS IN EARLY LIFE; THUS, EARLY BIOMARKERS OF ALLERGIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ARE REQUIRED FOR PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO HIGH-RISK INFANTS WHICH ENABLE EARLY INTERVENTIONS TO DECREASE ALLERGIC SEVERITY. HOWEVER, TO DATE, THERE IS NO RELIABLE GENERAL OR SPECIFIC ALLERGY PHENOTYPE DETECTION METHOD THAT IS EASY AND NONINVASIVE FOR CHILDREN. MOST REPORTED ALLERGIC PHENOTYPE DETECTION METHODS ARE INVASIVE, SUCH AS THE SKIN PRICK TEST (SPT), ORAL FOOD CHALLENGE (OFC), AND BLOOD TEST, AND MANY INVOLVE NOT READILY ACCESSIBLE BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES, SUCH AS CORD BLOOD (CB), MATERNAL BLOOD, OR NEWBORN VERNIX. SALIVA IS A BIOLOGICAL SAMPLE THAT HAS GREAT POTENTIAL AS A BIOMARKER MEASUREMENT AS IT CONSISTS OF AN ABUNDANCE OF BIOMARKERS, SUCH AS GENETIC MATERIAL AND PROTEINS. IT IS EASILY ACCESSIBLE, NONINVASIVE, COLLECTED VIA A PAINLESS PROCEDURE, AND AN EASY BEDSIDE SCREENING FOR REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT OF THE ONGOING HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEM. ALL THESE ADVANTAGES EMPHASISE SALIVA AS A VERY PROMISING DIAGNOSTIC CANDIDATE FOR THE DETECTION AND MONITORING OF DISEASE BIOMARKERS, ESPECIALLY IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PROTEIN BIOMARKERS HAVE THE ADVANTAGES AS MODIFIABLE INFLUENCING FACTORS RATHER THAN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS THAT ARE MOSTLY NONMODIFIABLE FACTORS FOR ALLERGIC DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CHILDHOOD. SALIVA HAS GREAT POTENTIAL TO REPLACE SERUM AS A BIOLOGICAL FLUID BIOMARKER IN DIAGNOSING CLINICAL ALLERGY. HOWEVER, TO DATE, SALIVA IS NOT CONSIDERED AS AN ESTABLISHED MEDICALLY ACCEPTABLE BIOMARKER. THIS REVIEW CONSIDERS WHETHER THE SALIVA COULD BE SUITABLE BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR EARLY DETECTION OF ALLERGIC RISK. SUCH TOOLS MAY BE USED AS JUSTIFICATION FOR TARGETED INTERVENTIONS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND ASSISTING IN REDUCING MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY CAUSED BY CHILDHOOD ALLERGY.	2021