1 1936 145 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES-AN EXPOSOME APPROACH. TYPE 2 DIABETES IS ONE OF THE MAJOR CHRONIC DISEASES ACCOUNTING FOR A SUBSTANTIAL PROPORTION OF DISEASE BURDEN IN WESTERN COUNTRIES. THE MAJORITY OF THE BURDEN OF TYPE 2 DIABETES IS ATTRIBUTED TO ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS SUCH AS LIFESTYLE. THE ENVIRONMENT WE LIVE IN, AND CHANGES TO IT, CAN THUS CONTRIBUTE SUBSTANTIALLY TO THE PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES AT A POPULATION LEVEL. THE 'EXPOSOME' REPRESENTS THE (MEASURABLE) TOTALITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL, I.E. NONGENETIC, DRIVERS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. THE EXTERNAL EXPOSOME COMPRISES ASPECTS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE LIFESTYLE/FOOD ENVIRONMENT. THE INTERNAL EXPOSOME COMPRISES MEASUREMENTS AT THE EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPT, PROTEOME, MICROBIOME OR METABOLOME LEVEL TO STUDY EITHER THE EXPOSURES DIRECTLY, THE IMPRINTS THESE EXPOSURES LEAVE IN THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM, THE POTENTIAL OF THE BODY TO COMBAT ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS AND/OR THE BIOLOGY ITSELF. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE THE EVIDENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES, FOCUSING ON BOTH THE GENERAL EXTERNAL EXPOSOME AND IMPRINTS OF THIS ON THE INTERNAL EXPOSOME. STUDIES PROVIDED ESTABLISHED ASSOCIATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION, RESIDENTIAL NOISE AND AREA-LEVEL SOCIOECONOMIC DEPRIVATION WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF TYPE 2 DIABETES, WHILE NEIGHBOURHOOD WALKABILITY AND GREEN SPACE ARE CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCED RISK OF TYPE 2 DIABETES. THERE IS LITTLE OR INCONSISTENT EVIDENCE ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE FOOD ENVIRONMENT, OTHER ASPECTS OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE. THESE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE THOUGHT TO AFFECT TYPE 2 DIABETES RISK MAINLY THROUGH MECHANISMS INCORPORATING LIFESTYLE FACTORS SUCH AS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OR DIET, THE MICROBIOME, INFLAMMATION OR CHRONIC STRESS. TO FURTHER ASSESS CAUSALITY OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS, FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD FOCUS ON INVESTIGATING THE LONGITUDINAL EFFECTS OF OUR ENVIRONMENT (AND CHANGES TO IT) IN RELATION TO TYPE 2 DIABETES RISK AND WHETHER THESE ASSOCIATIONS ARE EXPLAINED BY THESE PROPOSED MECHANISMS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2 1932  38 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES: AN UNDERRECOGNIZED CONTRIBUTION TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES. PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE TO WHICH EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) HAVE BEEN VERY CONSERVATIVE AND HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY UNDERESTIMATED THE ACTUAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FOR AT LEAST TWO REASONS. FIRSTLY, MOST PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE EXCLUDED THE CONTRIBUTION OF LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS, BUT THESE USUALLY INVOLVE SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS THAT INCREASE RISK OF DISEASE. SECONDLY, EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IS NOW CLEARLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN ELEVATED RISK OF SEVERAL DISEASES LATER IN LIFE, BUT THESE CONNECTIONS ARE OFTEN DIFFICULT TO DISCERN. THIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE FOR ASTHMA AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS, BUT THERE IS ALSO A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASES. MOST CANCERS ARE CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES IN GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. IN ADDITION, NEW INFORMATION SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND DIABETES AND EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS PRESENT IN AIR, FOOD, AND WATER. THESE RELATIONSHIPS LIKELY REFLECT THE COMBINATION OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AND GENE INDUCTION. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE TO NCDS THAN PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE SUGGESTED. PREVENTION NEEDS TO SHIFT FOCUS FROM INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY AND AN UNDERSTANDING THAT EFFECTIVE PREVENTION OF NCDS ULTIMATELY RELIES ON IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE EXPOSURE TO MODIFIABLE RISKS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3  625  37 BIOLOGICAL AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR DEMENTIA AND STROKE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. SINCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS AND VACCINATION, AS WELL AS MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN PUBLIC HYGIENE, THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ARE AGE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, BOTH OF WHICH CAN INTERACT WITH GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS. AS THE AVERAGE AGE OF THE POPULATION INCREASES, THE PREVALENCE AND COSTS OF CHRONIC DISEASES, ESPECIALLY NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, ARE RAPIDLY INCREASING. THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, DEVELOP CHRONICALLY OVER RELATIVELY LONG PERIODS OF TIME, IN CONTRAST TO THE RELATIVELY RAPID DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR ACCIDENTS. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY BE MEDIATED BY ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE. THIS HYPOTHESIS IS SUPPORTED BY EVIDENCE THAT DIETARY RESTRICTION, WHICH UNIVERSALLY DELAYS AGE-RELATED DISEASES, ALSO AMELIORATES DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. CONVERSELY, BOTH AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCUMULATION OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN MITOTIC CELLS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE A MEASURE OF "BIOLOGICAL AGE", A BETTER PREDICTOR OF AGE-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY THAN CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. HERE WE REVIEW EVIDENCE THAT ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS SUCH AS SMOKING AND AIR POLLUTION MAY ALSO DRIVE NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, INCLUDING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, BY THE ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE, MEDIATED BY CUMULATIVE AND PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AS WELL AS SOMATIC MUTATIONS. ELUCIDATION OF SUCH MECHANISMS COULD PLAUSIBLY ALLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERVENTIONS WHICH DELAY DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF BOTH AGING AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4 6109  36 THE EPIGENETIC AGING, OBESITY, AND LIFESTYLE. THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY HAS DRAMATICALLY INCREASED WORLDWIDE OVER THE PAST DECADES. AGING-RELATED CHRONIC CONDITIONS, SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ARE MORE PREVALENT IN INDIVIDUALS WITH OBESITY, THUS REDUCING THEIR LIFESPAN. EPIGENETIC CLOCKS, THE NEW METRICS OF BIOLOGICAL AGE BASED ON DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS, COULD BE CONSIDERED A REFLECTION OF THE STATE OF ONE'S HEALTH. SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC AGING ACCELERATIONS, INCLUDING OBESITY, THUS LEADING TO AN INCREASED RISK OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES. THE INSIGHT INTO THE COMPLEX LINK BETWEEN OBESITY AND AGING MIGHT HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH AND THE MITIGATION OF FUTURE DISEASE RISK. THE PRESENT NARRATIVE REVIEW TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AGING AND OBESITY, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENOME MAY BE AN INTRIGUING TARGET FOR AGE-RELATED PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND THAT ITS MODIFICATION COULD INFLUENCE AGING AND PROLONG A HEALTHY LIFESPAN. THEREFORE, WE HAVE FOCUSED ON DNA METHYLATION AGE AS A CLINICAL BIOMARKER, AS WELL AS ON THE POTENTIAL REVERSAL OF EPIGENETIC AGE USING A PERSONALIZED DIET- AND LIFESTYLE-BASED INTERVENTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5 2584  35 EPIGENETICS OF OBESITY. OBESITY IS A METABOLIC DISEASE, WHICH IS BECOMING AN EPIDEMIC HEALTH PROBLEM: IT HAS BEEN RECENTLY DEFINED IN TERMS OF GLOBAL PANDEMIC. OVER THE YEARS, THE APPROACHES THROUGH FAMILY, TWINS AND ADOPTION STUDIES LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOME CAUSAL GENES IN MONOGENIC FORMS OF OBESITY BUT THE ORIGINS OF THE PANDEMIC OF OBESITY CANNOT BE CONSIDERED ESSENTIALLY DUE TO GENETIC FACTORS, BECAUSE HUMAN GENOME IS NOT LIKELY TO CHANGE IN JUST A FEW YEARS. EPIGENETIC STUDIES HAVE OFFERED IN RECENT YEARS VALUABLE TOOLS FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLDWIDE SPREAD OF THE PANDEMIC OF OBESITY. THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS-DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE TAILS, AND MIRNAS MODIFICATIONS-IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY IS MORE AND MORE EVIDENT. IN THE EPIGENETIC LITERATURE, THERE ARE EVIDENCES THAT THE ENTIRE EMBRYO-FETAL AND PERINATAL PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE PROGRAMMING OF ALL HUMAN ORGANS AND TISSUES. THEREFORE, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING REQUIRE A NEW AND GENERAL PATHOGENIC PARADIGM, THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE THEORY, TO EXPLAIN THE CURRENT EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION, THAT IS, THE WORLDWIDE INCREASE OF CHRONIC, DEGENERATIVE, AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, AND CANCER. OBESITY AND ITS RELATED COMPLICATIONS ARE MORE AND MORE ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS (OBESOGENS), GUT MICROBIOTA MODIFICATIONS AND UNBALANCED FOOD INTAKE, WHICH CAN INDUCE, THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WEIGHT GAIN, AND ALTERED METABOLIC CONSEQUENCES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6 6557  38 TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE OF DIABETES RISK AS A CONSEQUENCE OF EARLY NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES. IN TODAY'S WORLD, THERE IS AN UNPRECEDENTED RISE IN THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASES, INCLUDING OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2D). THE PATHOGENESIS OF T2D INCLUDES BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS EXCESSIVE ENERGY INTAKE AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. IT HAS RECENTLY BEEN SUGGESTED THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS EXPERIENCED DURING EARLY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING THE INTRAUTERINE AND NEONATAL PERIODS, MIGHT PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN PREDISPOSING INDIVIDUALS TO T2D. FURTHERMORE, SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SUCH EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS MIGHT EVEN CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE RISK IN FURTHER GENERATIONS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARISE RECENT DATA DESCRIBING HOW PARENTAL NUTRITION DURING DEVELOPMENT INCREASES THE RISK OF DIABETES IN THE OFFSPRING. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING TRANSGENERATIONAL INHERITANCE OF METABOLIC DISEASE, WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7 4802  40 OBESITY AND LIFESPAN HEALTH--IMPORTANCE OF THE FETAL ENVIRONMENT. A MARKED INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF OBESITY AT THE POPULATION LEVEL HAS RESULTED IN AN INCREASING NUMBER OF OBESE WOMEN ENTERING PREGNANCY. THE INCREASING REALIZATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FETAL ENVIRONMENT IN RELATION TO CHRONIC DISEASE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN HAS FOCUSED ATTENTION ON THE ROLE OF MATERNAL OBESITY IN FETAL DEVELOPMENT. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT OBESITY DURING ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD CAN BE TRACED BACK TO FETAL AND EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPOSURES. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL EVENTS, SUCH AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, THE POTENTIAL FOR AN INCREASE IN INFLAMMATORY BURDEN, EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING CHANGES SUCH AS THE VARIABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE VERSUS BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE, AND ALTERATIONS IN ORGAN ONTOGENY. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THESE MECHANISMS PROMOTE AN UNFAVORABLE FETAL ENVIRONMENT AND CAN HAVE A LONG-STANDING IMPACT, WITH EARLY MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC DISEASE THAT CAN RESULT IN AN INCREASED DEMAND FOR FUTURE HEALTH CARE. IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY APPROPRIATE PREVENTIVE MEASURES, ATTENTION NEEDS TO BE PLACED BOTH ON REDUCING MATERNAL OBESITY AS WELL AS UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRENATAL ONSET OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8   34  34 A CHILD'S NUTRITION AND EPIGENETICS. STUDIES HAVE SHOWN A DRAMATIC INCREASE IN THE INCIDENCE AND THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS OVER THE LAST SEVERAL DECADES. ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS AND NUTRITION ARE CONSIDERED MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS INCREASE. THE FIRST 1,000 DAYS OF LIFE, WHICH IS THE PERIOD BETWEEN CONCEPTION AND THE FIRST 2 YEARS OF AGE, IS CONSIDERED THE TIME FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS NUTRITION, TO EXERT THEIR POSITIVE AND MOST CRUCIAL EFFECTS ON A CHILD'S HEALTH. NUTRIGENOMICS, THE STUDY OF HOW GENES AND FOOD COMPONENTS INTERACT, LOOKS INTO DIET-ALTERING DISEASE DEVELOPMENT BY MODULATING PROCESSES INVOLVED WITH THE ONSET, PROGRESSION, AND SEVERITY OF DISEASE. THESE FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE CHRONIC DISEASES ARE THOUGHT TO BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHICH ARE HERITABLE AND REVERSIBLE, AND CARRY GENETIC INFORMATION WITHOUT CHANGING THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF THE GENOME AND ARE ALSO MEDIATED BY MATERNAL AND POSTNATAL NUTRITION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9 6781  58 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

10 2930  42 GENES AND DIET IN THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASES IN FUTURE GENERATIONS. NUTRITION IS A MODIFIABLE KEY FACTOR THAT IS ABLE TO INTERACT WITH BOTH THE GENOME AND EPIGENOME TO INFLUENCE HUMAN HEALTH AND FERTILITY. IN PARTICULAR, SPECIFIC GENETIC VARIANTS CAN INFLUENCE THE RESPONSE TO DIETARY COMPONENTS AND NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS, AND CONVERSELY, THE DIET ITSELF IS ABLE TO MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION. IN THIS CONTEXT AND THE ERA OF PRECISION MEDICINE, NUTRIGENETIC AND NUTRIGENOMIC STUDIES OFFER SIGNIFICANT OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE THE PREVENTION OF METABOLIC DISTURBANCES, SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, EVEN WITH TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS. THE PRESENT REVIEW TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DIET, GENES AND HUMAN HEALTH, AND PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE ROLE OF NUTRIGENETICS, NUTRIGENOMICS AND EPIGENETICS IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. MOREOVER, WE FOCUS OUR ATTENTION ON THE MECHANISM OF INTERGENERATIONAL OR TRANSGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO METABOLIC DISTURBANCES, AND UNDERLINE THAT THE REVERSIBILITY OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THROUGH DIETARY INTERVENTION COULD COUNTERACT PERTURBATIONS INDUCED BY LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11 1938  36 EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES IN EARLY LIFE AND EPIGENETIC VARIATION: A POTENTIAL LINK TO DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY? A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE RISK OF DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF A VARIETY OF HUMAN CHRONIC DISEASES DEPENDS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS TRIGGERED BY ENVIRONMENTAL CUES DURING EARLY LIFE SENSITIVE STAGES. EXPOSURES TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS ADVERSE NUTRITIONAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS, AS WELL AS POLLUTANTS AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN EARLY LIFE, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE IMPORTANT DETERMINANTS OF EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF CHRONIC PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN HUMAN POPULATIONS. OVER THE PAST YEARS, IT HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY CLEAR DUE TO THE EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (EWASS) THAT EARLY LIFE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS MAY TRIGGER WIDESPREAD AND PERSISTENT ALTERATIONS IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING. SEVERAL CANDIDATE GENES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED UNDERLYING THESE ASSOCIATIONS. IN THIS CONTEXT, DNA METHYLATION IS THE MOST INTENSIVELY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENON. IN THIS REVIEW, THE CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN MEDIATING THE LINK BETWEEN EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCES AND LONG-TERM HEALTH OUTCOMES ARE SUMMARIZED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12 2495  46 EPIGENETICS AND DOHAD: FROM BASICS TO BIRTH AND BEYOND. DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) IS THE STUDY OF HOW THE EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENT CAN IMPACT THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD AND THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND NON-CODING RNAS ARE INVOLVED IN MEDIATING HOW EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS LATER HEALTH. THIS REVIEW IS A SUMMARY OF THE EPIGENETICS AND DOHAD WORKSHOP HELD AT THE 2016 DOHAD SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND CONFERENCE. OUR EXTENSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF HOW THE EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS LATER RISK FOR CHRONIC DISEASE WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE WITHOUT ANIMAL MODELS. IN THIS REVIEW WE HIGHLIGHT SOME ANIMAL MODEL EXAMPLES THAT DEMONSTRATE HOW AN ADVERSE EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC AND GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE LATER IN LIFE. TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ARE CHRONIC DISEASES WITH AN INCREASING INCIDENCE DUE TO THE INCREASED NUMBER OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS THAT ARE OBESE. EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC HEALTH MEASURES AND POTENTIALLY PREDICT FUTURE METABOLIC HEALTH STATUS. ALTHOUGH MORE DIFFICULT TO ELUCIDATE IN HUMANS, RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY BE ONE OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATES THE EFFECTS OF EARLY LIFE EXPOSURES ON LATER LIFE RISK OF OBESITY AND OBESITY RELATED DISEASES. FINALLY, WE DISCUSS THE ROLE OF THE MICROBIOME AND HOW IT IS A NEW PLAYER IN DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING AND MEDIATING EARLY LIFE EXPOSURES ON LATER RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13 4782  34 NUTRIGENETICS, EPIGENETICS AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES: CONSEQUENCES IN MOTHER AND CHILD. GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM) IS THE MOST COMMON METABOLIC CONDITION DURING PREGNANCY AND MAY RESULT IN SHORT- AND LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS FOR BOTH MOTHER AND OFFSPRING. THE COMPLEXITY OF PHENOTYPIC OUTCOMES SEEMS INFLUENCED BY GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, NUTRIENT-GENE INTERACTIONS AND LIFESTYLE INTERACTING WITH CLINICAL FACTORS. THERE IS STRONG EVIDENCE THAT NOT ONLY THE ADVERSE GENETIC BACKGROUND BUT ALSO THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN RESPONSE TO NUTRITIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS COULD INFLUENCE THE MATERNAL HYPERGLYCEMIA IN PREGNANCY AND THE FOETAL METABOLIC PROGRAMMING. IN THIS VIEW, THE CORRELATION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND THEIR TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS REPRESENTS A VERY INTERESTING FIELD OF STUDY. THE PRESENT REVIEW GIVES INSIGHT INTO THE ROLE OF GENE VARIANTS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH NUTRIENTS IN GDM. IN ADDITION, WE PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE MATERNAL-FOETAL TRANSMISSION OF CHRONIC DISEASES. OVERALL, THE KNOWLEDGE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY AN ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE AND PERINATAL ENVIRONMENT COULD SHED LIGHT ON THE POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF LONG-TERM DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN THE OFFSPRING AND PROVIDE USEFUL TOOLS FOR THEIR PREVENTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14 5389  41 REDOX SWITCHES IN NOISE-INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURONAL DYSREGULATION. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES REPRESENT A SIGNIFICANT HEALTH HAZARD, WHICH CUMULATIVELY MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR UP TO 2/3 OF ALL CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE AND ASSOCIATED MORTALITY (GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE STUDY AND THE LANCET COMMISSION ON POLLUTION AND HEALTH), WHICH HAS GIVEN RISE TO A NEW CONCEPT OF THE EXPOSOME: THE SUM OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN EVERY INDIVIDUAL'S EXPERIENCE. NOISE IS PART OF THE EXPOSOME AND IS INCREASINGLY BEING INVESTIGATED AS A HEALTH RISK FACTOR IMPACTING NEUROLOGICAL, CARDIOMETABOLIC, ENDOCRINE, AND IMMUNE HEALTH. BEYOND THE WELL-CHARACTERIZED EFFECTS OF HIGH-INTENSITY NOISE ON COCHLEAR DAMAGE, NOISE IS RELATIVELY WELL-STUDIED IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR FIELD, WHERE EVIDENCE IS EMERGING FROM BOTH HUMAN AND TRANSLATIONAL EXPERIMENTS THAT NOISE FROM TRAFFIC-RELATED SOURCES COULD REPRESENT A RISK FACTOR FOR HYPERTENSION, ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE, DIABETES, AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, WE COMPREHENSIVELY DISCUSS THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIELD OF NOISE RESEARCH. WE GIVE A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE DOCUMENTING EXPERIMENTS IN NOISE EXPOSURE IN BOTH HUMANS AND ANIMALS WITH A FOCUS ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE MECHANISMS THAT HAVE BEEN UNCOVERED IN RECENT YEARS THAT DESCRIBE HOW EXPOSURE TO NOISE AFFECTS PHYSIOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS, LEADING TO ABERRANT REDOX SIGNALING RESULTING IN METABOLIC AND IMMUNE CONSEQUENCES, BOTH OF WHICH HAVE CONSIDERABLE IMPACT ON CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. ADDITIONALLY, WE DISCUSS THE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF REDOX INVOLVEMENT IN THE STRESS RESPONSES TO NOISE AND HOW THEY MANIFEST IN DISRUPTIONS OF THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING, GUT MICROBIOME COMPOSITION, EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE AND VESSEL FUNCTION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15 6034  43 THE CHALLENGE BY MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS INDUCE INFLAMMATION IN AGING: THEIR ROLE IN THE PROMOTION OF CHRONIC DISEASE. THE AGING PROCESS IS DRIVEN BY MULTIPLE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO CHANGES IN ENERGY PRODUCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, HOMEOSTATIC DYSREGULATION AND EVENTUALLY TO LOSS OF FUNCTIONALITY AND INCREASED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. MOST AGED INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, WHICH IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR MORBIDITY, PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, FRAILTY, AND DEATH. AT ANY AGE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES ARE MAJOR CAUSES OF MORBIMORTALITY, AFFECTING UP TO 5-8% OF THE POPULATION OF INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES. SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR MODIFYING THE INFLAMMATORY STATE. GENETICS ACCOUNTS FOR ONLY A SMALL FRACTION OF CHRONIC-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, WHEREAS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS APPEAR TO PARTICIPATE, EITHER WITH A CAUSATIVE OR A PROMOTIONAL ROLE IN 50% TO 75% OF PATIENTS. SEVERAL OF THOSE CHANGES DEPEND ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT WILL FURTHER MODIFY THE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE TO ADDITIONAL STIMULI. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN INFLAMMATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT OFFERS IMPORTANT INSIGHTS ON AGING AND HEALTH. THESE CONDITIONS, OFTEN DEPENDING ON THE INDIVIDUAL'S SEX, APPEAR TO LEAD TO DECREASED LONGEVITY AND PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DECLINE. IN ADDITION TO BIOLOGICAL FACTORS, THE ENVIRONMENT IS ALSO INVOLVED IN THE GENERATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT LEADING TO STRESS. POOR PSYCHOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS AND OTHER SOURCES OF STRESS ALSO RESULT IN INCREASED INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND NUTRITION ON THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, AND HOW THE RESPONSE ELICITED FOR THOSE FACTORS INTERACT AMONG THEM, ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WHEREAS CERTAIN DELETERIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS RESULT IN THE GENERATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS DRIVEN BY AN INCREASED PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND INFLAMMATION, OTHER FACTORS, INCLUDING NUTRITION (POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS) AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS (EXERCISE) CONFER PROTECTION AGAINST INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND THUS AMELIORATE THEIR DELETERIOUS EFFECT. HERE, WE DISCUSS PROCESSES AND MECHANISMS OF INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND BEHAVIOR, THEIR LINKS TO SEX AND GENDER, AND THEIR OVERALL IMPACT ON AGING.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16 1801  40 EFFECT OF MATERNAL DIET ON THE EPIGENOME: IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN METABOLIC DISEASE. THE RAPID INCREASE IN THE INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES CANNOT BE EXPLAINED SOLELY BY GENETIC AND ADULT LIFESTYLE FACTORS. THERE IS NOW CONSIDERABLE EVIDENCE THAT THE FETAL AND EARLY POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT ALSO STRONGLY INFLUENCES THE RISK OF DEVELOPING SUCH DISEASES IN LATER LIFE. HUMAN STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF CVD, TYPE II DIABETES, OBESITY AND HYPERTENSION, ALTHOUGH RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT OVER-NUTRITION IN EARLY LIFE CAN ALSO INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FUTURE METABOLIC DISEASE. THESE FINDINGS HAVE BEEN REPLICATED IN A VARIETY OF ANIMAL MODELS, WHICH HAVE SHOWN THAT BOTH MATERNAL UNDER- AND OVER-NUTRITION CAN INDUCE PERSISTENT CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND METABOLISM WITHIN THE OFFSPRING. THE MECHANISM BY WHICH THE MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT INDUCES SUCH CHANGES IS BEGINNING TO BE UNDERSTOOD AND INVOLVES THE ALTERED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SPECIFIC GENES. THE DEMONSTRATION OF A ROLE FOR ALTERED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENES IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL INDUCTION OF CHRONIC DISEASES RAISES THE POSSIBILITY THAT NUTRITIONAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS MAY BE USED TO MODIFY LONG-TERM CARDIO-METABOLIC DISEASE RISK AND COMBAT THIS RAPID RISE IN CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17 1453  31 DISCOVERING HOW ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ALTER GENES COULD LEAD TO NEW TREATMENTS FOR CHRONIC ILLNESSES. EMERGING RESEARCH DEMONSTRATES THAT DIET, POLLUTION, AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS CAN ALTER BOTH THE FUNCTION AND EXPRESSION OF HUMAN GENES AND LEAD TO A HEIGHTENED DISEASE RISK. THESE ENVIRONMENT-GENE INTERACTIONS CAN CAUSE SO-CALLED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION-PATTERNS OF WHICH GENES ARE SWITCHED "ON" OR "OFF"-THAT MAY ACCOUNT FOR THE RISING MORTALITY FROM CHRONIC DISEASES IN INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS. IN THIS PAPER, WE CALL FOR A NEW TRANSDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO PUBLIC HEALTH THAT WOULD EXAMINE HOW ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, BOTH PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL, INFLUENCE GENE EXPRESSION AND A PERSON'S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASE. THIS INITIATIVE COULD LEAD TO NEW WAYS TO PREVENT AND TREAT SUCH ILLNESSES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18 6204  41 THE INFLUENCE OF EPIGENETICS AND INFLAMMATION ON CARDIOMETABOLIC RISKS. CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES INCLUDE METABOLIC SYNDROME, OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND HYPERTENSION. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PARTICIPATE IN CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES THROUGH SEVERAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING INFLAMMATION, VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION, AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WHICH ENCOMPASS ALTERATIONS TO GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT MUTATING THE DNA SEQUENCE, HAVE GAINED MUCH ATTENTION IN RECENT YEARS, SINCE THEY HAVE BEEN CORRELATED WITH CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES AND MAY BE TARGETED FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE GREATLY INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, CIGARETTE SMOKING, AND POLLUTION. SOME MODIFICATIONS ARE HERITABLE, INDICATING THAT THE BIOLOGICAL EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY BE OBSERVED ACROSS GENERATIONS. MOREOVER, MANY PATIENTS WITH CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES PRESENT WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, WHICH CAN BE INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS. THE INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENT WORSENS THE PROGNOSIS OF CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES AND FURTHER INDUCES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, PREDISPOSING PATIENTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER METABOLISM-ASSOCIATED DISEASES AND COMPLICATIONS. A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES IS NECESSARY TO IMPROVE OUR DIAGNOSTIC CAPABILITIES, PERSONALIZED MEDICINE APPROACHES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING MAY ALSO ASSIST IN PREDICTING DISEASE OUTCOMES, ESPECIALLY IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES UNDERLYING CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES, AND FURTHER DISCUSSES ADVANCES IN THE RESEARCH FIELD WITH A FOCUS ON SPECIFIC POINTS FOR INTERVENTIONAL THERAPY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19 3848  31 IS EPIGENETICS AN IMPORTANT LINK BETWEEN EARLY LIFE EVENTS AND ADULT DISEASE? BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PROVIDE ONE POTENTIAL EXPLANATION FOR HOW ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES IN EARLY LIFE CAUSE LONG-TERM CHANGES IN CHRONIC DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. WHEREAS EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IS INCREASINGLY IMPLICATED IN VARIOUS RARE DEVELOPMENTAL SYNDROMES AND CANCER, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN COMPLEX CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE 2 DIABETES AND OBESITY, REMAINS LARGELY UNCHARACTERIZED. EXTENSIVE WORK IN ANIMAL MODELS IS REQUIRED TO DEVELOP SPECIFIC HYPOTHESES THAT CAN BE PRACTICABLY TESTED IN HUMANS. ANIMAL MODELS: WE HAVE DEVELOPED A MOUSE MODEL SHOWING THAT METHYL DONOR SUPPLEMENTATION PREVENTS TRANSGENERATIONAL AMPLIFICATION OF OBESITY, SUGGESTING A ROLE FOR DNA METHYLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL ESTABLISHMENT OF BODY WEIGHT REGULATION. CONCLUSIONS: COUPLING SUCH MODELS WITH RECENTLY DEVELOPED EPIGENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES SHOULD ULTIMATELY ENABLE US TO DETERMINE IF EPIGENETICS IS AN IMPORTANT LINK BETWEEN EARLY LIFE EVENTS AND ADULT DISEASE.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20 1913  42 ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO DIABETES. DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) IS A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT HYPERGLYCEMIA. ITS TWO MOST COMMON FORMS ARE TYPE 1 DIABETES (T1D) AND TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2D), FOR WHICH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ACT IN SYNERGY. BECAUSE IT OCCURS IN CHILDREN AND INVOLVES INFECTIOUS, AUTOIMMUNE OR TOXIC DESTRUCTION OF THE INSULIN-SECRETING PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS, TYPE 1 DIABETES HAS BEEN CALLED JUVENILE OR INSULIN-DEFICIENT DIABETES. IN TYPE 2, PATIENTS CAN STILL SECRETE SOME INSULIN BUT ITS EFFECTIVENESS MAY BE ATTENUATED BY 'INSULIN RESISTANCE.' THERE IS ALSO A GROUP OF RARE FORMS OF DIABETES IN THE YOUNG WHICH ARE INHERITED AS MONOGENETIC DISEASES. WHETHER ONE CALLS THE UNDERLYING PROCESS 'GENES VS. ENVIRONMENT' OR 'NATURE VS NURTURE', DIABETES OCCURS AT THE INTERFACE OF THE TWO DOMAINS. TOGETHER WITH OUR GENETIC BACKGROUND WE ARE BORN TABULA RASA-A BLANK SLATE UPON WHICH THE STORY OF LIFE, WITH ALL ITS ENVIRONMENTAL INPUTS WILL BE WRITTEN. THERE IS ONE PROVISO: THE INFLUENCE OF EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE MUST ALSO BE CONSIDERED. THUS, IN THE CREATION OF DATABASES THAT INCLUDE "BIG DATA" ORIGINATING FROM GENOMIC AS WELL AS EXPOSOME (DEFINED AS: THE TOTALITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE FROM CONCEPTION TO DEATH), A BROAD PERSPECTIVE IS CRUCIAL AS THESE FACTORS ACT IN CONCERT IN SUCH CHRONIC ILLNESSES AS DIABETES THAT, FOR EXAMPLE, ARE LIKELY TO REQUIRE ADOPTION OF AN APPROPRIATE LIFESTYLE CHANGE. ALSO, IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY EVIDENT THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS CAN MODULATE THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENES AND ENVIRONMENT. CONSEQUENTLY, THROUGHOUT THE LIFE OF AN INDIVIDUAL NATURE AND NURTURE INTERACT IN A COMPLEX MANNER IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES. THIS REVIEW ADDRESSES THE QUESTION OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF GENE AND ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR INTERACTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES.	2019