1 1834 120 EFFECTS OF MINDFULNESS-BASED THERAPY ON CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND DNA METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME AND HIGH METABOLIC RISK. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) IS AN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISORDER AFFECTING WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE. RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF ABNORMAL OVARIAN FUNCTION AND METABOLIC DISORDERS IN PCOS. STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED SPECIFIC GENES (RELATED WITH INSULIN SIGNALING AND STEROID HORMONE METABOLISM) THAT ARE METHYLATED IN WOMEN WITH PCOS. DNA METHYLATION APPEARS TO RESPOND TO VARIOUS INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT ALTERING HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS. WE TESTED THE EFFICACY OF A MINDFULNESS-BASED STRESS REDUCTION PROGRAM (MBSR) IN PCOS PATIENTS. WE EXAMINED ITS EFFECTS ON ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS, MENTAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING, AND ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD. MBSR WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCTION IN BODY MASS INDEX, WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE AND BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL, AN IMPROVEMENT IN SUBJECTIVELY PERCEIVED GENERAL HEALTH, EMOTIONAL ROLE LIMITATION, AND LEVELS OF PAIN, AS WELL AS MINDFULNESS-LIKE TRAITS. MBSR REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF ANXIOUS SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND SUBJECTIVELY PERCEIVED STRESS. METHYLATION CHANGES WERE OBSERVED IN FOUR GENES: COMT, FST, FKBP51, AND MAOA. WE CONCLUDE THAT MBSR MAY BE A USEFUL SUPPLEMENTARY THERAPY TO MITIGATE THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF PCOS ON MENTAL HEALTH.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2 6720  35 VITAMIN D METABOLISM GENES ARE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC KNEE PAIN. CONTEXT: RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VITAMIN D MAY INTERACT WITH THE EPIGENOME AND PLAY A ROLE IN THE PAIN EXPERIENCE. IN ORDER FOR PROPER FUNCTIONING TO OCCUR, THERE MUST BE AN ADEQUATE LEVEL OF VITAMIN D PRESENT, MADE POSSIBLE BY ENZYMATIC REACTIONS THAT ALLOW VITAMIN D TO BE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXPLORE THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF GENES INVOLVED IN VITAMIN D METABOLISM IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT CHRONIC KNEE PAIN. PROCEDURES: COMMUNITY-DWELLING INDIVIDUALS RECRUITED AS PART OF A LARGER STUDY FOCUSED ON KNEE PAIN PROVIDED DEMOGRAPHIC, CLINICAL AND PAIN-RELATED INFORMATION, AS WELL AS AN INTRAVENOUS BLOOD SAMPLE TO DETERMINE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AT CPG SITES. MAIN FINDINGS: THERE WERE DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION BETWEEN THOSE WITH AND WITHOUT PAIN IN GENES THAT CODE FOR ENZYMES RELATED TO VITAMIN D METABOLISM: CYP24A1 (24-HYDROXYLASE) AND CYP27B1 (1-?-HYDROXYLASE). THERE WAS ALSO HYPERMETHYLATION ON THE GENE THAT CODES FOR THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR (VDR). PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EXPRESSION OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN VITAMIN D METABOLISM AND CELLULAR FUNCTION. THESE RESULTS LAY GROUNDWORK IN UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND CHRONIC PAIN.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3 1842  27 EFFECTS OF STRESS AND MINDFULNESS ON EPIGENETICS. EPIGENETICS ARE HERITABLE CHANGES IN THE RATE OF GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT ANY MODIFICATION OF THE DNA SEQUENCE AND OCCUR IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES. TANGIBLE CHANGES TO THE EXTERNAL SURROUNDINGS MAY BE PRACTICAL CAUSES FOR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, PLAYING A POTENTIAL EVOLUTIONARY ROLE. WHILE FIGHT, FLIGHT, OR FREEZE RESPONSES ONCE SERVED A CONCRETE ROLE IN SURVIVAL, MODERN HUMANS MAY NOT FACE SIMILAR EXISTENTIAL THREATS THAT WARRANT PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS. YET, CHRONIC MENTAL STRESS IS PREDOMINANT IN MODERN LIFE. THIS CHAPTER ELUCIDATES THE DELETERIOUS EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR DUE TO CHRONIC STRESS. IN AN EXPLORATION OF MINDFULNESS-BASED INTERVENTIONS (MBIS) AS A POTENTIAL ANTIDOTE TO SUCH STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SEVERAL PATHWAYS OF ACTION ARE UNCOVERED. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR BECAUSE OF MINDFULNESS PRACTICE ARE DEMONSTRATED ACROSS THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, SEROTONERGIC TRANSMISSION, GENOMIC HEALTH AND AGING, AND NEUROLOGICAL BIOMARKERS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4 6853  37 [NEUROBIOLOGY OF EARLY LIFE TRAUMATIC STRESS AND TRAUMA: PROLONGED NEUROENDOCRINE DYSREGULATION AS A NEURODEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTOR]. EARLY LIFE STRESSORS DISPLAY A HIGH UNIVERSAL PREVALENCE AND CONSTITUTE A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WITH TWO THIRDS OF YOUTH BEING EXPOSED TO POTENTIALLY TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES BY THE AGE OF 17. TRAUMATIC STRESS EXPOSURE DURING CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT MAY HAVE ESSENTIAL AND LONG-LASTING EFFECTS ON THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH OF INDIVIDUALS AND REPRESENTS A DEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTOR MEDIATING RISK FOR DISEASE. EARLY-LIFE STRESS (ELS) AND CHILDHOOD TRAUMA (CT) CAN BOTH HAVE AN IMPACT ON SENSITIVE NEURONAL BRAIN NETWORKS INVOLVED IN STRESS REACTIONS, AND COULD EXERT A PROGRAMMING EFFECT ON GLUCOCORTICOID SIGNALING LEADING TO CHRONIC HYPER- OR HYPO-ACTIVATION OF THE STRESS SYSTEM. IN ADDITION, ALTERATIONS IN EMOTIONAL AND AUTONOMIC REACTIVITY, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM DISRUPTION, FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, AS WELL AS IMMUNE AND METABOLIC DYSREGULATION HAVE BEEN LATELY IDENTIFIED AS IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS FOR A CHRONICALLY IMPAIRED HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE AFTER ELS/CT. FURTHERMORE, HUMAN GENETIC BACKGROUND AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THROUGH STRESS-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION COULD INTERACT WITH THESE ALTERATIONS AND EXPLAIN INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN VULNERABILITY OR RESILIENCE TO STRESS. THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW PRESENTS RELEVANT EVIDENCE FROM MAINLY HUMAN RESEARCH ON THE MOST ACKNOWLEDGED NEUROBIOLOGICAL ALLOSTATIC PATHWAYS EXERTING ENDURING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ELS/CT EVEN DECADES LATER. FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD PROSPECTIVELY INVESTIGATE POTENTIAL CONFOUNDERS, THEIR TEMPORAL SEQUENCE AND COMBINED EFFECTS AT THE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL, WHILE CONSIDERING THE POTENTIALLY DELAYED TIME-FRAME FOR THE EXPRESSION OF THEIR EFFECTS. FINALLY, SCREENING STRATEGIES FOR ELS/CT AND TRAUMA NEED TO BE IMPROVED. INFORMATION ABOUT ELS/CT HISTORY AND THE NUMBER OF ADVERSE EXPERIENCES COULD HELP TO BETTER IDENTIFY THE INDIVIDUAL RISK FOR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, PREDICT INDIVIDUAL TREATMENT RESPONSE AND DESIGN PREVENTION STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ELS/CT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5 1567  32 DNA METHYLATION OF THE KLF14 GENE REGION IN WHOLE BLOOD CELLS PROVIDES PREDICTION FOR THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE. KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR 14 (KLF14) GENE, WHICH APPEARS TO BE A MASTER REGULATOR OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH BMI AND TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2D) BY LARGE GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES. IN ORDER TO FIND PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF T2D, IT IS NECESSARY TO TAKE EPIGENOMIC CHANGES AFFECTED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INTO ACCOUNT. THIS STUDY FOCUSES ON AGEING AND OBESITY, WHICH ARE T2D RISK FACTORS, AND EXAMINES EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND INFLAMMATORY CHANGES. WE INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE KLF14 PROMOTER REGION IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF MICE FOR COMPARING AGING AND WEIGHT. WE FOUND THAT METHYLATION LEVELS OF THESE SITES WERE INCREASED WITH AGING AND WEIGHT IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE, THE KIDNEY, THE LUNG, THE COLON AND THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS. IN ADDITION, IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE WHOLE BLOOD, THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATORY LEVELS. MOREOVER, NOT ONLY KLF14, BUT ALSO EXPRESSION LEVELS OF SOME DOWNSTREAM GENES WERE DECREASED WITH METHYLATION IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT METHYLATION CHANGES OF KLF14 IN THOSE TISSUES MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND INFLAMMATION ON THE ADIPOSE TISSUE OF OBESITY AND T2D. IN ADDITION, THE METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS MAY SERVE AS A PREDICTIVE EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF T2D.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6 6127  29 THE EPIGENETIC OVERLAP BETWEEN OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. (1) BACKGROUND: OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS ARE CONSIDERED AS THE MOST PREVALENT MORBIDITIES IN MANY COUNTRIES. WE SUPPOSE THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY INDUCE HIGHER RATES OF OBESITY IN SUBJECTS WHO SUFFER FROM MOOD DISORDERS. IN THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, WE FOCUSED ON THE POTENTIAL ROLES OF DNA METHYLATION ON MOOD DISORDERS AND OBESITY DEVELOPMENT. (2) METHODS: THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRISMA STATEMENT AND REGISTERED IN PROSPERO. A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED IN MEDLINE, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, COCHRANE CENTRAL DATABASE, EMBASE, AND CINHAL. WE ALSO CONDUCTED A GREY LITERATURE SEARCH, SUCH AS GOOGLE SCHOLAR. (3) RESULTS: AFTER DEDUPLICATION, WE IDENTIFIED 198 POTENTIALLY RELATED CITATIONS. FINALLY, TEN UNIQUE STUDIES MET OUR INCLUSION CRITERIA. WE HAVE FOUND THREE OVERLAP GENES THAT SHOW SIGNIFICANT DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, BOTH IN OBESITY AND DEPRESSION. PATHWAY ANALYSIS INTERACTION FOR TAPBP, BDNF, AND SORBS2 CONFIRMED THE RELATION OF THESE GENES IN BOTH OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS. (4) CONCLUSIONS: WHILE MECHANISMS LINKING BOTH OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS TO EPIGENETIC RESPONSE ARE STILL UNKNOWN, WE HAVE ALREADY KNOWN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION INDUCES A NOVEL EPIGENETIC PROGRAM. AS THE RESULTS OF GENE ENRICHMENT, PATHWAYS ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT TAPBP, BDNF, AND SORBS2 LINKED TOGETHER BY INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS. HYPERMETHYLATION IN THESE GENES MIGHT PLAY A CRUCIAL RULE IN THE CO-OCCURRENCE OF OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7 6730  34 WALK MORE, EAT LESS, DON'T STRESS. UNHEALTHY DIET, OBESITY, LACK OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND PSYCHOLOGIC STRESS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND DNA METHYLATION, WHICH ARE THE MAIN MECHANISMS OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS CANCER, HYPERTENSION, DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. IT HAS RECENTLY BEEN FOUND THAT HEALTHY DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAN REDUCE INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND IMPROVE INSULIN SENSITIVITY RESULTING IN BETTER SURVIVORSHIP OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH PROSTATE CANCER. AN "ANTI-INFLAMMATORY" LIFESTYLE, INCLUDING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTHY BODY WEIGHT, HEALTHY DIET, AND STRESS REDUCTION, HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED CANCER RISK AND PROGRESSION. EPIGENETIC CHANGES DUE TO DNA METHYLATION AND ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE CAN BE MODULATED BY HEALTHY BEHAVIORS. NATIONAL CENTER FOR COMPLEMENTARY AND INTEGRATIVE HEALTH (NCCIH) FOCUSES ON HEALTHY LIFESTYLE, AND IT SUPPORTS RESEARCH ON PSYCHOLOGIC AND PHYSICAL APPROACHES INCLUDING DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND PLANT-BASED PRODUCTS, AS WELL AS MIND AND BODY APPROACHES, SUCH AS YOGA, MASSAGE, MEDITATION, MINDFULNESS-BASED STRESS REDUCTION, AND ACUPUNCTURE. SEE RELATED ARTICLE BY LANGLAIS ET AL., P. 1760.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8 4403  40 MODULATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS)-SEARCHING FOR EPIGENETIC FACTORS. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) IS THE MOST COMMON ENDOCRINE DISORDER IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE. DESPITE ITS INCIDENCE, THE SYNDROME IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND REMAINS UNDERDIAGNOSED, AND FEMALE PATIENTS ARE DIAGNOSED WITH A DELAY. THE HETEROGENOUS NATURE OF THIS COMPLEX DISORDER RESULTS FROM THE COMBINED OCCURRENCE OF GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENDOCRINE, AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS. PRIMARY CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PCOS ARE DERIVED FROM THE EXCESS OF ANDROGENS (ANOVULATION, POLYCYSTIC OVARY MORPHOLOGY, LACK OF OR SCANTY, IRREGULAR MENSTRUAL PERIODS, ACNE AND HIRSUTISM), WHEREAS THE SECONDARY MANIFESTATIONS INCLUDE MULTIPLE METABOLIC, CARDIOVASCULAR, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS. DIETARY AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND COURSE OF PCOS, WHICH SUGGESTS STRONG EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES. MANY STUDIES HAVE SHOWN A STRONG ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PCOS AND CHRONIC, LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION BOTH IN THE OVARIAN TISSUE AND THROUGHOUT THE BODY. IN THE VAST MAJORITY OF PCOS PATIENTS, ELEVATED VALUES OF INFLAMMATORY MARKERS OR THEIR GENE MARKERS HAVE BEEN REPORTED. DEVELOPMENT OF THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY STATE IN PCOS IS ADDITIONALLY STIMULATED BY HYPERINSULINEMIA AND OBESITY. CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION AND NONCODING RNA LEVELS ARE PRESENTED IN THIS REVIEW IN THE CONTEXT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, AND INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING IN PCOS. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ANDROGENIC ACTIVITY IN RESPONSE TO INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING IS ALSO DISCUSSED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9 6137  26 THE EPIGENETICS OF PSYCHOSIS: A STRUCTURED REVIEW WITH REPRESENTATIVE LOCI. THE EVIDENCE FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT IN CHRONIC PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS IS STRONG AND RESEARCH ON THE EPIGENETIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THESE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS HAS COMMENCED IN EARNEST. IN REVIEWING THIS RESEARCH, THE FOCUS IS ON THREE GENES AS MODELS FOR DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION, MCHR1, AKT1 AND TDO2, EACH OF WHICH HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED FOR GENETIC ASSOCIATION WITH PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS, AND WHICH INTERACT WITH THESE MODEL GENES, ARE EXPLORED IN DEPTH. THE LOCATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MOTIFS RELATIVE TO KEY METHYLATION SITES IS EVALUATED FOR PREDICTED GENE EXPRESSION RESULTS, AND FOR OTHER SITES, EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED FOR METHYLATION DIRECTING ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FROM KEY STUDIES SHOW DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION: FOR MCHR1, IN PSYCHOSIS CASES VERSUS CONTROLS; FOR AKT1, AS A PRE-EXISTING METHYLATION PATTERN INFLUENCING BRAIN ACTIVATION FOLLOWING ACUTE ADMINISTRATION OF A PSYCHOSIS-ELICITING ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULUS; AND FOR TDO2, IN A PATTERN ASSOCIATED WITH A DEVELOPMENTAL FACTOR OF RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS, IN ALL CASES THE PREDICTED EXPRESSION IMPACT BEING HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON LOCATION. METHYLATION INDUCED BY SMOKING, A CONFOUNDING VARIABLE, EXHIBITS AN INTRIGUING PATTERN FOR ALL THREE GENES. FINALLY, HOW DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION MESHES WITH DARWINIAN PRINCIPLES IS EXAMINED, IN PARTICULAR AS IT RELATES TO THE "FLEXIBLE STEM" THEORY OF EVOLUTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10 2507  33 EPIGENETICS AND OBESITY: THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAILS. OBESITY IS A COMPLEX DISEASE WITH MULTIPLE WELL-DEFINED RISK FACTORS. NEVERTHELESS, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OBESITY AND ITS SEQUELAE WITHIN OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENTS VARIES GREATLY FROM ONE PERSON TO THE NEXT, SUGGESTING A ROLE FOR GENE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF THE DISORDER. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE HUMAN GENOME PROVIDES A PUTATIVE MECHANISM BY WHICH SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES CONVEY RISK FOR OBESITY AND OTHER HUMAN DISEASES AND IS ONE POSSIBLE MECHANISM THAT UNDERLIES THE GENE X ENVIRONMENT/TREATMENT INTERACTIONS OBSERVED IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES AND CLINICAL TRIALS. A STUDY PUBLISHED IN BMC MEDICINE THIS MONTH BY WANG ET AL. REPORTS ON AN EXAMINATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES OF LEAN AND OBESE ADOLESCENTS, COMPARING METHYLATION PATTERNS BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS. THE AUTHORS IDENTIFIED TWO GENES THAT WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED, BOTH OF WHICH HAVE ROLES IN IMMUNE FUNCTION. HERE WE OVERVIEW THE FINDINGS FROM THIS STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF THOSE EMERGING FROM OTHER RECENT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES, DISCUSS THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE STUDY AND SPECULATE ON THE FUTURE OF EPIGENETICS IN CHRONIC DISEASE RESEARCH.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11   14  30 3RD COLLEGE OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH LECTURE--THE PAST, THE PRESENT AND THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME.. THE GROWTH TRENDS OF SINGAPORE CHILDREN SPANNING 5 DECADES ARE REVIEWED, BASED ON 8 ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDIES FROM 1957 TILL 2002. THE HEIGHTS OF PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN AND SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN APPEAR TO HAVE OPTIMISED ACCORDING TO THEIR GENETIC POTENTIAL, BUT THE WEIGHTS AND BODY MASS INDICES OF CHILDREN STILL APPEAR TO BE INCREASING FROM 6 TO 18 YEARS FOR BOTH SEXES, PROBABLY AS A CONSEQUENCE OF INCREASING AFFLUENCE. THIS TREND IS REFLECTED IN THE INCREASING OBESITY PREVALENCE IN SCHOOL CHILDREN OVER THE PAST 30 YEARS, AND THE CONCOMITANT INCREASED MORBIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, NECESSITATES FURTHER RESEARCH INTO THE CAUSES OF OBESITY. BARKER'S HYPOTHESIS FIRST SUGGESTED THAT CHANGES IN THE INTRA-UTERINE ENVIRONMENT CAN CAUSE FETAL ADAPTATIONS WHICH PERSIST INTO ADULTHOOD, AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MANY CHRONIC DISEASES OF ADULT LIFE. MORE RECENTLY, INTENSE RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF EPIGENETICS SUGGESTS THAT THE ENVIRONMENT CAN ALSO INFLUENCE THE PHENOTYPE THROUGH GENE EXPRESSION, THROUGH MODIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONES WHICH, IN TURN, INFLUENCES GENE EXPRESSION. THE CHALLENGE FOR THE FUTURE IS TO DETERMINE IF THERE ARE CLEAR EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INCREASED PREVALENCE OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT OBESITY, AND WHETHER THESE CHANGES ARE TRANSMITTED THROUGH GENERATIONS. UNRAVELLING THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE THE KEY TO THE PREVENTION OF OBESITY AND THE METABOLIC SYNDROME.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12 5810  23 STRESS & SLEEP: A RELATIONSHIP LASTING A LIFETIME. STRESS IS AN ADAPTATIVE RESPONSE AIMED AT RESTORING BODY HOMEOSTASIS. THE CLASSICAL NEUROENDOCRINE STRESS RESPONSE INVOLVING THE ACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS MODULATES MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS, SUCH AS THE WAKE-SLEEP CYCLE. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, WE WILL FIRST REPORT A SERIES OF HUMAN AND RODENT STUDIES SHOWING THAT EACH ACTOR OF THE HPA AXIS HAS THE POTENTIAL TO INTERFERE WITH SLEEP HOMEOSTASIS AND, THEN, WE WILL HIGHLIGHT HOW ACUTE OR CHRONIC STRESS DIFFERENTLY MODULATES THE WAKE-SLEEP CYCLE. MOREOVER, WE WILL PRESENT NEW AND INTERESTING STUDIES DEALING WITH THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP AND STRESS ON A DIFFERENT (LONGER) TIME SCALE. PARTICULARLY, WE WILL DISCUSS HOW THE EXPOSURE TO PERINATAL STRESS, PROBABLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS, IS SUFFICIENT TO CAUSE PERSISTENT SLEEP DERANGEMENTS DURING ADULT LIFE. IN LIGHT OF THIS EVIDENCE, THE MAIN MESSAGE OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS THAT THE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP AND STRESS CHANGES DRAMATICALLY ON THE BASIS OF THE TIME SCALE CONSIDERED AND, CONSEQUENTLY, "TIME" SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A CRITICAL FACTOR WHEN FACING THIS TOPIC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13 2913  22 GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS UNDERLYING SEX DIFFERENCES IN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE. THE SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE MAMMALIAN NERVOUS SYSTEM REQUIRES THE PRECISE COORDINATION OF THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN DIVERSE CELL TYPES. SEX HORMONES ACT AT MULTIPLE DEVELOPMENTAL TIME POINTS TO SPECIFY SEX-TYPICAL DIFFERENTIATION DURING EMBRYONIC AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND TO COORDINATE SUBSEQUENT RESPONSES TO GONADAL HORMONES LATER IN LIFE BY ESTABLISHING SEX-TYPICAL PATTERNS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ACROSS THE GENOME. THUS, MUTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROPSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS MAY RESULT IN SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC SYMPTOMS BY ACTING ON DIFFERENT NEURAL SUBSTRATES OR CHROMATIN LANDSCAPES IN MALES AND FEMALES. FINALLY, AS STRESS HORMONE SIGNALING MAY DIRECTLY ALTER THE MOLECULAR MACHINERY THAT INTERACTS WITH SEX HORMONE RECEPTORS TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION, THE CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC STRESS TO THE PATHOGENESIS OR PRESENTATION OF MENTAL ILLNESS MAY BE ADDITIONALLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE SEXES. HERE, WE REVIEW THE MECHANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE MAMMALIAN NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CONSIDER SOME OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THESE PROCESSES FOR SEX DIFFERENCES IN NEUROPSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14 2901  28 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN GERM-CELL MUTAGENESIS AND GENETIC RISK. CURRENT INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR CHEMICAL MUTAGENS ARE HAZARD-BASED RATHER THAN AIMED AT ASSESSING RISKS QUANTITATIVELY. IN THE PAST, GERM-CELL TESTS HAVE BEEN MAINLY PERFORMED WITH A LIMITED NUMBER OF SOMATIC CELL MUTAGENS, AND RARELY UNDER CONDITIONS AIMED AT COMPARING GENDER-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MUTAGEN EXPOSURES. THERE ARE PROFOUND DIFFERENCES IN THE GENETIC CONSTITUTION, AND IN HORMONAL, STRUCTURAL, AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF DIFFERENTIATION AND CONTROL OF GAMETOGENESIS BETWEEN THE SEXES. A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE SUGGESTS THAT THESE DIFFERENCES MAY HAVE A PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY, STAGE OF HIGHEST SENSITIVITY AND THE RELATIVE RISK FOR THE GENESIS OF GENE MUTATION, AS WELL AS STRUCTURAL AND NUMERICAL CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS IN MALE AND FEMALE GERM CELLS. TRANSMISSION OF GERM-CELL MUTATIONS TO THE OFFSPRING MAY ALSO ENCOUNTER GENDER-SPECIFIC INFLUENCES. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHEMICALLY DERIVED ALTERATIONS IN IMPRINTING PATTERNS MAY POSE A THREAT FOR THE HEALTH OF THE OFFSPRING AND MAY ALSO BE TRANSMITTED TO FUTURE GENERATIONS. RECENT REPORTS ON DIFFERENT GENETIC EFFECTS FROM HIGH ACUTE AND FROM CHRONIC LOW-DOSE EXPOSURES CHALLENGE THE VALIDITY OF CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM STANDARD METHODS OF MUTAGENICITY TESTING. IN CONCLUSION, RESEARCH IS URGENTLY NEEDED TO IDENTIFY GENETIC HAZARDS FOR A LARGER RANGE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, INCLUDING THOSE SUSPECTED TO DISTURB PROPER CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION. ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING AND THEIR HEALTH CONSEQUENCES WILL HAVE TO BE INVESTIGATED. MORE ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO GENDER-SPECIFIC GENETIC EFFECTS. FINALLY, THE DATABASE FOR GERM-CELL MUTAGENS SHOULD BE ENLARGED USING MOLECULAR METHODOLOGIES, AND GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES SHOULD BE PERFORMED WITH THESE TECHNIQUES TO VERIFY HUMAN GENETIC RISK.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15 4187  43 METABOLIC AND VASCULAR EFFECT OF THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET. SEVERAL STUDIES INDICATED HOW DIETARY PATTERNS THAT WERE OBTAINED FROM NUTRITIONAL CLUSTER ANALYSIS CAN PREDICT DISEASE RISK OR MORTALITY. LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION REPRESENTS A BACKGROUND PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM LINKING METABOLIC RISK FACTORS TO INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASES. A MEDITERRANEAN DIET (MEDI) STYLE HAS BEEN REPORTED AS ASSOCIATED WITH A LOWER DEGREE OF INFLAMMATION BIOMARKERS AND WITH A PROTECTIVE ROLE ON CARDIOVASCULAR AND CEREBROVASCULAR EVENTS. THERE IS HETEROGENEITY IN DEFINING THE MEDDIET, AND IT CAN, OWING TO ITS COMPLEXITY, BE CONSIDERED AS AN EXPOSOME WITH THOUSANDS OF NUTRIENTS AND PHYTOCHEMICALS. RECENTLY, IT HAS BEEN REPORTED A NOVEL POSITIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BASELINE PLASMA CERAMIDE CONCENTRATIONS AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS AND HOW ADHERENCE TO A MEDITERRANEAN DIET-STYLE MAY INFLUENCE THE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELEVATED PLASMA CERAMIDE CONCENTRATIONS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD). SEVERAL RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS (RCTS) SHOWED THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE MEDI DIET STYLE ON SEVERAL CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS BODY MASS INDEX, WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE, BLOOD LIPIDS, BLOOD PRESSURE, INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND ADHESION MOLECULES, AND DIABETES AND HOW THESE ADVANTAGES OF THE MEDI ARE MAINTAINED IN COMPARISON OF A LOW-FAT DIET. SOME STUDIES REPORTED A POSITIVE EFFECT OF ADHERENCE TO A MEDITERRANEAN DIET AND HEART FAILURE INCIDENCE, WHEREAS SOME RECENT STUDIES, SUCH AS THE PREDIMED STUDY, SHOWED THAT THE INCIDENCE OF MAJOR CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS WAS LOWER AMONG THOSE ASSIGNED TO MEDI SUPPLEMENTED WITH EXTRA-VIRGIN OLIVE OIL OR NUTS THAN AMONG THOSE ASSIGNED TO A REDUCED-FAT DIET. NEW STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, WHEREBY THE MEDDIET MAY EXERCISE ITS EFFECTS. HERE, WE PRESENT RECENT ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF MEDDIET EFFECTS, MAINLY FOCUSING ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, BUT ALSO DISCUSSING OTHER RELATED DISEASES. WE REVIEW MEDDIET COMPOSITION AND ASSESSMENT AS WELL AS THE LATEST ADVANCES IN THE GENOMIC, EPIGENOMIC (DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, MICRORNAS, AND OTHER EMERGING REGULATORS), TRANSCRIPTOMIC (SELECTED GENES AND WHOLE TRANSCRIPTOME), AND METABOLOMIC AND METAGENOMIC ASPECTS OF THE MEDDIET EFFECTS (AS A WHOLE AND FOR ITS MOST TYPICAL FOOD COMPONENTS). WE ALSO PRESENT A REVIEW OF THE CLINICAL EFFECTS OF THIS DIETARY STYLE UNDERLYING THE BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR EFFECTS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET. OUR PURPOSE IS TO REVIEW THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET IN PARTICULAR ITS BENEFITS ON HUMAN HEALTH, UNDERLING THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTI-OXIDANT AND ANTI-ATHEROSCLEROTIC EFFECTS TO WHICH NEW KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EPIGENETIC AND GUT-MICROBIOTA RELATIONSHIP IS RECENTLY ADDED.	2019	

16  848  36 CHILDHOOD TRAUMA, THE STRESS RESPONSE AND METABOLIC SYNDROME: A FOCUS ON DNA METHYLATION. CHILDHOOD TRAUMA (CT) IS WELL ESTABLISHED AS A POTENT RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS. HOWEVER, THE POTENTIAL OF ADVERSE EARLY EXPERIENCES TO EXERT CHRONIC AND PROFOUND EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL HEALTH, INCLUDING ABERRANT METABOLIC PHENOTYPES, HAS ONLY BEEN MORE RECENTLY EXPLORED. AMONG THESE CONSEQUENCES IS METABOLIC SYNDROME (METS), WHICH IS CHARACTERISED BY AT LEAST THREE OF FIVE RELATED CARDIOMETABOLIC TRAITS: HYPERTENSION, INSULIN RESISTANCE/HYPERGLYCAEMIA, RAISED TRIGLYCERIDES, LOW HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN AND CENTRAL OBESITY. THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF CT ON HEALTH OUTCOMES MAY BE PARTIALLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS, WHICH COORDINATES THE RESPONSE TO STRESS, AND THE CONSEQUENT FOSTERING OF A PRO-INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENT. EPIGENETIC TAGS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, WHICH ARE SENSITIVE TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES PROVIDE A MEANS WHEREBY THE EFFECTS OF CT CAN BE BIOLOGICALLY EMBEDDED AND PERSIST INTO ADULTHOOD TO AFFECT HEALTH AND WELL-BEING. THE METHYLOME REGULATES THE TRANSCRIPTION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE STRESS RESPONSE, METABOLISM AND INFLAMMATION. THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW EXAMINES THE EVIDENCE FOR DNA METHYLATION IN CT AND METS IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY SHARED NEUROENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE CORRELATES THAT MAY MEDIATE THE INCREASED RISK OF METS FOLLOWING CT EXPOSURE. OUR REVIEW SPECIFICALLY HIGHLIGHTS DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF FKBP5, THE GENE THAT ENCODES FK506-BINDING PROTEIN 51 AND HAS PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTS ON STRESS RESPONDING, INFLAMMATION AND ENERGY METABOLISM, AS A CENTRAL CANDIDATE TO UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR AETIOLOGY UNDERLYING CT-ASSOCIATED METS RISK.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17  887  25 CHRONIC CORTISOL EXPOSURE IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT LEADS TO NEUROENDOCRINE DYSREGULATION IN ADULTHOOD. OBJECTIVE: CHRONIC EARLY LIFE STRESS CAN AFFECT DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEUROENDOCRINE STRESS SYSTEM, LEADING TO ITS PERSISTENT DYSREGULATION AND CONSEQUENTLY INCREASED DISEASE RISK IN ADULTHOOD. ONE CONTRIBUTING FACTOR IS THOUGHT TO BE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC CORTISOL EXPOSURE DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT ZEBRAFISH EMBRYOS TREATED CHRONICALLY WITH CORTISOL DEVELOP INTO ADULTS WITH CONSTITUTIVELY ELEVATED WHOLE-BODY CORTISOL AND ABERRANT IMMUNE GENE EXPRESSION. HERE WE FURTHER CHARACTERIZE THAT PHENOTYPE BY ASSESSING PERSISTENT EFFECTS OF THE TREATMENT ON CORTISOL TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND DYNAMICS, CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY, AND ACTIVITIES OF GLUCOCORTICOID-RESPONSIVE REGULATORY GENES KLF9 AND FKBP5. TO THAT END CORTISOL LEVELS IN DIFFERENT TISSUES OF FED AND FASTED ADULTS WERE MEASURED USING ELISA, OPEN CHROMATIN IN ADULT BLOOD CELLS WAS MAPPED USING ATAC-SEQ, AND GENE ACTIVITY IN ADULT BLOOD AND BRAIN CELLS WAS MEASURED USING QRT-PCR. RESULTS: ADULTS DERIVED FROM CORTISOL-TREATED EMBRYOS HAVE ELEVATED WHOLE-BODY CORTISOL WITH ABERRANTLY REGULATED TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND DYNAMICS THAT CORRELATE WITH DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVITY OF KLF9 AND FKBP5 IN BLOOD AND BRAIN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18 2999  28 GENETIC VARIATION, STRESS, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE IN ADULTS WITH FOOD ALLERGY OR CELIAC DISEASE. BACKGROUND: PERSISTENTLY HIGH CHRONIC STRESS CAN LEAD TO MALADAPTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSES AND POOR MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH, HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUALS AT INCREASED RISK. CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITION DIAGNOSIS AND GENETICS ARE 2 CHARACTERISTICS THAT CAN INFLUENCE STRESS, STRESS RESPONSE, AND HEALTH OUTCOMES. PURPOSE: FOOD ALLERGY (FA) AND CELIAC DISEASE (CD) REQUIRE CONSTANT VIGILANCE IN DAILY LIFE AND CAN LEAD TO INCREASED STRESS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS WAS TO EXAMINE THE ASSOCIATION OF VARIANTS IN SELECTED STRESS-RELATED GENES WITH STRESS EXPOSURES, STRESS, CLINICAL MEASURES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE, AND MENTAL HEALTH SYMPTOMS IN ADULTS WITH AND WITHOUT FA OR CD. METHODS: WE COMPARED STRESS EXPOSURES, SYMPTOMS OF PTSD, DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS, BMI, AND WAIST-HIP RATIO BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS. WE ANALYZED THE ASSOCIATION OF SNPS IN GENES WITH KNOWN OR HYPOTHESIZED ASSOCIATIONS WITH STRESS-RELATED MEASURES IN 124 CASES AND 124 MATCHED CONTROLS: CRHBP (RS7718461, RS10474485), CRHR1 (RS242940) AND OXTR (RS2268490). FOR THIS EXPLORATORY STUDY, P-VALUES </= 0.10 WERE CONSIDERED SUGGESTIVE. RESULTS: FOR CASES AND CONTROLS, RS7718461 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS SYMPTOMS, RS2268490 WITH SYMPTOMS OF STRESS AND PTSD, AND RS242940 WITH SYMPTOMS OF STRESS, PTSD, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION. FURTHER ANALYSES FOUND THAT STRESS-RELATED OUTCOMES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH FA OR CD MAY BE INFLUENCED BY SNP GENOTYPE. CONCLUSIONS: GIVEN THESE SUGGESTIVE FINDINGS, LARGER PROSPECTIVE STUDIES SHOULD EXAMINE SIMILAR RELATIONSHIPS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH OTHER CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS, INCORPORATING FACTORS SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19 6159  34 THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. FATIGUE IS A COMMON SYMPTOM AND INCLUDES BOTH PHYSICAL AND MENTAL COMPONENTS. IT CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT SYNDROMES AND DISEASES, BUT IN MANY CASES IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER COMORBID CONDITIONS. MOST HUMANS HAVE EXPERIENCED ACUTE FATIGUE IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT STRESSORS. ACUTE FATIGUE TYPICALLY DECREASES AS THE EFFECT OF THE TRIGGERING FACTOR IS REDUCED AND A NORMAL HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE IS RESTORED. FATIGUE THAT PERSISTS FOR 6 MONTHS OR MORE IS TERMED CHRONIC FATIGUE. CHRONIC FATIGUE (CF) IN COMBINATION WITH A MINIMUM OF 4 OF 8 SYMPTOMS AND THE ABSENCE OF DISEASES THAT COULD EXPLAIN THESE SYMPTOMS, CONSTITUTE THE CASE DEFINITION FOR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. IN SPITE OF ITS PREVALENCE, THE BIOLOGY OF FATIGUE IS RELATIVELY POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAVE NOT YET BEEN IDENTIFIED. THIS LITERATURE SEARCH WAS PERFORMED IN PUBMED TO IDENTIFY RESEARCH ON THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. PUBLICATIONS WERE INCLUDED IF FATIGUE WAS A MAJOR TOPIC AND THE TOPIC WAS COMBINED WITH GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC MEASUREMENTS IN ADULT HUMANS. A TOTAL OF 40 PUBLICATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED. ALTHOUGH ALTERED FUNCTIONING IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, THE SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM, AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH INFECTIOUS AGENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, THE SEARCH FOR GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF FATIGUE, EITHER IN THE CONTEXT OF CF OR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS) HAS BEEN RELATIVELY UNPRODUCTIVE OR, IN THE CASE OF EPIGENETICS, NONEXISTENT. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL STUDIES, BOTH HYPOTHESIS-TESTING AND HYPOTHESIS-GENERATING, HAVE BEEN PERFORMED TO SEARCH FOR BIOMARKERS, THEY HAVE MOSTLY BEEN UNDERPOWERED, RESTRICTED BY THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE PHENOTYPE, OR LIMITED BY AN UNSYSTEMATIC STUDY DESIGN. TO BE ABLE TO CONFIRM THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RISK FOR, OR LEVELS OF, FATIGUE ARE INFLUENCED BY THE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND OF AN INDIVIDUAL, STUDIES NEED TO BE BASED ON LARGER SAMPLE SIZES WITH A MORE CLEARLY DEFINED PHENOTYPE. STUDIES NEED TO FOCUS NOT ONLY ON THE INFLUENCE OF A SINGLE ASPECT SUCH AS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) OR DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION ON DISEASE RISK OR STATE, BUT ALSO ON THE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY BEHIND THE DISEASE IN COMBINATION WITH INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND VALIDATION OF FINDINGS IN FUNCTIONAL STUDIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20 5649  26 SEX DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOSTIMULANT ABUSE: IMPLICATIONS FOR ESTROGEN RECEPTORS AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES. SUBSTANCE ABUSE IS A CHRONIC PATHOLOGICAL DISORDER THAT NEGATIVELY AFFECTS MANY HEALTH AND NEUROLOGICAL PROCESSES. A GROWING BODY OF LITERATURE HAS REVEALED GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SUBSTANCE USE. COMPARED TO MEN, WOMEN DISPLAY DISTINCT DRUG-USE PHENOTYPES ACCOMPANIED BY RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION DISPARITIES. THESE OBSERVATIONS HAVE LED TO THE NOTION THAT SEX-DEPENDENT SUSCEPTIBILITIES EXIST ALONG THE PROGRESSION TO ADDICTION. WITHIN THIS SCOPE, NEUROADAPTATIONS FOLLOWING PSYCHOSTIMULANT EXPOSURE ARE THOUGHT TO BE DISTINCT FOR EACH SEX. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES CLINICAL FINDINGS AND ANIMAL RESEARCH REPORTING SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE SUBJECTIVE AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO COCAINE, METHAMPHETAMINE, AND NICOTINE. THIS DISCUSSION IS FOLLOWED BY AN EXAMINATION OF EPIGENETIC AND MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS IMPLICATED IN THE ADDICTION PROCESS. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION IS GIVEN TO HISTONE DEACETYLASES AND ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-MEDIATED GENE EXPRESSION.	2022