1 1829 186 EFFECTS OF INHIBITING ASTROCYTES AND BET/BRD4 CHROMATIN READER ON SPATIAL MEMORY AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS IN RATS WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ASTROCYTES AND NEURONS HAS A PROFOUND EFFECT ON THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD). ASTROCYTES REGULATE HOMEOSTASIS AND INCREASE SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SITUATIONS, HOWEVER, THEY BECOME ACTIVATED DURING THE PROGRESSION OF AD. WHETHER OR NOT THESE REACTIONS ARE SUPPORTIVE OR DETRIMENTAL FOR THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM HAVE NOT BEEN UNDERSTOOD YET. CONSIDERING EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NEUROINFLAMMATORY GENES BY CHROMATIN READERS, PARTICULARLY BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) FAMILY, HERE WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC CO-INHIBITION OF ASTROCYTES METABOLISM (WITH FLUOROCITRATE) AND ALSO BRD4 (WITH JQ1) ON COGNITION DEFICIT AT EARLY STAGES OF AD. FORTY ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC CANNULATION FOR INDUCING AD BY INTRAHIPPOCAMPAL INJECTION OF ABETA(1-42) (4 MUG/8 MUL/RAT). THEN ANIMALS WERE DIVIDED INTO FIVE GROUPS OF SALINE+DMSO, ABETA + SALINE+DMSO, ABETA + JQ1, ABETA + FC (FLUOROCITRATE), AND ABETA + JQ1 + FC AND RECEIVED THE RELATED TREATMENTS. TWO WEEKS LATER, SPATIAL MEMORY WAS RECORDED BY MORRIS WATER MAZE (MWM), AND THE LEVELS OF PHOSPHORYLATED CYCLIC-AMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (CREB), POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY 95 (PSD95), SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYP), AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) WERE MEASURED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS BY WESTERN BLOTTING AND RT-QPCR. ADMINISTRATION OF JQ1 SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED BOTH ACQUISITION AND RETRIEVAL OF SPATIAL MEMORY, WHICH WERE EVIDENT BY DECREASED ESCAPE LATENCY AND INCREASED TOTAL TIME SPENT (TTS) IN TARGET QUADRANT, AND SIGNIFICANT RISE IN P-CREB, PSD95, AND SYNAPTOPHYSIN COMPARED WITH ABETA + SALINE+DMSO GROUP. IN CONTRAST, BOTH GROUPS RECEIVING FC DEMONSTRATED MEMORY DECLINE, AND REDUCTION IN P-CREB, PSD95 AND SYNAPTOPHYSIN IN PARALLEL WITH INCREASE IN TNF-ALPHA. OUR DATA INDICATE THAT CHRONIC INHIBITION OF BRD4 SIGNIFICANTLY RESTORES MEMORY IMPAIRED BY AMYLOID BETA PARTLY VIA CREB SIGNALING AND UPREGULATING SYNAPTIC PROTEINS OF PSD95 AND SYNAPTOPHYSIN. HOWEVER, INHIBITION OF ASTROCYTES NULLIFIES THE MEMORY-BOOSTING EFFECTS OF JQ1 AND REDUCES CREB/PSD95/SYNAPTOPHYSIN LEVELS IN HIPPOCAMPUS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2 1907  50 ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT PRIORS TO TET1 HIPPOCAMPAL ADMINISTRATION FOR REGULATING PSYCHIATRIC BEHAVIORS VIA GLIAL REACTIVITY IN CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOPERFUSION MODELS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOPERFUSION (CCH) HAS BEEN GRADUALLY REGARDED AS A COMMON ETIOLOGIC MECHANISM FOR COGNITIVE AND PSYCHIATRIC DISTURBANCES. TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1) PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS (AHN), NEURONAL CIRCUITS FORMATION, COGNITION AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT (EE) SHOWED A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON COGNITION AND DEPRESSION VIA EFFECTIVELY REGULATING AHN AND GLIAL REACTIVITY. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ASSESS WHICH STRATEGY WAS FEASIBLE TO IMPROVE COGNITION AND PSYCHIATRIC DISTURBANCES BY COMPARING THE TET1 HIPPOCAMPAL MICROINJECTION AND EE IN CCH MODELS AND TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS. METHOD: CCH RATS WERE ESTABLISHED VIA PERMANENT BILATERAL COMMON CAROTID ARTERY OCCLUSION (2-VO). RATS WERE STEREOTAXICALLY INJECTED WITH THE HUMAN CATALYTIC DOMAIN OF TET1 (HTET1) TO OVEREXPRESS THE HTET1 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS 10 DAYS BEFORE 2-VO. 3 DAYS AFTER 2-VO, RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO STANDARD ENVIRONMENT OR EE WITH FREE ACCESS TO FOOD AND WATER. BEHAVIORAL TESTS WERE USED TO APPRAISE DEPRESSION AND COGNITION BEFORE SACRIFICE. EPIGENETIC MOLECULES, ADULT NEUROGENESIS, SYNAPTIC PROTEINS EXPRESSION, AND GLIAL ACTIVATION WERE ANALYZED USING IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING, QRT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. RESULTS: IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FOUND BOTH EE AND GENETICAL TREATMENT WITH OVEREXPRESSING HTET1 WERE SUFFICIENT FOR STIMULATING AHN. HOWEVER, PROMOTING ANH COULD NOT DEAL WITH THE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION AND DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN CCH RATS. NOTABLY, A HEALTHY LOCAL BRAIN ENVIRONMENT WITH ELEVATED BDNF AND ASTROCYTES WAS CONDUCIVE TO IMPROVING COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION. MEANWHILE, ASTROCYTES WERE INVOLVED IN THE COGNITIVE REGULATING PROCESS OF NEURONS, PRESYNAPTIC FUNCTION AND MICROGLIA. IN GENERAL, WE HELD THAT DEPRESSIVE DISTURBANCES WERE DETERMINED BY BDNF LEVELS, NEURONAL AND PRESYNAPTIC FUNCTION, AS WELL AS GLIAL ACTIVATION CONTAINING ASTROCYTES AND MICROGLIA. TO FURTHER SUPPORT THIS POINT, WE INVESTIGATED SEVERE DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS THAT WERE STRONGLY CORRELATED WITH THE ACTIVATION OF ASTROGLIA AND MICROGLIA. IMPORTANTLY, CAUSAL MEDIATION ANALYSIS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT MEDIATION BY THE PRESENCE OF REACTIVE GLIAL CELLS IN THE RELATION BETWEEN NEURAL PLASTICITY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS. FINALLY, WE SHOWED EE PERFORMED BETTER THAN HTET1 TREATMENT FOR COGNITIVE DEFICITS AND DEPRESSION. EE WITH LESS GLIAL REACTIVITY WAS MUCH MORE RESISTANT TO DEPRESSION, WHILE HTET1 WITH MORE GLIAL ACTIVATION WAS MORE VULNERABLE TO DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. CONCLUSIONS: EE WAS LIKELY TO BE SUPERIOR TO TET1 HIPPOCAMPAL ADMINISTRATION FOR COGNITION AND PSYCHIATRIC BEHAVIORS IN CCH RATS. FURTHERMORE, A HEALTHY LOCAL BRAIN ENVIRONMENT WITH ELEVATED BDNF AND ASTROCYTES WAS CONDUCIVE TO IMPROVING COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION. MORE GLIAL ACTIVATION, AND MORE VULNERABLE TO DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. THESE RESULTS WERE IMPORTANT FOR OUR UNDERSTANDING OF DISEASE MECHANISMS AND PROVIDED VALUABLE TOOLS FOR THE OVERALL MANAGEMENT OF CCH PATIENTS.	2022	

3 2705  41 EXERCISE AND LOW-LEVEL GABA(A) RECEPTOR INHIBITION MODULATE LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY AND THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF ACCOMPANIED BY CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. AEROBIC EXERCISE IS KNOWN TO INCREASE EXPRESSION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND TO IMPROVE COGNITIVE FUNCTION. THE INHIBITION OF GABAERGIC SYNAPSES ENHANCES HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY AS WELL AS LEARNING AND MEMORY. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF LOW-LEVEL GABA(A) RECEPTOR INHIBITION AND EXERCISE ON BEHAVIOR TESTS (COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY), EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS INCLUDING THE ACTIVITY LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. ICR MICE WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS: THOSE WHO DID NOT PARTICIPATE IN EXERCISE AND THOSE WHO PARTICIPATED IN EXERCISE. EACH GROUP WAS SUBDIVIDED INTO TWO OTHER GROUPS: THE ONE WHO RECEIVED VEHICLE AND THE ONE WHO RECEIVED GABA(A) RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, BICUCULLIN. WE ADMINISTERED SALINE OR BICUCULLINE INTRAPERITONEALLY TO THE MICE AT A NON-EPILEPTIC DOSE OF 0.25 MG/KG, WHEREAS THE MICE WERE EXERCISED ON A TREADMILL FOR APPROXIMATELY 1 H A DAY, 5 DAYS A WEEK FOR 4 WEEKS. NOVEL-OBJECT RECOGNITION TEST AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY WERE ASSESSED AT A REST DAY APPROXIMATELY 4 DAYS BEFORE THE EUTHANASIA. THE MICE WERE EUTHANIZED 4 H AFTER THE LAST EXERCISE SESSION. AEROBIC EXERCISE FOR 4 WEEKS INCREASED MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF BDNF IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, ACCOMPANIED BY ENHANCED HAT ACTIVITY. ALTERNATIVELY, BICUCULLINE ADMINISTRATION INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. FURTHERMORE, EXERCISE IN THE PRESENCE OF BICUCULLINE ADMINISTRATION INCREASED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY, INDICATING THAT EXERCISE COMBINED WITH LOW-LEVEL GABA(A) RECEPTOR INHIBITION POTENTIATED THE ACTIVITY OF THE MICE. ALTOGETHER, THE PRESENT STUDY SUGGESTED THAT EXERCISE BENEFICIALLY CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPROTECTION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS ACCOMPANIED BY THE UP-REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION, WHEREAS THE CHRONIC INHIBITION OF GABA(A) RECEPTOR POTENTIATES EXERCISE-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ACTIVITY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4 1004  40 CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES ALTERS HIPPOCAMPAL BDNF AND HISTONE H3 POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS BUT NOT LEARNING AND MEMORY IN FEMALE RATS. HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES PREVENT OVULATION WITH SUBSEQUENT REDUCTION IN ENDOGENOUS LEVELS OF ESTRADIOL, PROGESTERONE AND ITS NEUROACTIVE METABOLITE ALLOPREGNANOLONE. THESE NEUROSTEROIDS MODULATE SEVERAL BRAIN FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING NEURONAL PLASTICITY, COGNITION AND MEMORY. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES MIGHT AFFECT SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY, LEARNING AND MEMORY, AS A CONSEQUENCE OF SUPPRESSED ENDOGENOUS HORMONES LEVELS. FEMALE RATS WERE ORALLY TREATED WITH A COMBINATION OF ETHINYL ESTRADIOL (EE, 0.020 MG) AND LEVONORGESTREL (LNG, 0.060 MG) ONCE DAILY FOR FOUR WEEKS. DECREASED HIPPOCAMPAL BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) LEVELS AND ALTERED HISTONE H3 POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS (PTMS) WERE OBSERVED 14 DAYS AFTER DISCONTINUATION FROM CHRONIC EE-LNG TREATMENT. THESE EFFECTS WERE NOT ACCOMPANIED BY ALTERATIONS IN LONG-TERM PLASTICITY AT GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSES, RECOGNITION MEMORY IN THE NOVEL OBJECT AND NOVEL PLACE LOCATION TESTS, OR SPATIAL LEARNING, MEMORY, AND BEHAVIORAL FLEXIBILITY IN THE MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST. THUS, DECREASED BDNF CONTENT DOES NOT AFFECT SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE; RATHER IT MIGHT BE RELEVANT FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF CERTAIN PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS, REPORTED BY SOME WOMEN USING HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF HIPPOCAMPAL EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED BY HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES AND COMPLEMENT PREVIOUS STUDIES ON THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES; THE FINDING THAT EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EE-LNG TREATMENT ON BDNF CONTENT AND HISTONE PTMS ARE OBSERVED 14 DAYS AFTER DRUG DISCONTINUATION WARRANTS FURTHER INVESTIGATION TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE IMPLICATIONS OF SUCH LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES FOR WOMEN'S HEALTH.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5 5874  40 SWIMMING EXERCISE REVERSES CUMS-INDUCED CHANGES IN DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY-RELATED PROTEINS. BACKGROUND: STRESS-INDUCED FAILED RESILIENCE OF BRAIN PLASTICITY CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE ONSET AND RECURRENCE OF DEPRESSION. CHRONIC STRESS HAS BEEN REPORTED TO OPEN WINDOWS OF EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY IN HIPPOCAMPUS. HOWEVER, HOW HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY UNDERLIES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND HOW IT ADAPTS IN RESPONSE TO STRESS HAS NOT BEEN ADDRESSED. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE SIGNALING MECHANISMS OF CUMS AFFECTING HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY-RELATED PROTEINS EXPRESSION AND THE REGULATION OF SWIMMING EXERCISE IN MICE. METHODS: MALE C57BL/6 MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) FOR 7 WEEKS. FROM THE 4TH WEEK, CUMS MICE WERE TRAINED IN A MODERATE SWIMMING PROGRAM FOR A TOTAL OF 4 WEEKS. A VIDEOCOMPUTERIZED TRACKING SYSTEM WAS USED TO RECORD BEHAVIORS OF ANIMALS FOR A 5-MIN SESSION. REAL-TIME PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING WERE USED TO EXAMINE GENE EXPRESSION IN MOUSE HIPPOCAMPUS. RESULTS: OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, WHICH WERE REVERSED BY SWIMMING EXERCISE. MOREOVER, THE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES INDUCED BY CUMS AND EXERCISE WERE CORRELATED WITH HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY-RELATED PROTEINS EXPRESSION OF GROWTH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-43 (GAP-43) AND SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN). THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REGULATING THIS PLASTICITY MAY INCLUDE SIRT1/MIRCORNA, CREB/BDNF, AND AKT/GSK-3BETA SIGNALING PATHWAYS. LIMITATIONS: WE DID NOT ESTABLISH A CORRELATION BETWEEN DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY, EITHER A CAUSAL MOLECULAR SIGNALING UNDERLING THIS PLASTICITY. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS HAVE IDENTIFIED SWIMMING EXERCISE EFFECTS ON CUMS-INDUCED CHANGES IN DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY-RELATED PROTEINS, WHICH PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING NEW STRATEGIES TO TREAT STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6 1903  47 ENHANCED NEUROINFLAMMATION MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLATION OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR TRIGGERS COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION AFTER SEVOFLURANE ANESTHESIA IN ADULT RATS SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION DURING THE NEONATAL PERIOD. BACKGROUND: MOUNTING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT CHILDREN WHO EXPERIENCE ABUSE AND NEGLECT ARE PRONE TO CHRONIC DISEASES AND PREMATURE MORTALITY LATER IN LIFE. ONE MECHANISTIC HYPOTHESIS FOR THIS PHENOMENON IS THAT EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OR FUNCTIONING OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) THROUGHOUT THE COURSE OF LIFE AND THEREBY INCREASES SENSITIVITY TO INFLAMMATORY STIMULATION. AN EXAGGERATED PRO-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO BE A KEY CAUSE OF POSTOPERATIVE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION (POCD). THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND NEUROINFLAMMATION AFTER SEVOFLURANE ANESTHESIA IN ADULT RATS AND TO DETERMINE WHETHER SUCH EFFECTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GR. METHODS: WISTAR RAT PUPS WERE REPEATEDLY SUBJECTED TO INFANT MATERNAL SEPARATION (EARLY LIFE STRESS) FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 2-21. IN ADULTHOOD, THEIR BEHAVIOR AND THE SIGNALING OF HIPPOCAMPAL PRO-INFLAMMATORY FACTORS AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) AFTER SEVOFLURANE ANESTHESIA WERE EVALUATED. WE ALSO EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) ON THE EXPRESSION OF GR AND THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF EXON 1(7) OF GR AND WHETHER BEHAVIORAL CHANGES AND NEUROINFLAMMATION AFTER ANESTHESIA WERE REVERSIBLE WHEN THE EXPRESSION OF GR WAS INCREASED BY ALTERING DNA METHYLATION. RESULTS: MS INDUCED COGNITIVE DECLINE AFTER SEVOFLURANE INHALATION IN THE MORRIS WATER MAZE AND CONTEXT FEAR CONDITIONING TESTS AND ENHANCED THE RELEASE OF CYTOKINES AND THE ACTIVATION OF ASTROCYTE INTRACELLULAR NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING INDUCED BY SEVOFLURANE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT RATS. BLOCKING NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING BY PYRROLIDINE DITHIOCARBAMATE (PDTC) INHIBITED THE RELEASE OF CYTOKINES. MS ALSO REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF GR AND UPREGULATED THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF GR EXON 1(7), AND SUCH EFFECTS WERE REVERSED BY TREATMENT WITH THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) IN ADULT RATS. MOREOVER, TSA TREATMENT IN ADULT MS RATS INHIBITED THE OVERACTIVATION OF ASTROCYTE INTRACELLULAR NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING AND THE RELEASE OF CYTOKINES AND ALLEVIATED COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION AFTER SEVOFLURANE ANESTHESIA. CONCLUSIONS: EARLY LIFE STRESS INDUCES COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION AFTER SEVOFLURANE ANESTHESIA, PERHAPS DUE TO THE ABERRANT METHYLATION OF THE GR GENE PROMOTER, WHICH REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF THE GR GENE AND FACILITATES EXAGGERATED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7  920  29 CHRONIC HYPOXIA FACILITATES ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE THROUGH DEMETHYLATION OF GAMMA-SECRETASE BY DOWNREGULATING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B. INTRODUCTION: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE BELIEVED TO CONTRIBUTE TO ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD). WE PREVIOUSLY DOCUMENTED THAT PRENATAL HYPOXIA AGGRAVATED THE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND NEUROPATHOLOGY IN OFFSPRING MICE. HERE, WE INVESTIGATE THE CHRONIC HYPOXIA-INDUCED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN AD. METHODS: THE 3-MONTH-OLD APP(SWE)/PS1(DE9) MICE WERE EXPOSED TO HYPOXIC ENVIRONMENT 6 HOUR/DAY FOR 30 DAYS, FOLLOWED BY LEARNING AND MEMORY TESTS AND BIOCHEMICAL AND NEUROPATHOLOGY MEASUREMENT AT THE AGE OF 4, 6, AND 9 MONTHS. RESULTS: WE FOUND HYPOXIA EXAGGERATED THE NEUROPATHOLOGY AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN AD MICE. CHRONIC HYPOXIA INDUCED DEMETHYLATION ON GENOMIC DNA AND DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B (DNMT3B) IN VIVO. WE FURTHER FOUND THAT DNMTS INHIBITION ELEVATED THE PROTEIN LEVELS OF AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN, BETA- AND GAMMA-SECRETASES, WHEREAS OVEREXPRESSION OF DNMT3B SUPPRESSED THE LEVELS OF THEM IN VITRO. DISCUSSION: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS CHRONIC HYPOXIA CAN AGGRAVATE AD PROGRESSION THROUGH DEMETHYLATION OF GENES ENCODING GAMMA-SECRETASE COMPONENTS BY DOWNREGULATION OF DNMT3B.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8 4173  36 MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE RAT BRAIN. WE HAVE REPORTED THAT MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN MOUSE NEURAL STEM CELLS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC ROLE FOR THIS PLEIOTROPIC HORMONE. TO SUPPORT SUCH A ROLE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT MELATONIN PRODUCES SIMILAR EFFECTS IN VIVO. HISTONE ACETYLATION, FOLLOWING CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH MELATONIN (4MUG/ML IN DRINKING WATER FOR 17 DAYS), WAS EXAMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING IN SELECTED RAT BRAIN REGIONS. MELATONIN INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN HISTONE H3 AND HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HISTONE H4 WAS ALSO HYPERACETYLATED IN THE STRIATUM, BUT THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THIS BRAIN REGION. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE ACETYLATION OF EITHER HISTONE H3 OR H4 WERE OBSERVED IN THE MIDBRAIN AND CEREBELLUM. AN EXAMINATION OF KINASE ACTIVATION, WHICH MAY BE RELATED TO THESE CHANGES, REVEALED THAT MELATONIN TREATMENT INCREASED THE LEVELS OF PHOSPHO-ERK (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND STRIATUM, BUT PHOSPHO-AKT (PROTEIN KINASE B) LEVELS WERE UNCHANGED. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHROMATIN REMODELING AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNDERLIE THE MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MELATONIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9 1317  37 DELTAFOSB REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN A MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY COGNITIVE DECLINE AND 5- TO 10-FOLD INCREASED SEIZURE INCIDENCE. HOW SEIZURES CONTRIBUTE TO COGNITIVE DECLINE IN AD OR OTHER DISORDERS IS UNCLEAR. WE SHOW THAT SPONTANEOUS SEIZURES INCREASE EXPRESSION OF DELTAFOSB, A HIGHLY STABLE FOS-FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF AN AD MOUSE MODEL. DELTAFOSB SUPPRESSED EXPRESSION OF THE IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE C-FOS, WHICH IS CRITICAL FOR PLASTICITY AND COGNITION, BY BINDING ITS PROMOTER AND TRIGGERING HISTONE DEACETYLATION. ACUTE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITION OR INHIBITION OF DELTAFOSB ACTIVITY RESTORED C-FOS INDUCTION AND IMPROVED COGNITION IN AD MICE. ADMINISTRATION OF SEIZURE-INDUCING AGENTS TO NONTRANSGENIC MICE ALSO RESULTED IN DELTAFOSB-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF C-FOS, SUGGESTING THAT THIS MECHANISM IS NOT CONFINED TO AD MICE. THESE RESULTS EXPLAIN OBSERVATIONS THAT C-FOS EXPRESSION INCREASES AFTER ACUTE NEURONAL ACTIVITY BUT DECREASES WITH CHRONIC ACTIVITY. MOREOVER, THESE RESULTS INDICATE A GENERAL MECHANISM BY WHICH SEIZURES CONTRIBUTE TO PERSISTENT COGNITIVE DEFICITS, EVEN DURING SEIZURE-FREE PERIODS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
10  531  47 ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE INVOLVES ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION. BLAST INDUCED NEUROTRAUMA (BINT) IS A PREVALENT INJURY WITHIN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. THE INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHICH MANIFESTS AS A MULTITUDE OF COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OFFERS AN IMPORTANT CONTROL MECHANISM FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTION WHICH MAY UNDERLIE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RESULT IN NEURODEGENERATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF GLIAL CELLS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE CHANGES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURRING FOLLOWING INJURY AND THE ROLES THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE WITHIN THE PATHOLOGY. SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER A 10 OR 17 PSI BLAST OVERPRESSURE WITHIN AN ADVANCED BLAST SIMULATOR (ABS). SHAM ANIMALS UNDERWENT THE SAME PROCEDURES WITHOUT BLAST EXPOSURE. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS WERE MEASURED USING THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION (NOR) TEST AT 2 AND 7 DAYS POST-INJURY. TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT 7 DAYS FOR WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) ANALYSIS. SHAM ANIMALS SHOWED INTACT MEMORY AT EACH TIME POINT. THE NOVEL OBJECT DISCRIMINATION DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN TWO AND 7 DAYS FOR EACH INJURY GROUP (P < 0.05). THIS IS INDICATIVE OF THE ONSET OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), A KNOWN MARKER OF ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES, WAS ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE FOR BOTH INJURY GROUPS. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROTEIN EXTRACT SHOWED NO CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ANY TOTAL HISTONE PROTEINS WITHIN THE PFC. HOWEVER, ACETYLATION LEVELS OF HISTONE H2B, H3, AND H4 WERE DECREASED IN BOTH GROUPS (P < 0.05). CO-LOCALIZATION IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE WAS USED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION. THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A SIMILAR DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION IN ASTROCYTES EXPOSED TO A 17 PSI BLAST BUT NOT A 10 PSI BLAST. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ARRAY, SHOWED DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. WE HAVE SHOWN ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED ASTROGLIOSIS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE IN THE INJURY PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
11 4614  38 NERVE EXCITABILITY AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS REDUCED BY BET PROTEIN INHIBITION AFTER SPARED NERVE INJURY. NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS A COMMON DISABILITY PRODUCED BY ENHANCED NEURONAL EXCITABILITY AFTER NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES THAT UNDERLIE THE GENERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN REQUIRE MODIFICATIONS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS. IN PARTICULAR, THERE IS AN INDUCTION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY NEUROMODULATORS LEVELS, AND CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF ION CHANNELS AND OTHER FACTORS INTERVENING IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL IN NEURONAL CELLS. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY FOUND THAT INHIBITION OF THE BET PROTEINS EPIGENETIC READERS REDUCED NEUROINFLAMMATION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY. WITHIN THE PRESENT STUDY WE AIMED TO DETERMINE IF BET PROTEIN INHIBITION MAY ALSO AFFECT NEUROINFLAMMATION AFTER A PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, AND IF THIS WOULD BENEFICIALLY ALTER NEURONAL EXCITABILITY AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN. FOR THIS PURPOSE, C57BL/6 FEMALE MICE UNDERWENT SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI), AND WERE TREATED WITH THE BET INHIBITOR JQ1, OR VEHICLE. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND ALGESIMETRY TESTS WERE PERFORMED ON THESE MICE. WE ALSO DETERMINED THE EFFECTS OF JQ1 TREATMENT AFTER INJURY ON NEUROINFLAMMATION, AND THE EXPRESSION OF NEURONAL COMPONENTS IMPORTANT FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF AXON MEMBRANE POTENTIAL. WE FOUND THAT TREATMENT WITH JQ1 AFFECTED NEURONAL EXCITABILITY AND MECHANICAL HYPERALGESIA AFTER SNI IN MICE. BET PROTEIN INHIBITION REGULATED CYTOKINE EXPRESSION AND REDUCED MICROGLIAL REACTIVITY AFTER INJURY. IN ADDITION, JQ1 TREATMENT ALTERED THE EXPRESSION OF SCN3A, SCN9A, KCNA1, KCNQ2, KCNQ3, HCN1 AND HCN2 ION CHANNELS, AS WELL AS THE EXPRESSION OF THE NA(+)/K(+) ATPASE PUMP SUBUNITS. IN CONCLUSION, BOTH, ALTERATION OF INFLAMMATION, AND NEURONAL TRANSCRIPTION, COULD BE THE RESPONSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOR THE REDUCTION OF EXCITABILITY AND HYPERALGESIA OBSERVED AFTER BET INHIBITION. INHIBITION OF BET PROTEINS IS A PROMISING THERAPY FOR REDUCING NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER NEURAL INJURY. PERSPECTIVE: NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS A COMMON DISABILITY PRODUCED BY ENHANCED NEURONAL EXCITABILITY AFTER NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY. THE UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES REQUIRE MODIFICATIONS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS. THIS STUDY NOTES THAT INHIBITION OF BET PROTEINS IS A PROMISING THERAPY FOR REDUCING NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER NEURAL INJURY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12 2827  43 FLUOXETINE INCREASES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND INDUCES EPIGENETIC FACTORS BUT DOES NOT IMPROVE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. THE SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR FLUOXETINE INDUCES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, STIMULATES MATURATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY OF ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS, AND REDUCES MOTOR/SENSORY AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS IN SEVERAL CNS DISORDERS. IN THE SETTING OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI), ITS EFFECTS ON NEUROPLASTICITY AND FUNCTION HAVE YET TO BE THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED. HERE WE EXAMINED THE EFFICACY OF FLUOXETINE AFTER A MODERATE TO SEVERE TBI, PRODUCED BY A CONTROLLED CORTICAL IMPACT. THREE DAYS AFTER TBI OR SHAM SURGERY, MICE WERE TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE (10 MG/KG/D) OR VEHICLE FOR 4 WEEKS. TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF FLUOXETINE ON NEUROPLASTICITY, HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION WERE STUDIED. STEREOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DOUBLECORTIN-POSITIVE CELLS IN BRAIN-INJURED ANIMALS TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE RELATIVE TO CONTROLS, A FINDING CONSISTENT WITH ENHANCED HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING AN INCREASE IN HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION AND INDUCTION OF METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN, A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION, WERE LIKEWISE SEEN BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND QUANTITATIVE WESTERN IMMUNOBLOTS, RESPECTIVELY, IN BRAIN-INJURED ANIMALS TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE. TO DETERMINE IF FLUOXETINE IMPROVES NEUROLOGICAL OUTCOMES AFTER TBI, GAIT FUNCTION AND SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY WERE ASSESSED BY THE CATWALK-ASSISTED GAIT TEST AND BARNES MAZE TEST, RESPECTIVELY. NO DIFFERENCES IN THESE PARAMETERS WERE SEEN BETWEEN FLUOXETINE- AND VEHICLE-TREATED ANIMALS. THUS WHILE FLUOXETINE ENHANCED NEUROPLASTICITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER TBI, ITS CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION DID NOT RESTORE LOCOMOTOR FUNCTION OR AMELIORATE MEMORY DEFICITS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13 5759  39 SODIUM BUTYRATE ABOLISHES LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND HIPPOCAMPAL MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION IN MICE. PATIENTS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER HAVE ELEVATED PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION; THE DEGREE OF THIS INCREASE CORRELATES WITH THE SEVERITY OF THE DISORDER. CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS INCREASES PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND PROMOTES MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION, LEADING TO STRESS VULNERABILITY. EPIGENETICS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION, ARE ALSO RELATED TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. SODIUM BUTYRATE (SB), A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, EXERTS AN ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECT BY ALTERING GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS)-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN MICE ARE AFFECTED BY THE REPEATED TREATMENT WITH SB. INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF LPS (5 MG/KG) INDUCED CYTOKINES AND IONIZED CALCIUM-BINDING ADAPTOR MOLECULE 1(IBA1), A MARKER OF MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION, IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. IT ALSO INCREASED THE IMMOBILITY TIME IN A FORCED SWIM TEST, WITHOUT CHANGING LOCOMOTION. REPEATED TREATMENT WITH SB REDUCED LPS-INDUCED ALTERATIONS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION EXIST IN HIPPOCAMPAL MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION, AND IS INVOLVED IN DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED WITH NEURO-INFLAMMATION. FURTHER, USING CDNA MICROARRAY ANALYSES, WE EXAMINED WHETHER LPS AND SB TREATMENT AFFECTED THE MICROGLIAL GENE PROFILES. OUR RESULTS INDICATED 64 OVERLAPPING GENES, BETWEEN LPS-INCREASED GENES AND SB-DECREASED GENES. AMONG THESE GENES, EF HAND CALCIUM BINDING DOMAIN 1 WAS A PARTICULARLY DISTINCT CANDIDATE GENE. ALTOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS INDICATED THAT MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION MEDIATED THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY BE INVOLVED IN DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS. IN ADDITION, WE DEMONSTRATED THE EFFECT OF SB ON GENE INFORMATION IN HIPPOCAMPAL MICROGLIA UNDER NEUROINFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14 4299  29 MICRORNA-15B CONTRIBUTES TO DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN MICE BY AFFECTING SYNAPTIC PROTEIN LEVELS AND FUNCTION IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. MAJOR DEPRESSION IS A PREVALENT AFFECTIVE DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT LOW MOOD. IT PRESUMABLY RESULTS FROM STRESS-INDUCED DETERIORATIONS OF MOLECULAR NETWORKS AND SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS IN BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITS OF GENETICALLY-SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS THROUGH EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. EPIGENETIC REGULATOR MICRORNA-15B INHIBITS NEURONAL PROGENITOR PROLIFERATION AND IS UP-REGULATED IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF MICE THAT DEMONSTRATE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR, INDICATING THE CONTRIBUTION OF MICRORNA-15 TO MAJOR DEPRESSION. USING A MOUSE MODEL OF MAJOR DEPRESSION INDUCED BY CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS), HERE WE EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF MICRORNA-15B ON SYNAPSES AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF THESE MICE. THE APPLICATION OF A MICRORNA-15B ANTAGOMIR INTO THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE INCIDENCE OF CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSION AND REVERSED THE ATTENUATIONS OF EXCITATORY SYNAPSE AND SYNTAXIN-BINDING PROTEIN 3 (STXBP3A)/VESICLE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1 (VAMP1) EXPRESSION. IN CONTRAST, THE INJECTION OF A MICRORNA-15B ANALOG INTO THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AS WELL AS ATTENUATED EXCITATORY SYNAPSES AND STXBP3A/VAMP1 EXPRESSION SIMILAR TO THE DOWN-REGULATION OF THESE PROCESSES INDUCED BY THE CUMS. WE CONCLUDE THAT MICRORNA-15B-5P MAY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION BY DECREASING SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INNERVATIONS, AND ACTIVITIES IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. WE PROPOSE THAT THE TREATMENT OF ANTI-MICRORNA-15B-5P MAY CONVERT STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION INTO RESILIENCE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15 3341  30 HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 IS INVOLVED IN STRESS-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT VIA HISTONE DEACETYLATION AND PI3K/AKT SIGNALING PATHWAY MODIFICATION. EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS UPREGULATES BLOOD GLUCOCORTICOID LEVELS AND IMPAIRS COGNITION VIA DIVERSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLATION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION CAN LEAD TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF MANY PROTEINS INVOLVED IN COGNITION AND MAY ALSO CAUSE LEARNING AND MEMORY DYSFUNCTION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE?2 (HDAC2) HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO EPIGENETICALLY BLOCK COGNITION VIA A REDUCTION IN THE HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVEL; HOWEVER, IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER HDAC2 IS INVOLVED IN THE COGNITIVE DECLINE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. TO THE BEST OF AUTHORS' KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE STRESS HORMONE CORTICOSTEROID UPREGULATE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS IN NEURO?2A CELLS AND CAUSE CELL INJURIES. HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT AMELIORATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN N2A CELLS VIA THE UPREGULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND MODIFICATIONS IN THE PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3?KINASE/PROTEIN KINASE B SIGNALING PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED IN 12?MONTH?OLD FEMALE C57BL/6J MICE UNDER CHRONIC STRESS IN VIVO. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT HDAC2 MAY BE AN IMPORTANT NEGATIVE REGULATOR INVOLVED IN CHRONIC STRESS?INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16  988  34 CHRONIC SLEEP DISTURBANCES ALTERS SLEEP STRUCTURE AND TAU PHOSPHORYLATION IN ABETAPP/PS1 AD MICE AND THEIR WILD-TYPE LITTERMATES. BACKGROUND: EMERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT SLEEP DISORDERS ARE THE COMMON NON-COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD), AND THEY MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS DISEASE. OBJECTIVE: IN THIS STUDY, WE AIM TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC SLEEP DEPRIVATION (CSD) ON AD-RELATED PATHOLOGIES WITH A FOCUS ON TAU PHOSPHORYLATION AND THE UNDERLYING DNA METHYLATION REGULATION. METHODS: ABETAPPSWE/PS1DELTAE9 AD MICE AND THEIR WILD-TYPE (WT) LITTERMATES WERE SUBJECTED TO A TWO-MONTH CSD FOLLOWED BY ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHY RECORDING. THE MICE WERE EXAMINED FOR LEARNING AND MEMORY EVALUATION, THEN PATHOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND EPIGENETIC ASSESSMENTS INCLUDING WESTERN BLOTTING, IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE, DOT BLOTTING, AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOW THAT CSD CAUSED SLEEP DISTURBANCES SHOWN AS SLEEP PATTERN CHANGE, POOR SLEEP MAINTENANCE, AND INCREASED SLEEP FRAGMENTATION. CSD INCREASED TAU PHOSPHORYLATION AT DIFFERENT SITES AND INCREASED THE LEVEL OF TAU KINASES IN AD AND WT MICE. THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 5 (CDK5) MAY RESULT FROM DECREASED DNA METHYLATION OF CPG SITES IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF CDK5 GENE, WHICH MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DOWNREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A AND 3B. CONCLUSION: CSD ALTERED AD-RELATED TAU PHOSPHORYLATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF TAU KINASE GENE. THE FINDINGS IN THIS STUDY MAY GIVE INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DISTURBANCES ON AD PATHOLOGY AND PROVIDE NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THE TREATMENT OF THIS DISEASE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17 6108  50 THE ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT AMELIORATES CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MIR-134 SIGNALING PATHWAY IN HIPPOCAMPUS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN HUMANS. ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT (EE) SHOWED A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITION BY ENHANCING BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL NOT CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD WHETHER AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS INVOLVED IN THE BDNF MODULATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY THAT OCCURS AFTER EE TREATMENT FOR THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS ELICITED BY CUMS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF EE. METHODS: ALL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO THE 5-WEEK CUMS PROCEDURE EXCEPT THE CONTROL GROUP. AFTER CUMS PROCEDURE, SOME RATS WERE STEREOTAXICALLY INJECTED WITH SIRT1 PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITOR EX527 OR SIRT1 KNOCKING DOWN LENTIVIRUS (SH-SIRT1) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWED BY EE TREATMENT FOR 3 WEEKS. OTHER RATS WERE DIRECTLY SUBJECTED TO EE TREATMENT WITHOUT STEREOTAXIC INJECTION. BEHAVIORAL TESTS WERE USED TO APPRAISE DEPRESSION AND COGNITION AFTER EE TREATMENT. THEN EPIGENETIC MOLECULES, SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCHES, AND SYNAPTIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS WERE DETERMINED. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INCLUDING DECREASED SUCROSE PREFERENCE RATIO, PROLONGED IMMOBILITY AND REDUCED LOCOMOTOR AND EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY; COGNITIVE DEFICITS INCLUDING SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENT; REDUCED DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND NUMBER OF BRANCHES; THINNED POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY; DOWNREGULATED SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, DECREASED BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95) EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HOWEVER, THE CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, COGNITIVE DEFICITS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCH NUMBER REDUCTION, POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY THINNING, SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY DOWNREGULATION, BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS REDUCTION, INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95), WERE REVERSED BY EE TREATMENT. HOWEVER, DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS WERE OBSERVED AGAIN IN RATS SUBJECTED TO STEREOTAXIC INJECTION WITH EX527 OR SH-SIRT1. FURTHERMORE, THIS STUDY ALSO FOUND THAT SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 REGULATES THE DOWNSTREAM MOLECULES BDNF, AND THE SYNAPTIC PROTEINS SYN AND PSD95 IN PRIMARY CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR THE NEUROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF EE ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE REGULATION OF SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INCLUDING BDNF, PSD95 AND SYN, DENDRITIC REMODELING AND ULTRASTRUCTURE CHANGES OF SYNAPSES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18 2740  27 EXPOSURE TO EARLY LIFE STRESS RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN A PARKINSONIAN RAT MODEL. EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY INCREASES THE RISK OF MENTAL DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE. CHRONIC EARLY LIFE STRESS MAY ALTER NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION INCLUDING THOSE FOR BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) AND GLIAL CELL DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (GDNF) THAT ARE IMPORTANT IN NEURONAL GROWTH, SURVIVAL, AND MAINTENANCE. MATERNAL SEPARATION WAS USED IN THIS STUDY TO MODEL EARLY LIFE STRESS. FOLLOWING UNILATERAL INJECTION OF A MILD DOSE OF 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE (6-OHDA), WE MEASURED CORTICOSTERONE (CORT) IN THE BLOOD AND STRIATUM OF STRESSED AND NONSTRESSED RATS; WE ALSO MEASURED DNA METHYLATION AND BDNF AND GDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE STRIATUM USING REAL TIME PCR. IN THE PRESENCE OF STRESS, WE FOUND THAT THERE WAS INCREASED CORTICOSTERONE CONCENTRATION IN BOTH BLOOD AND STRIATAL TISSUE. FURTHER TO THIS, WE FOUND HIGHER DNA METHYLATION AND DECREASED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION. 6-OHDA LESION INCREASED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN BOTH STRESSED AND NONSTRESSED RATS BUT THIS INCREASE WAS HIGHER IN THE NONSTRESSED RATS. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE TO EARLY POSTNATAL STRESS INCREASES CORTICOSTERONE CONCENTRATION WHICH LEADS TO INCREASED DNA METHYLATION. THIS EFFECT RESULTS IN DECREASED BDNF AND GDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE STRIATUM LEADING TO DECREASED PROTECTION AGAINST SUBSEQUENT INSULTS LATER IN LIFE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19 5207  38 PRENATAL STRESS INDUCES SPATIAL MEMORY DEFICITS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS INDICATIVE OF HETEROCHROMATIN FORMATION AND REDUCED GENE EXPRESSION. STRESS DURING PREGNANCY HAS A WIDE VARIETY OF NEGATIVE EFFECTS IN BOTH HUMAN [1] AND ANIMAL OFFSPRING [2]. THESE EFFECTS ARE ESPECIALLY APPARENT IN VARIOUS FORMS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY SUCH AS OBJECT RECOGNITION [3] AND SPATIAL MEMORY [4]. THE COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL STRESS (PNS) MAY BE MEDIATED THROUGH EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DNA METHYLATION [5]. AS SUCH, THE PRESENT STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE PNS ON MEMORY AND EPIGENETIC MEASURES IN ADULT OFFSPRING. MICE THAT UNDERWENT PNS EXHIBITED IMPAIRED SPATIAL MEMORY IN THE MORRIS WATER MAZE, AS WELL AS SEX-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN LEVELS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 PROTEIN, AND ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 (ACH3) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AND SERUM CORTICOSTERONE. MALE MICE EXPOSED TO PNS EXHIBITED DECREASED HIPPOCAMPAL ACH3, WHEREAS FEMALE PNS MICE DISPLAYED A FURTHER REDUCTION IN ACH3, AS WELL AS HEIGHTENED HIPPOCAMPAL DNMT1 PROTEIN LEVELS AND CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT PNS MAY EPIGENETICALLY REDUCE TRANSCRIPTION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, PARTICULARLY IN FEMALES IN WHOM THIS EFFECT MAY BE RELATED TO INCREASED BASELINE STRESS HORMONE LEVELS, AND WHICH MAY UNDERLIE THE SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN RATES OF MENTAL ILLNESS IN HUMANS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20 2057  37 EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF EPILEPSY TARGET GENES CONTRIBUTES TO A CELLULAR MEMORY OF EPILEPTOGENESIS IN CULTURED RAT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. HYPERSYNCHRONOUS NEURONAL EXCITATION MANIFESTS CLINICALLY AS SEIZURE (ICTOGENESIS), AND MAY RECUR SPONTANEOUSLY AND REPETITIVELY AFTER A VARIABLE LATENCY PERIOD (EPILEPTOGENESIS). DESPITE TREMENDOUS RESEARCH EFFORTS TO DESCRIBE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS AND SIGNATURES OF EPILEPTOGENESIS, MOLECULAR PATHOMECHANISMS LEADING TO CHRONIC EPILEPSY REMAIN TO BE CLARIFIED. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY FORM THE BASIS FOR A CELLULAR MEMORY OF EPILEPTOGENESIS, AND USED A PRIMARY NEURONAL CELL CULTURE MODEL OF THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS TO STUDY THE TRANSLATION OF MASSIVE NEURONAL EXCITATION INTO PERSISTING CHANGES OF EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES AND PRO-EPILEPTOGENIC TARGET GENE EXPRESSION. INCREASED SPONTANEOUS ACTIVATION OF CULTURED NEURONS WAS DETECTED 3 AND 7 DAYS AFTER STIMULATION WITH 10 MUM GLUTAMATE WHEN COMPARED TO SHAM-TREATED TIME-MATCHED CONTROLS USING CALCIUM-IMAGING IN VITRO. CHROMATIN-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION EXPERIMENTS REVEALED SHORT-TERM (3 H, 7 H, AND 24 H) AND LONG-TERM (3 D AND 2 WEEKS) CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WHICH WERE DIRECTLY LINKED TO DECREASED EXPRESSION OF TWO SELECTED EPILEPSY TARGET GENES, E.G. EXCITATORY GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR GENES GRIA2 AND GRIN2A. INCREASED PROMOTER METHYLATION OBSERVED 4 WEEKS AFTER GLUTAMATE STIMULATION AT RESPECTIVE GENES SUGGESTED LONG-TERM REPRESSION OF GRIA2 AND GRIN2A GENES. INHIBITION OF GLUTAMATERGIC ACTIVATION OR BLOCKING THE PROPAGATION OF ACTION POTENTIALS IN CULTURED NEURONS RESCUED ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATORY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. OUR DATA SUPPORT THE CONCEPT OF A CELLULAR MEMORY OF EPILEPTOGENESIS AND PERSISTING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF EPILEPSY TARGET GENES, WHICH ARE ABLE TO TURN NORMAL INTO PRO-EPILEPTIC NEURONS AND CIRCUITS.	2017