1 1660 123 DOWN-REGULATION OF HEMATOPOIESIS MASTER REGULATOR PU.1 VIA ABERRANT METHYLATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. THE PU.1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IS A CRUCIAL REGULATOR OF HEMATOPOIESIS, AND ITS EXPRESSION IS ALTERED IN VARIOUS LEUKEMIC PROCESSES. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT EXPRESSION OF PU.1 IS SEVERELY IMPAIRED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), BUT THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THIS EFFECT REMAINS UNKNOWN. THROUGH BISULFITE SEQUENCING, SEMI-QUANTITATIVE PCR, AND INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE AND WESTERN BLOT TECHNIQUES, WE FOUND ABERRANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 IN CML PATIENTS BOTH IN THE CHRONIC AND BLAST CRISIS PHASES, AS WELL AS IN THE CML BLAST K562 CELL LINE. OF THESE, SEVERAL CPG SITES WERE MORE HIGHLY METHYLATED IN BLAST CRISIS THAN CHRONIC PHASE, WHILE NO METHYLATION OF THESE SITES WAS OBSERVED IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. INTERESTINGLY, CML PATIENTS ACHIEVED COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION UNDER IMATINIB MESYLATE TREATMENT, BUT THE ABERRANT METHYLATION STATUS OF PU.1 WAS NOT REVERSED. DOWN-REGULATION OF PU.1 EXPRESSION AT THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WAS ALSO OBSERVED IN ASSOCIATION WITH ABERRANT METHYLATION. THUS, FOR THE FIRST TIME, WE HAVE REVEALED A POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF PU.1 IN CML, WHICH MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOWN-REGULATION OF PU.1. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PU.1 MAY PLAY A ROLE IN CML PATHOGENESIS, AND MAY THEREFORE SERVE AS A USEFUL BIOMARKER AND POTENTIAL TARGET FOR DEMETHYLATING DRUGS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2 6793  73 [DOWN-REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 VIA ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PU.1 DOWN-EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) PATIENTS. METHODS: DIFFERENT METHYLATION STATUS OF PU.1 PROMOTER REGION CONTAINING 20 CPG ISLANDS IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION PATIENTS AFTER IMATINIB TREATMENT, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS WAS DETECTED BY BISULFITE SEQUENCING. SEMI-QUANTITATIVE PCR WAS USED TO DETECT THE PU.1 MRNA EXPRESSION IN NORMAL CONTROLS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS. INDIRECT IMMUNE FLUORESCENCE AND WESTERN BLOT WERE USED TO ANALYZE THE EXPRTESSION OF PU.1 PROTEIN IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS. RESULTS: ABERRANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 WAS FOUND IN BOTH CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PHASE BONE MARROW CELLS, AS WELL AS IN CML BLAST K562 CELLS. DOWN-EXPRESSION OF PU.1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WAS FOUND IN ABOVE CELLS. NO METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF PU.1 WAS OBSERVED IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, AND THE PU.1 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS WERE NOT REDUCED AT ALL. FURTHERMORE, HIGH METHYLATION STATUS OF BONE MARROW CELLS WAS EVEN OBSERVED IN THE CML PATIENTS WHO ACQUIRED COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS OF OUR STUDY INDICATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF PU.1 IN CML PATIENTS AND K562 CELL LINE MIGHT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOWN-EXPRESSION OF PU.1. THE DATA SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PU.1 PLAYS A ROLE IN CML PATHOGENESIS, THEREFORE, IT MIGHT SERVE AS A USEFUL BIOMARKER AND POTENTIAL TARGET IN THERAPY FOR CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  149  38 ABERRANT HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN PROMOTER CPG REGIONS OF GENES RELATED TO THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS CHARACTERIZES ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA DISEASE, POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS AND POOR SURVIVAL. BACKGROUND: THERE IS STRONG EVIDENCE THAT DISEASE PROGRESSION, DRUG RESPONSE AND OVERALL CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF CML DISEASE ARE NOT ONLY DECIDED BY BCR/ABL1 ONCOPROTEIN BUT DEPEND ON ACCUMULATION OF ADDITIONAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS. DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IS IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIETY OF DISEASES. DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN GENE PROMOTERS PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN DISEASE PROGRESSION, DRUG RESPONSE AND CLINICAL OUTCOME OF VARIOUS DISEASES. THEREFORE IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE ROLE OF ABERRANT HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN PROMOTER REGIONS OF DIFFERENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN RELATION TO CML DISEASE PROGRESSION, RESPONSE TO IMATINIB THERAPY AND CLINICAL OUTCOME. METHODS: WE RECRUITED 150 CML PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT CLINICAL STAGES OF THE DISEASE. PATIENTS WERE FOLLOWED UP FOR 48 MONTHS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL/MOLECULAR RESPONSES WERE ANALYSED. HAEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE WAS ANALYSED BY PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR. BCR/ABL1 SPECIFIC TAQMAN PROBE BASED QRT-PCR WAS USED FOR ASSESSING THE MOLECULAR RESPONSE OF CML PATIENTS ON IMATINIB THERAPY. PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF THE GENES WAS CHARACTERIZED USING MS-PCR. RESULTS: WE OBSERVED THAT PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A AND P14ARF(ARF) GENES CHARACTERIZE ADVANCED CML DISEASE AND POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS. ALTHOUGH, CYTOKINE SIGNALLING (SOCS1) GENE WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN ADVANCED STAGES OF CML AND ACCUMULATED IN PATIENTS WITH POOR IMATINIB RESPONSE, BUT THE DIFFERENCES WERE NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. MOREOVER, WE FOUND HYPERMETHYLATION OF P14(ARF), RASSF1 AND P16(INK4A) GENES AND CYTOKINE SIGNALLING GENE (SOCS1) SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POOR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS ON IMATINIB THERAPY. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY ARE IN AGREEMENT OF THE ROLE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF DIFFERENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSION, POOR IMATINIB RESPONSE AND OVERALL CLINICAL OUTCOME. CONCLUSION: IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT THAT PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A AND P14ARF(ARF) GENES IS A CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSIONS, DEFINES POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS AND POOR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS TO IMATINIB THERAPY.	2022	

4 4243  43 METHYLATION STATUS OF CEBPA GENE PROMOTER IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CCAAT/ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA IS ONE OF THE CRUCIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS FOR MYELOID CELL DEVELOPMENT THAT HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE INVOLVED IN HEMATOPOIETIC DIFFERENTIATION AND LEUKEMIOGENESIS. RECENTLY, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CEBPA EXPRESSION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN LEUKEMIA. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CEBPA GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) PATIENTS. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CEBPA PROMOTER WAS STUDIED IN 100 PATIENTS WITH CML AND 98 NORMAL HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS FROM HYDERABAD, INDIA, USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE ABERRANT METHYLATION OF CEBPA GENE PROMOTER WAS FOUND IN 32 OF THE 100 CML CASES. A HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE FREQUENCY OF CEBPA GENE PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND THE CML STAGES (P = 0.017), BUT ASSOCIATION WITH RESPECT TO AGE AND GENDER OF THE PATIENT WAS NOT FOUND. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION IN THE CPG ISLAND OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF THIS GENE MIGHT BE A COMMON EVENT IN CML, AND SYSTEMIC EXPRESSION STUDIES WILL BE NEEDED TO UNFOLD THE ROLE OF CEBPA PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT, PROGRESSION, AND PROGNOSIS OF CML.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5  390  34 AN INTEGRATIVE MODEL OF PATHWAY CONVERGENCE IN GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS BLAST CRISIS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. TARGETED THERAPIES AGAINST THE BCR-ABL1 KINASE HAVE REVOLUTIONIZED TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PHASE (CP) CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). IN CONTRAST, MANAGEMENT OF BLAST CRISIS (BC) CML REMAINS CHALLENGING BECAUSE BC CELLS ACQUIRE COMPLEX MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS THAT CONFER STEMNESS FEATURES TO PROGENITOR POPULATIONS AND RESISTANCE TO BCR-ABL1 TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS. COMPREHENSIVE MODELS OF BC TRANSFORMATION HAVE PROVED ELUSIVE BECAUSE OF THE RARITY AND GENETIC HETEROGENEITY OF BC, BUT ARE IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPING BIOMARKERS PREDICTING BC PROGRESSION AND EFFECTIVE THERAPIES. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND BC, WE PERFORMED AN INTEGRATED MULTIOMICS ANALYSIS OF 74 CP AND BC SAMPLES USING WHOLE-GENOME AND EXOME SEQUENCING, TRANSCRIPTOME AND METHYLOME PROFILING, AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING. EMPLOYING PATHWAY-BASED ANALYSIS, WE FOUND THE BC GENOME WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED FOR MUTATIONS AFFECTING COMPONENTS OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX (PRC) PATHWAY. WHILE TRANSCRIPTOMICALLY, BC PROGENITORS WERE ENRICHED AND DEPLETED FOR PRC1- AND PRC2-RELATED GENE SETS RESPECTIVELY. BY INTEGRATING OUR DATA SETS, WE DETERMINED THAT BC PROGENITORS UNDERGO PRC-DRIVEN EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING TOWARD A CONVERGENT TRANSCRIPTOMIC STATE. SPECIFICALLY, PRC2 DIRECTS BC DNA HYPERMETHYLATION, WHICH IN TURN SILENCES KEY GENES INVOLVED IN MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR FUNCTION VIA SO-CALLED EPIGENETIC SWITCHING, WHEREAS PRC1 REPRESSES AN OVERLAPPING AND DISTINCT SET OF GENES, INCLUDING NOVEL BC TUMOR SUPPRESSORS. ON THE BASIS OF THESE OBSERVATIONS, WE DEVELOPED AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF BC THAT FACILITATED THE IDENTIFICATION OF COMBINATORIAL THERAPIES CAPABLE OF REVERSING BC REPROGRAMMING (DECITABINE+PRC1 INHIBITORS), NOVEL PRC-SILENCED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (NR4A2), AND GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURES PREDICTIVE OF DISEASE PROGRESSION AND DRUG RESISTANCE IN CP.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6  825  36 CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT ENHANCERS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS (TES) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE IMPORTANT GENE REGULATORY FUNCTIONS AND THEIR ALTERATION COULD LEAD TO DISEASE PHENOTYPES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) DEVELOPS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF A SERIES OF GENETIC CHANGES IN HEMATOPOIETIC PRECURSOR CELLS, INCLUDING MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC FACTORS. HERE, WE SET OUT TO STUDY THE GENE REGULATORY ROLE OF TES IN AML. WE FIRST EXPLORED THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF TES IN AML PATIENTS USING ATAC-SEQ DATA. WE SHOW THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF TES IN GENERAL, AND MORE SPECIFICALLY MAMMALIAN-WIDE INTERSPERSED REPEATS (MIRS), ARE MORE ENRICHED IN AML CELLS THAN IN NORMAL BLOOD CELLS. WE OBTAINED A SIMILAR FINDING WHEN ANALYZING HISTONE MODIFICATION DATA IN AML PATIENTS. GENE ONTOLOGY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT GENES NEAR MIRS IN OPEN CHROMATIN REGIONS ARE INVOLVED IN LEUKEMOGENESIS. TO FUNCTIONALLY VALIDATE THEIR REGULATORY ROLE, WE SELECTED 19 MIR REGIONS IN AML CELLS, AND TESTED THEM FOR ENHANCER ACTIVITY IN AN AML CELL LINE (KASUMI-1) AND A CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CELL LINE (K562); THE RESULTS REVEALED SEVERAL MIRS TO BE FUNCTIONAL ENHANCERS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TES ARE POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN MYELOID LEUKEMOGENESIS AND HIGHLIGHT THESE SEQUENCES AS POTENTIAL CANDIDATES HARBORING AML-ASSOCIATED VARIATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7 3087  33 GENOME?WIDE EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION ANALYSES REVEAL ABERRANT CELL ADHESION SIGNALING IN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR?RESISTANT CML CELLS. ALTHOUGH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CAN BE EFFECTIVELY TREATED USING BCR?ABL1 KINASE INHIBITORS, RESISTANCE DUE TO KINASE ALTERATIONS OR TO BCR?ABL1 INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS REMAIN A THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGE. FOR THE LATTER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE WIDELY DISCUSSED; FOR INSTANCE, GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES, EPIGENETIC FACTORS AND ALTERNATIVE SIGNALING PATHWAY ACTIVATION. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, IN VITRO?CML CELL MODELS OF RESISTANCE AGAINST THE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) IMATINIB (0.5 AND 2 MICROM) AND NILOTINIB (0.1 MICROM) WITH BIOLOGICAL REPLICATES WERE GENERATED TO IDENTIFY NOVEL MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE. SUBSEQUENTLY, GENOME?WIDE MRNA EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION WERE ANALYZED. WHILE MRNA EXPRESSION PATTERNS DIFFERED LARGELY BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL REPLICATES, THERE WAS AN OVERLAP OF 71 GENES DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BETWEEN CELLS RESISTANT AGAINST IMATINIB OR NILOTINIB. MOREOVER, ALL TKI RESISTANT CELL LINES DEMONSTRATED A SLIGHT HYPERMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH NATIVE CELLS. IN A COMBINED ANALYSIS OF 151 GENES DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE BIOLOGICAL REPLICATES OF IMATINIB RESISTANCE, CELL ADHESION SIGNALING, IN PARTICULAR THE CELLULAR MATRIX PROTEIN FIBRONECTIN 1 (FN1), WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DYSREGULATED. THIS GENE WAS ALSO DOWNREGULATED IN NILOTINIB RESISTANCE. FURTHER ANALYSES SHOWED SIGNIFICANT FN1?DOWNREGULATION IN IMATINIB RESISTANCE ON MRNA (P<0.001) AND PROTEIN LEVEL (P<0.001). SIRNA?MEDIATED FN1?KNOCKDOWN IN NATIVE CELLS REDUCED CELL ADHESION (P=0.02), DECREASED IMATINIB SUSCEPTIBILITY VISIBLE BY HIGHER KI?67 EXPRESSION (1.5?FOLD, P=0.04) AND INCREASED CELL NUMBER (1.5?FOLD, P=0.03). VICE VERSA, RECOVERY OF FN1?EXPRESSION IN IMATINIB RESISTANT CELLS WAS SUFFICIENT TO PARTIALLY RESTORE THE RESPONSE TO IMATINIB. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED A ROLE OF CELL ADHESION SIGNALING AND FIBRONECTIN 1 IN TKI RESISTANT CML AND A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR NOVEL STRATEGIES IN TREATMENT OF RESISTANT CML.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8  160  35 ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IN CLL: DOES IT MATTER FOR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT? OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS, STUDIES OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES HAVE BEEN DOMINATED BY THE PRIMARY FOCUS OF UNDERSTANDING PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. THESE EFFORTS NOT ONLY RESULTED IN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE BASIS OF EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES BUT ALSO RESULTED IN APPROVAL OF HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SEVERAL MALIGNANCIES, SUCH AS MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. RECENT ADVANCES IN GLOBAL METHYLATION PROFILING COUPLED WITH THE USE OF MOUSE MODELS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IS ALSO A FREQUENT EVENT IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, PARTICULARLY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION AFFECTS GENE EXPRESSION AND, THEREFORE, MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. HERE, WE REVIEW RECENT FINDINGS AND DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT OF ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IN CLL.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9 3532  50 IMATINIB INDEPENDENT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF NOV/CCN3 IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA PATIENTS: A MECHANISM UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION? BACKGROUND: THE NOV GENE PRODUCT, CCN3, HAS BEEN REPORTED IN A DIVERSE RANGE OF TUMORS TO SERVE AS A NEGATIVE GROWTH REGULATOR, WHILE ACTING AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, THE PRECISE MECHANISM OF ITS SILENCING IN CML IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO QUERY IF THE GENE REGULATION OF CCN3 IS MEDIATED BY THE PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE PATIENTS WITH CML. IN ADDITION, TO CLARIFY WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC SILENCING IS AFFECTED BY BCR-ABL1 INHIBITION, WE ASSESSED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS FOLLOWING THE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITION USING IMATINIB THERAPY, AS THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT FOR THIS TYPE OF LEUKEMIA. METHODS: TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, WE APPLIED BISULFITE-SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE AS A HIGH-RESOLUTION METHOD TO STUDY THE REGULATORY SEGMENT OF THE CCN3 GENE. THE RESULTS WERE ANALYZED IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED CML PATIENTS AS WELL AS FOLLOWING IMATINIB THERAPY. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE CORRELATION OF CCN3 PROMOTER METHYLATION WITH BCR-ABL1 LEVELS. RESULTS: OUR FINDINGS REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURS FREQUENTLY IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF CML PATIENTS SHOWING A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF THE METHYLATED PERCENTAGE AT THE CPG SITES COMPARED TO NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. INTERESTINGLY, THIS HYPERMETHYLATION WAS INDICATED TO BE INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 TITERS IN BOTH GROUPS, WHICH MIGHT SUGGEST A MECHANISM BEYOND THE BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: DESPITE SUGGESTING THAT THE CCN3 HYPERMETHYLATION ACTS AS A MOLECULAR MECHANISM INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION IN CML PATIENTS, THIS SCENARIO REQUIRES FURTHER VALIDATION BY COMPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTS. IN THE CASE OF ACTING UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 SIGNALING, THE METHYLATION MARKER CAN PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION AND A NOVEL PLATFORM FOR TARGETED EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS FOR EFFICIENT TREATMENT IN IMATINIB RESISTANT PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10 3444  32 HYPERMETHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN IN LEUKEMIA. E-CADHERIN GENE IS OFTEN TERMED A "METASTASIS SUPPRESSOR" GENE BECAUSE THE E-CADHERIN PROTEIN CAN SUPPRESS TUMOR CELL INVASION AND METASTASIS. INACTIVATION OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE OCCURS IN UNDIFFERENTIATED SOLID TUMORS BY BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS; HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF E-CADHERIN IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES IS ONLY NOW BEING RECOGNIZED. E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION IS ESSENTIAL FOR ERYTHROBLAST AND NORMOBLAST MATURATION, YET EXPRESSION IS REDUCED OR ABSENT IN LEUKEMIC BLAST CELLS. THIS STUDY EXAMINED THE MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE IN BONE MARROW AND BLOOD SAMPLES FROM NORMAL DONORS AND PATIENTS WITH LEUKEMIA. WE FOUND THAT ALL NORMAL DONOR SAMPLES EXPRESSED E-CADHERIN MRNA, WHEREAS BOTH SAMPLES OF ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA HAD A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION OR ABSENCE OF EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, NORMAL BLAST COUNTERPARTS EXPRESSED ONLY A LOW LEVEL OF E-CADHERIN SURFACE PROTEIN. SODIUM BISULPHITE GENOMIC SEQUENCING WAS USED TO FULLY CHARACTERIZE THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF THE CPG ISLAND ASSOCIATED WITH THE E-CADHERIN GENE PROMOTER IN THOSE SAMPLES WITH MATCHED DNA. ALL OF THE NORMAL CONTROL SAMPLES WERE ESSENTIALLY UNMETHYLATED; HOWEVER, 14 OF 18 (78%) OF THE LEUKEMIA SAMPLES HAD ABNORMAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE E-CADHERIN CPG ISLAND. IN FACT BOTH ALLELES OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE WERE OFTEN HYPERMETHYLATED. WE CONCLUDE THE E-CADHERIN GENE IS A COMMON TARGET FOR HYPERMETHYLATION IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11 5259  41 PROGRESSIVE DE NOVO DNA METHYLATION AT THE BCR-ABL LOCUS IN THE COURSE OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. DE NOVO METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IS A RARE EVENT IN MAMMALIAN CELLS. IT HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES, SUCH AS X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION AND GENOMIC IMPRINTING. THE METHYLATION OF DNA, AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION, MAY ALSO BE INVOLVED IN TUMORIGENESIS. AFTER THE T(9;22) CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION AND GENERATION OF THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME, THE INITIATING EVENT IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML), MOST OF THE ABL CODING SEQUENCE IS FUSED TO THE 5' REGION OF THE BCR GENE. EXPRESSION OF THE HYBRID BCR-ABL GENE IS, THEREFORE, REGULATED BY THE BCR PROMOTER. IN MOST CASES OF CML, ONE OF THE TWO ABL PROMOTERS (PA) IS NESTED WITHIN THE BCR-ABL TRANSCRIPTIONAL UNIT AND SHOULD BE ABLE TO TRANSCRIBE THE TYPE IA 6-KB NORMAL ABL MRNA FROM THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME. HOWEVER, WE HAVE FOUND THAT THE 6-KB TRANSCRIPT IS PRESENT ONLY IN CML CELL LINES CONTAINING A NORMAL ABL ALLELE AND THAT THE APPARENT INACTIVATION OF THE NESTED PA PROMOTER IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALLELE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, WE HAVE NOTICED THAT THE PA PROMOTER IS CONTAINED WITHIN A CPG ISLAND AND UNDERGOES PROGRESSIVE DE NOVO METHYLATION IN THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE. THIS IS ATTESTED TO BY THE FACT THAT DNA SAMPLES FROM CML PATIENTS THAT ARE METHYLATION-FREE AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS INVARIABLY BECOME METHYLATED IN ADVANCED CML. SINCE TUMOR PROGRESSION IN CML CANNOT ALWAYS BE INFERRED FROM THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION, ASSESSMENT OF DE NOVO CPG METHYLATION MAY PROVE TO BE OF CRITICAL VALUE IN MANAGEMENT OF THE DISEASE. IT COULD HERALD BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION AT A STAGE WHEN BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, THE ONLY POTENTIALLY CURATIVE THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURE IN CML, IS STILL EFFECTIVE.	1994	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12 1669  39 DOWNREGULATION OF THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE SETD2 PROMOTES IMATINIB RESISTANCE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA CELLS. OBJECTIVES: EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS WERE IMPORTANT PLAYERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AND SENSITIVITY TO THERAPY. MUTATIONS OF SET DOMAIN-CONTAINING 2 (SETD2), A METHYLTRANSFERASE THAT CATALYSES THE TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE 3 ON LYSINE 36 (H3K36ME3), WERE FOUND IN VARIOUS MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. HOWEVER, THE DETAILED MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH SETD2 CONFERS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA PROGRESSION AND RESISTANCE TO THERAPY TARGETING ON BCR-ABL REMAIN UNCLEAR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE LEVEL OF SETD2 IN IMATINIB-SENSITIVE AND IMATINIB-RESISTANT CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) CELLS WAS EXAMINED BY IMMUNOBLOTTING AND QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. WE ANALYSED CD34(+) CD38(-) LEUKAEMIC STEM CELLS BY FLOW CYTOMETRY AND COLONY FORMATION ASSAYS UPON SETD2 KNOCKDOWN OR OVEREXPRESSION. THE IMPACT OF SETD2 EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS OR SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITOR JIB-04 TARGETING H3K36ME3 LOSS ON IMATINIB SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED BY IC50, CELL APOPTOSIS AND PROLIFERATION ASSAYS. FINALLY, RNA SEQUENCING AND CHIP-QUANTITATIVE PCR WERE PERFORMED TO VERIFY PUTATIVE DOWNSTREAM TARGETS. RESULTS: SETD2 WAS FOUND TO ACT AS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR IN CML. THE NOVEL ONCOGENIC TARGETS MYCN AND ERG WERE SHOWN TO BE THE DIRECT DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF SETD2, WHERE THEIR OVEREXPRESSION INDUCED BY SETD2 KNOCKDOWN CAUSED IMATINIB INSENSITIVITY AND LEUKAEMIC STEM CELL ENRICHMENT IN CML CELL LINES. TREATMENT WITH JIB-04, AN INHIBITOR THAT RESTORES H3K36ME3 LEVELS THROUGH BLOCKADE OF ITS DEMETHYLATION, SUCCESSFULLY IMPROVED THE CELL IMATINIB SENSITIVITY AND ENHANCED THE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY NOT ONLY EMPHASIZES THE REGULATORY MECHANISM OF SETD2 IN CML, BUT ALSO PROVIDES PROMISING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING THE IMATINIB RESISTANCE IN PATIENTS WITH CML.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
13 6773  30 [ADVANCES OF RESEARCH ON DEMETHYLATION THERAPY FOR HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES]. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT AND REVERSIBLE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION WHICH REGULATES GENOMIC STABILITY. METHYLATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT. GENERALLY, GENE EXPRESSION LEVEL AND DNA METHYLATION ARE NEGATIVE CORRELATION. TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING VIA METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN THE PROMOTER IS IMPORTANT FOR CELL GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION AND PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN TUMORIGENESIS. DEMETHYLATION DRUG CAN MODIFY CHROMATIN AND RESTORE THE ABILITY OF ANTI-ONCOGENE. DEMETHYLATION THERAPY AS A NEW THERAPY MAY TREAT EFFICIENTLY HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES WITH RESISTANCE AND RELAPSE. IN THIS REVIEW, DNA METHYLATION MECHANISM, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABERRANT METHYLATION AND HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, MECHANISM OF DEMETHYLATION THERAPY, THE ADVANCE OF RESEARCH ON THE DEMETHYLATION THERAPY OF HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, SUCH AS ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOMA, MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME WERE SUMMARIZED.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14 2971  26 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MICRORNA-203 ENHANCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 ONCOGENE EXPRESSION. THE MAMMALIAN GENOME CONTAINS SEVERAL HUNDRED MICRORNAS THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH MODULATION OF TARGET MRNAS. HERE, WE REPORT A FRAGILE CHROMOSOMAL REGION LOST IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. THIS 7 MB REGION ENCODES ABOUT 12% OF ALL GENOMIC MICRORNAS, INCLUDING MIR-203. THIS MICRORNA IS ADDITIONALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN SEVERAL HEMATOPOIETIC TUMORS, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIAS AND SOME ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIAS. A PUTATIVE MIR-203 TARGET, ABL1, IS SPECIFICALLY ACTIVATED IN THESE HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES IN SOME CASES AS A BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN (PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME). RE-EXPRESSION OF MIR-203 REDUCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN LEVELS AND INHIBITS TUMOR CELL PROLIFERATION IN AN ABL1-DEPENDENT MANNER. THUS, MIR-203 FUNCTIONS AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND RE-EXPRESSION OF THIS MICRORNA MIGHT HAVE THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15 1968  38 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. THE EXPRESSION OF THE SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING-1 (SOCS1) PROTEIN IS INDUCED IN RESPONSE TO STIMULATION BY SEVERAL CYTOKINES. THE INDUCED SOCS1 INHIBITS THE SIGNALLING PATHWAY THROUGH THE ASSOCIATION WITH A VARIETY OF TYROSINE KINASE PROTEINS. IN THIS STUDY, THE MUTATION ANALYSES, CPG ISLAND METHYLATION STATUS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN 112 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) SAMPLES, FIVE LEUKAEMIA CELL LINES, AND 30 NORMAL CONTROLS WERE ANALYSED. NO GENETIC MUTATIONS OF SOCS1 GENE WERE NOTED IN THE CML SAMPLES. THE SOCS1 GENE WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN 67% AND 46% OF THE BLASTIC AND CHRONIC PHASE CML SAMPLES RESPECTIVELY (P < 0.0001). HOWEVER, THERE WAS NO METHYLATION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN NORMAL CONTROLS OR CML IN MOLECULAR REMISSION. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE SOCS1 GENE IS CONSISTENT WITH THE RESULTS OF THE REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STAINING. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE SOCS1 GENE SILENCING IS CAUSED BY THE METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN CML AND IS REVERSED TO AN UNMETHYLATED STATUS IN MOLECULAR REMISSION. AS SOCS1 HAS UNIVERSAL ACTIVITY TO NEGATIVELY REGULATE SEVERAL CYTOKINE SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, THE LOSS OF THE NEGATIVE REGULATION OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING BY THE SOCS1 MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CML PROGRESSION.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16   59  39 A GENOME-WIDE SCREEN IDENTIFIES FREQUENTLY METHYLATED GENES IN HAEMATOLOGICAL AND EPITHELIAL CANCERS. BACKGROUND: GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE A HALLMARK OF BOTH EPITHELIAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENS ARE REQUIRED TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT CAN BE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC PURPOSES ACROSS MALIGNANCIES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THE USE OF THE MIRA ASSAY (METHYLATED CPG ISLAND RECOVERY ASSAY) IN COMBINATION WITH GENOME-WIDE CPG ISLAND ARRAYS TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MARKERS IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE. WE IDENTIFIED 30 GENES DEMONSTRATING METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF > OR =25% IN CHILDHOOD ALL, NINE GENES SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT METHYLATION FREQUENCIES IN B VS T-ALL. FOR MAJORITY OF THE GENES EXPRESSION COULD BE RESTORED IN METHYLATED LEUKEMIA LINES AFTER TREATMENT WITH 5-AZADC. FORTY-FOUR PERCENT OF THE GENES REPRESENT TARGETS OF THE POLYCOMB COMPLEX. IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) TWO OF THE GENES, (TFAP2A AND EBF2), DEMONSTRATED INCREASED METHYLATION IN BLAST CRISIS COMPARED TO CHRONIC PHASE (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE HYPERMETHYLATION OF AN AUTOPHAGY RELATED GENE ATG16L2 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB TREATMENT. LASTLY WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TEN OF THESE GENES WERE ALSO FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS. CONCLUSION: IN SUMMARY WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES SHOWING FREQUENT METHYLATION IN CHILDHOOD ALL, METHYLATION STATUS OF TWO OF THESE GENES IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE IN CML AND METHYLATION STATUS OF ANOTHER GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGNOSIS. IN ADDITION A SUBSET OF THESE GENES MAY ACT AS EPIGENETIC MARKERS ACROSS HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AS WELL AS COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17 2494  33 EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS GENERALLY LOWER THAN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. ALTHOUGH DNA METHYLATION IS GLOBALLY DECREASED, REGIONAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF GENE PROMOTERS LEADS TO GENE SILENCING. MANY OF THESE GENES HAVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PHENOTYPES. UNLIKE MUTATIONS OR DELETIONS, HYPERMETHYLATION IS POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE AFTER INHIBITION WITH DNA METHYLATION MODULATORS. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME HAS BEEN A MODEL DISEASE IN WHICH TREATMENT OF PATIENTS RESULTS IN DEMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES. THE STORY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS SLOWLY UNRAVELING AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LIKELY ALSO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE. ONGOING CLINICAL TRIALS CORRELATING CLINICAL RESPONSE TO GENE EXPRESSION AFTER TREATMENT WITH DNA METHYLATION INHIBITORS WILL ULTIMATELY ALLOW US TO BETTER RISK STRATIFY AND PREDICT THE SUBGROUP OF PATIENTS WHO WILL BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT WITH THIS CLASS OF DRUGS.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18 2771  37 EXTENSIVE PROMOTER DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND HYPOMETHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. DYSREGULATED MICRORNA (MIRNA) EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTES TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). HOWEVER, AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE ABERRANT MIRNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL IS LACKING. IN THIS STUDY, WE COMPREHENSIVELY INVESTIGATED THE ROLE AND EXTENT OF MIRNA EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN CLL. GENOME-WIDE PROFILING CONDUCTED ON 24 CLL AND 10 HEALTHY B CELL SAMPLES REVEALED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS UPSTREAM OF MIRNA SEQUENCES THAT DISTINGUISHED MALIGNANT FROM HEALTHY CELLS AND IDENTIFIED PUTATIVE MIRNA PROMOTERS. INTEGRATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND MIRNA PROMOTER DATA LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF 128 RECURRENT MIRNA TARGETS FOR ABERRANT PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION. DNA HYPOMETHYLATION ACCOUNTED FOR MORE THAN 60% OF ALL ABERRANT PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION IN CLL, AND PROMOTER DNA HYPOMETHYLATION WAS RESTRICTED TO WELL-DEFINED REGIONS. INDIVIDUAL HYPER- AND HYPOMETHYLATED PROMOTERS ALLOWED DISCRIMINATION OF CLL SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY CONTROLS. PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE CONFIRMED IN AN INDEPENDENT PATIENT COHORT, WITH 11 MIRNAS CONSISTENTLY SHOWING AN INVERSE CORRELATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION STATUS AND EXPRESSION LEVEL. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS CHARACTERIZE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE REGULATION OF MIRNA TRANSCRIPTION AND CREATE A REPOSITORY OF DISEASE-SPECIFIC PROMOTER REGIONS THAT MAY PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CLL.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19  139  41 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION, RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB AND SHORTENED SURVIVAL IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. THE EPIGENETIC IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) IS NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. TO ELUCIDATE ITS ROLE WE ANALYZED 120 PATIENTS WITH CML FOR METHYLATION OF PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED CPG ISLANDS OF 10 GENES. FIVE GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY DNA METHYLATION SCREENING IN THE K562 CELL LINE AND 3 GENES IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. THE CDKN2B GENE WAS SELECTED FOR ITS FREQUENT METHYLATION IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES AND ABL1 AS THE TARGET OF BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION. THIRTY PATIENTS WERE IMATINIB-NAIVE (MOSTLY TREATED BY INTERFERON-ALPHA BEFORE THE IMATINIB ERA), 30 WERE IMATINIB-RESPONSIVE, 50 WERE IMATINIB-RESISTANT, AND 10 WERE IMATINIB-INTOLERANT. WE QUANTIFIED DNA METHYLATION BY BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES WAS 4.5 PER PATIENT IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, INCREASING SIGNIFICANTLY TO 6.2 IN THE ACCELERATED AND 6.4 IN THE BLASTIC PHASE. HIGHER NUMBERS OF METHYLATED GENES WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN PATIENTS RESISTANT OR INTOLERANT TO IMATINIB. THESE PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED ALMOST EXCLUSIVE METHYLATION OF A PUTATIVE TRANSPORTER OSCP1. ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF A SRC SUPPRESSOR GENE PDLIM4 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTENED SURVIVAL INDEPENDENTLY OF CML STAGE AND IMATINIB RESPONSIVENESS. WE CONCLUDE THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CML PROGRESSION AND THAT DNA METHYLATION COULD BE A MARKER ASSOCIATED WITH IMATINIB RESISTANCE. FINALLY, DNA METHYLATION OF PDLIM4 MAY HELP IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF CML PATIENTS THAT WOULD BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT WITH SRC/ABL INHIBITORS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20   18  43 5-AZACYTIDINE MODULATES CPG METHYLATION LEVELS OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. PURPOSE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF RESPONSE TO HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS IN PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) STILL REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. THEREFORE, THE EFFECTS OF 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA) ON CLONAL ARCHITECTURE AND DNA METHYLATION WERE INVESTIGATED IN THIS STUDY. METHODS: USING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), 30 MYELOID LEUKEMIA-ASSOCIATED GENES WERE ANALYZED IN 15 MDS/CMML PATIENTS WITH EXCELLENT RESPONSE TO AZA. EFFECTS ON METHYLATION LEVELS WERE ANALYZED BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS USING PYROSEQUENCING FOR THE GLOBAL METHYLATION MARKER LINE-1 IN PATIENTS AND MYELOID CELL LINES. VARIOUS MYELOID CELL LINES AND A HEALTHY COHORT WERE SCREENED FOR METHYLATION LEVELS IN 23 GENES. SELECTED TARGETS WERE VERIFIED ON THE MDS/CMML COHORT. RESULTS: THE STUDY PRESENTED HERE SHOWED A STABLE VARIANT ALLELE FREQUENCY AND STABLE GLOBAL METHYLATION LEVELS IN RESPONDING PATIENTS. A SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 WAS REVEALED IN PATIENTS WITH AZA RESPONSE. CONCLUSIONS: A RESPONSE TO AZA IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ERADICATION OF MALIGNANT CLONES, BUT RATHER WITH A STABILIZATION OF THE CLONAL ARCHITECTURE. WE SUGGEST CHANGES IN CPG METHYLATION LEVELS OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 AS POTENTIAL TARGETS OF EPIGENETIC RESPONSE TO AZA TREATMENT WHICH MAY ALSO SERVE AS USEFUL BIOMARKERS AFTER CLINICAL EVALUATION.	2019