1 1659 118 DOWN-REGULATION OF CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES WITHIN CHROMOSOME BAND 13Q14.3 IS INDEPENDENT OF THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERN IN B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. LOSS OF GENOMIC MATERIAL FROM CHROMOSOMAL BAND 13Q14.3 IS THE MOST COMMON GENETIC IMBALANCE IN B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) AND MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA, POINTING TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF THIS REGION IN A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM. FROM THE MINIMALLY DELETED REGION, 3 CANDIDATE GENES HAVE BEEN ISOLATED, RFP2, BCMS, AND BCMSUN. DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSES HAVE FAILED TO DETECT SMALL MUTATIONS IN ANY OF THESE GENES, SUGGESTING A DIFFERENT PATHOMECHANISM, MOST LIKELY HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY. WE, THEREFORE, TESTED B-CLL PATIENTS FOR EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS BY MEASURING EXPRESSION OF GENES FROM 13Q14.3 AND METHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTOR REGION. RB1, CLLD7, KPNA3, CLLD6, AND RFP2 WERE DOWN-REGULATED IN B-CLL PATIENTS AS COMPARED WITH B CELLS OF HEALTHY DONORS, WITH RFP2 SHOWING THE MOST PRONOUNCED LOSS OF EXPRESSION. TO TEST WHETHER THIS LOSS OF GENE EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN THE RESPECTIVE PROMOTOR REGIONS, WE PERFORMED METHYLATION-SENSITIVE QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ANALYSES AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING ON DNA FROM B-CLL PATIENTS. NO DIFFERENCE IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS COULD BE DETECTED IN ANY CPG ISLAND OF THE MINIMALLY DELETED REGION. DOWN-REGULATION OF GENES WITHIN CHROMOSOMAL BAND 13Q14.3 IN B-CLL IS IN LINE WITH THE CONCEPT OF HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY, BUT THIS TUMOR-SPECIFIC PHENOMENON IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION.	2002	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2 4221  40 METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE RECEPTOR TYPE O IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: PREVIOUS STUDIES IN OUR LABORATORY HAVE SHOWN THE PROGRESSIVE METHYLATION AND SUPPRESSION OF THE GENE ENCODING PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE, PTPRO, IN THE LIVERS OF RATS FED A METHYL-DEFICIENT DIET THAT INDUCES HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE OBSERVED THE METHYLATION OF PTPRO IN PRIMARY HUMAN LUNG TUMORS AND ALSO SHOWED ITS POTENTIAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THE TRUNCATED FORM OF PTPRO (PTPROT), SPECIFICALLY EXPRESSED IN NAIVE B LYMPHOCYTES, WAS ALSO METHYLATED AND SUPPRESSED IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), A DISEASE GENERALLY AFFECTING B LYMPHOCYTES. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS: INITIAL SCREENING SHOWED THAT 60% OF THE 52 CLL SAMPLES ANALYZED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR ASSAY WERE METHYLATED COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, WHICH WERE NOT METHYLATED. THE EXPRESSION OF PTPROT, AS MEASURED BY SEMIQUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR, INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH METHYLATION IN THE FEW SAMPLES TESTED. ANALYSIS OF ADDITIONAL SAMPLES (N = 50) BY COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE PTPRO CPG ISLAND WAS METHYLATED IN 82% OF PATIENTS WITH CLL COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. FURTHERMORE, OVERALL EXPRESSION OF PTPRO WAS REDUCED IN CLL RELATIVE TO NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES. THE PTPRO GENE WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED BY METHYLATION IN THE CLL CELL LINE WAC3CD5, WHERE IT COULD BE REACTIVATED UPON TREATMENT WITH THE DNA HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZAC. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF PTPROT IN A NONEXPRESSING CELL LINE INCREASED GROWTH INHIBITION WITH FLUDARABINE TREATMENT, A THERAPY COMMONLY USED FOR CLL. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY REVEALS THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PTPRO METHYLATION AND SILENCING IN CLL TUMORIGENESIS AND ALSO PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR TARGET IN THE EPIGENETIC THERAPY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  494  35 ASSESSMENT OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IDENTIFIES PTCH AS A PUTATIVE TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE IN HUMAN CLL. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY A CLONAL ACCUMULATION OF NEOPLASTIC LYMPHOCYTES, INDICATING DISRUPTION OF APOPTOSIS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION HYBRIDIZATION ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGET GENES SILENCED BY CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CLL. RESULTS: PATCHED (PTCH), A TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE, WAS FOUND TO BE FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN CLL SAMPLES COMPARED TO SAMPLES DERIVED FROM HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. DE NOVO METHYLATION OF A CPG ISLAND REGION LOCATED UPSTREAM OF PTCH EXON 1 WAS CONFIRMED BY PYROSEQUENCING IN 17/37 (46%) OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CLL, BUT IN NONE ISOLATED FROM SEVEN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. NO ASSOCIATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN PTCH HYPERMETHYLATION AND CURRENTLY USED PROGNOSTIC CLL FACTORS. CONCLUSION: OUR INVESTIGATION SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF PTCH IS A MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO CLL TUMORIGENESIS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
4 2753  39 EXPRESSION OF BCL2L12 IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATIENTS: ASSOCIATION WITH CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR PROGNOSTIC MARKERS. DYSREGULATION OF APOPTOSIS IS A DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), ALTHOUGH A UNIQUE MECHANISM UNDERLYING APOPTOSIS RESISTANCE OF CLL B LYMPHOCYTES HAS NOT BEEN IDENTIFIED YET. ABERRANT EXPRESSION AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF NUMEROUS GENES INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT PATHWAYS OF APOPTOSIS REGULATION HAS BEEN DESCRIBED IN CLL. HERE, WE REPORT THE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF BCL2L12 (BCL2-LIKE 12), A NOVEL APOPTOTIC GENE BELONGING TO BCL2 FAMILY, IN 58 SERBIAN CLL PATIENTS. QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QRT-PCR) ANALYSIS REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT OVEREXPRESSION OF BCL2L12 MRNA IN CLL SAMPLES COMPARED TO NON-LEUKEMIC SAMPLES, IMPLYING ITS ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC (ROC) ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT BCL2L12 EXPRESSION EFFICIENTLY DISCRIMINATES CLL CASES FROM HEALTHY CONTROLS. HOWEVER, RELATIVELY HOMOGENOUS BCL2L12 MRNA EXPRESSION AMONG PATIENTS DID NOT REFLECT THEIR CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS (WITH THE EXCEPTION OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE STATUS AND TIME FROM DIAGNOSIS TO TREATMENT) AND FAILED TO SHOW ASSOCIATION WITH THE MOST INFORMATIVE PROGNOSTIC MARKERS, NAMELY THE MUTATIONAL STATUS OF REARRANGED IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN VARIABLE REGION GENES, CD38 AND LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE GENE (LPL) EXPRESSION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5 1424  40 DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION OF GENE PROMOTERS IN SMALL B-CELL LYMPHOMAS. IMPROVED CARE OF PATIENTS WITH SMALL B-CELL LYMPHOMAS (SBCLS) IS LIKELY TO RESULT FROM THE ONGOING DISCOVERY OF MOLECULAR MARKERS THAT BETTER DEFINE THESE MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS. WE IDENTIFIED MULTIPLE GENE LOCI WHOSE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS DIFFERED BETWEEN 3 TYPES OF SBCL: B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA/SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA, MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA, AND GRADES I AND II FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA. THIS ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING AN OLIGONUCLEOTIDE MICROARRAY THAT ALLOWED DETERMINATION OF THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF 156 LOCI IN 38 GENES. COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WERE USED TO VALIDATE THE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF 6 OF THESE GENES. BY USING NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA CELL LINES AS MODELS, THESE GENES WERE EXAMINED FURTHER FOR METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION RELATIONSHIPS. THIS STUDY ILLUSTRATES NONRANDOM EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN SBCLS THAT SEEM TO PREFERENTIALLY INVOLVE LYMPHOMAS OF GERMINAL CENTER DERIVATION.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6 2262  35 EPIGENETIC PROFILING IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA REVEALS NOVEL METHYLATION TARGETS. CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC ALTERATION THAT CONTRIBUTES TO TUMORIGENESIS BY TRANSCRIPTIONAL INACTIVATION OF GENES. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE OVERALL LEVELS OF CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). TO PROVIDE A BASELINE ESTIMATE OF GLOBAL ABERRANT METHYLATION AND IDENTIFY TARGET SEQUENCES FOR ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATION, WE PERFORMED RESTRICTION LANDMARK GENOMIC SCANNING ON 10 CLL SAMPLES. TWO METHYLATION-SENSITIVE LANDMARK ENZYMES WERE USED (NOTI AND ASCI), ALLOWING ASSESSMENT OF OVER 3000 CPG ISLANDS IN EACH SAMPLE. TUMOR-DERIVED RESTRICTION LANDMARK GENOMIC SCANNING PROFILES WERE COMPARED WITH PROFILES FROM CD19-SELECTED B CELLS FROM NORMAL VOLUNTEERS AND MATCHED NORMAL NEUTROPHILS FROM 4 CLL PATIENTS. WE FOUND 2.5-8.1% (MEAN 4.8%) OF THE CPG ISLANDS IN CLL SAMPLES WERE ABERRANTLY METHYLATED COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, AND THE METHYLATION EVENTS HAD A NONRANDOM DISTRIBUTION (P < 0.0001). FURTHERMORE, WE IDENTIFIED 193 ABERRANTLY METHYLATED SEQUENCES, OF WHICH 93% HAVE CPG ISLAND CHARACTERISTICS AND 90% HAVE HOMOLOGY TO GENES OR EXPRESSED SEQUENCES. ONE SUCH GENE, THE G PROTEIN-COUPLED METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 7 (GRM7), POSSIBLY INHIBITS CYCLIC AMP SIGNALING IN THE INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS. BISULFITE SEQUENCING OF GRM7 CONFIRMED EXTENSIVE CPG ISLAND METHYLATION, AND TREATMENT WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (DECITABINE) RESULTED IN UP-REGULATED EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL GENES IN VITRO WITH CONCURRENT CELLULAR DEPLETION OF DNMT1 PROTEIN. OUR DUAL-ENZYME GLOBAL METHYLATION STUDY SHOWS THAT CLL IS CHARACTERIZED BY WIDESPREAD NONRANDOM CPG ISLAND METHYLATION SIMILAR TO OTHER TUMORS AND PROVIDES A PANEL OF NOVEL METHYLATION TARGETS THAT CAN BE USED IN LARGER STUDIES DESIGNED TO ASSESS IMPACT ON DISEASE PROGRESSION AND SURVIVAL.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7 4694  34 NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING IDENTIFIES MAJOR DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING PROGRESSION OF PH+ CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION ON THE EVOLUTION/PROGRESSION OF PH+ CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLOME OF CML PATIENTS IN CHRONIC PHASE (CP-CML), ACCELERATED PHASE (AP-CML) AND BLAST CRISIS (BC-CML) AS WELL AS IN CONTROLS BY REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING. ALTHOUGH ONLY ~600 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES WERE IDENTIFIED IN SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM CP-CML PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, ~6500 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES WERE FOUND IN SAMPLES FROM BC-CML PATIENTS. IN THE MAJORITY OF AFFECTED CPG SITES, METHYLATION WAS INCREASED. IN CP-CML PATIENTS WHO PROGRESSED TO AP-CML/BC-CML, WE IDENTIFIED UP TO 897 GENES THAT WERE METHYLATED AT THE TIME OF PROGRESSION BUT NOT AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS. USING RNA-SEQUENCING, WE OBSERVED DOWNREGULATED EXPRESSION OF MANY OF THESE GENES IN BC-CML COMPARED WITH CP-CML SAMPLES. SEVERAL OF THEM ARE WELL-KNOWN TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES OR REGULATORS OF CELL PROLIFERATION, AND GENE RE-EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED BY THE USE OF EPIGENETIC ACTIVE DRUGS. TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT CPG SITE METHYLATION CLEARLY INCREASES DURING CML PROGRESSION AND THAT IT MAY PROVIDE A USEFUL BASIS FOR REVEALING NEW TARGETS OF THERAPY IN ADVANCED CML.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8 5871  45 SUSTAINED NF-KAPPAB ACTIVITY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS INDEPENDENT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE TNFAIP3 (A20) LOCUS. INAPPROPRIATE NUCLEAR FACTOR (NF) KAPPAB ACTIVITY IS ONE MAJOR HALLMARK OF B-CELL MALIGNANCIES AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). NFKAPPAB-DEPENDENT GENES ARE INVOLVED IN ANTIAPOPTOSIS, CELL PROLIFERATION AND METASTASIS AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR SURVIVAL AND PROLIFERATION OF TUMORS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS OF NFKAPPAB ACTIVITY IN CLL STILL NEED TO BE ELUCIDATED. PREVIOUSLY, WE IDENTIFIED TRANSLOCATIONS IN A REGION ON CHROMOSOME 6Q THAT ENCODES TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA-INDUCED PROTEIN 3, WHICH IS A KEY PLAYER IN NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP REGULATION OF NFKAPPAB. INACTIVATION OF THIS UBIQUITIN-EDITING ENZYME IS INVOLVED IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGIES AND IN TUMORIGENESIS. FREQUENT MUTATIONS IN THE A20 LOCUS--LEADING TO SUSTAINED NFKAPPAB ACTIVITY--COULD BE SHOWN TO PLAY A DOMINANT ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENT B-CELL MALIGNANCIES. TO CHECK IF A20 IS INVOLVED IN UPREGULATION OF NFKAPPAB ACTIVITY IN CLL, WE SEQUENCED EXONS 2-9 OF THE A20 GENE IN 55 CLL DNA SAMPLES. FURTHERMORE, WE DETERMINED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PROMOTER REGION IN 63 CLL DNA SAMPLES AND COMPARED TO 10 CONTROL DNAS OF B CELLS FROM HEALTHY DONORS. CONTRARY TO REPORTS FROM OTHER B-CELL MALIGNANCIES, THE A20 REGION SHOWED NEITHER MUTATIONS NOR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. MOREOVER, ITS EXPRESSION COULD BE CONFIRMED BY IMMUNOBLOTTING AND SHOWING COMPARABLE RESULTS TO HEALTHY B CELLS. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT MALIGNANT DEVELOPMENT IN CLL DIFFERS FROM MOST OF OTHER B-CELL MALIGNANCIES, WHICH SHOW FREQUENT INACTIVATION OF A20.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9 3062  37 GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS REVEALS NOVEL EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. WE CONDUCTED A GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS IN CD19 (+) B-CELLS FROM CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) PATIENTS AND NORMAL CONTROL SAMPLES USING REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING (RRBS). THE METHYLATION STATUS OF 1.8-2.3 MILLION CPGS IN THE CLL GENOME WAS DETERMINED; ABOUT 45% OF THESE CPGS WERE LOCATED IN MORE THAN 23,000 CPG ISLANDS (CGIS). WHILE GLOBAL CPG METHYLATION WAS SIMILAR BETWEEN CLL AND NORMAL B-CELLS, 1764 GENE PROMOTERS WERE IDENTIFIED AS BEING DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN AT LEAST ONE CLL SAMPLE WHEN COMPARED WITH NORMAL B-CELL SAMPLES. NINETEEN PERCENT OF THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES WERE INVOLVED IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. ABERRANT HYPERMETHYLATION WAS FOUND IN ALL HOX GENE CLUSTERS AND A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY GENES. HYPOMETHYLATION OCCURRED MORE FREQUENTLY IN THE GENE BODY INCLUDING INTRONS, EXONS, AND 3'-UTRS IN CLL. THE NFATC1 P2 PROMOTER AND FIRST INTRON WAS FOUND TO BE HYPOMETHYLATED AND CORRELATED WITH UPREGULATION OF BOTH NFATC1 RNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS IN CLL SUGGESTING THAT AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS INVOLVED IN THE CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF NFAT ACTIVITY IN CLL CELLS. THIS COMPREHENSIVE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS WILL FURTHER OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO CELLULAR DYSFUNCTION IN CLL.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10 5275  40 PROMOTER METHYLATION OF THE BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-6 GENE IN ASSOCIATION WITH ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA. BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS (BMP), BELONGING TO THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA SUPERFAMILY, ARE MULTIFUNCTIONAL REGULATORS OF CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION AND APOPTOSIS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF MALIGNANT CELLS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED BMP-6 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS TYPES OF LEUKEMIAS. THE BMP-6 METHYLATION WAS FOUND PREFERENTIALLY IN ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA (ATL) (49 OF 60, 82%) COMPARED WITH OTHER TYPES OF LEUKEMIAS STUDIED INCLUDING ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (3 OF 67, 5%), ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (6 OF 38, 16%) AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (1 OF 21, 5%). AMONG SUBTYPES OF ATL, THE BMP-6 GENE WAS MORE FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN AGGRESSIVE ATL FORMS OF ACUTE (96%) AND LYMPHOMA (94%) TYPES THAN LESS MALIGNANT CHRONIC ATL (44%) AND SMOLDERING ATL (20%). WE ALSO ANALYZED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM HEALTHY DONORS AND NONMALIGNANT LYMPH NODES WITH REACTIVE LYMPHADENOPATHY, NONE OF WHICH SHOWED DETECTABLE BMP-6 METHYLATION IN THIS STUDY. THE BMP-6 METHYALTION WAS CORRELATED WITH DECREASED MRNA TRANSCRIPT AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION. EXPRESSION OF BMP-6 WAS RESTORED BY THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE, SUGGESTING THAT METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING. SERIAL ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED AN INCREASING METHYLATION OF CPG SITES IN THE BMP-6 PROMOTER AND THE RESULTANT SUPPRESSION OF BMP-6 EXPRESSION AS ATL PROGRESSED. THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT BMP-6 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS LIKELY TO BE A COMMON EPIGENETIC EVENT AT LATER STAGES OF ATL AND THAT THE METHYLATION PROFILES MAY BE USEFUL FOR THE STAGING OF ATL AS WELL AS FOR EVALUATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL RISK OF DEVELOPING THE DISEASE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  326  51 ALLELIC SILENCING AT THE TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR LOCUS 13Q14.3 SUGGESTS AN EPIGENETIC TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM. GENOMIC MATERIAL FROM CHROMOSOME BAND 13Q14.3 DISTAL TO THE RETINOBLASTOMA LOCUS IS RECURRENTLY LOST IN A VARIETY OF HUMAN NEOPLASMS, INDICATING AN AS-YET-UNIDENTIFIED TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM. NO PATHOGENIC MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE MINIMALLY DELETED REGION UNTIL NOW. HOWEVER, IN B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA TUMORS WITH LOSS OF ONE COPY OF THE CRITICAL REGION, RESPECTIVE CANDIDATE TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES ARE DOWN-REGULATED BY A FACTOR >2, WHICH WOULD BE EXPECTED BY A NORMAL GENE-DOSAGE EFFECT. THIS FINDING POINTS TO AN EPIGENETIC PATHOMECHANISM. WE FIND THAT THE TWO COPIES OF THE CRITICAL REGION REPLICATE ASYNCHRONOUSLY, SUGGESTING DIFFERENTIAL CHROMATIN PACKAGING OF THE TWO COPIES OF 13Q14.3. ALTHOUGH WE ALSO DETECT MONOALLELIC SILENCING OF GENES LOCALIZED IN THE CRITICAL REGION, MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION ORIGINATES FROM EITHER THE MATERNAL OR PATERNAL COPY, EXCLUDING AN IMPRINTING MECHANISM. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSES REVEALED ONE CPG ISLAND OF THE REGION TO BE METHYLATED. DNA DEMETHYLATION OF THIS CPG ISLAND AND GLOBAL HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION INDUCED BIALLELIC EXPRESSION, WHEREAS REPLICATION TIMING WAS NOT AFFECTED. WE PROPOSE THAT DIFFERENTIAL REPLICATION TIMING REPRESENTS AN EARLY EPIGENETIC MARK THAT DISTINGUISHES THE TWO COPIES OF 13Q14.3, RESULTING IN DIFFERENTIAL CHROMATIN PACKAGING AND MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION. ACCORDINGLY, DELETION OF THE SINGLE ACTIVE COPY OF 13Q14.3 RESULTS IN SIGNIFICANT DOWN-REGULATION OF THE CANDIDATE GENES AND LOSS OF FUNCTION, PROVIDING A MODEL FOR THE INTERACTION OF GENETIC LESIONS AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING AT 13Q14.3 IN B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12 1995  41 EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON GENE REGULATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: TO UNDERSTAND THE CHANGES OF GENE REGULATION IN CARCINOGENESIS, WE EXPLORED SIGNALS OF DNA METHYLATION - A STABLE EPIGENETIC MARK OF GENE REGULATORY ELEMENTS - AND DESIGNED A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL TO PROFILE LOSS AND GAIN OF REGULATORY ELEMENTS (RES) DURING CARCINOGENESIS. WE ALSO UTILIZED SEQUENCING DATA TO ANALYZE THE ALLELE FREQUENCY OF SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) AND DETECTED THE CANCER-ASSOCIATED SNPS, I.E., THE SNPS DISPLAYING THE SIGNIFICANT ALLELE FREQUENCY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CANCER AND NORMAL SAMPLES. RESULTS: AFTER APPLYING THIS MODEL TO CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) DATA, WE IDENTIFIED RES DIFFERENTIALLY ACTIVATED (DRES) BETWEEN NORMAL AND CLL CELLS, CONSISTING OF 6,802 DRES GAINED AND 4,606 DRES LOST IN CLL. THE IDENTIFIED REGULATORY PERTURBATIONS COINCIDE WITH CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF TARGET GENES. IN PARTICULAR, THE GENES ENCODING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES HARBOR MULTIPLE LOST-IN-CANCER DRES AND ZERO GAINED-IN-CANCER DRES, INDICATING THAT THE DAMAGED REGULATION OF THESE GENES MIGHT BE ONE OF THE KEY CAUSES OF TUMOR FORMATION. DRES DISPLAY A SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED DENSITY OF THE GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (GWAS) SNPS ASSOCIATED WITH CLL AND CLL-RELATED TRAITS. WE OBSERVED THAT MOST OF DRE GWAS SNPS ASSOCIATED WITH CLL AND CLL-RELATED TRAITS (83%) DISPLAY A SIGNIFICANT HAPLOTYPE ASSOCIATION AMONG THE IDENTIFIED CANCER-ASSOCIATED ALLELES AND THE RISK ALLELES THAT HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN GWAS. ALSO DRES ARE ENRICHED FOR THE BINDING SITES OF THE WELL-ESTABLISHED B-CELL AND CLL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TFS) NF-KB, AP2, P53, E2F1, PAX5, AND SP1. WE ALSO IDENTIFIED CLL-ASSOCIATED SNPS AND DEMONSTRATED THAT THE MUTATIONS AT THESE SNPS CHANGE THE BINDING SITES OF KEY TFS MUCH MORE FREQUENTLY THAN EXPECTED. CONCLUSIONS: THROUGH EXPLORING SEQUENCING DATA MEASURING DNA METHYLATION, WE IDENTIFIED THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS (MORE SPECIFICALLY, DNA METHYLATION) AND GENETIC MUTATIONS ALONG NON-CODING GENOMIC REGIONS CLL, AND DEMONSTRATED THAT THESE CHANGES PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN CARCINOGENESIS THROUGH DAMAGING THE REGULATION OF KEY GENES AND ALTERNATING THE BINDING OF KEY TFS IN B AND CLL CELLS.	2017	

13   15  36 450K-ARRAY ANALYSIS OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELLS REVEALS GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION TO BE RELATIVELY STABLE OVER TIME AND SIMILAR IN RESTING AND PROLIFERATIVE COMPARTMENTS. IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), THE MICROENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS; HOWEVER, KNOWLEDGE IS LIMITED REGARDING THE EXTENT TO WHICH METHYLATION CHANGES WITH TIME AND EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIC MICROENVIRONMENTS. USING HIGH-RESOLUTION 450K ARRAYS, WE PROVIDE THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE DNA METHYLATION STUDY OF CLL TO DATE, ANALYZING PAIRED DIAGNOSTIC/FOLLOW-UP SAMPLES FROM IGHV-MUTATED/UNTREATED AND IGHV-UNMUTATED/TREATED PATIENTS (N=36) AND PATIENT-MATCHED PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND LYMPH NODE SAMPLES (N=20). ON AN UNPRECEDENTED SCALE, WE REVEALED 2239 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES BETWEEN IGHV-MUTATED AND UNMUTATED PATIENTS, WITH THE MAJORITY OF SITES POSITIONED OUTSIDE ANNOTATED CPG ISLANDS. INTRIGUINGLY, CLL PROGNOSTIC GENES (FOR EXAMPLE, CLLU1, LPL, ZAP70 AND NOTCH1), EPIGENETIC REGULATOR (FOR EXAMPLE, HDAC9, HDAC4 AND DNMT3B), B-CELL SIGNALING (FOR EXAMPLE, IBTK) AND NUMEROUS TGF-BETA AND NF-KAPPAB/TNF PATHWAY GENES WERE ALTERNATIVELY METHYLATED BETWEEN SUBGROUPS. CONTRARY, DNA METHYLATION OVER TIME WAS DEEMED RATHER STABLE WITH FEW RECURRENT CHANGES NOTED WITHIN SUBGROUPS. ALTHOUGH A LARGER NUMBER OF NON-RECURRENT CHANGES WERE IDENTIFIED AMONG IGHV-UNMUTATED RELATIVE TO MUTATED CASES OVER TIME, THESE EQUATED TO A LOW GLOBAL CHANGE. SIMILARLY, FEW CHANGES WERE IDENTIFIED BETWEEN COMPARTMENT CASES. ALTOGETHER, WE REVEAL CLL SUBGROUPS TO DISPLAY UNIQUE METHYLATION PROFILES AND UNVEIL METHYLATION AS RELATIVELY STABLE OVER TIME AND SIMILAR WITHIN DIFFERENT CLL COMPARTMENTS, IMPLYING ABERRANT METHYLATION AS AN EARLY LEUKEMOGENIC EVENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14 3125  28 GHSR DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IS A COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF HIGH DIAGNOSTIC VALUE IN A BROAD SPECTRUM OF CANCERS. IDENTIFICATION OF A SINGLE MOLECULAR TRAIT THAT IS DETERMINANT OF COMMON MALIGNANCIES MAY SERVE AS A POWERFUL DIAGNOSTIC SUPPLEMENT TO CANCER TYPE-SPECIFIC MARKERS. HERE, WE REPORT A DNA METHYLATION MARK THAT IS CHARACTERISTIC OF SEVEN STUDIED MALIGNANCIES, NAMELY CANCERS OF LUNG, BREAST, PROSTATE, PANCREAS, COLORECTUM, GLIOBLASTOMA AND B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) (N = 137). THIS MARK WAS DEFINED BY SUBSTANTIAL HYPERMETHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER AND FIRST EXON OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOUGE RECEPTOR (GHSR) THROUGH BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. THE DEGREE OF ABERRANT METHYLATION WAS CAPABLE OF ACCURATE DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN CANCER AND CONTROL SAMPLES. THE HIGHEST SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF CANCER DETECTION WAS ACHIEVED FOR CANCERS OF PANCREAS, LUNG, BREAST AND CLL YIELDING THE AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC) VALUES OF 1.0000, 0.9952, 0.9800 AND 0.9400, RESPECTIVELY. NARROWING TO A SINGLE CPG SITE WITHIN THE GENE'S PROMOTER OR FOUR CONSECUTIVE CPG UNITS OF THE HIGHEST METHYLATION LEVELS WITHIN THE FIRST EXON IMPROVED THE DETECTION POWER. GHSR HYPERMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED ALREADY AT THE EARLY STAGE TUMORS. THE ACCURATE PERFORMANCE OF THIS MARKER WAS FURTHER REPLICATED IN AN INDEPENDENT SET OF PANCREATIC CANCER AND CONTROL SAMPLES (N = 78). THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE CANDIDATURE OF GHSR METHYLATION AS A HIGHLY ACCURATE PAN-CANCER MARKER.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15  939  41 CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND 13Q14: MIRS AND MORE. LOSS OF A CRITICAL REGION IN 13Q14.3 [DEL(13Q)] IS THE MOST COMMON GENOMIC ABERRATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), OCCURRING IN MORE THAN 50% OF PATIENTS (STILGENBAUER ET AL., ONCOGENE 1998;16:1891 - 1897, DOHNER ET AL., N ENGL J MED 2000;343:1910 - 1916). DESPITE EXTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS, NO POINT MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE REMAINING ALLELE THAT WOULD INACTIVATE ONE OF THE CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND EXPLAIN THE PATHOMECHANISM POSTULATED FOR THIS REGION. HOWEVER, THE GENES IN THE REGION ARE SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN-REGULATED IN CLL CELLS, MORE THAN WOULD BE EXPECTED BY GENE DOSAGE, AND RECENTLY A COMPLEX EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISM WAS IDENTIFIED FOR 13Q14.3 IN NON-MALIGNANT CELLS THAT INVOLVES ASYNCHRONOUS REPLICATION TIMING AND MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION OF CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. HERE, WE PROPOSE A MODEL OF A MULTIGENIC PATHOMECHANISM IN 13Q14.3, WHERE SEVERAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, INCLUDING THE MIRNA GENES MIR-16-1 AND MIR-15A, ARE CO-REGULATED BY THE TWO LONG NON-CODING RNA GENES DLEU1 AND DLEU2 THAT SPAN THE CRITICAL REGION. FURTHERMORE, WE PROPOSE THESE CO-REGULATED GENES TO BE INVOLVED IN THE SAME MOLECULAR PATHWAYS, THEREBY ALSO FORMING A FUNCTIONAL GENE CLUSTER. ELUCIDATING THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR FUNCTION OF THE 13Q14.3 CANDIDATE GENES WILL SHED LIGHT ON THE UNDERLYING PATHOMECHANISM OF CLL.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16 2935  42 GENETIC ALTERATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE GENETICS OF B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) DIFFER CONSIDERABLY FROM MOST OTHER FORMS OF HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY WHICH ARE USUALLY CHARACTERIZED BY CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATIONS. B-CLL TYPICALLY CONTAINS CHROMOSOMAL DELETIONS AND CHROMOSOMES 13Q14 AND 11Q22-->Q23 ARE THE MOST COMMON. THESE TWO REGIONS APPEAR TO SHARE A COMMON ANCESTRAL ORIGIN (AUER ET AL., 2007B). OVERALL, CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES CAN BE FOUND IN THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS WITH B-CLL WHEN USING SENSITIVE TECHNIQUES (DOHNERET AL., 2000) AND POSSIBLY REFLECTS AN UNDERLYING PREDISPOSITION, WITH A SMALL BUT SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF FAMILIAL CASES. ALTHOUGH SINGLE AND CONSISTENT ABNORMALITIES ARE MOST COMMON, MULTIPLE REARRANGEMENTS CAN OCCUR, OFTEN WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION (FEGANETAL., 1995; DOHNER ET AL., 2000). REGIONS OF RECURRENT DELETION SUGGEST THE PRESENCE OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IF FOLLOWING KNUDSON'S THEORETICAL 2-HIT MODEL. HOWEVER, DESPITE EXTENSIVE SEQUENCING ANALYSIS OVER THE LAST DECADE AND LACK OF PATHOGENIC MUTATIONS IDENTIFIED, THERE HAS BEEN A MOVE AWAY FROM THIS SUGGESTED HYPOTHESIS AND ALTERNATIVE MECHANISMS OF GENE INACTIVATION INVOLVING EPIGENETIC SILENCING OR HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY MAY BE CONSIDERED AS MORE LIKELY IN THIS DISEASE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE COMMON GENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN B-CLL AND RELATES THEM TO SOME OF THE MORE RECENT HYPOTHESES ON INACTIVATION OF GENES WITHIN THESE REGIONS OF DELETION.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17 1144  44 CONCOMITANT HETEROCHROMATINISATION AND DOWN-REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNVEILS EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF RELB IN AN AGGRESSIVE SUBSET OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IN MALES. BACKGROUND: THE SENSITIVITY OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) CELLS TO CURRENT TREATMENTS, BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, RELIES ON THEIR ABILITY TO ACTIVATE APOPTOTIC DEATH. CLL CELLS RESISTANT TO DNA DAMAGE-INDUCED APOPTOSIS DISPLAY DEREGULATION OF A SPECIFIC SET OF GENES. METHODS: MICROARRAY HYBRIDIZATION (HUMAN GENECHIP, AFFYMETRIX), IMMUNOFLUORESCENT IN SITU LABELING COUPLED WITH VIDEO-MICROSCOPY RECORDING/ANALYSES, CHROMATIN-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP), POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS (PCR), REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (RT-QPCR) AND BISULFITE GENOME SEQUENCING WERE THE MAIN METHODS APPLIED. STATISTICAL ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED BY APPLYING GCRMA AND SAM ANALYSIS (MICROARRAY DATA) AND STUDENT'S T-TEST OR MANN & WHITNEY'S U-TEST. RESULTS: HEREIN WE SHOW THAT, REMARKABLY, IN A RESISTANT MALE CLL CELLS THE VAST MAJORITY OF GENES WERE DOWN-REGULATED COMPARED WITH SENSITIVE CELLS, WHEREAS THIS WAS NOT THE CASE IN CELLS DERIVED FROM FEMALES. THIS GENE DOWN-REGULATION WAS FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN OVERALL GAIN OF HETEROCHROMATIN AS EVIDENCED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENT LABELING OF HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1ALPHA (HP-1), TRIMETHYLATED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (3METH3K9), AND 5-METHYLCYTIDINE (5METC). NOTABLY, 17 GENES WERE FOUND TO BE COMMONLY DEREGULATED IN RESISTANT MALE AND FEMALE CELL SAMPLES. AMONG THESE, RELB WAS IDENTIFIED AS A DISCRIMINATORY CANDIDATE GENE REPRESSED IN THE MALE AND UPREGULATED IN THE FEMALE RESISTANT CELLS. CONCLUSION: THE MOLECULAR DEFECTS IN THE SILENCING OF RELB INVOLVE AN INCREASE IN H3K9- BUT NOT CPG-ISLAND METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS. INCREASE IN ACETYL-H3 IN RESISTANT FEMALE BUT NOT MALE CLL SAMPLES AS WELL AS A DECREASE OF TOTAL CELLULAR LEVEL OF RELB AFTER AN INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) BY TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), FURTHER EMPHASIZE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WHICH COULD DISCRIMINATE TWO CLL SUBSETS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHTED THE EPIGENETIC RELB SILENCING AS A NEW MARKER OF THE PROGRESSIVE DISEASE IN MALES.	2010	
                                                                                                
18 2327  38 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HUMAN CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGEN GENE, HAGE, IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CANCER TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTA) PROVIDE ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR CANCER-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY. ALTHOUGH CTA GENES ARE EXPRESSED IN SOME NORMAL TISSUES, SUCH AS THE TESTIS, THIS IMMUNOLOGICALLY PROTECTED SITE LACKS MHC I EXPRESSION AND AS SUCH, DOES NOT PRESENT SELF ANTIGENS TO T CELLS. TO DATE, CTA GENES HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE EXPRESSED IN A RANGE OF SOLID TUMORS VIA DEMETHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTER CPG ISLANDS, BUT RARELY IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) OR OTHER HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. DESIGN AND METHODS: IN THIS STUDY, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE HAGE CTA GENE PROMOTER WAS ANALYZED BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) AND SEQUENCING IN FOUR PHILADELPHIA-POSITIVE CELL LINES (TCC-S, K562, KU812 AND KYO-1) AND IN CML SAMPLES TAKEN FROM PATIENTS IN CHRONIC PHASE (CP N=215) OR BLAST CRISIS (BC N=47). HAGE EXPRESSION WAS ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: THE TCC-S CELL LINE SHOWED DEMETHYLATION OF HAGE THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH OVER-EXPRESSION OF THIS GENE. HAGE HYPOMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE FREQUENT IN BC (46%) THAN IN CP (22%) (P=0.01) AND WAS CORRELATED WITH HIGH EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HAGE TRANSCRIPTS (P<0.0001). OF NOTE, IN CP-CML, EXTENSIVE HAGE HYPOMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE TO INTERFERON (P=0.01) OR IMATINIB (P=0.01), MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB (P=0.003) AND PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL (P=0.05). INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSION: THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE HAGE PROMOTER DIRECTLY CORRELATES WITH ITS EXPRESSION IN BOTH CML CELL LINES AND PATIENTS AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE AND POOR OUTCOME.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19 3147  33 GLP OVEREXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND ITS INHIBITION INDUCES LEUKEMIC CELL DEATH. BACKGROUND HETERODIMERIC METHYLTRANSFERASES GLP (EHMT1/KMT1D) AND G9A (EHMT2/KMT1C) ARE TWO CLOSELY RELATED ENZYMES THAT PROMOTE THE MONOMETHYLATION AND DIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9. DYSREGULATION OF THEIR ACTIVITY HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN SEVERAL TYPES OF HUMAN CANCER. PATIENTS AND METHODS HERE, IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER GLP/G9A EXERTS ANY IMPACT ON CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), GLP/G9A EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSESSED IN A COHORT OF 50 PATIENTS AND THE EFFECTS OF THEIR INHIBITION WERE VERIFIED FOR THE VIABILITY OF CLL CELLS. ALSO, QRT-PCR WAS USED TO INVESTIGATE THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVELS OF GLP/G9A IN CLL PATIENTS. IN ADDITION, PATIENT SAMPLES WERE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ZAP-70 PROTEIN EXPRESSION BY FLOW CYTOMETRY AND ACCORDING TO KARYOTYPE INTEGRITY BY CYTOGENETICS ANALYSIS. FINALLY, A SELECTIVE SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR FOR GLP/G9A WAS USED TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER THESE METHYLTRANSFERASES INFLUENCED THE VIABILITY OF MEC-1 CLL CELL LINEAGE. RESULTS MRNA ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT CLL SAMPLES HAD HIGHER LEVELS OF GLP, BUT NOT G9A, WHEN COMPARED TO NON-LEUKEMIC CONTROLS. INTERESTINGLY, PATIENTS WITH UNFAVORABLE CYTOGENETICS SHOWED HIGHER EXPRESSION LEVELS OF GLP COMPARED TO PATIENTS WITH FAVORABLE KARYOTYPES. MORE IMPORTANTLY, GLP/G9A INHIBITION MARKEDLY INDUCED CELL DEATH IN CLL CELLS. CONCLUSION TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT GLP IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WORSE PROGNOSIS IN CLL, AND THAT THE INHIBITION OF GLP/G9A INFLUENCES CLL CELL VIABILITY. ALTOGETHER, THE PRESENT DATA DEMONSTRATE THAT THESE METHYLTRANSFERASES CAN BE POTENTIAL MARKERS FOR DISEASE PROGRESSION, AS WELL AS A PROMISING EPIGENETIC TARGET FOR CLL TREATMENT AND THE PREVENTION OF DISEASE EVOLUTION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20 2025  32 EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN A MURINE MODEL OF HUMAN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING GAIN OR LOSS OF DNA METHYLATION, ARE A HALLMARK OF NEARLY EVERY MALIGNANCY. CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION CAN IMPACT EXPRESSION OF CANCER-RELATED GENES INCLUDING APOPTOSIS REGULATORS AND TUMOR SUPPRESSORS. BECAUSE SUCH EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE, THEY ARE BEING AGGRESSIVELY INVESTIGATED AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. HERE WE USE THE EMU-TCL1 TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) TO DETERMINE THE TIMING AND PATTERNS OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, AND TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. WE SHOW THAT CLL CELLS FROM EMU-TCL1 MICE AT VARIOUS STAGES RECAPITULATE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS SEEN IN HUMAN CLL. ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PROMOTER SEQUENCES IS OBSERVED AS EARLY AS 3 MONTHS OF AGE IN THESE ANIMALS, WELL BEFORE DISEASE ONSET. ABNORMALLY METHYLATED PROMOTER REGIONS INCLUDE BINDING SITES FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXD3. WE SHOW THAT LOSS OF FOXD3 EXPRESSION DUE TO AN NF-KAPPAB P50/P50:HDAC1 REPRESSOR COMPLEX OCCURS IN TCL1-POSITIVE B CELLS BEFORE METHYLATION. THEREFORE, SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION IS AN EARLY EVENT LEADING TO EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TARGET GENES IN MURINE AND HUMAN CLL. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE STRONG RATIONALE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES TO TARGET NF-KAPPAB COMPONENTS IN CLL AND POTENTIALLY OTHER B-CELL MALIGNANCIES.	2009