1 1582 124 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PRECANCEROUS TISSUE AND CANCERS: CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION AND PROGNOSTICATION BASED ON DNA METHYLATION STATUS. ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ABNORMALITIES AND RESULT IN SILENCING OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES AND CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY, ARE INVOLVED EVEN IN PRECANCEROUS CHANGES IN VARIOUS ORGANS. DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS ALSO ACCOUNT FOR THE HISTOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF HUMAN CANCERS. THEREFORE, WE HAVE ANALYZED DNA METHYLATION ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE IN CLINICAL TISSUE SAMPLES. OUR APPROACH USING THE BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME ARRAY-BASED METHYLATED CPG ISLAND AMPLIFICATION METHOD HAS REVEALED THAT DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS CORRELATED WITH THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS ARE ALREADY ACCUMULATED AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE IN THE KIDNEY, LIVER AND URINARY TRACT. DNA METHYLATION PROFILES AT PRECANCEROUS STAGES ARE BASICALLY INHERITED BY THE CORRESPONDING CANCERS DEVELOPING IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. SUCH DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS MAY CONFER VULNERABILITY TO FURTHER GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS, AND THUS DETERMINE PATIENT OUTCOME. ON THE BASIS OF BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME ARRAY-BASED METHYLATED CPG ISLAND AMPLIFICATION DATA, INDICATORS FOR CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED USING LIVER TISSUE SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION, CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS OR HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL UROTHELIA, AND FOR PROGNOSTICATION USING BIOPSY OR SURGICALLY RESECTED SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS WITH RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA. SUCH GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING HAS NOW FIRMLY ESTABLISHED THE CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF TRANSLATIONAL EPIGENETICS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2 3067  84 GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS AND CANCERS. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION, WHICH RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AND SILENCING OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES, ARE AMONG THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN HUMAN CANCERS. ANALYSIS OF TISSUE SPECIMENS HAS REVEALED THAT DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS PARTICIPATE IN MULTISTAGE CARCINOGENESIS, EVEN FROM THE EARLY AND PRECANCEROUS STAGES, ESPECIALLY IN ASSOCIATION WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND/OR PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION, SUCH AS CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR LIVER CIRRHOSIS RESULTING FROM INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUS. DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS CAN ACCOUNT FOR THE HISTOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF HUMAN CANCERS. OVEREXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 IS NOT A SECONDARY RESULT OF INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY, BUT IS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH ACCUMULATION OF DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN CPG ISLANDS OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES. ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B SPLICING MAY RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY THROUGH DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IN PERICENTROMERIC SATELLITE REGIONS. GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION STATUS HAS REVEALED THAT THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE IS BASICALLY INHERITED BY THE CORRESPONDING CANCERS DEVELOPING IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. DNA METHYLATION STATUS IS NOT SIMPLY ALTERED AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE; RATHER, DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE MAY CONFER VULNERABILITY TO FURTHER GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS, AND THUS DETERMINE PATIENT OUTCOME. THEREFORE, GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING MAY PROVIDE OPTIMAL INDICATORS FOR CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION AND PROGNOSTICATION, AND THUS PROVIDE AN AVENUE FOR CANCER PREVENTION AND THERAPY ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3  342  57 ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMALITIES OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES IN HUMAN CANCERS DURING TRANSITION FROM A PRECANCEROUS TO A MALIGNANT STATE. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE ONE OF THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN CANCERS. HUMAN CANCERS GENERALLY SHOW GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION ACCOMPANIED BY REGION-SPECIFIC HYPERMETHYLATION. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION MAY RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AS A RESULT OF CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS SILENCES VARIOUS TUMOR-RELATED GENES. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND/OR PERSISTENT INFECTION WITH VIRUSES OR OTHER PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS, SUCH AS HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUSES, EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS, HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI, OR WITH CIGARETTE SMOKING. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE INVOLVED EVEN IN THE EARLY AND PRECANCEROUS STAGES. ON THE OTHER HAND, IN PATIENTS WITH CANCERS, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POORER TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION, TUMOR AGGRESSIVENESS AND POOR PROGNOSIS. PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS SHOWING ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION MAY PROGRESS RAPIDLY AND GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 OVER-EXPRESSION IS NOT A SECONDARY RESULT OF INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY BUT IS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE CPG ISLAND METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE, WHICH IS DEFINED AS FREQUENT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF C-TYPE CPG ISLANDS THAT ARE USUALLY METHYLATED IN A CANCER-SPECIFIC (NOT AGE-DEPENDENT) MANNER. SPLICING ALTERATION OF DNMT3B MAY RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY THROUGH DNA HYPOMETHYLATION OF PERICENTROMERIC SATELLITE REGIONS. ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLATION MAY BECOME AN INDICATOR FOR CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION AND EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CANCERS AND A BIOLOGICAL PREDICTOR OF POOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CANCERS. CORRECTION OF DNA METHYLATION STATUS MAY OFFER A NEW STRATEGY FOR PREVENTION AND THERAPY OF CANCERS.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4 3686  32 INFLAMMATION-RELATED ABERRANT PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION: DETECTION AND ROLE IN EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF CANCER CELL TRANSCRIPTOME. IT IS NOW APPARENT THAT EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, IN PARTICULAR ALTERED DNA METHYLATION, PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF HUMAN CANCERS. DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AT PROMOTER CPG ISLANDS IS NOW RECOGNIZED AS A THIRD MECHANISM BY WHICH INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES OCCURS. ABERRANT CPG ISLAND HYPERMETHYLATION IS ALSO FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND PRECANCEROUS LESIONS, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT IT IS AN EARLY EVENT IN TUMORIGENESIS THAT COULD SERVE AS A USEFUL TUMOR MARKER. A VARIETY OF SCREENING TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR GENOME-WIDE SCREENING OF METHYLATION STATUS. OF THOSE, TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS COUPLED WITH PHARMACOLOGICAL UNMASKING HAS EMERGED AS A POWERFUL TOOL FOR REVEALING DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CANCER CELLS AND IDENTIFYING NEW TUMOR MARKER CANDIDATES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5  332  43 ALTERATION OF EPIGENETIC PROFILE IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A COMMON CANCER WORLDWIDE AND DEVELOPS AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF CHRONIC LIVER DAMAGE. A VARIETY OF HCC-RELATED GENES ARE KNOWN TO BE ALTERED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THEREFORE, INFORMATION REGARDING ALTERATION OF THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILES IN HCC IS ESSENTIAL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGY OF THIS TYPE OF TUMOR. METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN GENE PROMOTERS IS KNOWN TO AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE CORRESPONDING GENES. ABNORMAL REGIONAL HYPERMETHYLATION IS OBSERVED IN THE 5' REGION OF SEVERAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) IN HCC, AND THIS HYPERMETHYLATION MAY PROMOTE CARCINOGENESIS THROUGH THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL INACTIVATION OF DOWNSTREAM TSGS. THE DNA DAMAGE INDUCED BY OXIDATION IS A TRIGGER OF ABNORMAL DNA METHYLATION AND INACTIVATION OF TSGS THROUGH RECRUITMENT OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX TO THE PROMOTER SEQUENCE. THUS, OXIDATIVE STRESS MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EMERGENCE OF HCC FROM CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS THROUGH THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF TSGS. THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL ATTEMPTS TO APPLY EPIGENETIC INFORMATION TO THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HCC. THE PREDICTIVE VALUE OF SELECTED METHYLATION EVENTS ON SURVIVAL IN HCC PATIENTS HAS BEEN REPORTED, AND THE METHYLATION PROFILE OF BACKGROUND LIVER COULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH RECURRENCE-FREE SURVIVAL OF HCC PATIENTS WHO HAVE UNDERGONE HEPATECTOMY. ANOTHER STUDY DETECTED METHYLATED DNA FROM HCC CELLS IN SERUM, AND THE CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA WAS REGARDED AS A POTENTIAL TUMOR MARKER. IN ADDITION, SEVERAL TRIALS OF HCC THERAPY HAVE TARGETED THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY AND WERE BASED UPON COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSES OF DNA METHYLATION OF THIS TYPE OF TUMOR. HERE, WE PRESENT AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH REGARDING DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN HUMAN HCC AND DESCRIBE THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC INFORMATION TO HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6 5360  40 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN COMPREHENSIVE GENETIC ANALYSES FOR HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) TYPICALLY DEVELOPS IN THE LIVER WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS, AND ACTIVATION OF ONCOGENES AND INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES OCCURS DURING CARCINOGENESIS VIA GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYSES FOR EXAMINING THE CANCER GENOME HAVE REVEALED INFORMATION REGARDING GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HCC TISSUES. ACCORDING TO PREVIOUS STUDIES, THE INCIDENCE OF RECURRENT GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN INDIVIDUAL GENES WAS THOUGHT TO BE RELATIVELY RARE AND LIMITED TO A SUBSET OF A FEW CANCER-SPECIFIC GENES SUCH AS TUMOR SUPPRESSOR P53, RB GENES AND ONCOGENES SUCH AS CTNNB1. HOWEVER, RECENT WHOLE-GENOME ANALYSES AND EXOME SEQUENCING OF TUMOR DNA HAVE REVEALED NUMEROUS NOVEL ALTERATIONS OF CANCER-RELATED GENES AND PATHWAYS CRITICAL FOR HCC DEVELOPMENT. IN ADDITION, VARIOUS RISK FACTORS FOR HCC, SUCH AS THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUS, MAY AFFECT THE MUTATION PROFILE OF THE CORRESPONDING CANCER GENOME. ON THE OTHER HAND, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE ALSO IDENTIFIED IMPORTANT SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS INVOLVED IN HCC DEVELOPMENT, WHICH MAY ALLOW DETECTION OF A GROUP AT HIGH RISK OF HCC EMERGENCE. SUCH ANALYSES WILL CLARIFY HOW THIS MALIGNANCY CAN BE TREATED, DIAGNOSED AND PREVENTED MORE EFFECTIVELY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7 2122  38 EPIGENETIC IMPACT OF INFECTION ON CARCINOGENESIS: MECHANISMS AND APPLICATIONS. VIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CANCERS, SUCH AS LIVER, NASOPHARYNGEAL, CERVICAL, HEAD AND NECK, AND GASTRIC CANCERS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS FREQUENTLY PRESENT IN THESE CANCERS, AND SOME OF THE ABERRANTLY METHYLATED GENES ARE CAUSALLY INVOLVED IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION. NOTABLY, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN BE PRESENT EVEN IN NON-CANCEROUS OR PRECANCEROUS TISSUES, AND ITS LEVELS CORRELATE WITH THE RISK OF CANCER DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCING A SO-CALLED 'EPIGENETIC FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION'. MECHANISTICALLY, MOST VIRAL OR BACTERIAL INFECTIONS INDUCE DNA METHYLATION INDIRECTLY VIA CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, BUT RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT SOME VIRUSES HAVE DIRECT EFFECTS ON THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY OF HOST CELLS. FROM A TRANSLATIONAL VIEWPOINT, A RECENT MULTICENTER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT ASSESSMENT OF THE EXTENT OF ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION IN NON-CANCEROUS TISSUES CAN BE USED TO PREDICT CANCER RISK. FURTHERMORE, SUPPRESSION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION WAS SHOWN TO BE A USEFUL STRATEGY FOR CANCER PREVENTION IN AN ANIMAL MODEL. HERE, WE REVIEW THE INVOLVEMENT OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN VARIOUS TYPES OF INFECTION-ASSOCIATED CANCERS, ALONG WITH INDIVIDUAL INDUCTION MECHANISMS, AND WE DISCUSS THE APPLICATION OF THESE FINDINGS FOR CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND THERAPY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8  606  34 BEYOND GENETICS--THE EMERGING ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. THE TERM EPIGENETIC REFERS TO A HERITABLE CHANGE IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT IS MEDIATED BY MECHANISMS OTHER THAN ALTERATIONS IN THE PRIMARY NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE. DNA METHYLATION AT CYTOSINE BASES THAT ARE LOCATED 5' TO GUANOSINE WITHIN A CPG DINUCLEOTIDE IS THE MAIN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN HUMANS. PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE PROFOUNDLY DERANGED IN HUMAN CANCER AND COMPRISE GENOME-WIDE LOSSES AS WELL AS REGIONAL GAINS IN DNA METHYLATION. HYPERMETHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS WITHIN GENE PROMOTER REGIONS IS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL INACTIVATION AND REPRESENTS, IN ADDITION TO GENETIC ABERRATIONS, AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM OF GENE SILENCING IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. THIS EPIGENETIC PHENOMENON ACTS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO MUTATIONS AND DELETIONS TO DISRUPT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE FUNCTION. A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES INVOLVING FUNDAMENTAL CELLULAR PATHWAYS MAY BE AFFECTED IN VIRTUALLY ALL TYPES OF HUMAN CANCER BY ABERRANT CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN ASSOCIATION WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING. ALTERED METHYLATION PATTERNS CAN BE USED AS BIOMARKERS FOR CANCER DETECTION, ASSESSMENT OF PROGNOSIS, AND PREDICTION OF RESPONSE TO ANTITUMOR TREATMENT. FURTHERMORE, CLINICAL TRIALS USING EPIGENETICALLY TARGETED THERAPIES HAVE YIELDED PROMISING RESULTS FOR ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIAS AS WELL AS FOR MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. THE EXPLORATION OF OUR GROWING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS MAY HELP DEVELOP NOVEL STRATEGIES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES IN THE FUTURE.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9 5770  41 SPECIFIC MOLECULAR SIGNATURES OF NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE MAY PREDICT A RISK OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON HUMAN CANCERS AND A MAJOR CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATH WORLDWIDE. THE BLEAK OUTCOMES OF HCC PATIENTS EVEN AFTER CURATIVE TREATMENT HAVE BEEN, AT LEAST PARTIALLY, ATTRIBUTED TO ITS MULTICENTRIC ORIGIN. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO EXAMINE NOT ONLY TUMOR TISSUE BUT ALSO NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE TO INVESTIGATE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OPERATING DURING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF "FIELD CANCERIZATION". SEVERAL STUDIES PREVIOUSLY INVESTIGATED THE ASSOCIATION OF MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS IN NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE WITH CLINICAL FEATURES AND PROGNOSIS IN HCC PATIENTS ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE. IN PARTICULAR, SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION PROFILES HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED IN NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE POSSIBLE CLINICAL VALUE OF ARRAY-BASED COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSES OF MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS, ESPECIALLY ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, IN NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE TO CLARIFY THE RISK OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION BASED ON SPECIFIC METHYLATION SIGNATURES MAY BE ADVANTAGEOUS FOR CLOSE FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WHO ARE AT HIGH RISK OF HCC DEVELOPMENT. FURTHERMORE, EPIGENETIC THERAPIES FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES MAY BE HELPFUL TO REDUCE THE RISK OF HCC DEVELOPMENT BECAUSE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE, AND THUS PROVIDE PROMISING MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10 3567  38 IMPACT OF HEPATITIS VIRUS AND AGING ON DNA METHYLATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) USUALLY DEVELOPS ON THE BASIS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS, WHERE INACTIVATION OF SEVERAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) TAKES PLACE VIA METHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER. INTERESTINGLY, THESE METHYLATION EVENTS ARE MORE PREVALENT IN A BACKGROUND LIVER AT HIGH RISK OF HCC THAN ONE AT LOW RISK. ABNORMAL METHYLATION IS ALSO OBSERVED IN PRECANCEROUS NODULES SUCH AS DYSPLASTIC NODULES AND ADENOMAS, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IS AN EARLY EVENT FOR HCC CARCINOGENESIS. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT INFECTION WITH THE HEPATITIS VIRUS INDUCES ALTERATION OF METHYLATION AT PROMOTERS OF TSGS. SOME STUDIES SUGGESTED THAT VIRAL PROTEINS INTERFERE WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. INDUCTION OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C MIGHT, HOWEVER, MIGHT BE A CONSEQUENCE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN ADDITION, WE PROPOSED AGE SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION FOR HCC DEVELOPMENT VIA EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ARE REQUIRED TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISM OF INDUCING EPIGENETIC INSTABILITY DURING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11 2483  37 EPIGENETIC VARIATION AND HUMAN DISEASE. CYTOSINE GUANINE DINUCLEOTIDE (CPG) ISLAND METHYLATION IS A KNOWN MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE IN POSTMEIOTIC CELLS. THROUGH ASSOCIATED CHROMATIN CHANGES AND SILENCING, SUCH EPIGENETIC STATES CAN INFLUENCE CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND AFFECT DISEASE RISK AND SEVERITY. OUR STUDIES OF CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN NORMAL COLORECTAL MUCOSA REVEALED PROGRESSIVE AGE-RELATED INCREASES AT MULTIPLE GENE LOCI, SUGGESTING GENOME-WIDE MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS WITH POTENTIAL TO SILENCE GENE EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, THERE WAS CONSIDERABLE VARIATION IN THE DEGREE OF METHYLATION AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF COMPARABLE AGES. SUCH VARIATION COULD BE RELATED TO GENETIC FACTORS, LIFESTYLE, OR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. STUDIES IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CIRRHOSIS AND NEOPLASIA REVEALED THAT CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY STATES ARE ACCOMPANIED BY MARKED INCREASES IN CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN NORMAL-APPEARING TISSUES, CONFIRMING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PROINFLAMMATORY EXPOSURES COULD ACCOUNT FOR PART OF THE EPIGENETIC VARIATION IN HUMAN POPULATIONS. PRELIMINARY DATA ALSO SUGGEST POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF LIFESTYLE AND EXPOSURE FACTORS ON CPG ISLAND METHYLATION. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT EPIGENETIC VARIATION RELATED TO AGING, LIFESTYLE, EXPOSURES AND POSSIBLY GENETIC FACTORS, IS ONE OF THE MODULATORS OF ACQUIRED, AGE-RELATED HUMAN DISEASES, INCLUDING NEOPLASIA.	2002	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12 2033  38 EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SOLID AND HEMATOPOIETIC TUMORS. THERE ARE THREE CONNECTED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC CELLULAR MEMORY IN MAMMALIAN CELLS: DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND RNA INTERFERENCE. THE FIRST TWO HAVE NOW BEEN FIRMLY LINKED TO NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. HYPERMETHYLATION OF CPG-RICH PROMOTERS TRIGGERS LOCAL HISTONE CODE MODIFICATIONS RESULTING IN A CELLULAR CAMOUFLAGE MECHANISM THAT SEQUESTERS GENE PROMOTERS AWAY FROM TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND RESULTS IN STABLE SILENCING. THIS NORMALLY RESTRICTED MECHANISM IS UBIQUITOUSLY USED IN CANCER TO SILENCE HUNDREDS OF GENES, AMONG WHICH SOME CRITICALLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE NEOPLASTIC PHENOTYPE. VIRTUALLY EVERY PATHWAY IMPORTANT TO CANCER FORMATION IS AFFECTED BY THIS PROCESS. METHYLATION PROFILING OF HUMAN CANCERS REVEALS TISSUE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES, AS WELL AS TUMOR-SPECIFIC SIGNATURES, REFLECTING IN PARTICULAR THE PRESENCE OF EPIGENETIC INSTABILITY IN A SUBSET OF CANCERS AFFECTED BY THE CPG ISLAND METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE. GENERALLY, METHYLATION PATTERNS CAN BE TRACED TO A TISSUE-SPECIFIC, PROLIFERATION-DEPENDENT ACCUMULATION OF ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION IN AGING TISSUES, A PROCESS THAT CAN BE ACCELERATED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND LESS WELL-DEFINED MECHANISMS INCLUDING, POSSIBLY, DIET AND GENETIC PREDISPOSITION. THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY CAN ALSO BE ALTERED IN CANCER BY SPECIFIC LESIONS IN EPIGENETIC EFFECTOR GENES, OR BY ABERRANT RECRUITMENT OF THESE GENES BY MUTANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND COACTIVATORS. EPIGENETIC PATTERNS ARE PROVING CLINICALLY USEFUL IN HUMAN ONCOLOGY VIA RISK ASSESSMENT, EARLY DETECTION, AND PROGNOSTIC CLASSIFICATION. PHARMACOLOGIC MANIPULATION OF THESE PATTERNS-EPIGENETIC THERAPY-IS ALSO POISED TO CHANGE THE WAY WE TREAT CANCER IN THE CLINIC.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13 5276  40 PROMOTER METHYLATION OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND SUBSEQUENT SILENCING OF CANCER-RELATED GENES HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AS AN IMPORTANT PATHWAY INVOLVED IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. IN FACT, SEVERAL FACTORS ARE BELIEVED TO CONTRIBUTE TO ITS INDUCTION IN GASTRIC EPITHELIA, INCLUDING AGING, DIET, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI (H. PYLORI) AND EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV). HOWEVER, THE UNDERLING MECHANISMS ARE NOT COMPLETELY IDENTIFIED, DESPITE THE BELIEF THAT INCREASED EXPRESSION OR ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), OR DECREASED DEMETHYLATION ACTIVITY MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE EXCESSIVE METHYLATION. A GREAT NUMBER OF GENES WITH PROMOTER METHYLATION HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN GASTRIC CANCER (GC), AMONG WHICH P16INK4A (P16), MUT L HOMOLOGUE 1 (MLH1), EPITHELIAL-CADHERIN (E-CADHERIN), RUNT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 3 (RUNX3), ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI (APC), O(6)-METHYLGUANINE-DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (MGMT), RAS ASSOCIATION DOMAIN FAMILY 1A (RASSF1A) AND DEATH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE (DAPK) HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED. UNLIKE THE DISTINCT METHYLATION CHARACTERIZATION IN SINGLE GENES, METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE GENES MAY PROVIDE MORE INFORMATION IN RISK PREDICTION, EARLY DETECTION, PROGNOSIS ASSESSMENT AND CHEMOTHERAPY CHOICE FOR GC. SPECIFICALLY, PARTICULAR MONITORING AND SCREENING SHOULD BE PERFORMED ON THOSE OVER 45 YEARS OLD, WITH PRECANCEROUS GASTRIC DISEASE OR INFECTION OF H. PYLORI OR EBV. AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO TUMOR TISSUES, METHYLATION DETECTION IN PATIENT SERA OR GASTRIC WASHES MAY ALSO BE USED IN RISK PREDICTION AND EARLY DETECTION. HOWEVER, WHAT STILL POSES A GREAT CHALLENGE AS WELL AS A PUZZLE IS THE DETERMINATION OF THE VERY GENES THAT SHOULD BE USED IN METHYLATION ANALYSIS. BECAUSE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE NORMALLY REVERSIBLE, DRUGS OR CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS WITH DEMETHYLATING ACTIVITY, SUCH AS 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC) COULD BE USED IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE GENE METHYLATION. IN VIEW OF THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF 5-AZA-DC, DNMT-TARGETED STRATEGY HAS BEEN PROPOSED AND MAY PROVE TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN DEMETHYLATING AGENTS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                 
14 4114  32 MECHANISMS FOR THE INDUCTION OF GASTRIC CANCER BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION: ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATHWAY. MULTIPLE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS BY WHICH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES GASTRIC CANCER HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED IN THE LAST TWO DECADES. IN PARTICULAR, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS INDUCED IN MULTIPLE DRIVER GENES, WHICH INACTIVATES THEM. METHYLATION PROFILES IN GASTRIC CANCER ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC SUBTYPES, SUCH AS MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY. RECENT COMPREHENSIVE AND INTEGRATED ANALYSES SHOWED THAT MANY CANCER-RELATED PATHWAYS ARE MORE FREQUENTLY ALTERED BY ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION THAN BY MUTATIONS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN EVEN BE PRESENT IN NONCANCEROUS GASTRIC MUCOSAE, PRODUCING AN "EPIGENETIC FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION." MECHANISTICALLY, H. PYLORI-INDUCED CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, BUT NOT H. PYLORI ITSELF, PLAYS A DIRECT ROLE IN THE INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. THE EXPRESSION OF THREE INFLAMMATION-RELATED GENES, IL1B, NOS2, AND TNF, IS HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. IMPORTANTLY, THE DEGREE OF ACCUMULATED ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS STRONGLY CORRELATED WITH GASTRIC CANCER RISK. A RECENT MULTICENTER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY DEMONSTRATED THE UTILITY OF EPIGENETIC CANCER RISK DIAGNOSIS FOR METACHRONOUS GASTRIC CANCER. SUPPRESSION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION BY A DEMETHYLATING AGENT WAS SHOWN TO INHIBIT GASTRIC CANCER DEVELOPMENT IN AN ANIMAL MODEL. INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS THE MAJOR PATHWAY BY WHICH H. PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES GASTRIC CANCER, AND THIS CAN BE UTILIZED FOR TRANSLATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15 2682  32 EVALUATION OF SERUM LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION AS A PROGNOSTIC MARKER FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CANCER. DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) MUST BE UNDERSTOOD AS A MULTISTEP PROCESS WITH ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. IN THE LAST DECADES, IN ADDITION TO GENETIC ALTERATIONS, EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED AS AN IMPORTANT AND ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM IN TUMOURIGENESIS. WE INVESTIGATED THE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION IN THE SERA OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: PCR WAS USED TO ASSESS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEAR ELEMENT TYPE 1 (LINE-1) REPETITIVE SEQUENCES IN GENOMIC DNA DERIVED FROM SERA OF 50 PATIENTS WITH HCC, 20 PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS, 20 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C AND 10 HEALTHY SUBJECTS. RESULTS: SERUM GENOME HYPOMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN PATIENTS WITH HCC (P<0.001). THE LEVELS OF SERUM LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION AT INITIAL PRESENTATION CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH TUMOUR SIZE, TUMOUR NUMBER AND ALPHA-FOETOPROTEIN LEVEL. MOREOVER HIGH SERUM LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION CORRELATES SIGNIFICANTLY WITH POOR SURVIVAL. CONCLUSION: SERUM LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION MAY SERVE AS A PROGNOSTIC MARKER FOR PATIENTS WITH HCC.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16 2920  41 GENE-SET ANALYSIS IS SEVERELY BIASED WHEN APPLIED TO GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION DATA. MOTIVATION: DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MARK THAT CAN STABLY REPRESS GENE EXPRESSION. BECAUSE OF ITS BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, SEVERAL METHODS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO COMPARE GENOME-WIDE PATTERNS OF METHYLATION BETWEEN GROUPS OF SAMPLES. THE APPLICATION OF GENE SET ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY RELEVANT GROUPS OF GENES THAT ARE ENRICHED FOR DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES IS OFTEN A MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE ANALYSIS OF THESE DATA. THIS CAN BE USED, FOR EXAMPLE, TO IDENTIFY PROCESSES OR PATHWAYS THAT ARE PERTURBED IN DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. WE SHOW THAT GENE-SET ANALYSIS, AS IT IS TYPICALLY APPLIED TO GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION ASSAYS, IS SEVERELY BIASED AS A RESULT OF DIFFERENCES IN THE NUMBERS OF CPG SITES ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT CLASSES OF GENES AND GENE PROMOTERS. RESULTS: WE DEMONSTRATE THIS BIAS USING PUBLISHED DATA FROM A STUDY OF DIFFERENTIAL CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN LUNG CANCER AND A DATASET WE GENERATED TO STUDY METHYLATION CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH LONG-STANDING ULCERATIVE COLITIS. WE SHOW THAT SEVERAL OF THE GENE SETS THAT SEEM ENRICHED WOULD ALSO BE IDENTIFIED WITH RANDOMIZED DATA. WE SUGGEST TWO EXISTING APPROACHES THAT CAN BE ADAPTED TO CORRECT THE BIAS. ACCOUNTING FOR THE BIAS IN THE LUNG CANCER AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS DATASETS PROVIDES NOVEL BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF METHYLATION IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, RESPECTIVELY. OUR RESULTS HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS FOR MANY PREVIOUS GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION STUDIES THAT HAVE DRAWN CONCLUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF SUCH STRONGLY BIASED ANALYSIS. CONTACT: CATHAL.SEOIGHE@NUIGALWAY.IE SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ARE AVAILABLE AT BIOINFORMATICS ONLINE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17 5622  34 SEARCH FOR USEFUL BIOMARKERS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, TUMOR FACTORS AND BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS (REVIEW). HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS A COMPLEX AND MULTISTEP PROCESS THAT INVOLVES THE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN REGULATORY GENES. TO UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), CURRENT RESEARCH HAS UTILIZED IMPROVED ARRAY TECHNOLOGIES. THE IDENTIFICATION OF CANCER-RELATED MOLECULES COULD LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR TREATMENT AND BIOMARKERS FOR PREDICTING PROGNOSIS. HOWEVER, PROGNOSTIC PREDICTION IS INSUFFICIENT WHEN CONSIDERING ONLY TUMOR FACTORS, SINCE HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS ALSO GREATLY INFLUENCED BY THE STATUS OF THE BACKGROUND LIVER. CLINICAL BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS, SUCH AS THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS, ARE WELL KNOWN AS RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING HCC. IN CONTRAST, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS REMAIN UNKNOWN, ALBEIT THOSE ARE IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPING PROCESS OF HCC. INVESTIGATING BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS COULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARCINOGENIC MARKERS OF HCC AND TO THE PREVENTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE REVIEW THE CURRENTLY IDENTIFIED TUMOR FACTORS AND BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS FROM A MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT AND ALSO INTRODUCE OUR COMBINATION ARRAY ANALYSIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18 4677  37 NEW LNCRNAS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C PROGRESSION: FROM FIBROSIS TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATH IN THE WORLD, AND ABOUT 80% OF THE CASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B OR C. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE ACCUMULATED OVER DECADES OF CHRONIC INJURY AND MAY AFFECT THE FUNCTIONING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND PROTOONCOGENES. STUDIES HAVE EVIDENCED THE ROLE OF LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNA) WITH ONCOGENIC OR TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITIES, SUGGESTING A GREAT POTENTIAL IN THE TREATMENT, DIAGNOSIS OR INDICATOR OF PROGNOSIS IN CANCER. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE GLOBAL EXPRESSION PROFILE LNCRNA IN HEPATIC TISSUE SAMPLES WITH DIFFERENT STAGES OF FIBROSIS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C, HCC AND NORMAL LIVER, IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY NEW LNCRNAS THAT COULD CONTRIBUTE TO STUDY THE PROGRESSION OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS TO HCC ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C. RNA-SEQ WAS PERFORMED ON ILLUMINA NEXTSEQ PLATFORM TO IDENTIFY LNCRNAS EXPRESSED DIFFERENTLY IN 15 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C, THREE PATIENTS WITH HCC AND THREE NORMAL LIVER SPECIMENS. WHEN THE PATHOLOGICAL TISSUES (FIBROSIS AND CARCINOMA) WERE COMPARED TO NORMAL HEPATIC TISSUE, WERE IDENTIFIED 2, 6 E 34 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED LNCRNAS IN MODERATE FIBROSIS, ADVANCED FIBROSIS AND HCC, RESPECTIVELY. THE CARCINOMA GROUP HAD THE HIGHEST PROPORTION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED LNCRNA (34) AND OF THESE, 29 WERE EXCLUSIVE IN THIS TYPE OF TISSUE. A HEAT MAP OF THE DEREGULATED LNCRNA REVEALED DIFFERENT EXPRESSION PATTERNS ALONG THE PROGRESSION OF FIBROSIS TO HCC. THE RESULTS SHOWED THE DEREGULATION OF SOME LNCRNA ALREADY CLASSIFIED AS TUMOR SUPPRESSORS IN HCC AND OTHER CANCERS, AS WELL AS SOME UNPUBLISHED LNCRNA WHOSE FUNCTION IS UNKNOWN. SOME OF THESE LNCRNAS ARE DYSREGULATED SINCE THE EARLY STAGES OF LIVER INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C, OTHERS OVEREXPRESSED ONLY IN TUMOR TISSUE, INDICATING THEMSELVES AS CANDIDATES OF MARKERS OF FIBROSIS PROGRESSION OR TUMOR, WITH POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS IN PROGNOSIS AS WELL AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE ALREADY STUDIES ON LNCRNA IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY CONDUCTED IN SAMPLES EXCLUSIVELY OF HCV-RELATED LIVER AND HCV HCC.	2020	

19 3925  30 LIQUID BIOPSIES BASED ON DNA METHYLATION AS BIOMARKERS FOR THE DETECTION AND PROGNOSIS OF LUNG CANCER. LUNG CANCER (LC) IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED MORTALITY. MOST LC PATIENTS ARE DIAGNOSED IN AN ADVANCED STAGE WHEN THE SYMPTOMS ARE OBVIOUS, AND THE PROGNOSIS IS QUITE POOR. ALTHOUGH LOW-DOSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (LDCT) IS A ROUTINE CLINICAL EXAMINATION FOR EARLY DETECTION OF LC, THE FALSE-POSITIVE RATE IS OVER 90%. AS ONE OF THE INTENSELY STUDIED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, DNA METHYLATION PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN VARIOUS DISEASES, INCLUDING CANCER AND OTHER DISEASES. HYPERMETHYLATION IN TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES OR HYPOMETHYLATION IN ONCOGENES IS AN IMPORTANT EVENT IN TUMORIGENESIS. REMARKABLY, DNA METHYLATION USUALLY OCCURS IN THE VERY EARLY STAGE OF MALIGNANT TUMORS. THUS, DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS MAY PROVIDE SOME USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT THE EARLY DETECTION OF LC. IN RECENT YEARS, LIQUID BIOPSY HAS DEVELOPED RAPIDLY. LIQUID BIOPSY CAN DETECT AND MONITOR BOTH PRIMARY AND METASTATIC MALIGNANT TUMORS AND CAN REFLECT TUMOR HETEROGENEITY. MOREOVER, IT IS A MINIMALLY INVASIVE PROCEDURE, AND IT CAUSES LESS PAIN FOR PATIENTS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZED VARIOUS LIQUID BIOPSIES BASED ON DNA METHYLATION FOR LC. AT FIRST, WE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED SOME EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE OUTLINED CELL-FREE DNA (CFDNA), SPUTUM, BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID, BRONCHIAL ASPIRATES, AND BRONCHIAL WASHINGS DNA METHYLATION-BASED LIQUID BIOPSY FOR THE EARLY DETECTION OF LC. FINALLY, THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF DNA METHYLATION IN CFDNA AND SPUTUM AND THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF OTHER DNA METHYLATION-BASED LIQUID BIOPSIES FOR LC WERE ALSO ANALYZED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  925  30 CHRONIC INFLAMMATION INDUCES A NOVEL EPIGENETIC PROGRAM THAT IS CONSERVED IN INTESTINAL ADENOMAS AND IN COLORECTAL CANCER. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION REPRESENTS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR TUMOR FORMATION, BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS HAVE REMAINED LARGELY UNKNOWN. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CAN RECORD THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES ON THE GENOME LEVEL AND COULD THEREFORE PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED TUMORS. USING SINGLE-BASE METHYLATION MAPS AND TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSES OF A COLITIS-INDUCED MOUSE COLON CANCER MODEL, WE IDENTIFIED A NOVEL EPIGENETIC PROGRAM THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF DNA METHYLATION VALLEYS THAT ARE CHARACTERIZED BY LOW CPG DENSITY AND ACTIVE CHROMATIN MARKS. THIS PROGRAM IS CONSERVED AND FUNCTIONAL IN MOUSE INTESTINAL ADENOMAS AND RESULTS IN SILENCING OF ACTIVE INTESTINAL GENES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN GASTROINTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS AND INJURY RESPONSE. FURTHER ANALYSES REVEAL THAT THE PROGRAM REPRESENTS A PROMINENT FEATURE OF HUMAN COLORECTAL CANCER AND CAN BE USED TO CORRECTLY CLASSIFY COLORECTAL CANCER SAMPLES WITH HIGH ACCURACY. TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT INFLAMMATORY SIGNALS ESTABLISH A NOVEL EPIGENETIC PROGRAM THAT SILENCES A SPECIFIC SET OF GENES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO INFLAMMATION-INDUCED CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION.	2015