1 1563 131 DNA METHYLATION OF METHYLATION COMPLEX GENES IN RELATION TO STRESS AND GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION IN MOTHER-NEWBORN DYADS. OBJECTIVES: EARLY LIFE STRESS IS KNOWN TO HAVE ENDURING BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, PARTICULARLY WITH RESPECT TO HEALTH. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, ARE A POSSIBLE MECHANISM TO MEDIATE THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF STRESS. WE PREVIOUSLY FOUND CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MATERNAL STRESS, NEWBORN BIRTHWEIGHT, AND GENOME-WIDE MEASURES OF DNA METHYLATION. HERE WE INVESTIGATE TEN GENES RELATED TO THE METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION COMPLEX IN ORDER TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE IMPACT OF STRESS ON HEALTH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DNA METHYLATION AND GENETIC VARIANTS AT METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION GENES WERE ASSAYED. MEAN METHYLATION MEASURES WERE CONSTRUCTED FOR EACH GENE AND TESTED, IN ADDITION TO GENETIC VARIANTS, FOR ASSOCIATION WITH MATERNAL STRESS MEASURES BASED ON INTERVIEW AND SURVEY DATA (CHRONIC STRESS AND WAR TRAUMA), MATERNAL VENOUS, AND NEWBORN CORD GENOME-WIDE MEAN METHYLATION (GMM), AND BIRTHWEIGHT. RESULTS: AFTER CELL TYPE CORRECTION, WE FOUND MULTIPLE PAIRWISE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN WAR TRAUMA, MATERNAL GMM, MATERNAL METHYLATION AT DNMT1, DNMT3A, TET3, AND MBD2, AND BIRTHWEIGHT. CONCLUSIONS: THE ASSOCIATION OF MATERNAL GMM AND MATERNAL METHYLATION AT DNMT1, DNMT3A, TET3, AND MBD2 IS CONSISTENT WITH THE ROLE OF THESE GENES IN ESTABLISHING, MAINTAINING AND ALTERING GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION PATTERNS, IN SOME CASES IN RESPONSE TO STRESS. DNMT1 PRODUCES ONE OF THE PRIMARY ENZYMES THAT REPRODUCES METHYLATION PATTERNS DURING DNA REPLICATION. DNMT3A AND TET3 HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN GENOME-WIDE HYPOMETHYLATION IN RESPONSE TO GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES. ALTHOUGH WE CANNOT DETERMINE THE DIRECTIONALITY OF THE GENIC AND GENOME-WIDE CHANGES IN METHYLATION, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ALTERED METHYLATION OF SPECIFIC METHYLATION GENES MAY BE PART OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE HUMAN BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO STRESS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2  990  37 CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS INDUCES DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AT AN EVOLUTIONARY CONSERVED INTERGENIC REGION IN CHROMOSOME X. CHRONIC STRESS RESULTING FROM PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS INCREASES THE RISK OF MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS. ALTHOUGH CHRONIC STRESS CAN CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION RELEVANT FOR BEHAVIOR, MOLECULAR REGULATORS OF THIS CHANGE HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY DETERMINED. ONE PROCESS THAT COULD PLAY A ROLE IS DNA METHYLATION, AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS WHEREBY A METHYL GROUP IS ADDED ONTO NUCLEOTIDES, PREDOMINANTLY CYTOSINE IN THE CPG CONTEXT, AND WHICH CAN BE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. IT IS UNKNOWN TO WHAT EXTENT CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT, A MODEL OF HUMAN SOCIAL STRESS, INFLUENCES DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ACROSS THE GENOME. OUR STUDY ADDRESSED THIS QUESTION BY USING A TARGETED-CAPTURE APPROACH CALLED METHYL-SEQ TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS AT PUTATIVE REGULATORY REGIONS ACROSS THE MOUSE GENOME FROM MICE EXPOSED TO 14 DAYS OF SOCIAL DEFEAT. FINDINGS WERE REPLICATED IN INDEPENDENT COHORTS BY BISULFITE-PYROSEQUENCING. TWO DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) WERE IDENTIFIED. ONE DMR WAS LOCATED AT INTRON 9 OF DROSHA, AND IT SHOWED REDUCED METHYLATION IN STRESSED MICE. THIS OBSERVATION REPLICATED IN ONE OF TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS. A SECOND DMR WAS IDENTIFIED AT AN INTERGENIC REGION OF CHROMOSOME X, AND METHYLATION IN THIS REGION WAS INCREASED IN STRESSED MICE. THIS METHYLATION DIFFERENCE REPLICATED IN TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS AND IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) POSTMORTEM BRAINS. THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT A REGION NOT PREVIOUSLY KNOWN TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS AND WHICH MAY BE INVOLVED IN MDD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3 1503  43 DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO OR IN VIVO. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA INDICATE THAT CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO HAVE A GREATER RELATIVE RISK OF LOW BIRTH-WEIGHT, MAJOR AND MINOR BIRTH DEFECTS, AND RARE DISORDERS INVOLVING IMPRINTED GENES, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. WE EXAMINED DNA METHYLATION AT MORE THAN 700 GENES (1536 CPG SITES) IN PLACENTA AND CORD BLOOD AND MEASURED GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF A SUBSET OF GENES THAT DIFFERED IN METHYLATION LEVELS BETWEEN CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO VERSUS IN VIVO. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT IN VITRO CONCEPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER MEAN METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN PLACENTA AND HIGHER MEAN METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN CORD BLOOD. WE ALSO FIND THAT IN VITRO CONCEPTION-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES AT BOTH IMPRINTED AND NON-IMPRINTED GENES. THE RANGE OF INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN GENE EXPRESSION OF THE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO GROUPS OVERLAPS SUBSTANTIALLY BUT SOME INDIVIDUALS FROM THE IN VITRO GROUP DIFFER FROM THE IN VIVO GROUP MEAN BY MORE THAN TWO STANDARD DEVIATIONS. SEVERAL OF THE GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION DIFFERS BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS, SUCH AS OBESITY AND TYPE II DIABETES. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THERE MAY BE EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES IN THE GAMETES OR EARLY EMBRYOS DERIVED FROM COUPLES UNDERGOING TREATMENT FOR INFERTILITY. ALTERNATIVELY, ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY MAY HAVE AN EFFECT ON GLOBAL PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. IN EITHER CASE, THESE DIFFERENCES OR CHANGES MAY AFFECT LONG-TERM PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4 1583  35 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF BLOOD CELLS ARE DISTINCT BETWEEN EARLY-ONSET OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS. OBESITY IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT, CHRONIC DISORDER THAT HAS BEEN INCREASING IN INCIDENCE IN YOUNG PATIENTS. BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ABERRATIONS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY. THEREFORE, IN-DEPTH EPIGENOMIC AND GENOMIC ANALYSES WILL ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DETAILED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING OBESITY AND AID IN THE SELECTION OF POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR OBESITY IN YOUTH. HERE, WE PERFORMED MICROARRAY-BASED DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF PERIPHERAL WHITE BLOOD CELLS OBTAINED FROM SIX YOUNG, OBESE INDIVIDUALS AND SIX HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE OBSERVED THAT THE HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING OF DNA METHYLATION, BUT NOT GENE EXPRESSION, CLEARLY SEGREGATES THE OBESE INDIVIDUALS FROM THE CONTROLS, SUGGESTING THAT THE METABOLIC DISTURBANCE THAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF OBESITY AT A YOUNG AGE MAY AFFECT THE DNA METHYLATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS WITHOUT ACCOMPANYING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES. TO EXAMINE THE GENOME-WIDE DIFFERENCES IN THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF YOUNG OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS, WE IDENTIFIED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES AND INVESTIGATED THEIR GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC CONTEXTS. THE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS CAN BE SUMMARIZED AS RELATIVE GAINS AND LOSSES OF DNA METHYLATION IN GENE PROMOTERS AND GENE BODIES, RESPECTIVELY. WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT THE CPG ISLANDS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DNA METHYLATION COMPARED TO CONTROLS. OUR PILOT STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE GENOME-WIDE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS MAY ADVANCE NOT ONLY OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENOMIC PATHOGENESIS BUT ALSO EARLY SCREENING OF OBESITY IN YOUTH.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5 1599  38 DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE OF CHILDHOOD CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN T CELLS OF BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. BACKGROUND: HIGH FREQUENCY OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IS THE CENTRAL FEATURE OF SEVERE CONDUCT DISORDER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE RANGE OF SOCIAL, MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH PROBLEMS. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES IN PERIPHERAL T CELLS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY IN MALES. DESPITE THE FACT THAT SEX DIFFERENCES APPEAR TO PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE DEVELOPMENT, MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF AGGRESSION, MOST OF PREVIOUS STUDIES FOCUSED ON MALES, SO LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT FEMALE CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION. WE THEREFORE TESTED HERE WHETHER OR NOT THERE IS A SIGNATURE OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN FEMALE DNA METHYLATION AND, IF THERE IS, HOW IT RELATES TO THE SIGNATURE OBSERVED IN MALES. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: METHYLATION PROFILES WERE CREATED USING THE METHOD OF METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP) FOLLOWED BY MICROARRAY HYBRIDIZATION AND STATISTICAL AND BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSES ON T CELL DNA OBTAINED FROM ADULT WOMEN WHO WERE FOUND TO BE ON A CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY (CPA) BETWEEN 6 AND 12 YEARS OF AGE COMPARED TO WOMEN WHO FOLLOWED A NORMAL PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY. WE CONFIRMED THE EXISTENCE OF A WELL-DEFINED, GENOME-WIDE SIGNATURE OF DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN THE PERIPHERAL T CELLS OF ADULT FEMALES THAT INCLUDES MANY OF THE GENES SIMILARLY ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN THE SAME CELL TYPES OF ADULT MALES. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IN A SMALL NUMBER OF WOMEN PRESENTS PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR A GENOME-WIDE VARIATION IN PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION THAT ASSOCIATES WITH CPA IN WOMEN THAT WARRANT LARGER STUDIES FOR FURTHER VERIFICATION. A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS WERE PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED IN MEN WITH CPA SUPPORTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF EARLY LIFE AGGRESSION IN FEMALES IS COMPOSED OF A COMPONENT SPECIFIC TO FEMALES AND ANOTHER COMMON TO BOTH MALES AND FEMALES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6  287  33 AGING AND CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE CAUSE DISTINCT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN SKIN. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE WIDELY CONSIDERED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN AGING, BUT EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS HYPOTHESIS HAS BEEN SCARCE. WE HAVE USED ARRAY-BASED ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE GENOME-SCALE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS FROM HUMAN SKIN SAMPLES AND TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF AGING, CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE, AND TISSUE VARIATION. OUR RESULTS REVEAL A HIGH DEGREE OF TISSUE SPECIFICITY IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS AND ALSO SHOWED VERY LITTLE INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIATION WITHIN TISSUES. DATA STRATIFICATION BY AGE REVEALED THAT DNA FROM OLDER INDIVIDUALS WAS CHARACTERIZED BY A SPECIFIC HYPERMETHYLATION PATTERN AFFECTING LESS THAN 1% OF THE MARKERS ANALYZED. INTERESTINGLY, STRATIFICATION BY SUN EXPOSURE PRODUCED A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT PATTERN WITH A SIGNIFICANT TREND TOWARDS HYPOMETHYLATION. OUR RESULTS THUS IDENTIFY DEFINED AGE-RELATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND SUGGEST THAT THESE ALTERATIONS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN AGING.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7 2677  33 EVALUATING THE CHALLENGES AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF STUDIES INVESTIGATING DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS. PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF A WIDE RANGE OF NEGATIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES. STUDIES HAVE BEEN COMPLETED TO DETERMINE IF DNA METHYLATION CHANGES OCCUR IN THE HUMAN BRAIN BECAUSE OF STRESS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM EFFECTS AND DISEASE, BUT RESULTS HAVE BEEN INCONSISTENT. HUMAN CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES (150) AND EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (67) WERE SYSTEMATICALLY EVALUATED TO ASSESS HOW DNA METHYLATION IS IMPACTED BY STRESS DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD AND ADULTHOOD. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION OF NR3C1 EXON 1F AND CHILD MALTREATMENT AND EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY WAS WELL DEMONSTRATED, BUT OTHER GENES DID NOT EXHIBIT A CLEAR ASSOCIATION. THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF INDIVIDUAL CPG SITES IN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES WAS ALSO POOR. HOWEVER, BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING STRESS RESPONSE, BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND IMMUNITY, HAVE BEEN CONSISTENTLY IDENTIFIED ACROSS DIFFERENT STRESSORS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE SPAN. FUTURE STUDIES WOULD BENEFIT FROM THE INCREASED SAMPLE SIZE, LONGITUDINAL DESIGN, STANDARDIZED METHODOLOGY, OPTIMAL QUALITY CONTROL, AND IMPROVED STATISTICAL PROCEDURES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8  668  33 BNDF METHYLATION IN MOTHERS AND NEWBORNS IS ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL EXPOSURE TO WAR TRAUMA. BACKGROUND: THE BDNF GENE CODES FOR BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR, A GROWTH FACTOR INVOLVED IN NEURAL DEVELOPMENT, CELL DIFFERENTIATION, AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. PRESENT IN BOTH THE BRAIN AND PERIPHERY, BDNF PLAYS CRITICAL ROLES THROUGHOUT THE BODY AND IS ESSENTIAL FOR PLACENTAL AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT. RODENT STUDIES SHOW THAT EARLY LIFE STRESS, INCLUDING PRENATAL STRESS, BROADLY ALTERS BDNF METHYLATION, WITH PRESUMED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. NO STUDIES HAVE ASSESSED PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO MATERNAL TRAUMATIC STRESS AND BDNF METHYLATION IN HUMANS. THIS STUDY EXAMINED ASSOCIATIONS OF PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO MATERNAL STRESS AND BDNF METHYLATION AT CPG SITES ACROSS THE BDNF GENE. RESULTS: AMONG 24 MOTHERS AND NEWBORNS IN THE EASTERN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, A REGION WITH EXTREME CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE TO WOMEN, MATERNAL EXPERIENCES OF WAR TRAUMA AND CHRONIC STRESS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH BDNF METHYLATION IN UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, PLACENTAL TISSUE, AND MATERNAL VENOUS BLOOD. ASSOCIATIONS OF MATERNAL STRESS AND BDNF METHYLATION SHOWED HIGH TISSUE SPECIFICITY. THE MAJORITY OF SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS WERE OBSERVED IN PUTATIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING REGIONS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY IN HUMANS TO EXAMINE BDNF METHYLATION IN RELATION TO PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO MATERNAL STRESS IN THREE TISSUES SIMULTANEOUSLY AND THE FIRST IN ANY MAMMALIAN SPECIES TO REPORT ASSOCIATIONS OF PRENATAL STRESS AND BDNF METHYLATION IN PLACENTAL TISSUE. THE FINDINGS ADD TO THE GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING EPIGENETIC EFFECTS WHEN EXAMINING THE IMPACTS OF TRAUMA AND STRESS, NOT ONLY FOR ADULTS BUT ALSO FOR OFFSPRING EXPOSED VIA EFFECTS TRANSMITTED BEFORE BIRTH.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9 1967  39 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF THE DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER GENE IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH AGE. CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DYSFUNCTIONAL DOPAMINERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION IN MESOCORTICOLIMBIC CIRCUITS. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO MODULATE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE, AND BOTH MAY ACT THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT CAN MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION, E.G. DNA METHYLATION AT CPG SITES. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS MAY CHANGE OVER TIME. HOWEVER, FEW DATA ARE AVAILABLE CONCERNING THE RATE OF THESE CHANGES IN SPECIFIC GENES. A RECENT STUDY FOUND THAT HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER OF THE DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER (DAT) GENE WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH ALCOHOL CRAVING. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO REPLICATE THESE FINDINGS IN A LARGER SAMPLE OF ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS AND POPULATION-BASED CONTROLS MATCHED FOR AGE AND SEX. NO DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, AND NO DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED BEFORE AND AFTER ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL IN PATIENTS. HOWEVER, PATIENTS WITH MORE SEVERE CRAVING SHOWED A TREND TOWARDS LOWER DAT METHYLATION LEVELS (P = 0.07), WHICH IS CONSISTENT WITH PREVIOUS FINDINGS. FURTHERMORE, IN OUR OVERALL SAMPLE, DAT METHYLATION LEVELS INCREASED WITH AGE. INTERESTINGLY, A SEPARATE ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS SUGGESTED THAT THIS FINDING WAS MAINLY DRIVEN BY THE PATIENT GROUP. ALTHOUGH THE PRESENT DATA DO NOT CLARIFY WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS PHENOMENON OR MERELY ENHANCES AN AGEING-SPECIFIC PROCESS, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HYPERMETHYLATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS IS A CONSEQUENCE, RATHER THAN A CAUSE, OF THE DISORDER.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10 1784  37 EFFECT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ON CPG METHYLATION IN THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS OF H19 AND IG-DMR IN MALE GAMETES: IMPLICATIONS FOR FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS. BACKGROUND: EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL IN UTERO IS THE MAIN ATTRIBUTABLE CAUSE OF FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS (FASD) WHICH IN ITS MOST SEVERE FORM IS CHARACTERIZED BY IRREVERSIBLE BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE DISABILITY. PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION DRINKING IS NOT CONSIDERED TO BE A SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTOR, EVEN THOUGH ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT CHRONIC PATERNAL ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION HAS A DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF OFFSPRING EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF IN UTERO ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. IT HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED THAT ALCOHOL CAN REDUCE THE LEVELS AND ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES RESULTING IN DNA HYPOMETHYLATION AND THAT REDUCED METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY CAN CAUSE ACTIVATION OF NORMALLY SILENCED GENES. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ESTABLISH A LINK BETWEEN ALCOHOL USE IN MEN AND HYPOMETHYLATION OF PATERNALLY IMPRINTED LOCI IN SPERM DNA IN GENOMIC REGIONS CRITICAL FOR EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, THUS PROVIDING A MECHANISM FOR PATERNAL EFFECTS IN THE AETIOLOGY OF FASD. METHODS: SPERM DNA FROM MALE VOLUNTEERS WAS BISULFITE TREATED AND THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF 2 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS), H19 AND IG-DMR, ANALYZED FOLLOWING SEQUENCING OF INDIVIDUAL CLONES. THE METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE CORRELATED WITH THE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION LEVELS OF THE VOLUNTEER MALES. RESULTS: THERE WAS A PATTERN OF INCREASED DEMETHYLATION WITH ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AT THE 2 IMPRINTED LOCI WITH A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE OBSERVED AT THE IG-DMR BETWEEN THE NONDRINKING AND HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMING GROUPS. GREATER INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN AVERAGE METHYLATION WAS OBSERVED AT THE H19 DMR AND INDIVIDUAL CLONES WERE MORE EXTENSIVELY DEMETHYLATED THAN THOSE OF THE IG-DMR. CPG SITE #4 IN THE IG-DMR WAS PREFERENTIALLY DEMETHYLATED AMONG ALL INDIVIDUALS AND ALONG WITH THE H19 DMR CPG SITE #7 LOCATED WITHIN THE CTCF BINDING SITE 6 SHOWED SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION IN THE ALCOHOL CONSUMING GROUPS COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES A CORRELATION BETWEEN CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE AND DEMETHYLATION OF NORMALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IMPRINTED REGIONS IN SPERM DNA. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT, SHOULD THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN IMPRINTED GENES BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH FERTILIZATION, THEY WOULD ALTER THE CRITICAL GENE EXPRESSION DOSAGES REQUIRED FOR NORMAL PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT RESULTING IN OFFSPRING WITH FEATURES OF FASD.	2009	

11 2472  37 EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY STRESS ACROSS GENERATIONS. BACKGROUND: TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES IN EARLY LIFE ARE RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIORAL AND EMOTIONAL DISORDERS. SUCH DISORDERS CAN PERSIST THROUGH ADULTHOOD AND HAVE OFTEN BEEN REPORTED TO BE TRANSMITTED ACROSS GENERATIONS. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE THE TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECT OF EARLY STRESS, MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 14. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION INDUCES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND ALTERS THE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE ENVIRONMENTS IN THE SEPARATED ANIMALS WHEN ADULT. MOST OF THE BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS ARE FURTHER EXPRESSED BY THE OFFSPRING OF MALES SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION, DESPITE THE FACT THAT THESE MALES ARE REARED NORMALLY. CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION ALSO ALTERS THE PROFILE OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER OF SEVERAL CANDIDATE GENES IN THE GERMLINE OF THE SEPARATED MALES. COMPARABLE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION ARE ALSO PRESENT IN THE BRAIN OF THE OFFSPRING AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF EARLY STRESS ON BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES ACROSS GENERATIONS AND ON THE REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE GERMLINE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12 1439  40 DIFFERENTIAL PLACENTAL CPG METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE OF PREMATURITY. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE (CLD) IS THE MOST COMMON PULMONARY MORBIDITY IN EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS. IT IS UNCLEAR TO WHAT EXTENT PRENATAL EXPOSURES INFLUENCE THE RISK OF CLD. EPIGENETIC VARIATION IN PLACENTA DNA METHYLATION MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL RISK OF CLD, AND THESE ASSOCIATIONS MAY BE DEPENDENT UPON SEX. METHODS: DATA WERE OBTAINED FROM A MULTI-CENTER COHORT OF INFANTS BORN EXTREMELY PRETERM (<28 WEEKS' GESTATION) AND AN EPIGENOME-WIDE APPROACH WAS USED TO IDENTIFY ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PLACENTAL DNA METHYLATION AND CLD (N = 423). ASSOCIATIONS WERE EVALUATED USING ROBUST LINEAR REGRESSION ADJUSTING FOR COVARIATES, WITH A FALSE DISCOVERY RATE OF 0.05. ANALYSES STRATIFIED BY SEX WERE USED TO ASSESS DIFFERENCES IN METHYLATION-CLD ASSOCIATIONS. RESULTS: CLD WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AT 49 CPG SITES REPRESENTING 46 GENES IN THE PLACENTA. CLD WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF PROBES WITHIN GENES RELATED TO PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN FETAL LUNG DEVELOPMENT, SUCH AS P53 SIGNALING AND MYO-INOSITOL BIOSYNTHESIS. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CPG METHYLATION AND CLD DIFFERED BY SEX. CONCLUSIONS: DIFFERENTIAL PLACENTAL METHYLATION WITHIN GENES WITH KEY ROLES IN FETAL LUNG DEVELOPMENT MAY REFLECT COMPLEX CELL SIGNALING BETWEEN THE PLACENTA AND FETUS WHICH MEDIATE CLD RISK. THESE PATHWAYS APPEAR TO BE DISTINCT BASED ON FETAL SEX. IMPACT: IN EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS, DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF CPG SITES WITHIN PLACENTAL GENES INVOLVED IN PATHWAYS RELATED TO CELL SIGNALING, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND TROPHOBLAST INVASION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE OF PREMATURITY. DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE WERE DISTINCTLY BASED ON FETAL SEX, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL MECHANISM UNDERLYING DIMORPHIC PHENOTYPES. MECHANISMS RELATED TO FETAL HYPOXIA AND PLACENTAL MYO-INOSITOL SIGNALING MAY PLAY A ROLE IN FETAL LUNG PROGRAMMING AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE. CONTINUED RESEARCH OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PLACENTAL EPIGENOME AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE COULD INFORM EFFORTS TO AMELIORATE OR PREVENT THIS CONDITION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13 5741  40 SMOKING INDUCES DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATIENTS WITH EXPOSURE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP. CIGARETTE SMOKING IS AN ESTABLISHED ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS), A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE, ALTHOUGH A MECHANISTIC BASIS REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. WE AIMED AT INVESTIGATING HOW SMOKING AFFECTS BLOOD DNA METHYLATION IN MS PATIENTS, BY ASSAYING GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION AND COMPARING SMOKERS, FORMER SMOKERS AND NEVER SMOKERS IN TWO SWEDISH COHORTS, DIFFERING FOR KNOWN MS RISK FACTORS. SMOKING AFFECTS DNA METHYLATION GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANTLY, AN EXPOSURE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP EXISTS AND THE TIME SINCE SMOKING CESSATION AFFECTS METHYLATION LEVELS. THE RESULTS ALSO SHOW THAT THE CHANGES WERE LARGER IN THE COHORT BEARING THE MAJOR GENETIC RISK FACTORS FOR MS (FEMALE SEX AND HLA RISK HAPLOTYPES). FURTHERMORE, CPG SITES MAPPING TO GENES WITH KNOWN GENETIC OR FUNCTIONAL ROLE IN THE DISEASE ARE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BY SMOKING. MODELING OF THE METHYLATION LEVELS FOR A CPG SITE IN THE AHRR GENE INDICATES THAT MS MODIFIES THE EFFECT OF SMOKING ON METHYLATION CHANGES, BY SIGNIFICANTLY INTERACTING WITH THE EFFECT OF SMOKING LOAD. ALONGSIDE, WE REPORT THAT THE GENE EXPRESSION OF AHRR INCREASED IN MS PATIENTS AFTER SMOKING. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY REVEAL THE LINK BETWEEN A MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR AND THE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  344  38 ALTERED BDNF METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND HIGH BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPLEXITY. PURPOSE: THE INTERMED INSTRUMENT, WHICH WAS DEVELOPED TO MEASURE PATIENT'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL (BPS) COMPLEXITY, REPRESENTS A POWERFUL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TOOL. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE THE INTERFACE BETWEEN SIGNALS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND GENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AFFECTING GENE EXPRESSION, IN PARTICULAR, BY DNA METHYLATION OF CPG DINUCLEOTIDES IN PROMOTOR REGIONS OF THE CORRESPONDING GENES. THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) GENE PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE CENTRAL SENSITIZATION (CS) OF PAIN. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CHRONIC PAIN MODIFIES THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF THE BDNF GENE IN A MANNER THAT IS INTERCONNECTED WITH THE BPS STATUS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: FIFTY-EIGHT CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN PATIENTS (CMSP) WERE ENROLLED IN THE STUDY. DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES, THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF 13 CPG SITES IN THE BDNF PROMOTER WERE MEASURED BY PYROSEQUENCING, AND ASSOCIATION STUDIES WITH VARIOUS PATIENT PARAMETERS AND THE INTERMED SCORES WERE PERFORMED. RESULTS: INTERESTINGLY, A NEGATIVE CORRELATION (-0.40) WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE TOTAL INTERMED SCORES AND THE AVERAGE CPG METHYLATION VALUES OF THE BDNF GENE, BUT NO CORRELATION WAS OBSERVED WITH THE SEVERITY OF PAIN, DEGREE OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, OR KINESIOPHOBIA AND CATASTROPHISM. MOREOVER, THE ASSOCIATION WAS INDEPENDENT OF AGE, SEX AND LEVEL OF COMORBIDITIES. CONCLUSION: THIS RESULT SHOWS THAT CMSP, IN ASSOCIATION WITH ITS BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CONTEXT, EPIGENETICALLY DECREASES THE DEGREE OF METHYLATION OF THE BDNF PROMOTER AND SHOULD THEREFORE INCREASE THE LEVEL OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTION. IT ALSO SUGGESTS A ROLE OF THE INTERMED TOOL TO DETECT A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BPS COMPLEXITY AND THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF A TARGET GENE. THE POSSIBLE UPREGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION MIGHT BE, AT LEAST IN PART, THE SIGNAL FOR CHRONIC PAIN-INDUCED CENTRAL SENSITIZATION (CS). THIS COULD PARTLY EXPLAIN WHY PATIENTS WITH A HIGHER LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY FEEL MORE PAIN THAN THOSE WITH LOWER COMPLEXITY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15 5748  39 SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS EARLY IN DEVELOPMENT PREDICT DNA METHYLATION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO A WIDE RANGE OF HUMAN DISEASES, AND ENVIRONMENTS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD ARE IMPORTANT DETERMINANTS OF INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPES. THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CONNECTING EARLY ENVIRONMENTS WITH THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION IN ADULTHOOD ARE NOT KNOWN, BUT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ARE PLAUSIBLE CANDIDATES. WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) IN INFLAMMATORY GENES IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD WOULD BE PREDICTED BY EARLY LIFE NUTRITIONAL, MICROBIAL, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL EXPOSURES PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED WITH LEVELS OF INFLAMMATION. DATA COME FROM A POPULATION-BASED LONGITUDINAL BIRTH COHORT STUDY IN METROPOLITAN CEBU, THE PHILIPPINES, AND DNAM WAS CHARACTERIZED IN WHOLE BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 494 PARTICIPANTS (AGE 20-22 Y). ANALYSES FOCUSED ON PROBES IN 114 TARGET GENES INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, AND WE IDENTIFIED 10 SITES ACROSS NINE GENES WHERE THE LEVEL OF DNAM WAS SIGNIFICANTLY PREDICTED BY THE FOLLOWING VARIABLES: HOUSEHOLD SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IN CHILDHOOD, EXTENDED ABSENCE OF A PARENT IN CHILDHOOD, EXPOSURE TO ANIMAL FECES IN INFANCY, BIRTH IN THE DRY SEASON, OR DURATION OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING. TO EVALUATE THE BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE SITES, WE TESTED FOR ASSOCIATIONS WITH A PANEL OF INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS MEASURED IN PLASMA OBTAINED AT THE SAME AGE AS DNAM ASSESSMENT. THREE SITES PREDICTED ELEVATED INFLAMMATION, AND ONE SITE PREDICTED LOWER INFLAMMATION, CONSISTENT WITH THE INTERPRETATION THAT LEVELS OF DNAM AT THESE SITES ARE FUNCTIONALLY RELEVANT. THIS PATTERN OF RESULTS POINTS TOWARD DNAM AS A POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH DEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENTS SHAPE INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPES ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16 1705  33 DYNAMICS OF SMOKING-INDUCED GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION CHANGES WITH TIME SINCE SMOKING CESSATION. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED STRONG EPIGENETIC SIGNALS RELATED TO TOBACCO SMOKING. HOWEVER, AN ASPECT THAT DID NOT RECEIVE MUCH ATTENTION IS THE EVOLUTION OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES WITH TIME SINCE SMOKING CESSATION. WE CONDUCTED A SERIES OF EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES TO CAPTURE THE DYNAMICS OF SMOKING-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AFTER SMOKING CESSATION, USING GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION PROFILES OBTAINED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES IN 745 WOMEN FROM 2 EUROPEAN POPULATIONS. TWO DISTINCT CLASSES OF CPG SITES WERE IDENTIFIED: SITES WHOSE METHYLATION REVERTS TO LEVELS TYPICAL OF NEVER SMOKERS WITHIN DECADES AFTER SMOKING CESSATION, AND SITES REMAINING DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED, EVEN MORE THAN 35 YEARS AFTER SMOKING CESSATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE DYNAMICS OF METHYLATION CHANGES FOLLOWING SMOKING CESSATION ARE DRIVEN BY A DIFFERENTIAL AND SITE-SPECIFIC MAGNITUDE OF THE SMOKING-INDUCED ALTERATIONS (WITH PERSISTENT SITES BEING MOST AFFECTED) IRRESPECTIVE OF THE INTENSITY AND DURATION OF SMOKING. ANALYSES OF THE LINK BETWEEN METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS REVEALED THAT METHYLATION PREDOMINANTLY AND REMOTELY DOWN-REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION. AMONG GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR CANDIDATE CPG SITES, LRRN3 APPEARED TO BE PARTICULARLY INTERESTING AS IT WAS ONE OF THE FEW GENES WHOSE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION WERE DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED, AND THE ONLY GENE IN WHICH BOTH METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION WERE FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING. OUR STUDY HIGHLIGHTS PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF SMOKING, WHICH CAN POTENTIALLY BE DETECTED DECADES AFTER CESSATION. SUCH HISTORICAL SIGNATURES ARE PROMISING BIOMARKERS TO REFINE INDIVIDUAL RISK PROFILING OF SMOKING-INDUCED CHRONIC DISEASE SUCH AS LUNG CANCER.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17 4093  35 MATERNAL SEPARATION FOLLOWED BY CHRONIC MILD STRESS IN ADULTHOOD IS ASSOCIATED WITH CONCERTED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF AP-1 COMPLEX GENES. DEPRESSION IS ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT MENTAL DISEASES WORLDWIDE. PATIENTS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES OFTEN HAVE A HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD NEGLECT, INDICATING THAT EARLY-LIFE EXPERIENCES PREDISPOSE TO PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES IN ADULTHOOD. TWO STRONG MODELS WERE USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY: THE MATERNAL SEPARATION/EARLY DEPRIVATION MODEL (MS) AND THE CHRONIC MILD STRESS MODEL (CMS). IN BOTH MODELS, WE FOUND CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF A NUMBER OF GENES SUCH AS CREB AND NPY. STRIKINGLY, THERE WAS A CLEAR REGULATION OF EXPRESSION OF FOUR GENES INVOLVED IN THE AP-1 COMPLEX: C-FOS, C-JUN, FOSB, AND JUN-B. INTERESTINGLY, DIFFERENT EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE OBSERVED DEPENDING ON THE MODEL, WHEREAS THE COMBINATION OF THE MODELS RESULTED IN A NORMAL LEVEL OF GENE EXPRESSION. THE EFFECTS OF MS AND CMS ON GENE EXPRESSION WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DISTINCT HISTONE METHYLATION/ACETYLATION PATTERNS OF ALL FOUR GENES. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES, LIKE GENE EXPRESSION, WERE ALSO DEPENDENT ON THE SPECIFIC STRESSOR OR THEIR COMBINATION. THE OBTAINED RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SINGLE LIFE EVENTS LEAVE A MARK ON GENE EXPRESSION AND THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF GENE PROMOTERS, BUT A COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT STRESSORS AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAGES CAN FURTHER CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC FACTORS, POSSIBLY CAUSING THE LONG-LASTING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF STRESS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18 1014  39 CIGARETTE SMOKING AND DNA METHYLATION. DNA METHYLATION IS THE MOST STUDIED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, CAPABLE OF CONTROLLING GENE EXPRESSION IN THE CONTEXTS OF NORMAL TRAITS OR DISEASES. IT IS HIGHLY DYNAMIC DURING EARLY EMBRYOGENESIS AND REMAINS RELATIVELY STABLE THROUGHOUT LIFE, AND SUCH PATTERNS ARE INTRICATELY RELATED TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. DNA METHYLATION IS A QUANTITATIVE TRAIT DETERMINED BY A COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. GENETIC VARIANTS AT A SPECIFIC LOCUS CAN INFLUENCE BOTH REGIONAL AND DISTANT DNA METHYLATION. THE ENVIRONMENT CAN HAVE VARYING EFFECTS ON DNA METHYLATION DEPENDING ON WHEN THE EXPOSURE OCCURS, SUCH AS DURING PRENATAL LIFE OR DURING ADULTHOOD. IN PARTICULAR, CIGARETTE SMOKING IN THE CONTEXT OF BOTH CURRENT SMOKING AND PRENATAL EXPOSURE IS A STRONG MODIFIER OF DNA METHYLATION. EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE UNCOVERED CANDIDATE GENES ASSOCIATED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKING THAT HAVE BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT FUNCTIONS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF SMOKING-RELATED DISEASES. AS SUCH, DNA METHYLATION IS A POTENTIAL MECHANISTIC LINK BETWEEN CURRENT SMOKING AND CANCER, AS WELL AS PRENATAL CIGARETTE-SMOKE EXPOSURE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19   70  36 A METHOD TO DETECT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED LOCI WITH NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING. EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ESPECIALLY DNA METHYLATION AT CPG LOCI HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS IN CANCER AND OTHER COMPLEX DISEASES. WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), IT IS FEASIBLE TO GENERATE DATA TO INTERROGATE THE DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION STATUS FOR GENOME-WIDE LOCI USING CASE-CONTROL DESIGN. HOWEVER, A PROPER AND EFFICIENT STATISTICAL TEST IS LACKING. THERE ARE SEVERAL CHALLENGES. FIRST, UNLIKE METHYLATION EXPERIMENTS USING MICROARRAYS, WHERE THERE IS ONE MEASURE OF METHYLATION FOR ONE INDIVIDUAL AT A PARTICULAR CPG SITE, HERE WE HAVE THE COUNTS OF METHYLATION ALLELE AND UNMETHYLATION ALLELE FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL. SECOND, DUE TO THE NATURE OF SAMPLE PREPARATION, THE MEASURED METHYLATION REFLECTS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF A MIXTURE OF CELLS INVOLVED IN SAMPLE PREPARATION. THEREFORE, THE UNDERLYING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEASURED METHYLATION LEVEL IS UNKNOWN, AND A ROBUST TEST IS MORE DESIRABLE THAN PARAMETRIC APPROACH. THIRD, CURRENTLY NGS MEASURES METHYLATION AT OVER 2 MILLION CPG SITES. ANY STATISTICAL TESTS HAVE TO BE COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT IN ORDER TO BE APPLIED TO THE NGS DATA. TAKING THESE CHALLENGES INTO ACCOUNT, WE PROPOSE A TEST FOR DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION BASED ON CLUSTERED DATA ANALYSIS BY MODELING THE METHYLATION COUNTS. WE PERFORMED SIMULATIONS TO SHOW THAT IT IS ROBUST UNDER SEVERAL DISTRIBUTIONS FOR THE MEASURED METHYLATION LEVELS. IT HAS GOOD POWER AND IS COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT. FINALLY, WE APPLY THE TEST TO OUR NGS DATA ON CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT IT IS A PROMISING AND PRACTICAL TEST.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20 3652  34 INDIVIDUAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERN SHIFTS IN NANOPARTICLES-EXPOSED WORKERS ANALYZED IN FOUR CONSECUTIVE YEARS. A DNA METHYLATION PATTERN REPRESENTS AN ORIGINAL PLAN OF THE FUNCTION SETTINGS OF INDIVIDUAL CELLS AND TISSUES. THE BASIC STRATEGIES OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES DURING THE HUMAN LIFETIME ARE KNOWN, BUT THE DETAILS RELATED TO ITS MODIFICATION OVER THE YEARS ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS HAVE NOT YET BEEN STUDIED. MOREOVER, CURRENT EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE COULD GENERATE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION SETTINGS AND, SUBSEQUENTLY, THE FUNCTION OF GENES. IN THIS STUDY, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO NANOPARTICLES (NP) IN OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED WORKERS REPEATEDLY SAMPLED IN FOUR CONSECUTIVE YEARS (2016-2019). A DETAILED METHYLATION PATTERN ANALYSIS OF 14 PERSONS (10 EXPOSED AND 4 CONTROLS) WAS PERFORMED ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS. A MICROARRAY-BASED APPROACH USING CHIPS, ALLOWING THE ASSESSMENT OF MORE THAN 850 K CPG LOCI, WAS USED. INDIVIDUAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE COMPARED BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA). THE RESULTS SHOW THE SHIFT IN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN INDIVIDUAL YEARS IN ALL THE EXPOSED AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. THE OVERALL RANGE OF DIFFERENCES VARIED BETWEEN THE YEARS IN INDIVIDUAL PERSONS. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FIRST AND LAST YEAR OF EXAMINATION (A THREE-YEAR TIME PERIOD) SEEM TO BE CONSISTENTLY GREATER IN THE NP-EXPOSED SUBJECTS IN COMPARISON WITH THE CONTROLS. THE SELECTED 14 MOST DIFFERENTLY METHYLATED CG LOCI WERE RELATIVELY STABLE IN THE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED SUBJECTS. IN SUMMARY, THE SPECIFIC TYPE OF LONG-TERM EXPOSURE CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE FIXING OF RELEVANT EPIGENETIC CHANGES RELATED TO A SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT AS, E.G., NP INHALATION.	2021