1 1551 132 DNA METHYLATION IS GLOBALLY DISRUPTED AND ASSOCIATED WITH EXPRESSION CHANGES IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE SMALL AIRWAYS. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT IS HIGHLY DISRUPTED IN RESPONSE TO CIGARETTE SMOKE AND INVOLVED IN A WIDE SPECTRUM OF MALIGNANT AND NONMALIGNANT DISEASES, BUT SURPRISINGLY NOT PREVIOUSLY ASSESSED IN SMALL AIRWAYS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). SMALL AIRWAYS ARE THE PRIMARY SITES OF AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN COPD. WE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ARE DISRUPTED IN SMALL AIRWAY EPITHELIA OF PATIENTS WITH COPD, AND EVALUATE WHETHER CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THESE DISRUPTIONS. GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED ON SMALL AIRWAY EPITHELIAL DNA AND RNA OBTAINED FROM THE SAME PATIENT DURING BRONCHOSCOPY, USING ILLUMINA'S INFINIUM HM27 AND AFFYMETRIX'S GENECHIP HUMAN GENE 1.0 ST ARRAYS. TO CONTROL FOR KNOWN EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON DNA METHYLATION, METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES WERE COMPARED BETWEEN FORMER SMOKERS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD MATCHED FOR AGE, PACK-YEARS, AND YEARS OF SMOKING CESSATION. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS (1) A GENOME-WIDE PHENOMENON IN SMALL AIRWAYS OF PATIENTS WITH COPD, AND (2) ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION OF GENES AND PATHWAYS IMPORTANT TO COPD, SUCH AS THE NF-E2-RELATED FACTOR 2 OXIDATIVE RESPONSE PATHWAY. DNA METHYLATION IS LIKELY AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO MODULATION OF GENES IMPORTANT TO COPD PATHOLOGY. BECAUSE THESE METHYLATION EVENTS MAY UNDERLIE DISEASE-SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES, THEIR CHARACTERIZATION IS A CRITICAL FIRST STEP TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND AN OPPORTUNITY FOR DEVELOPING NOVEL EPIGENETIC THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS FOR COPD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  348  55 ALTERED DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT GENE EXPRESSION IN PARENCHYMAL BUT NOT AIRWAY FIBROBLASTS ISOLATED FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH COPD. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE OF THE LUNGS THAT IS CURRENTLY THE FOURTH LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE. GENETIC FACTORS ACCOUNT FOR ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF COPD RISK, BUT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MEDIATE THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE. DNA METHYLATION IS HIGHLY CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC, AND INDIVIDUAL CELL TYPE STUDIES OF DNA METHYLATION IN COPD ARE SPARSE. FIBROBLASTS ARE PRESENT WITHIN THE AIRWAY AND PARENCHYMA OF THE LUNG AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE ABERRANT DEPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN COPD. NO ASSESSMENT OR COMPARISON OF GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN THE AIRWAY AND PARENCHYMAL FIBROBLASTS FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD HAS BEEN UNDERTAKEN. THESE DATA PROVIDE VALUABLE INSIGHT INTO THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO COPD AND THE DIFFERING PATHOLOGIES OF SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE AND EMPHYSEMA IN COPD. METHODS: GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION WAS EVALUATED AT OVER 485,000 CPG SITES USING THE ILLUMINA INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIP ARRAY IN THE AIRWAY (NON-COPD N = 8, COPD N = 7) AND PARENCHYMAL FIBROBLASTS (NON-COPD N = 17, COPD N = 29) ISOLATED FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD. TARGETED GENE EXPRESSION WAS ASSESSED BY QPCR IN MATCHED RNA SAMPLES. RESULTS: DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED DNA REGIONS WERE IDENTIFIED BETWEEN CELLS ISOLATED FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD IN BOTH AIRWAY AND PARENCHYMAL FIBROBLASTS. ONLY IN PARENCHYMAL FIBROBLASTS WAS DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION. A SECOND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION VARIABILITY IDENTIFIED 359 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENTIALLY VARIABLE CPG SITES IN PARENCHYMAL FIBROBLASTS. NO DIFFERENTIALLY VARIABLE CPG SITES WERE IDENTIFIED IN THE AIRWAY FIBROBLASTS. FIVE DIFFERENTIALLY VARIABLE-METHYLATED CPG SITES, ASSOCIATED WITH THREE GENES, WERE SUBSEQUENTLY ASSESSED FOR GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES. TWO GENES (OAT AND GRIK2) DISPLAYED SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED GENE EXPRESSION IN CELLS ISOLATED FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH COPD. CONCLUSIONS: DIFFERENTIAL AND VARIABLE DNA METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH COPD STATUS IN THE PARENCHYMAL FIBROBLASTS BUT NOT AIRWAY FIBROBLASTS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION IMPARTING BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION TO DNA METHYLATION CHANGES. CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION ARE THEREFORE IMPLICATED IN THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING COPD PATHOGENESIS AND MAY REPRESENT NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2018	

3 1528  37 DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN REGIONAL LUNG MACROPHAGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC DIFFERENCES. A NUMBER OF PULMONARY DISEASES OCCUR WITH UPPER LOBE PREDOMINANCE, INCLUDING CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND SMOKING-RELATED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. IN THE HEALTHY LUNG, SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGIC AND METABOLIC FACTORS EXHIBIT DISPARITY WHEN COMPARING THE UPPER LOBE OF THE LUNG TO LOWER LOBE, INCLUDING DIFFERENCES IN OXYGENATION, VENTILATION, LYMPHATIC FLOW, PH, AND BLOOD FLOW. IN THIS STUDY, WE ASKED WHETHER THESE REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE LUNG ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN LUNG MACROPHAGES THAT COULD POTENTIALLY LEAD TO ALTERED CELL RESPONSIVENESS UPON SUBSEQUENT ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE. ALL ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED USING PRIMARY LUNG MACROPHAGES COLLECTED VIA BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FROM HEALTHY HUMAN SUBJECTS WITH NORMAL PULMONARY FUNCTION. EPIGENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION WAS EXAMINED VIA INFINIUM METHYLATIONEPIC (850K) ARRAY AND VALIDATED BY TARGETED NEXT-GENERATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING. WE OBSERVED 95 CPG LOCI WITH SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN LUNG MACROPHAGES, COMPARING UPPER LOBE TO LOWER LOBE (ALL FALSE DISCOVERY RATE < 0.05). SEVERAL OF THESE GENES, INCLUDING CLIP4, HSH2D, NR4A1, SNX10, AND TYK2, HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED AS PARTICIPANTS IN INFLAMMATORY/IMMUNE-RELATED BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. FUNCTIONALLY, WE IDENTIFIED PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN OXYGEN USE, COMPARING UPPER VERSUS LOWER LUNG MACROPHAGES. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES, SPECIFICALLY DNA METHYLATION, AT A MULTITUDE OF GENE LOCI IN LUNG MACROPHAGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC DIFFERENCES REGIONALLY IN LUNG.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4 1705  41 DYNAMICS OF SMOKING-INDUCED GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION CHANGES WITH TIME SINCE SMOKING CESSATION. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED STRONG EPIGENETIC SIGNALS RELATED TO TOBACCO SMOKING. HOWEVER, AN ASPECT THAT DID NOT RECEIVE MUCH ATTENTION IS THE EVOLUTION OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES WITH TIME SINCE SMOKING CESSATION. WE CONDUCTED A SERIES OF EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES TO CAPTURE THE DYNAMICS OF SMOKING-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AFTER SMOKING CESSATION, USING GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION PROFILES OBTAINED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES IN 745 WOMEN FROM 2 EUROPEAN POPULATIONS. TWO DISTINCT CLASSES OF CPG SITES WERE IDENTIFIED: SITES WHOSE METHYLATION REVERTS TO LEVELS TYPICAL OF NEVER SMOKERS WITHIN DECADES AFTER SMOKING CESSATION, AND SITES REMAINING DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED, EVEN MORE THAN 35 YEARS AFTER SMOKING CESSATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE DYNAMICS OF METHYLATION CHANGES FOLLOWING SMOKING CESSATION ARE DRIVEN BY A DIFFERENTIAL AND SITE-SPECIFIC MAGNITUDE OF THE SMOKING-INDUCED ALTERATIONS (WITH PERSISTENT SITES BEING MOST AFFECTED) IRRESPECTIVE OF THE INTENSITY AND DURATION OF SMOKING. ANALYSES OF THE LINK BETWEEN METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS REVEALED THAT METHYLATION PREDOMINANTLY AND REMOTELY DOWN-REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION. AMONG GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR CANDIDATE CPG SITES, LRRN3 APPEARED TO BE PARTICULARLY INTERESTING AS IT WAS ONE OF THE FEW GENES WHOSE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION WERE DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED, AND THE ONLY GENE IN WHICH BOTH METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION WERE FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING. OUR STUDY HIGHLIGHTS PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF SMOKING, WHICH CAN POTENTIALLY BE DETECTED DECADES AFTER CESSATION. SUCH HISTORICAL SIGNATURES ARE PROMISING BIOMARKERS TO REFINE INDIVIDUAL RISK PROFILING OF SMOKING-INDUCED CHRONIC DISEASE SUCH AS LUNG CANCER.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5 3308  37 HIGH-RESOLUTION TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILING IDENTIFIES NOVEL REGULATORS OF COPD. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) ARE STILL WAITING FOR CURATIVE TREATMENTS. CONSIDERING ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT COPD WILL BE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EPIGENETIC SIGNALING IN LUNG CELLS. WE GENERATED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION MAPS AT SINGLE CPG RESOLUTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN LUNG FIBROBLASTS (HLFS) ACROSS COPD STAGES. WE SHOW THAT THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE IS CHANGED EARLY IN COPD, WITH DNA METHYLATION CHANGES OCCURRING PREDOMINANTLY IN REGULATORY REGIONS. RNA SEQUENCING OF MATCHED FIBROBLASTS DEMONSTRATED DYSREGULATION OF GENES INVOLVED IN PROLIFERATION, DNA REPAIR, AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ORGANIZATION. DATA INTEGRATION IDENTIFIED 110 CANDIDATE REGULATORS OF DISEASE PHENOTYPES THAT WERE LINKED TO FIBROBLAST REPAIR PROCESSES USING PHENOTYPIC SCREENS. OUR STUDY PROVIDES HIGH-RESOLUTION MULTI-OMIC MAPS OF HLFS ACROSS COPD STAGES. WE REVEAL NOVEL TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH COPD ONSET AND PROGRESSION AND IDENTIFY NEW CANDIDATE REGULATORS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES. THE PRESENCE OF VARIOUS EPIGENETIC FACTORS AMONG THE CANDIDATES DEMONSTRATES THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN COPD IS AN EXCITING RESEARCH FIELD THAT HOLDS PROMISE FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AVENUES FOR PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6 1185  41 COORDINATED CHANGES IN AHRR METHYLATION IN LYMPHOBLASTS AND PULMONARY MACROPHAGES FROM SMOKERS. SMOKING IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE VARIETY OF ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES INCLUDING CANCER, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, DIABETES, DEPRESSION, AND HEART DISEASE. UNFORTUNATELY, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THESE EFFECTS ARE CONVEYED ARE NOT CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD. TO EXAMINE THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THESE PROCESSES, WE EXAMINED THE RELATIONSHIP OF SMOKING TO GENOME WIDE METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION USING BIOMATERIAL FROM TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLES, LYMPHOBLAST DNA AND RNA (N = 119) AND LUNG ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE DNA (N = 19). WE FOUND THAT IN BOTH SAMPLES CURRENT SMOKING STATUS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION, IN PARTICULAR AT THE ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR REPRESSOR (AHRR), A KNOWN TUMOR SUPPRESSOR. BOTH BASELINE DNA METHYLATION AND SMOKER ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES AT AHRR WERE HIGHLY CORRELATED (R = 0.94 AND 0.45, RESPECTIVELY). DNA METHYLATION AT THE MOST DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED AHRR CPG RESIDUE IN BOTH SAMPLES, CG0557592, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH AHRR GENE EXPRESSION. PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF LYMPHOBLAST DATA (GENES WITH MOST SIGNIFICANT METHYLATION CHANGES) DEMONSTRATED ENRICHMENT IN PROTEIN KINASE C PATHWAYS AND IN TGF BETA SIGNALING PATHWAYS. FOR ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES, PATHWAY ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED ALTERATIONS IN INFLAMMATION-RELATED PROCESSES. WE CONCLUDE THAT SMOKING IS ASSOCIATED WITH FUNCTIONALLY SIGNIFICANT GENOME WIDE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN BOTH LYMPHOBLASTS AND PULMONARY MACROPHAGES AND THAT FURTHER INTEGRATED INVESTIGATIONS OF THESE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON CARCINOGENESIS AND OTHER RELATED CO-MORBIDITIES ARE INDICATED.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7 1589  40 DNA METHYLATION PROFILING IN A CIGARETTE SMOKE-EXPOSED MOUSE MODEL OF AIRWAY INFLAMMATION. PURPOSE: DNA METHYLATION, A MAJOR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO PROFILE THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF AIRWAY INFLAMMATION INDUCED BY CIGARETTE SMOKE (CS), A FOREMOST RISK FACTOR OF COPD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: TO ESTABLISH A MODEL OF AIRWAY INFLAMMATION, WILD-TYPE MICE WERE EXPOSED TO MAINSTREAM CS OR ROOM AIR FOR 2 HOURS TWICE DAILY, 6 DAYS PER WEEK FOR CONSECUTIVE 4 WEEKS. LUNG TISSUES OF THE MICE WERE COLLECTED FOR GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS BY LIQUID HYBRIDIZATION CAPTURE-BASED BISULFITE SEQUENCING, WHICH WERE USED FOR INTERSECTION ANALYSIS WITH GENE EXPRESSION BY CDNA MICROARRAY TO IDENTIFY CANDIDATE METHYLATED GENES. THEN, FUNCTIONAL ENRICHMENT ANALYSES WITH PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION (PPI) NETWORK REGARDING THESE GENES WERE CONDUCTED TO EXPLORE THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS. RESULTS: AFTER 4-WEEK CS EXPOSURE, THE LEVEL OF DNA METHYLATION ACCOMPANIED BY A SUBACUTE AIRWAY INFLAMMATION WAS MARKEDLY ENHANCED, AND 2002 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES (DMGS) WERE ANNOTATED, INCLUDING 565 DMGS CONTAINED METHYLATIONS IN GENE PROMOTERS, WHICH WERE USED FOR INTERSECTION WITH THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES. THEN, 135 CANDIDATE METHYLATED GENES WERE FURTHER SELECTED BY THE INTERSECTION, AMONG WHICH 58 GENES WITH FUNCTIONAL METHYLATED MODIFICATION WERE FINALLY IDENTIFIED. FURTHER ANALYSES REVEALED CANDIDATE METHYLATED GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED IN A COMPLICATED NETWORK OF SIGNALS AND PROCESSES, INCLUDING INTERLEUKINS, TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS, T-CELLS DIFFERENTIATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, MAST CELLS ACTIVATION, STEM CELLS PROLIFERATION, ETC., AS WELL AS THE 58 FUNCTIONAL METHYLATED GENES WERE PARTIALLY LOCATED AT KEY POSITIONS IN PPI NETWORK, ESPECIALLY CXCL1, DDX58 AND JAK3. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY SUGGESTS CS EXPOSURE SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES DNA METHYLATED LEVEL, AND THE POTENTIAL FUNCTIONAL METHYLATED GENES ARE CLOSELY RELATED TO COMPLICATED INFLAMMATORY-IMMUNE RESPONSES, WHICH MAY PROVIDE SOME NEW EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE IN UNDERSTANDING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF CS-INDUCED AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IN COPD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8    3  44 "EPIGENOME-WIDE METHYLATION PROFILE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE-DERIVED ARTERIAL DNA UNCOVERS NOVEL PATHWAYS IN DISEASE-ASSOCIATED CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY.". CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) RELATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY VASCULAR REMODELLING WITH WELL-ESTABLISHED STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE VASCULAR WALL SUCH AS ARTERIAL STIFFNESS, MATRIX DEPOSITION, AND CALCIFICATION. THESE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES RESEMBLE PATHOLOGY SEEN IN AGEING, AND ARE LIKELY TO BE MEDIATED BY SUSTAINED ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION, WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS TISSUE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE TISSUE SPECIFIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION THAT OCCUR IN CKD-RELATED CVD. GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES WERE EXAMINED IN BISULPHITE CONVERTED GENOMIC DNA ISOLATED FROM THE VASCULAR MEDIA OF CKD AND HEALTHY ARTERIES. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR WAS USED TO VALIDATE THE ARRAY DATA, AND THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS EXAMINED. THE DNA METHYLATION AGE WAS COMPARED TO THE CHRONOLOGICAL AGE IN BOTH CASES AND CONTROLS. THREE HUNDRED AND NINETEEN DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMR) WERE IDENTIFIED SPREAD ACROSS THE GENOME. PATHWAY ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT DMRS ASSOCIATED WITH GENES WERE INVOLVED IN EMBRYONIC AND VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT, AND SIGNALLING PATHWAYS SUCH AS TGFBETA AND FGF. EXPRESSION OF TOP DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENE HOXA5 SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATION WITH DNA METHYLATION. INTERESTINGLY, DNA METHYLATION AGE AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE WERE HIGHLY CORRELATED, BUT THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE OF ACCELERATED AGE-RELATED DNA METHYLATION IN THE ARTERIES OF CKD PATIENTS. IN CONCLUSION, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE ARTERIAL TISSUE OF CKD PATIENTS REPRESENTS A POTENTIAL MEDIATOR OF ARTERIAL PATHOLOGY AND MAY BE USED TO UNCOVER NOVEL PATHWAYS IN THE GENESIS OF CKD-ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9 2920  42 GENE-SET ANALYSIS IS SEVERELY BIASED WHEN APPLIED TO GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION DATA. MOTIVATION: DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MARK THAT CAN STABLY REPRESS GENE EXPRESSION. BECAUSE OF ITS BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, SEVERAL METHODS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO COMPARE GENOME-WIDE PATTERNS OF METHYLATION BETWEEN GROUPS OF SAMPLES. THE APPLICATION OF GENE SET ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY RELEVANT GROUPS OF GENES THAT ARE ENRICHED FOR DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES IS OFTEN A MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE ANALYSIS OF THESE DATA. THIS CAN BE USED, FOR EXAMPLE, TO IDENTIFY PROCESSES OR PATHWAYS THAT ARE PERTURBED IN DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. WE SHOW THAT GENE-SET ANALYSIS, AS IT IS TYPICALLY APPLIED TO GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION ASSAYS, IS SEVERELY BIASED AS A RESULT OF DIFFERENCES IN THE NUMBERS OF CPG SITES ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT CLASSES OF GENES AND GENE PROMOTERS. RESULTS: WE DEMONSTRATE THIS BIAS USING PUBLISHED DATA FROM A STUDY OF DIFFERENTIAL CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN LUNG CANCER AND A DATASET WE GENERATED TO STUDY METHYLATION CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH LONG-STANDING ULCERATIVE COLITIS. WE SHOW THAT SEVERAL OF THE GENE SETS THAT SEEM ENRICHED WOULD ALSO BE IDENTIFIED WITH RANDOMIZED DATA. WE SUGGEST TWO EXISTING APPROACHES THAT CAN BE ADAPTED TO CORRECT THE BIAS. ACCOUNTING FOR THE BIAS IN THE LUNG CANCER AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS DATASETS PROVIDES NOVEL BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF METHYLATION IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, RESPECTIVELY. OUR RESULTS HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS FOR MANY PREVIOUS GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION STUDIES THAT HAVE DRAWN CONCLUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF SUCH STRONGLY BIASED ANALYSIS. CONTACT: CATHAL.SEOIGHE@NUIGALWAY.IE SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ARE AVAILABLE AT BIOINFORMATICS ONLINE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10 5741  40 SMOKING INDUCES DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATIENTS WITH EXPOSURE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP. CIGARETTE SMOKING IS AN ESTABLISHED ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS), A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE, ALTHOUGH A MECHANISTIC BASIS REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. WE AIMED AT INVESTIGATING HOW SMOKING AFFECTS BLOOD DNA METHYLATION IN MS PATIENTS, BY ASSAYING GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION AND COMPARING SMOKERS, FORMER SMOKERS AND NEVER SMOKERS IN TWO SWEDISH COHORTS, DIFFERING FOR KNOWN MS RISK FACTORS. SMOKING AFFECTS DNA METHYLATION GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANTLY, AN EXPOSURE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP EXISTS AND THE TIME SINCE SMOKING CESSATION AFFECTS METHYLATION LEVELS. THE RESULTS ALSO SHOW THAT THE CHANGES WERE LARGER IN THE COHORT BEARING THE MAJOR GENETIC RISK FACTORS FOR MS (FEMALE SEX AND HLA RISK HAPLOTYPES). FURTHERMORE, CPG SITES MAPPING TO GENES WITH KNOWN GENETIC OR FUNCTIONAL ROLE IN THE DISEASE ARE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BY SMOKING. MODELING OF THE METHYLATION LEVELS FOR A CPG SITE IN THE AHRR GENE INDICATES THAT MS MODIFIES THE EFFECT OF SMOKING ON METHYLATION CHANGES, BY SIGNIFICANTLY INTERACTING WITH THE EFFECT OF SMOKING LOAD. ALONGSIDE, WE REPORT THAT THE GENE EXPRESSION OF AHRR INCREASED IN MS PATIENTS AFTER SMOKING. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY REVEAL THE LINK BETWEEN A MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR AND THE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11 3079  50 GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION ANALYSES REVEAL THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF IMMUNE-RELATED DISEASES FOR TOBACCO SMOKING. BACKGROUND: SMOKING IS A MAJOR CAUSAL RISK FACTOR FOR LUNG CANCER, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD), AND IS THE MAIN PREVENTABLE CAUSE OF DEATHS IN THE WORLD. THE COMPONENTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKE ARE INVOLVED IN IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES, WHICH MAY INCREASE THE PREVALENCE OF CIGARETTE SMOKE-RELATED DISEASES. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS LINKING SMOKING AND DISEASES HAVE NOT BEEN WELL EXPLORED. THIS STUDY WAS AIMED TO DEPICT A GLOBAL MAP OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES INDUCED BY TOBACCO SMOKING AND TO EXPLORE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BETWEEN SMOKING AND HUMAN DISEASES THROUGH WHOLE-GENOME BISULFITE SEQUENCING (WGBS) AND RNA-SEQUENCING (RNA-SEQ). RESULTS: WE PERFORMED WGBS ON 72 SAMPLES (36 SMOKERS AND 36 NONSMOKERS) AND RNA-SEQ ON 75 SAMPLES (38 SMOKERS AND 37 NONSMOKERS), AND CYTOKINE IMMUNOASSAY ON PLASMA FROM 22 MALES (9 SMOKERS AND 13 NONSMOKERS) WHO WERE RECRUITED FROM THE CITY OF JINCHENG IN CHINA. BY COMPARING THE DATA OF THE TWO GROUPS, WE DISCOVERED A GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION LANDSCAPE OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING. FUNCTIONAL ENRICHMENT ANALYSES REVEALED THAT BOTH SMOKING-RELATED HYPER-DMR GENES (DMGS) AND HYPO-DMGS WERE RELATED TO SYNAPSE-RELATED PATHWAYS, WHEREAS THE HYPO-DMGS WERE SPECIFICALLY RELATED TO CANCER AND ADDICTION. THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES (DEGS) REVEALED BY RNA-SEQ ANALYSIS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED IN THE "IMMUNOSUPPRESSION" PATHWAY. CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF DMRS WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING GENE EXPRESSION SHOWED THAT GENES AFFECTED BY TOBACCO SMOKING WERE MOSTLY RELATED TO IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES. FINALLY, BY COMPARING CYTOKINE CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN SMOKERS AND NONSMOKERS, WE FOUND THAT VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED IN SMOKERS. CONCLUSIONS: IN SUM, WE FOUND THAT SMOKING-INDUCED DMRS HAVE DIFFERENT DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN HYPERMETHYLATED AND HYPOMETHYLATED AREAS BETWEEN SMOKERS AND NONSMOKERS. WE FURTHER IDENTIFIED AND VERIFIED SMOKING-RELATED DMGS AND DEGS THROUGH MULTI-OMICS INTEGRATION ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLOME AND TRANSCRIPTOME DATA. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE US A COMPREHENSIVE GENOMIC MAP OF THE MOLECULAR CHANGES INDUCED BY SMOKING WHICH WOULD ENHANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE HARMS OF SMOKING AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12 5418  56 REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES ON NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3 PATHWAY GENES AND TET ACTIVITY IN CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT-CHALLENGED CELLS/COPD EXACERBATION MODEL IN VITRO. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM. CURRENTLY, THERE IS A LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF THIS DISEASE AND AVAILABLE THERAPIES ARE INEFFECTIVE. CIGARETTE SMOKING IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF COPD; HOWEVER, NOT ALL SMOKERS DEVELOP COPD. EXACERBATIONS OF COPD CAUSED BY MICROBES ARE COMMON AND DETRIMENTAL. APPROXIMATELY 20-50% OF PATIENT EXACERBATIONS ARE CAUSED BY BACTERIAL COLONIZATION IN THE LOWER AIRWAYS. IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, ESPECIALLY DNA METHYLATION, PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE DURING PROGRESSION OF COPD. THUS, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS VARY SIGNIFICANTLY FOLLOWING SMOKE EXPOSURE AND DURING EXACERBATIONS CAUSED BY BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. TO TEST OUR HYPOTHESIS, WE USED AN IN VITRO STUDY MODEL THAT MIMICS COPD EXACERBATIONS AND PERFORMED EXTENSIVE STUDIES TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF CPG PROMOTER METHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3-MEDIATED PATHWAY GENES. BOTH NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN ORCHESTRATING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES DURING CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE. IN BRIEF, HUMAN LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA CELLS WITH TYPE II ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM CHARACTERISTICS (A549) WERE CHALLENGED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE) OR DMSO (CONTROL) FOLLOWED BY A 3-H CHALLENGE WITH BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS; FROM PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA) PRIOR TO THE TERMINATION OF CSE EXPOSURE (COPD EXACERBATION GROUP). THE PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINES/CHEMOKINES, REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND DNA METHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES WERE THEN ASSESSED. WE ALSO STUDIED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCASES (TETS), THE ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR DNA DEMETHYLATION, AND ASSESSED THEIR ROLE IN REGULATING DNA METHYLATION IN THE CSE-CHALLENGED GROUP. RESULTS: THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE RELEASE OF CYTOKINES/CHEMOKINES (IL-8, MCP-1, IL-6 AND CCL5) IN THE COPD EXACERBATION GROUP AS COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. HYPOMETHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED PATHWAY GENES CORRELATED WITH THEIR INDUCTION IN OUR COPD EXACERBATION STUDY MODEL. FURTHER, WE OBSERVED AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF TET1/2 IN REGULATING THE DNA METHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB, STAT3, IKK, AND NIK GENES AND CYTOKINE/CHEMOKINE PRODUCTION BY A549 CELLS DURING CSE CHALLENGE. CONCLUSIONS: STUDIES TO FURTHER DEFINE THE ROLE OF TETS IN CSE-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BETTER AND MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR COPD.	2020	
                                
13 1583  41 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF BLOOD CELLS ARE DISTINCT BETWEEN EARLY-ONSET OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS. OBESITY IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT, CHRONIC DISORDER THAT HAS BEEN INCREASING IN INCIDENCE IN YOUNG PATIENTS. BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ABERRATIONS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY. THEREFORE, IN-DEPTH EPIGENOMIC AND GENOMIC ANALYSES WILL ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DETAILED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING OBESITY AND AID IN THE SELECTION OF POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR OBESITY IN YOUTH. HERE, WE PERFORMED MICROARRAY-BASED DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF PERIPHERAL WHITE BLOOD CELLS OBTAINED FROM SIX YOUNG, OBESE INDIVIDUALS AND SIX HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE OBSERVED THAT THE HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING OF DNA METHYLATION, BUT NOT GENE EXPRESSION, CLEARLY SEGREGATES THE OBESE INDIVIDUALS FROM THE CONTROLS, SUGGESTING THAT THE METABOLIC DISTURBANCE THAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF OBESITY AT A YOUNG AGE MAY AFFECT THE DNA METHYLATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS WITHOUT ACCOMPANYING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES. TO EXAMINE THE GENOME-WIDE DIFFERENCES IN THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF YOUNG OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS, WE IDENTIFIED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES AND INVESTIGATED THEIR GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC CONTEXTS. THE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS CAN BE SUMMARIZED AS RELATIVE GAINS AND LOSSES OF DNA METHYLATION IN GENE PROMOTERS AND GENE BODIES, RESPECTIVELY. WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT THE CPG ISLANDS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DNA METHYLATION COMPARED TO CONTROLS. OUR PILOT STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE GENOME-WIDE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS MAY ADVANCE NOT ONLY OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENOMIC PATHOGENESIS BUT ALSO EARLY SCREENING OF OBESITY IN YOUTH.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14  287  34 AGING AND CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE CAUSE DISTINCT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN SKIN. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE WIDELY CONSIDERED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN AGING, BUT EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS HYPOTHESIS HAS BEEN SCARCE. WE HAVE USED ARRAY-BASED ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE GENOME-SCALE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS FROM HUMAN SKIN SAMPLES AND TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF AGING, CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE, AND TISSUE VARIATION. OUR RESULTS REVEAL A HIGH DEGREE OF TISSUE SPECIFICITY IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS AND ALSO SHOWED VERY LITTLE INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIATION WITHIN TISSUES. DATA STRATIFICATION BY AGE REVEALED THAT DNA FROM OLDER INDIVIDUALS WAS CHARACTERIZED BY A SPECIFIC HYPERMETHYLATION PATTERN AFFECTING LESS THAN 1% OF THE MARKERS ANALYZED. INTERESTINGLY, STRATIFICATION BY SUN EXPOSURE PRODUCED A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT PATTERN WITH A SIGNIFICANT TREND TOWARDS HYPOMETHYLATION. OUR RESULTS THUS IDENTIFY DEFINED AGE-RELATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND SUGGEST THAT THESE ALTERATIONS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN AGING.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15 6839  33 [LUNG CANCER AND ITS EPIGENETICS ASSOCIATION WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE]. LUNG CANCER AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) ARE THE LEADING CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG CANCER INVOLVES BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENT FACTORS. IN ADDITION TO GENETIC ALTERATIONS, EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS CLOSELY INVOLVED IN PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER. CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABNORMAL PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO NOXIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULATION, COPD HAS SHOWN TO INCREASE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR LUNG TUMORIGENESIS IN PREVIOUS RESEARCH. CURRENT RESEARCH ON EPIGENETICS OF LUNG CANCER AND COPD HAS FOCUSED ON ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION AND NON-CODING RNAS REGULATION. THE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH LUNG CANCER AND COPD HAS INCLUDED OVEREXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE, GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION AND DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN PROMOTER REGIONS, WHILE HISTONE ACETYLATION AND HISTONE METHYLATION ARE THE MAJOR CHANGES FOR HISTONE MODIFICATION, IN WHICH HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES, HISTONE DEACETYLASES, HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEMETHYLASES PLAY THE MOST IMPORTANT ROLES. RNA INTERFERENCE AND MICRORNAS ARE BOTH HOT TOPICS OF RESEARCH ON NON-CODING RNAS REGULATION. UNDERSTANDING OF CONCURRENT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER AND COPD MAY FACILITATE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16 2161  32 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION MAY AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE INFLAMMATORY GENES IN LUNGS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). MAJOR EPIGENETIC EVENTS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION AND VARIOUS POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES, SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLATION, ACETYLATION, PHOSPHORYLATION, UBIQUITINATION, AND SUMOYLATION. ENZYMES WHICH REGULATE THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CAN BE ACTIVATED BY SMOKING. BOTH ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS PLAY SIGNIFICANT EFFECT IN DEVELOPMENT OF COPD WHICH HAVE BEEN REPORTED BY MOST REFERENCES; HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE DISEASE. UNDERSTANDING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CAN HELP US CLARIFY THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD AND IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGETS FOR DEVELOPING NEW THERAPIES FOR PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17 5299  46 PROTEIN INTERACTION NETWORKS PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO FETAL ORIGINS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN ADULTS THAT MAY HAVE ORIGINS IN EARLY LUNG DEVELOPMENT. IT IS A COMPLEX DISEASE, INFLUENCED BY MULTIPLE FACTORS INCLUDING GENETIC VARIANTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. MATERNAL SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY MAY INFLUENCE THE RISK FOR DISEASES DURING ADULTHOOD, POTENTIALLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INCLUDING METHYLATION. METHODS: IN THIS WORK, WE EXPLORE THE FETAL ORIGINS OF COPD BY UTILIZING LUNG DNA METHYLATION MARKS ASSOCIATED WITH IN UTERO SMOKE (IUS) EXPOSURE, AND EVALUATE THE NETWORK RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN METHYLOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH ADULT LUNG TISSUE FROM FORMER SMOKERS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD. TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL PATHOBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THAT MAY LINK FETAL LUNG, SMOKE EXPOSURE AND ADULT LUNG DISEASE, WE STUDY THE INTERACTIONS (PHYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL) OF IDENTIFIED GENES USING PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION NETWORKS. RESULTS: WE BUILD IUS-EXPOSURE AND COPD MODULES, WHICH IDENTIFY CONNECTED SUBNETWORKS LINKING FETAL LUNG SMOKE EXPOSURE TO ADULT COPD. STUDYING THE RELATIONSHIPS AND CONNECTIVITY AMONG THE DIFFERENT MODULES FOR FETAL SMOKE EXPOSURE AND ADULT COPD, WE IDENTIFY ENRICHED PATHWAYS, INCLUDING THE AGE-RAGE AND FOCAL ADHESION PATHWAYS. CONCLUSIONS: THE MODULES IDENTIFIED IN OUR ANALYSIS ADD NEW AND POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT INSIGHTS TO UNDERSTANDING THE EARLY LIFE MOLECULAR PERTURBATIONS RELATED TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD. WE IDENTIFY AGE-RAGE AND FOCAL ADHESION AS TWO BIOLOGICALLY PLAUSIBLE PATHWAYS THAT MAY REVEAL LUNG DEVELOPMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO COPD. WE WERE NOT ONLY ABLE TO IDENTIFY MEANINGFUL MODULES BUT WERE ALSO ABLE TO STUDY INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN SMOKE EXPOSURE AND LUNG DISEASE, AUGMENTING OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE FETAL ORIGINS OF COPD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18 1269  39 CYTOSINE METHYLATION CHANGES IN ENHANCER REGIONS OF CORE PRO-FIBROTIC GENES CHARACTERIZE KIDNEY FIBROSIS DEVELOPMENT. BACKGROUND: ONE IN ELEVEN PEOPLE IS AFFECTED BY CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, A CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY KIDNEY FIBROSIS AND PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF KIDNEY FUNCTION. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES INDICATE THAT ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENTS HAVE A LONG-LASTING ROLE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. EPIGENETIC INFORMATION REPRESENTS A PLAUSIBLE CARRIER FOR MEDIATING THIS PROGRAMMING EFFECT. HERE WE DEMONSTRATE THAT GENOME-WIDE CYTOSINE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF HEALTHY AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE TUBULE SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS SHOW SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS AND VALIDATE THESE IN A LARGE REPLICATION DATASET. THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS ARE RARELY OBSERVED ON PROMOTERS, BUT MOSTLY OVERLAP WITH PUTATIVE ENHANCER REGIONS, AND THEY ARE ENRICHED IN CONSENSUS BINDING SEQUENCES FOR IMPORTANT RENAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. THIS INDICATES THEIR IMPORTANCE IN GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION. A CORE SET OF GENES THAT ARE KNOWN TO BE RELATED TO KIDNEY FIBROSIS, INCLUDING GENES ENCODING COLLAGENS, SHOW CYTOSINE METHYLATION CHANGES CORRELATING WITH DOWNSTREAM TRANSCRIPT LEVELS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR REPORT RAISES THE POSSIBILITY THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION PLAYS A ROLE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE DEVELOPMENT VIA INFLUENCING CORE PRO-FIBROTIC PATHWAYS AND CAN AID THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL BIOMARKERS AND FUTURE THERAPEUTICS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19 2631  45 EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF WHOLE BLOOD GENE EXPRESSION IN FRAMINGHAM HEART STUDY PARTICIPANTS PROVIDES MOLECULAR INSIGHT INTO THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF CHRNA5 IN CIGARETTE SMOKING-RELATED LUNG DISEASES. BACKGROUND: DNA METHYLATION IS A KEY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT CAN DIRECTLY AFFECT GENE REGULATION. DNA METHYLATION IS HIGHLY INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS CIGARETTE SMOKING, WHICH IS CAUSALLY RELATED TO CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND LUNG CANCER. TO DATE, THERE HAVE BEEN FEW LARGE-SCALE, COMBINED ANALYSES OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION AND THEIR INTERRELATIONS WITH LUNG DISEASES. RESULTS: WE PERFORMED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF WHOLE BLOOD GENE EXPRESSION IN ~ 6000 INDIVIDUALS FROM FOUR COHORTS. WE DISCOVERED AND REPLICATED NUMEROUS CPGS ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXPRESSION OF CIS GENES WITHIN 500 KB OF EACH CPG, WITH 148 TO 1,741 CIS CPG-TRANSCRIPT PAIRS IDENTIFIED ACROSS COHORTS. WE FOUND THAT THE CLOSER A CPG RESIDED TO A TRANSCRIPTION START SITE, THE LARGER ITS EFFECT SIZE, AND THAT 36% OF CIS CPG-TRANSCRIPT PAIRS SHARE THE SAME CAUSAL GENETIC VARIANT. MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSES REVEALED THAT HYPOMETHYLATION AND LOWER EXPRESSION OF CHRNA5, WHICH ENCODES A SMOKING-RELATED NICOTINIC RECEPTOR, ARE CAUSALLY LINKED TO INCREASED RISK OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER. THIS PUTATIVELY CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP WAS FURTHER VALIDATED IN LUNG TISSUE DATA. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS PROVIDE A LARGE AND COMPREHENSIVE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF WHOLE BLOOD DNA METHYLATION WITH GENE EXPRESSION. EXPRESSION PLATFORM DIFFERENCES RATHER THAN POPULATION DIFFERENCES ARE CRITICAL TO THE REPLICATION OF CIS CPG-TRANSCRIPT PAIRS. THE LOW REPRODUCIBILITY OF TRANS CPG-TRANSCRIPT PAIRS SUGGESTS THAT DNA METHYLATION REGULATES NEARBY RATHER THAN REMOTE GENE EXPRESSION. THE PUTATIVELY CAUSAL ROLES OF METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF CHRNA5 IN RELATION TO COPD AND LUNG CANCER PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR A MECHANISTIC LINK BETWEEN PATTERNS OF SMOKING-RELATED EPIGENETIC VARIATION AND LUNG DISEASES, AND HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR LUNG DISEASES AND SMOKING CESSATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20 2483  29 EPIGENETIC VARIATION AND HUMAN DISEASE. CYTOSINE GUANINE DINUCLEOTIDE (CPG) ISLAND METHYLATION IS A KNOWN MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE IN POSTMEIOTIC CELLS. THROUGH ASSOCIATED CHROMATIN CHANGES AND SILENCING, SUCH EPIGENETIC STATES CAN INFLUENCE CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND AFFECT DISEASE RISK AND SEVERITY. OUR STUDIES OF CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN NORMAL COLORECTAL MUCOSA REVEALED PROGRESSIVE AGE-RELATED INCREASES AT MULTIPLE GENE LOCI, SUGGESTING GENOME-WIDE MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS WITH POTENTIAL TO SILENCE GENE EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, THERE WAS CONSIDERABLE VARIATION IN THE DEGREE OF METHYLATION AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF COMPARABLE AGES. SUCH VARIATION COULD BE RELATED TO GENETIC FACTORS, LIFESTYLE, OR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. STUDIES IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CIRRHOSIS AND NEOPLASIA REVEALED THAT CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY STATES ARE ACCOMPANIED BY MARKED INCREASES IN CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN NORMAL-APPEARING TISSUES, CONFIRMING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PROINFLAMMATORY EXPOSURES COULD ACCOUNT FOR PART OF THE EPIGENETIC VARIATION IN HUMAN POPULATIONS. PRELIMINARY DATA ALSO SUGGEST POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF LIFESTYLE AND EXPOSURE FACTORS ON CPG ISLAND METHYLATION. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT EPIGENETIC VARIATION RELATED TO AGING, LIFESTYLE, EXPOSURES AND POSSIBLY GENETIC FACTORS, IS ONE OF THE MODULATORS OF ACQUIRED, AGE-RELATED HUMAN DISEASES, INCLUDING NEOPLASIA.	2002